Impact of Aquaculture Farming A Case Study in KG Fikri

IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE FARMING: A CASE STUDY
IN
KAMPUNG FIKRI, SETIU, TERENGGANU
FARAJANNAH BT OTHMAN
NG XUE FEN
NOORMAZNI BT KALIL
NOR HASYIMAH BT ROSLI
MOHD NOOR AZIZI BIN DARUS
AHMAD AL ALAWI BIN RAMLY
MASTER OF MANAGEMENT
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
2012
PENGAKUAN
Kami dengan ini mengaku bahawa kajian kes ini adalah berdasarkan kajian kami
sendiri kecuali sumber dan petikan lain yang telah diperakui. Kami juga mengakui
bahawa ia tidak pernah diserahkan untuk mana-mana ijazah samada UMT atau
institusi lain.
FARAJANNAH BT OTHMAN (GSK 1231)
NG XUE FEN (GSK 1234)
NOORMAZNI BT KALIL (GSK 1281)
NOR HASYIMAH BT ROSLI (GSK 1291)
MOHD NOOR AZIZI BIN DARUS (GSK 0705)
AHMAD AL ALAWI BIN RAMLY (GSK 1209)
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Tarikh: 4 September 2012
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the case study is based on our original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. We also declare that it
has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UMT or
other institutions.
FARAJANNAH BT OTHMAN (GSK 1231)

NG XUE FEN (GSK 12334)
NOOR MAZNI BT KALIL (GSK 1281)
NOR HASYIMAH BT ROSLI (GSK 1291)
MOHD NOOR AZIZI BIN DARUS (GSK 0705)
AHMAD AL ALAWI BIN RAMLY (GSK 1209)
Date: 4 September 2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Thank God, we give thanks and great appreciation to Allah (swt) because by His
grace and mercy we were finally able to set up a successful case study according to
the time set. Various obstacles and trials we tackle in completing this study.
Here, we extend our thanks and great appreciation goes to the supervisors for Case
Studies in Coastal Zone Management (SKL5202), Pror. Dr. Lokman Hussain as the
head of supervision, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik Nik Mohd Fuad Kamil, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Ibrahim Mamat, Prof. Dato' Dr. Saharuddin Dato 'Abdul Hamid and Assoc. Prof Dr.
Rosnan Yaacob for all the advices and knowledge that they gave in order to help us
finish up this study.
In addition, our personal thanks to our Program Coordinator of Master in Integrated
Coastal Zone (ICZM), Dr. Nanthakumar s/o Loganathan who also involved in
providing support and guidance to us in order to complete this case study and other
lecturers involved either directly or indirectly.
Our appreciation also goes to all the government agencies that involved either
directly or indirectly such as Setiu District and Land Office, Department of
Environment, Department of Drainage and Irrigation, En. Adnan bin Ahmad, JKKK
Kg. Fikri, En. Rosli bin Abdul Rahman, (Head of District Fisheries Office),
operators and the residents of Kampung Fikri that give cooperation in helping us to
completing this study.
We also want to thank to our parents and family members for their support and
encouragement during the completion of this study. Also not forgot to our friends
and others classmates who also help and encouragement us when we need their
opinion.
Thank you.
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan aktiviti ladang akuakultur di Kampung
Fikri, Setiu, Terengganu. Kajian ini dijalan dengan menggunakan kaedah berbentuk
diskriptif di mana kaedah pengumpulan data yang digunapakai dalam kajian ini
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adalah berbentuk kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Terdapat dua jenis data yang digunakan
dalam kajian ini iaitu data sekunder dan data primer. Data sekunder diperolehi
daripada agensi-agensi dan pejabat akuakultur yang terlibat di Daerah Setiu,
Terengganu. Manakala, data primer pula diperoleh melalui kaedah soal selidik dan
temubual. Kaedah soal selidik telah dijalankan ke atas 85 orang penduduk Kampung
Fikri yang berumur antara 20 hingga 51 tahun sebagai responden kajian secara
rawak. Manakala, kaedah temubual pula telah dijalankan bersama pihak-pihak yang
berkepentingan serta agensi-agensi yang terlibat dalam aktiviti akuakultur bagi
mendapatkan data atau maklumat yang diperlukan dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian
mendapati terdapat kesan positif dan negatif dalam aktiviti ladang akuakultur
terhadap kawasan kajian dan komuniti setempat yang perlu dinilai bagi memastikan
kelestarian dapat dicapai. Kesan ini telah dinilai berdasarkan tiga aspek utama iaitu
ekonomi, sosial dan alam sekitar. Kertas kerja ini turut mencadangkan beberapa
langkah dan prinsip ICZM yang perlu diikuti supaya ladang akuakultur di Kampung
Fikri ini mengikut standart amalan akuakultur yang baik dan mapan.
Kata kunci: kesan, ladang akuakultur
ABSTRACT
This study aimed the effects of aquaculture farming activities in Kampung Fikri,
Setiu, Terengganu. This study has been carried out by using the descriptive method
where the data collection method that has been used is to qualitative and quantitative
measure. There are two types of data used in this study which is secondary and
primary data. Secondary data were obtained from the agencies and offices involved
in aquaculture of Setiu District, Terengganu. While, the primary data were obtained
through questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires were conducted on 85 people
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between the ages 20 to 51 years old has been randomly selected as respondent.
Several interviews have been conducted with the interested parties and the involved
agencies in the aquaculture sector to gain the data or information that are required for
this study. From that interview, discovery of the positive and negative impacts of the
aquaculture farming towards the studied area and also the community to ensure that
sustainability can be achieved. This effect has been evaluated based on three main
aspects, namely economic, social and environmental. This paper also recommended
several ways and ICZM principles that should be followed so that aquaculture
farming in Kampung Fikri could adhere to the standards of good practice and
sustainable aquaculture.
Kata kunci: effects, aquacultur farming
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURE
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
PAGES
i
ii
iii
iv
vii
vii
ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aquaculture Definition
1.2 Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
1.3 Aquaculture Growth in Malaysia
1.3.1 Fisheries Profile
1.3.2 Aquaculture Production
1.3.3 Brackishwater Aquaculture
1.3.3 (i) Brackishwater Pond Culture System
1.3.3 (ii) Brackishwater Cage Culture System
1.3.3 (iii) Brackishwater Tank Culture System
1.3.3 (iv) On-bottom Culture System
1.3.3 (v) The Rack Culture System
1.3.3 (vi) Ornamental Fish Culture
1.4 Fish Seed Production
6
1
9
11
11
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
1.5 Conclusion
22
CHAPTER 2 AQUACULTURE FARMING IN KAMPUNG

FIKRI, SETIU
2.1 Introduction of Setiu
23
2.2 Beach Zone
24
2.3 History of Kampung Fikri
25
2.4 Ecology in Kampung Fikri
25
2.5 Demographic of Kampung Fikri
27
2.6 Socio-Economic of Kampung Fikri

2.6.1 Occupation of local community in Kampung Fikri
2.6.2 Income level of local community
2.6.3 Vehicle ownership
2.6.4 Education level
2.7 Potential Development of Aquaculture Industry
2.8 Aquaculture Farming in Kampung Fikri
29
29
31
31
33
37
38
2.9 Problems Statement

2.10 Research Questions
2.11 Objectives
2.11.1 General Objectives
2.11.2 Specific Objectives
2.12 Conclusion
39
39
39
40
40
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selected Literature Review
41
41
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Secondary Data
4.1.2 Primary Data
4.2 Conclusion
52
52
53
54
CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND DICUSSION

5.1 Introduction
55
5.2 Background of Respondents

55
5.2.1 Gender of Respondents
5.2.2 Distribution of Respondents' Race
56
5.2.3 Percentage of Respondents Age
5.2.4 Percentage of Respondents by Qualification
5.2.5 Employment Status of Respondents
5.2.6 Percentage of Respondents Income
5.3 Aquaculture Farming Towards Economic, Social and
Environmental Aspects in Kampung Fikri
5.3.1 Economic Aspect
5.3.2 Social Aspect
5.3.3 Environmental Aspect
CHAPTER 6 SUGGESSTION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Suggestions
6.3 ICZM Principles That Need to be Implemented for Aquaculture
81
Farming in Kampung Fikri
6.4 Conclusion
References
56
57
58
58
59
60
60
67
69
74
74
86
87
LIST OF TABLE
Table No.
Pages
1.1
Aquaculture Industries, by volume, in 1999
1.2
Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2010
18
1.3
Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2009
19
2.1
Zones in Setiu District with Land Areas
23
2.2
Villagers Distribution According to Ethnicity and Local Authority
24
2.3
Total Individuals Living in Kampung Fikri According to Ethnicity
27
2.4
Show the occupation of local community in Kampung Fikri

29
2.5
Numbers of Villagers as Registered Fisherman Categorized

by Village
30
8
2.6
Number of registered fisherman and fishing vessels of each

district in Setiu, 2011
32
2.7
Education Level in Kampung Fikri
34
2.8
Fisheries Capture in Setiu District
34
2.9
Aquaculture Production in year 2010-2011
35
2.10
Brackish/Marine Water Aquaculture Activity in Setiu District
36
2.11
Freshwater Aquaculture Farming in Setiu District
36
5.1
Percentage of Respondents Gender
56
5.2
Number of Respondents by Race
56
5.3
Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status
57
5.4
Percentage of Respondents by Qualification
58
5.5
Employment Status of Respondents
59
5.6
Percentage of Respondents Income
60
5.7
Interim Water Quality Standards
73
5.8
Range of Average Value WQI
73
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure No.
Pages
1.1
Value of Aquaculture Sub Sector, 2006 2010
1.2
Estimated Production and Aquaculture Value from All

Aquaculture System 2000 2010
1.3
20
20
Estimated Production and Value of Aquaculture from

All Brackish water Aquaculture System 2000-2010
21
1.4
Aquaculture Production by Culture Systems 2010
21
2.1
Population of Kampung Fikri According to Age Group
28
2.2
Income Level of Local Community in Kampung Fikri

31
2.3
2.4
Shows the Number of Vehicle Owned by the Local Communities

in Kampung Fikri.
33
Areas of Aquaculture Industry Zone in Kampung Fikri
37
5.1
Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status
5.2
(i) Response on whether aquaculture farming activities give impacts to

village economy
57
61
5.3
(ii) Responses on employment opportunities created for villagers
62
5.4
(iii) Response on Increasing Income to Local Communities
63
5.5
(iv) Response on Aquaculture Farming Giving Negative Impacts

to Fisherman to Market Their Captured Fisheries
5.6
(v) Response on start-up capital as main factor that prevents local

villagers from starting an aquaculture farming business
5.7
67
(ii) Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on grower were

fulfilled their corporate social responsibilities
5.9
66
(i) Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on stealing activities

occurred at aquaculture area
5.8
65
Percentage of Respondents on the Destruction of Mangrove Forests
5.10
68
70
72
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
DOE
Department of Environment
DOF
Department of Fisheries
ICZM
Integrated of Coastal Zone Management
LKIM
Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia
MDS
Setiu District Council
FRI
Marine fish Production and Research Centre
IPM
Malaysian Fisheries Institute
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Aquaculture Definition.
According to Britannica Concise Encyclopedia aquaculture means rearing of fish,

shellfish, and some aquatic plants to supplement the natural supply. Fish are reared
in controlled conditions worldwide. Though most aquaculture supplies the
commercial food market, many governmental agencies engage in it to stock lakes
and rivers for sport fishing. It also supplies goldfish and other decorative fish for
home aquariums and bait fish for sport and commercial fishing. Carp, trout, catfish,
tilapia, scallops, mussels, lobsters, and oysters are well-known species raised
through aquaculture.
According to McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia aquaculture means

The cultivation of fresh-water and marine species (the latter type is often referred to
as mariculture). Aquacultural ventures occur worldwide. China grows macro algae
(seaweeds) and carp. Japan cultures a wide range of marine organisms, including
yellowtail, sea bream, salmonids, tuna, penaeid shrimp, oysters, scallops, abalone,
and algae. Russia concentrates on the culture of fish such as sturgeon, salmon, and
carp. North America grows catfish, trout, salmon, oysters, and penaeid shrimp.
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Europe cultures flatfish, trout, oysters, mussels, and eels. Presently, plant aquaculture
is almost exclusively restricted to Japan, China, and Korea, where the national diets
include substantial amounts of macro algae. The worldwide practice of aquaculture
runs the all scopes from low-technology extensive methods to highly intensive
systems. At one extreme, extensive aquaculture can be little more than contained
stock replenishment, using natural bodies of water such as coastal embayment,
where few if any alterations of the environment are made.
Such culture usually requires a low degree of management and low investment and
operating costs; it generally results in low yields per unit area. At the other extreme,
intensive aquaculture, animals are grown in systems such as tanks and raceways,
where the support parameters are carefully controlled and dependence on the natural
environment is minimal. Such systems require a high degree of management and
usually involve substantial investment and operating costs, resulting in high yields
per unit area.
A unique combination of highly intensive and extensive aquaculture occurs in ocean

ranching, as commonly employed with anadromous fish (which return from the
ocean to rivers at the time of spawning). The two most notable examples are the
ranching of salmon and sturgeon. In both instances, highly sophisticated hatchery
systems are used to rear young fish, which are then released to forage and grow in
their natural environment. The animals are harvested upon return to their native
rivers. Intensive aquaculture brings with it high energy costs, necessitating the
design of energy-efficient systems.
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As this trend continues, aquaculture will shift more to a year-round, mass-production

industry using the least amount of land and water possible. With this change to high
technology and dense culturing, considerable knowledge and manipulation of the life
cycles and requirements of each species are necessary. Specifically, industrialized
aquaculture has mandated the development of reproductive control, hatchery
technology, feeds technology, disease control, and systems engineering.
Regardless of the type of system used, aqua cultural products are marketed as are
fisheries products (which are caught in the ocean), except for some advantages. For
one, fisheries products often must be transported on boats and may experience
spoilage; whereas cultured products, which are land-based, can be delivered fresh to
the various nearby markets. Also, intensively cultured products through genetic
selection can result in a more desirable food than those caught in the wild, with
uniform size and improved taste resulting from controlled feeding and rearing in
pollution-free water.
According to Gale Encyclopedia of Food & Culture aquaculture either the
controlled or semi-controlled production of aquatic plants and animals, has increased
at double-digit percentage rates since the early 1980s. This increase has been in
response to declines in commercial harvests of wild stocks of fish and shellfish.
Oceans of the world are currently at maximum sustainable yield. Since the late
1980s, there has been a concerted effort to maintain global commercial harvest of
ocean fish at approximately 100 million metric tons (mmt).
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However, as global population grows, demand for fish and shellfish increases, and
the percentage of aquatic products grown in aquaculture must likewise rise to meet
the supply of those products. Projections for increased production are in the range of
40100 mmt of new aquaculture production by about the year 2030. The lower range
assumes only increases in world population; the upper figure represents increases in
world population plus a 1 percent per year increase in per capita consumption. To put
this number in perspective, the 1995 world production figures for soybeans was 137
mmt, swine was 83 mmt, and chickens was 46 mmt. Thus, to meet demand in the
first part of the twenty-first century, we must realize significant growth. This
increase in production will not be accomplished with a single species.
There are fewer than thirty large species-specific aquaculture industries globally, and
the fourteen largest industries are listed in the table. However, there are over twentyfive thousand species of fish and there are estimates that one thousand new species
are being evaluated for their culture potential. The small percentage of species raised
relative to the total number available is an indication that aquaculture is a new
concept in many parts of the world. As a subsistence enterprise, aquaculture has been
practiced for over four thousand years.
As a series of large industries, aquaculture is less than fifty years old, often
stimulated by declining wild stocks of fish. The channel catfish industry, which only
began in the late 1960s in the southern United States, is illustrative of a relatively
young industry. Today, over 90 percent of the U.S. supply of Atlantic salmon is
cultured. In 1980, that figure was a fraction of 1 percent, at most. The global supply
and demand characteristics created a good deal of volatility in production, which has
only increased over time.
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Additional factors such as identification of new diseases and movement of those

diseases contribute to the volatility in production. Inevitably, as new aquaculture
species are brought into culture settings, new diseases are identified that were
previously unknown. In the past ten years, new viral diseases have been identified in
shrimp and salmon, both of which caused large-scale losses from production
facilities.
Table 1.1: Aquaculture Industries, by volume, in 1999
The Largest Aquaculture Industries, by volume, in 1999
Values are in million metric tons
Species
Volume
Giant tiger prawn
3,651,782
Pacific cupped oyster
3,312,713
Japanese kelp
3,023,240
Silver carp
2,837,420
Grass carp
2,743,194
Atlantic salmon
2,448,280
Japanese carpet shell
2,194,521
Roho labeo
1,493,884
Rainbow trout
1,350,168
Japanese amberjack
1,282,090
Yesso scallop
1,252,448
Nori
1,249,923
Whiteleg shrimp
1,062,774
Nile tilapia
1,025,739
Source: Department of Fisheries (DOF).

Of the approximate silver carp production was 2.2 mmt, grass carp production was
1.8 mmt, bighead carp product only 25 mmt of global aquaculture production, there
are only a few industries that produced over 1 mmt in 1996. Several of the species of
Asian carp and the common carp account for the largest industries. On was 1.1 mmt,
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and common carp production was 1.5 mmt. Virtually all of this production occurred
in China with the exception of common carp, which is raised throughout Europe, its
native range.
Of the species typically available in U.S. markets, pen-raised Atlantic salmon
accounted for 0.4 mmt, rainbow trout production for 0.3 mmt, channel catfish
production for 0.2 mmt, and tilapia for 0.6 mmt. Production of several invertebrates
was significant. Scallop production was 1.0 mmt, shrimp production was 0.9 mmt,
oyster production was 1.1 mmt, mussel production was 1.0 mmt, and clam
production was 1.0 mmt. Production of brown seaweeds was 4.5 mmt and red
seaweed production was 1.6 mmt. Thus, the largest aquaculture industry is the
production of brown seaweeds, largely for nonfood use. In the twenty-first century,
greater demand will likely result in increased production.
There are only a few production systems in use for aquaculture, and they include
earthen ponds, raceways, cages or net pens, and indoor recirculating systems.
Earthen ponds or cages placed in existing bodies of water are the oldest production
system and the indoor recirculating systems are the newest. For successful culture,
considerable technical expertise is required when using a recirculating system. All of
the current industries use earthen ponds (catfish, tilapia, Asian carps, and shrimp),
raceways (rainbow trout), or cages/net pens (Atlantic salmon, yellowtail, an
amberjack from Southeast Asia). Producers are experimenting with indoor
recirculating systems using a wide variety of species.
There are a few successful producers using indoor systems, but the number will
inevitably grow as both the systems themselves and information on targeted species
increase. Successful aquaculture can be viewed as the correct match of species under
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a certain set of market conditions with production system. Some species do not
tolerate some of the production systems or do not thrive in those systems. Behavioral
characteristics of the various species often point toward the appropriate culture
systems. For example, sedentary fish (bluegill, catfish, and flounder) should
probably be raised in systems without significant water flow (earthen ponds,
cages/net pens), whereas those that typically swim a great deal (tuna, trout, and
striped bass) can be raised in raceway systems with a constant flow of water.
Fish are generally considered good quality food for human consumption because of
the low saturated fat levels and generally high levels of n-3 fatty acids. Fish tend to
retain the fatty acids that are in their diet. Thus, we can manipulate the fatty acid
concentrations of fish and produce "designer fish" for targeted markets. Further, we
can control the fat concentration in muscle through selected feed and produce a lowfat or high-fat fish depending on the demands of the market. Cultured aquatic
animals can be safer products for consumption than wild fish because they are raised
in a defined environment, and pollutants can be eliminated. Wild fish can be exposed
to environmental pollutants and retain those they encounter. Organoleptic properties
(taste) of fish and shell-fish raised in aquaculture can be quite different from wild
stocks. Fish flavor can be manipulated by dietary ingredients fed to the target
species.
If the diet contains a relatively high percentage of fish meal, the fish can taste fishier
than if the diet contains a relatively high percentage of corn and soybean products.
Fish fed the latter diets are often described as "milder" tasting, which is a desirable
characteristic in certain markets. There is also a taste consideration with
environment. Some species can survive both fresh-and saltwater, but osmoregulation
17
changes to meet the challenges of those environments. This physiological change

affects taste because of the chemical compounds used to regulate ionic balance. A
good example of this is the freshwater shrimp. When raised in freshwater, taste has
been described as mild, whereas if the shrimp is placed in saltwater for one to two
weeks, it will taste more like a marine shrimp. Even with these positive attributes,
aquaculture is experiencing growing pains.
Culture of aquatic animals produces the same wastes as other animal production
industries. The problem is confounded by the fact that those wastes are discharged as
rearing water is renewed. There have been incidences of environmental degradation
resulting from aquaculture. One of the focal points of aquaculture research is waste
management, focusing on phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics originating in the diet.
Those efforts, as well as efforts related to sitting aquaculture operations, land-use
practices, and economic development, have become the focal point of sustainable
aquaculture development. Along with the overall focus on sustainability, there are
significant concerns about the feed used to achieve aquaculture's successes. Fish
meal is a high-quality ingredient, yet it is a finite resource similar to all other species
in the oceans. Ingredients made from soybeans, corn, canola, wheat, legumes,
peanuts, and barley, as well as the by-products of the brewing industries and animal
packing operations is needed.
Growth of aquaculture in the twenty-first century will most likely be similar to
growth in terrestrial animal production seen in the twentieth century. Fish and shellfish are the last major food item humans still hunt and gather from wild populations.
The sustainable nature of aqua cultural production probably will be the focal point of
research in the early part of the twenty-first century and those results should
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facilitate the production increases necessary for sufficient quantities of fish and
shell-fish in the future.
1.2
Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Generally, aquaculture can be defined as rearing aquatic animals or cultivating

aquatic plants such as crustaceans, shellfish or other saltwater organisms. In short,
aquaculture is the process of agriculture in the ocean. The purpose of expanding
aquaculture activity is to balance the seafood industry and marine ecosystem. When
dealing with aquaculture, you will stumble upon other terms such as mariculture
which refers to the practice of aquaculture in marine environments or algaculture that
can be defined as cultivation of seaweed or other algae.
In Malaysia, fisheries activities are governed by Fisheries Act 317 (1985). The
regulation indicates that inland fisheries and aquaculture matters are regulated by the
state authorities. On the other hand, marine fisheries and aquaculture are under the
federal government provision. The Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry
(MOA) is responsible in developing and expanding marine and inland farming,
encourage inland aquaculture and to offer sufficient fish-breeding facilities and
training centres.
Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA) deals with issues and matters related to local
and international maritime. On the other hand, Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre
must ensure continuous development of freshwater aquaculture and handle aquatic
resources accordingly. In line with MOAs objective to further expand aquaculture
industry in Malaysia, the department has introduced the Aquaculture Industry Zone
programme (ZIA). This is a program to encourage further expansion of commercial
19
scale aquaculture activities by segregating suitable zoning and coastal areas for such
purposes. The main goal to establish ZIA is to boost fish, prawn and shellfish
production as drafted under the Third National Agriculture Policy (DPN3).
ZIA was introduced by former Prime Minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. This is
often referred to as high impact project as the department predicts aquaculture
industry can generate up to RM6.3 billion by 2010. Conducted correctly, the project
will bring major impact to the society and countrys economic development. Among
some of the objectives to set up ZIA areas are to increase the income for aqua
culturists to a minimum of RM3, 000 monthly. Besides that, government also aims to
produce only high quality fish products for the market.
To ensure the on-going development of fisheries and aquaculture activities in
Malaysia, it requires some of the advanced technologies such as echo sounder, trawl
net, purse seine, drift net, fish trap, longline and handline. Echo sounder was
introduced in mid-1960s. Back then, only a handful of fishermen chose to use echo
sounder but thanks to MOA, this fishery equipment is now widely used in Mersing,
Perlis, Pangkor Island and Langkawi Island. Generally, only large boats used echo
sounder with a combination of purse seines and trawl nets.
Fishermen tend to use echo sounder to find out location of the fishes as well as water
depth. On the other hand, purse seines are used to determine exact location of fishes.
This is an efficient and effective fishery tool as it saves a fishermans time since they
do not have to dive into the water anymore. Echo sounder, trawl net and purse seine
must be used together for an effective outcome. First of all, echo sounder is used to
identify the water depth follow by trawl net to determine the type of aquatic animals
in the water. Notice that most of the tools mentioned here are used for fisheries.
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Since MOA has introduced ZIA, the areas cordoned off for aquaculture requires
similar equipments to rear the aquatic animals and cultivate organisms.
1.3
Aquaculture Growth in Malaysia
1.3.1 Fisheries Profile

According to Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DOF) in the year 2010, the fisheries
sector which comprised of marine capture fisheries, inland fisheries and aquaculture
including seaweeds, produced 2,014,534.84 tonnes of fish with a value of RM9,
495.28 million. The ornamental fish production for the year 2010 was 341,757,064
pieces valued at RM430.31 million while aquatic plants was 143,651,684 bundles
valued at RM14.47 million. As compared with the total national fish production and
value in 2009, it recorded an increase of 8.86% and 10.02% respectively. In the year
2010, the fisheries sector contributed 1.3% to the GDP*.
The aquaculture sub-sector recorded a production of 581,048.41 tonnes with a value
of RM2, 798.74 million. It contributed 28.84% to the total fish production. This subsector showed an increase in production and value of 28.02% and 23.36%
respectively as compared to the year before.
The production of ornamental fish in 2010 was 341,757,064 pieces decreasing by
32.62%. The value of the ornamental fish decreased by 44.12% to RM430.31
million. The aquatic plants production and value also recorded an increase of 15.11%
to 143,651,684 bundles and 14.12% to RM14.47 million respectively in the same
year. The workforce of the fisheries sector consisted of 129,622 fishermen working
on licensed fishing vessels while 26,291 fish culturists were involved in various
aquaculture systems.
21
1.3.2 Aquaculture Production

In the year 2010, national production from the aquaculture sub-sector was
581,048.41 tonnes valued at RM2, 798.74 million, contributed mainly by production
from seaweed, brackishwater ponds and freshwater ponds. The production and its
value increased by 28.02% and 23.36% respectively compared to 2009 which was
453,860.13 tonnes valued at RM2, 268.74 million. On the whole, the aquaculture
sub-sector contributed 28.84% to the overall fish production in the country.
In the year 2010, a total of 26,291 fish farmers and culturists were involved in the
aquaculture industry increasing by 9.61% as compared with 23,986 persons in 2009.
The majority of the workforce of 19,946 persons was involved in the freshwater
aquaculture
sub-sector
which
accounted
for
75.87%
of
the
total
fish
farmers/culturists in the country. The remaining 24.13% or 6,345 fish

farmers/culturists were involved in the brackishwater aquaculture industry. The
increasing number of fish farmers being influenced by ornamental fish farmers had
been included in the table beginning this year as requested.
1.3.3 Brackishwater Aquaculture

In 2010, brackishwater aquaculture contributed 73.26% of the total aquaculture
production. This contribution went up by 33.59% to 425,649.77 tonnes in 2010 from
318,621.32 tonnes the previous year. The value for the overall brackishwater
aquaculture also rose by 25.88% to RM2, 038.40 million in 2010 from RM1, 619.33
million in 2009.
i.
Brackishwater Pond Culture System

22
The brackishwater pond culture production went up by 28.99% from

80,582.99 tonnes in 2009 to 103,943.21 tonnes in 2010. Its value also
increased by 25.46% from RM1, 093.61 million in 2009 to RM1, 372.08
million in 2010. The total culture area recorded in 2010 was 7,722.82
hectares, an increase of 5.16% compared to 7,344.21 tonnes in 2009. The
main species cultured were White Prawns (69,084.10 tonnes valued at
RM789.38 million), Tiger Prawns (18,118.51 tonnes valued at RM389.58
million) and Barramundi (11,919.58 tonnes valued at RM164.51 million).
ii.
Brackishwater Cage Culture System

In 2010, production from the brackishwater cage culture in Malaysia was
24,326.31 tonnes, increasing by 8.03% compared with 22,519.06 tonnes in
2009. Its value also increased by 15.48% to RM480.02 million in 2010 from
RM415.67 million the previous year. The total area for brackishwater cage
culture rose by 14.21% to 1,988,744.33 square metres in 2010 from
1,741,333.87 square metres in 2009.
The main species of fish cultured were Barramundi (7,992.09 tonnes valued
at RM108.38 million), Red Snapper (4,844.92 tonnes valued at RM75.00
million) and Grouper (4,521.63 tonnes valued at RM188.32 million). The
state of Johor was the top producer of fish from this culture system
contributing 7,164.27 tonnes valued at RM118.14 million.
iii.
Brackishwater Tank Culture System

In 2010, production from the brackishwater tank culture system increased by
126.27% to 121.35 tonnes from 53.63 tonnes in 2009. Its value also increased
23
from RM0.91 million the previous year to RM2.24 million in 2010. The total
area under this culture system also increased to 182,097.82 square metres in
2010 from 5,691.00 square metres in 2009.
iv.
On-bottom Culture System

The cockle production constitutes 18.33% of the total production from
brackish water culture systems. In 2010, cockle production increased by
20.15% to 78,024.70 tonnes from 64,938.51 tonnes in 2009. Its value also
increased by 33.53% to RM91.60 million in 2010 from RM68.60 million the
previous year. The state of Selangor produced the most cockles amounting to
41,410.05 tonnes valued at RM51.87 million. The overall area under cockle
culture also increased by 4.44% to 10,383.09 hectares in 2010 as compared to
9,941.76 hectares in 2009.
v.
The Rack Culture System

Mussels
The production of mussels decreased by 0.63% to 10,529.06 tonnes in 2010
from 10,596.08 tonnes in 2009. Its value also decreased to RM5.05 million in
2010 from RM6.23 million the previous year, decreasing by 18.94%. The
state of Johor remained as the top producer of mussels amounting 10,407.70
tonnes valued at RM4.79 million. However, in terms of area under mussel
24
culture, there was an increase of 57.89% from 180,851.23 square metres in

2009 to 285,540.29 square metres in 2010.
Oysters
In 2010, production from oysters decreased to 812.75 tonnes compared with
1,075.15 tonnes in 2009. Its value also decreased to RM3.73 million in 2010
from RM6.54 million the previous year. The total acreages under oyster
culture increased by 8.13% to 364,908.08 square metres compared with
337,461.67 square metres in 2009.
Seaweeds
The seaweed production increased this year by 49.72% to 207,892.40 tonnes
(wet weight) from 138,855.90 tonnes in 2009. Its value also showed an
increase of RM83.16 million from RM27.77 million the previous year.
Meanwhile, the total acreages under seaweed culture recorded an increase of
5.33% to 7,940.50 hectares in 2010 compared to 7,538.46 hectares in 2009.
vi.
Ornamental Fish Culture

Production of ornamental fish for the year 2010 showed a decline of 32.62%
to 341,757,064 pieces compared with 507,216,127 pieces in 2009. This
decline was influenced by the restrictions imposed on the export of
ornamental fish by the European Union countries. The aquatic plants also
showed an increase of 15.11% from 124,792,872 bundles in 2009 to
143,651,684 bundles in 2010. Its value showed a decrease of 44.12% to
RM430.31million in 2010 from RM770.12 million the previous year. The
25
value of the aquatic plants increased by 14.12% to RM14.47 million in 2010

compared to RM12.68 million in 2009. The state of Johor was the largest
producer of ornamental fish (including aquatic plants) contributing
233,396,440 pieces of ornamental fish valued at RM317.89 million and
143,575,044 bundles of aquatic plants valued at RM14.36 million.
1.4
Fish Seed Production
In 2010, a total of 1,853.86 million pieces of freshwater and brackish water fish
hatchlings/fries were produced by government and private hatcheries as compared to
2,922.84 million pieces of hatchlings/fries produced in 2009, decreasing by 36.57%.
The total production of brackish water and freshwater prawn nauplii/fries in 2010
was 13,542.03 million pieces, which was a decrease of 45.25% from 24,736.52
million pieces in 2009.
The production of freshwater fish hatchlings and fries in 2010 was 1,046.24 million
pieces from 247 government hatcheries and private hatcheries. A total of 24.65
million pieces of fish hatchlings and fries were produced from government
hatcheries, increasing by 29.81% from 18.99 million tails in 2009. The main species
produced were Freshwater Catfish, Red Tilapia and Javanese Carp. A total of
1,021.59 million tails of freshwater fish hatchlings and fries were also produced from
218 private hatcheries, a decrease of 14.40% from 1,193.46 million pieces in 2009.
In 2010, there were 246 government as well as private brackish water hatcheries
which produced 807.62 million pieces of fish hatchlings and fries. The government
hatcheries produced 28.02 million pieces of fish hatchlings and fries, decreasing by
78.30% from 129.11 million pieces in 2009. A total of 779.60 million pieces of fish
26
hatchlings and fries were produced by the private hatcheries decreased by 50.70%
compared to 1,581.27 million in 2009. The main species of brackish water hatchlings
and fries bred were Barramundi and Grouper.
The production of brackish water and giant freshwater prawn nauplii/fries from the
three (3) government hatcheries in 2010 were 11.99 million pieces, increasing from
4.55 million pieces in 2009. However, production of the prawn nauplii/fries from 88
private hatcheries decreased by 45.29% to 13,530.04 million pieces in 2010
compared to 24,731.97 million pieces the previous year. In the year 2010, a total of
3.08 million pieces of freshwater fish fries were released to public water bodies and
miscellaneous uses, decreasing by 13.24% from 3.55 million pieces in 2009. A total
of 12.41 million pieces of freshwater fish fries were distributed to the fish farmers in
2010 as compared to 14.12 million pieces in 2009.
27
Table 1.2: Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2010

Quantity
(Tonnes)
Marine Capture Fisheries
Inshore
1,108,897
Deep Sea
319,984
Total Marine Capture
1,428,881
Fisheries
Freshwater Aquaculture
Ponds
92,833.45
Ex-Mining Pools
20,758.18
Cages
9,828.61
Cement Tanks
4,196.59
Pen Culture
27,371.72
Canvas Tanks
410.09
Total Freshwater
155,398.63
Aquaculture
Brackishwater/Marine Aquaculture
Ponds
103,943.21
Cages
24,326.31
Cockles
78,024.70
Mussels
10,529.06
Oysters
812.75
Seaweeds
207,892.40
Marine Tanks
121.35
Total
425,649.77
Brackishwater /Marine
Aquaculture
Total Aquaculture
581,048.41
2,009,929.41
Fisheries and
Aquaculture
Production
Landing of Freshwater
4,605.43
Fisheries (Public Water
Bodies)
Total National Fish
2,014,534.84
Production
Total Food Fish*
1,806,642.44
Ornamental Fish **
Aquatic Plants***
* - Excluding Seaweeds
** - Quantity in Pieces
*** - Quantity in Bundles
341,757,064
143,651,684
Source: Annual Fisheries Statistic (2010), Volume 1, DOF.
28
Value
(RM Million)
5,362.97
1,288.92
6,651.89
430.85
104.13
79.18
20.25
124.47
1.44
760.34
1,372.08
480.02
91.60
5.05
3.73
83.16
2.76
2,038.40
2,798.74
9,450.63
44.67
9,495.30
9,412.14
430.31
14.47
Table 1.3: Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2009

Quantity
(Tonnes)
Marine Capture Fisheries
Inshore
Deep Sea
Fisheries
Freshwater Aquaculture
Ponds
Ex-Mining Pools
Cages
Cement Tanks
Pen Culture
Canvas Tanks
Total Freshwater
Aquaculture
Brackishwater/Marine Aquaculture
Ponds
Cages
Cockles
Mussels
Oysters
Seaweeds
Marine Tanks
Total Brackishwater
/Marine Aquaculture
Total Aquaculture
Fisheries and
Aquaculture Production
Landing of Freshwater
Fisheries (Public Water
Bodies)
Total National Fish
Production
Total Food Fish*
Value
(RM Million)
1,096,663
296,563
1,393,226
5,184.45
1,138.12
6,322.57
113,792.73
18,083.72
7,900.44
3,328.96
9,009.10
515.62
152,630.57
490.24
82.71
73.59
15.03
40.94
1.80
704.30
80,582.99
22,520.56
64,938.51
10,596.08
2,128.20
138,855.90
53.63
319,675.87
1,093.61
415.68
68.60
6.23
4.86
27.77
0.91
1,617.66
472,306.44
1,865,532.44
2,321.97
8,644.54
4,468.37
39.27
1,870,000.81
8,683.81
1,731,144.91
8,656.04
507,216,127
124,792,872
770.12
12.68
Ornamental Fish **
Aquatic Plants***
* - Excluding Seaweeds
** - Quantity in Pieces
*** - Quantity in Bundles
Source: Annual Fisheries Statistic (2009). Volume 1, DOF.
29
Figure 1.1: Value of Aquaculture Sub Sector, 2006 - 2010
Based on the chart, above we can see the growth in all type of aquaculture except in
ornamental fish and aquatic plant sub sector.
Figure 1.2: Estimated Production and Aquaculture Value from All Aquaculture
System 2000 2010

Based on the Figure 1.2, we can see the growth trends in the production (tonnes) and
aquaculture value (RM million) of all aquaculture system from year 2000 until 2010.
30
Figure 1.3: Estimated Production and Value of Aquaculture from All Brackishwater
Aquaculture System 2000-2010
Based on the chart above we can see the growth trends in the production (tonnes)
and aquaculture value (RM million) of all brackishwater aquaculture system from
year 2000 until 2010.
Figure 1.4: Aquaculture Production by Culture Systems 2010

From the pie charts above we can see the aquaculture production by culture system
for 2010.
31
1.5
Conclusion
Aquaculture is a common practice all over the world and makes up a very large
portion of the food industry. Aquaculture is necessary for keeping up with the
demand of seafood-loving world and comes with an assortment of advantages like
create numerous jobs for people and provides nutritional food likes protein, omega-3
fish oil and other nutrient that are highly beneficial to impoverished area. In contrast
to that, aquaculture industry can also contributed to negative impact like
environment degradation, loss of habitat and species, pollution and disease
spreading.
In Malaysia aquaculture sector is increasing since 2006 up to 2010. In the year 2010,
national production from the aquaculture sub-sector was 581,048.41 tonnes valued at
RM2, 798.74 million. The production and its value increased by 28.02% and 23.36%
respectively compared to 2009 which was 453,860.13 tonnes valued at RM2, 268.74
million. This pattern of increase will be expected in the near future. So, to minimize
the negative impacts on environment, social and economic aspect considerable effort
should been done by all sectors which involved in this industry.
32
CHAPTER 2
AQUACULTURE FARMING IN KAMPUNG FIKRI
2.1
Introduction of Setiu
Setiu is the smallest district in Terengganu state with the land area of 135,905.80
hectares. The land area comprises of 10.49% from the total acreage of Terengganu
state. Setiu was founded in 1 January 1985 as a result of inclusion from other some
small provinces of Kuala Terengganu and Besut. Setiu district is further divided into
several zones. Table 2.1 shows the zones that are in Setiu district with its respective
land area.
Table 2.1: Zones in Setiu District with Land Areas
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Zone
Nerus Upstream
Chalok
Setiu Upstream
Guntung
Lake
Beach
Merang
Land Area(ha)
54,523.30
20,589.60
23,292.90
16,348.50
5,827.10
8,499.40
6,825.00
Source: Works Department of Setiu, 2012.
2.2
Beach Zone
Kampung Fikri is located under the district administration of beach zone local
authority. It is estimated that approximately 5,994 individuals living in the beach
33
zone. Table 2.2 shows the villagers distribution according to ethnicity and local
authority.
Table 2.2: Villagers Distribution According to Ethnicity and Local Authority.
District
Administration
Total
Malaysian Nationality
Bumiputera
Malay
Non-Malaysian
Nationality
Chinese
Indian
Others
Bumiputera
Lain
Chalok
14,854
14,598
21
229
Guntung
7,424
7,379
40
Nerus
12,592
1 1,890
27
660
3,198
3,150
37
Merang
3,198
3,245
11
17
Beach
5,994
5,910
55
28
Lake
7,227
7,115
19
82
Upstream
Setiu
Upstream
Source: Works Department of Setiu, 2012.
2.3
History of Kampung Fikri
Kampung Fikri (GPS coordinate: 5.6376, 102.7487) is located under the local
authority of beach zone. A brief historic overview of Kampung Fikri started in the
1940s as a small port for ships and boats to berth before heading to their next
34
destination. As the port develops, it increases the demand for basic necessities such
accommodation and food. People started coming to live in the coastal area and the
settlement soon developed into a village which was named Kampung Payang.
Due to the geographical area of Kampung Payang which is located by the South
China Sea, it is subjected to massive beach erosion annually during the monsoon
months. The erosion constantly put the villagers life at risk as they go about their
daily lives. As it is dangerous for the villagers, Tan Sri Ibrahim Fikri Muhammad, a
prominent community leader at that time suggested moving the village to a safer site.
In the year 1962, villagers of Kampung Payang moved into the new safer site and
renamed their village Kampung Fikri in honors of the community leader. From that
day onwards, the villagers continued living a modest life as a fisherman but in peace
and harmony.
2.4
Ecology in Kampung Fikri
The ecology in Kampung Fikri encompasses lagoon, estuarine, river and wetlands
which are:
a) Lagoon: The term lagoon is commonly applied to bodies of ocean water
surrounding tropical islands and where the water bodies are semi-enclosed
within fringing coral reefs.
Kjerfve (1994) said that lagoons constitute a common coastal environment
around the world and he also notes that lagoons can span the range of
salinities from hyper saline to completely fresh.
b) Estuarine: According to Pritchchard (1967), an estuary is a semi-enclosed
coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and
within which sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from
35
land drainage. Meanwhile Day (1981) said that an estuary is a partially

enclosed coastal body of water which is either permanently or periodically
open to the sea and within which there is a measurable variation of salinity
due to the mixture of sea water with fresh water derived from land drainage.
c) River: In Wikipedia, a river is fresh water flowing across the surface of the
land, usually to the sea and its flows in a channel. The bottom of the channel
is called the bed and the sides of the channel are called the banks.
Meanwhile, according to The USGS Water Science School a river is a surface
of water finding its way over land from a higher altitude to a lower altitude,
all due to gravity.
d) Wetlands: Wetlands are lands that either is inundated by shallow water less
than 2 m deep during low water events or have soils that are saturated long
enough during the growing season to become anoxic and support specialized
wetland plants (hydrophytes).
2.5
Demographic of Kampung Fikri
Kampung Fikri is a small village in Setiu District located approximately 18 miles

from Permaisuri Town. The area of the village is about 1,000 square acres. Kampung
Fikri together with nearby village, Kampung Gong Batu, Kampung Saujana,
Kampung Beris Tok Ku and Kampung Pangkalan Gelap are managed under the town
council of Permaisuri.
36
Kampung Fikri is a fishing village that is famous for is anchovies fishing activities.
It is categorized as a coastal district. The population of Kampung Fikri has
approximately 659 individuals from 130 families and 125 houses. From the 659
individuals living in the village, 322 individuals are males and 337 individuals are
females. Table 2.3 below shows that the total number of individuals living in
Kampung Fikri according to ethnicity.
Table 2.3: Total Individuals Living In Kampung Fikri According to Ethnicity.
Ethnic
Male Female Total Percentage

(ind) (ind) (ind)
(%)
Malay
Chinese
Indian
Others:
- Cambodian
- Bangladesh/Pakistan
- Thailand
TOTAL
276
17
-
316
16
-
592
33
-
89.83
5
-
13
16
-
3
2
16
16
2
659
2.43
2.43
0.3
100
Source: JKKK of Kampung Fikri, 2012.
Malays are the majority in Kampung Fikri amounting to a number of 592

individuals. These numbers also consist of 89.83% from the total population in
Kampung Fikri. There are 33 Chinese individuals, and 34 other foreign labors from
Cambodia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Thailand living in Kampung Fikri.
Figure 2.1: Population of Kampung Fikri According to Age Group
37

The population of Kampung Fikri as categorized by age group is shown in Figure
2.1. The age group of 21 years old to 40 years old has the highest percentage of
individuals with 26.71%, representing 176 individuals. This category is the working
class of the local community. The second highest percentage of individuals is the age
group of 7 to 12 years old which serves as the second generation of the community
with 22.15%, representing 146 individuals.
2.6
Socio-Economic of Kampung Fikri
2.6.1 Occupation of local community in Kampung Fikri

Kampung Fikri is a fishing village of which majority of the local community works
as a fisherman. The rest of the population in Kampung Fikri works as farmer,
38
government officer, self-employed, labor or unemployed. Table 2.4 shows the

occupation of the local community in Kampung Fikri.
Table 2.4 Show the occupation of local community in Kampung Fikri
Occupations
Self employed
- Cultivator
- Businessman
- Craftsman
- Fisherman
Government Servant
Pensioner
Not working
Others
- Private/ Labor
Male
(ind)
Female
(ind)
Total
(ind)
Percentage
(%)
11
16
6
1
28
18
4
9
3
9
5
1
23
14
16
15
1
28
23
5
32
8.86
10.13
9.49
0.63
17.72
14.56
3.16
20.25
17
24
158
15.19
100
TOTAL
As the table shown, majority of local communities in Kampung Fikri works as

fisherman (17.72%) or are unemployed (20.25%). Fishermans job pays very little
and is a very risky job.
Fishermans life is at natures mercy whenever they go out to fish. The income of
fisherman is unstable due to overfishing. Sometimes they are forced to come back
with just a little catch or empty handed. To make matter worst, Terengganu state is
experience monsoon season annually in the month of November to January. This
deters them from going out to sea to fish and turning them unemployed during the
period. The unemployment rate is very high in the village as 20.25% of the villagers
reported not working.
39
According to table 2.5 by the fisheries department, Kampung Fikri is the second
village with the highest number of fisherman in Setiu district with 196 registered
individuals involved in the fisheries sector.
Table 2.5: Numbers of Villagers as Registered Fisherman Categorized by Village
Port
Gong Batu
Peng. Gelap
Kg. Fikri
Nyatoh
Mangkok
Penarek
Bukit Chalok
Rhu Sepuluh
Bari Kechil
Bari Besar
Telaga Papan
Merang
TOTAL
Local Crew
Foreign Crew
Malay Chinese Thailand Vietnam
101
0
12
4
192
4
25
96
220
18
10
21
66
12
9
114
95
1
963
5
22
10
Total
101
16
196
25
96
248
21
66
12
9
114
96
1000
Percentage
(%)
10.1
1.2
19.2
2.5
9.6
22
2.1
6.6
1.2
0.9
11.4
9.5
96.3
Source: Department of Fisheries (DOF), 2012.

2.6.2 Income Level of Local Community
From the earning aspect, majority of the local communities earns below RM 1,000 as
reported by 111 individuals or 77.09%. It is reported that there were 68 families
living under the poverty level and are receiving assistance in terms of equipment and
financial support from various quarters. The average earning of the villagers is
estimated to be around RM 300.00 to RM 400.00 per month. Figure 2.2 shows the
income level of the local communities in Kampung Fikri.
40
Figure 2.2: Income Level of Local Community in Kampung Fikri

2.6.3 Vehicles Ownership
Table 2.6 shows a report by the fisheries department of Setiu district that strengthens
the claim that, Kampung Fikri is a fishing village that has a large number of
fishermen with 61 registered fishing vessels. Kampung Fikri is close behind Penarek
village which has 64 registered fishing vessels.
41
Port / Gear
Gong Batu
Peng. Gelap
Kg. Fikri
Nyatoh
Mangkok
Penarek
Bukit Chalok
Rhu Sepuluh
Bari Kechil
Bari Besar
Telaga Papan
Merang
TOTAL
Notes :
External
Engine
PD
DN
52
4
1
21
14
14
3
31
17
11
28
5
6
5
16
3
16
1
218
30
Internal Engine
PD
DN
13
1
16
1
1
9
2
2
18
35
5
6
39
HN
Zone A
T
LN
PN
TV
Total
PSa
Zone B
DrN
PS
0
Zone C
DrN
PS
1
5
1
2
10
5
1
PD: Pole and Line

DN : Drift Net
1
4
Fishing Gears
17
1
PS : Purse Seine
PN : Pull Net
42
52
7
61
14
31
64
11
33
6
5
31
41
356
Table 2.6: Number of Registered Fisherman and Fishing vessels of each District in Setiu, 2011
HN: Hand Net
DrN : Drag Net
LN : Lift Net
TV : Transport Vessel
T: Trap
PSa : Purse Seine anchovies
43
From another point of view, vehicles ownership could also be used to evaluate the
economic standing of the community. This data further strengthens the point that, the
local community of Kampung Fikri is poor as more than 50% of the community
could only manage to own a bicycle (52.17%). 32% of the community owns a
motorcycle and only 15% of the villagers could own a car. Just a mere 3 villager
owns a lorry although majority of them works as a fisherman who needs a lorry to
transport their fish.
Figure 2.3: Shows the Number of Vehicle Owned by the Local Communities in
Kampung Fikri.
2.6.4 Education Level

Majority of the population in Kampung Fikri studied until primary school accounting
of 69.57% of the population of 207 villagers surveyed as during that time, only Fikri
(P) Primary School was available for them. However, things are better now as
44
Saujana Secondary School had been built near the village. Table 2.7 shows the
education level of the local communities in Kampung Fikri.
Table 2.7: Education Level in Kampung Fikri
Education Level
Kindergartens
Primary School
Secondary School
College
University
TOTAL
Male
Female
Total
Percentage
(ind)
15
60
25
0
5
(ind)
6
84
10
1
1
(ind)
21
144
35
1
6
207
(%)
10.15
69.57
16.91
0.48
2.90
100

2.7
Potential Development of Aquaculture Industry
The total captured fisheries in Setiu district dwindle from 3,571.51 million tonne
(MT) in 2010 to 3,164.19 MT in 2011 which also decrease the value from RM 35.72
millions to RM 31.84 millions. Table 2.8 shows the numbers of captured fisheries in
Setiu District obtained from the department of fisheries. The decrease of the total
capture might be from the impact of overfishing that is occurring all over the world
where fish stocks are being reported to be overexploited.
Table 2.8: Fisheries Capture in Setiu District
Year
2010
2011
Total Capture (million tonne)

3,571.51 MT
3,184.19 MT
Value
RM 35.72 million
RM 31.84 million

On the contrary to the industry of captured fisheries, the aquaculture sector of Setiu
district is doing well as shown in Table 2.9 of the aquaculture production in year
2010 to 2011 reported by the Department of Fisheries. In the year 2011, aquaculture
sector of Setiu district produced RM32.06 million worth of aquaculture produce
45
which weights 1,921.86 MT.It was a sharp increase as Setiu only manages to
produce RM 20.11million of aquaculture produce which weights 1,675.43 MT in the
year 2010. This improvement is considered remarkable for Setiu district as it was
able to increase the value of production to more than RM 12 million in a short one
year period.
Table 2.9: Aquaculture Production in year 2010-2011
Year
2010
2011
Total Production
1,675.43 MT
1,921.86 MT
Value
RM 20.11 million
RM 32.06 million
Source: Department of Fisheries, 2012.

Activity in Setiu district is basically divided into 2 major waters, brackish/marine
water in the estuarine, lagoon or sea and freshwater in the inland. This is to enable
the culture of difference species. Brackish/marine water is for the culture of grouper,
sea bass, prawns and seawater tilapia while freshwater is for the culture of tilapia,
catfish, giant freshwater prawn other freshwater species.
Table 2.10 shows the brackish/marine water aquaculture activity in Setiu district.
Brackish water cage farming is the leading culture system mostly used by 163
entrepreneurs in a total of area of 82,424m 2 with 2717 parcels. The highest usage of
land area is for marine shrimp culture in pond which used 1, 0342.21 ha of land
divided in 167 ponds, managed by 8 individuals.
Table 2.10: Brackish/Marine Water Aquaculture Activity in Setiu District
46
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Farming System
Total
Areas
Number of
Unit
Brackish water cage farming

Marine shrimp culture in
pond
Brackish water/ marine fry
care
Oyster raft system culture
Hatcheries (central marine
fish seeding)
82,424 m2
1,034.21
ha
20.78 ha
2,717 parcels
167 ponds
Number of
Entrepreneur
(Individuals)
163
8
122 ponds
26
3,066 m2
2.69 ha
120 parcels
255 tanks
5
4

For the freshwater aquaculture activity in Setiu district, fish and shrimp ponds has
the highest participant of entrepreneur with the highest usage of land area with 146
individuals managing a total 29.30ha of land in 277 ponds as shown in Table 2.11.
Table 2.11: Freshwater Aquaculture Farming in Setiu District
No.
1.
2.
Farming System
Total Areas
Number
Number of
of Unit
Entrepreneur
4,562.0 m2
164
(Individuals)
28
29.30 ha
parcels
277
148
2,689.96 m
ponds
579 tank
70
1.5 ha
65 Tank
Freshwater Cage Fish Farming

Fish/ Shrimp in Ponds
3.
Breeding Livestock in Tank/
4.
Canvas/ Ponds
Hatcheries (Freshwater
Fish
Seeding Center)
2.8
Aquaculture Farming in Kampung Fikri
47
Aquaculture
activities
Kampung
in
Fikri
can be categorized
into 3 types which
are brackish water
cage
culture,
marine prawn cultivation and fingerling culture of brackish and marine fish. In
brackish water cage culture, Kampung Fikri has a total of 475 ponds with a land area
of 15,215 m2managed by 43 entrepreneurs. For marine prawn cultivation, 7
entrepreneurs manage 67ponds in an area of 34.21 ha. While for fingerling culture of
brackish and marine fish, 54 ponds were built in an area of 13.16 ha by 16
entrepreneurs (DOF, 2011). The species that are commonly cultured are Seabass,
Tilapia, African catfish, Giant freshwater prawns, Tiger prawns and White prawns.
Other than, aquaculture activities, 530 ha were used as cultivation of various plants
such as watermelons, pumpkins and various vegetables while 140 ha of land are
currently used for housing development.
Figure 2.4: Areas of Aquaculture Industry Zone in Kampung Fikri
Source: Setiu District Office.
2.9
Problem Statement
All sorts of development in various sectors are encouraged in the country provided
that they are developed in a proper manner. In this study we focus on aquaculture
development of Kampung Fikri, Setiu which we are going to analyse the impacts
48
arises from this activity. Aquaculture development in Kampung Fikri is expected to

bring positive change to the villagers such as increasing their economic standing by
providing more jobs opportunity, relieves social pressures and improves the
environment. But without proper management and adherence to strict best-practice
guidelines, it may do more harm than good. Aquaculture is a self-degrading industry
where it needs a constant good water quality but at the same time polluting the same
environment that it needs to survive.
Kampung Fikri is situated in Setiu Wetland which it is suitable for the aquaculture
farming because of the influx of fresh water, brackish water, and sea water. Wetland
or Mangrove swamp is often considered as an economically land of low value, hence
developing aquaculture in this area is the best utilization of land space. In addition to
that, mangrove swamp is a natural breeding and nursery site of young fishes and is
very suitable for culturing and propagating of fishes.
Kampung Fikri is the largest aquaculture shrimp farming and second largest village
of aquaculture activity after Kampung Gong Batu in Setiu district. The total area of
Aquaculture Zone Industry allocated in Kampung Fikri is 113.983 ha. Kampung
Fikri is one of the top contributors to Terengganus aquaculture economic revenue. It
is important to analyze the impacts of aquaculture development based on
environment, economic and social aspect of the villagers and to provide some
improvement suggestions to the aquaculture farming.
2.10
Research Question
Based on the problem statement above, the research question can be pointed out as
follows:
49
1. What are the environment impacts of aquaculture farming to the local

community?
2. What are the economic impacts of aquaculture farming to the local
community?
3. What are the social impacts of aquaculture farming to the local
community?
4. What are the steps needed to overcome the negative impacts?
2.11
Objectives
To achieve the target of study, the formations of very important objectives of the
study are as follows:
2.11.1 General Objectives
To study and identify the impacts of aquaculture farming in Kampung

Fikri and to suggest and recommend mitigating steps needed to
overcome the negative impact.
2.11.2 Specific Objectives
To identify environment impacts from aquaculture farming towards the

local community.
To identify economic impacts from aquaculture farming toward the local

community.
50
To identify social impacts from aquaculture farming towards the local

community.
2.12
To suggest mitigating steps needed to overcome the negative impact.

Conclusion
Kampung Fikri is a poor fishing village slowing turning into a aquaculture hub of
Setiu as fisherman slowly switch to aquaculture as a more reliable source of income.
Kampung Fikri is suitable for aquaculture project as it is a lagoon located in the
estuarine sheltered by heavy wetlands vegetation. Many of the villagers are still
earning less than RM 1000.00 per month and aquaculture seems to be a stable and
reliable way to lead them away from poverty.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
51
3.1
Introduction
This chapter presents an overview of previous work on related topics that provide the
necessary background for the purpose of this research. The literature review focused
on the effects towards the aquaculture farming in Kampung Fikri, Setiu, Terengganu.
For the understanding of the aquaculture farming towards economic, social and
environmental impacts, a review of literature is required in reading the articles and
journals and theoretical strength evaluation. The literature review begins with the
studies related and relevant concept with our group case study.
3.2
Selected Literature Review
Aquatic farming has been considered, during the last decades, as the fastest growing
food production industry powered by governmental and technological impulsion.
Compensation for fisheries decline, creation of new jobs and source of financial
windfall are the most important benefits. However, similar to most of the human
food-production activities, aquaculture raised several issues related to the
environmental welfare and consumer safety.
According Grigorakis and Rigos (2011) an effort to record the aquacultureenvironment and human safety interactions with regard to the Mediterranean
mariculture, is attempted herein. The authors focused on this geographical area due
to its individualities in both the hydrological and physicochemical characteristics and
the forms of aquaculture activities. The cage farming of euryhaline marine fish
species and more recently of blue fin tuna and mollusk farming are the dominating
aquaculture activities.
52
The impacts of these activities to the environment, through wastes offloads,

introduction of alien species, genetic interactions, disease transfer, release of
chemicals, use of wild recourses, alterations of coastal habitats and disturbance of
wildlife, are analytically considered. Also the consumer safety issues related to the
farming are assessed, including generation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms;
contaminants transferred to humans though food chain and other hazards from
consumption of aquaculture items. Within these, the major literature findings are
critically examined and suggestions for scientific areas that need further
development are made.
The major tasks for future aquaculture development in this region are: (i) to ensure
sustainability and (ii) to balance the risks to public or environmental health with the
substantial economical benefits. In regard with monitoring, tools must be created or
adapted to predict the environmental costs and estimate consumer impact. At a
canonistic and legal basis, the establishment of appropriate legal guidelines and
common policies from all countries involved should be mandatory.
According to Arthur et al. (2001), the shrimps aquaculture in the perspective of

economic contributes to the earning of foreign exchange, creation of formal sector
jobs, increase inflow of foreign direct investment and technological transfer.
Negative externalities are in the aspect of social, economic and environmental. From
the aspect of environmental, negative externalities are mangrove forest deforestation
for shrimps aquaculture development, pollution of the surrounding water,
biodiversity habitat destruction, and destruction of wild fry stocks and alteration of
gene pools. From economics aspect, the producers face a cost-price squeeze where
53
the prices of product decrease but the cost of production keeps on increasing daily
due to higher cost of input material.
From social aspect, aquaculture decrease poverty, increasing landlessness,
breakdown of traditional livelihood support systems, diminishing food security and
the transfer of land and wealth to local and national elites. The factors that contribute
to the shrimp aquaculture economic development is the lacking of independent
analysis affecting the production strategies of private firms in the industry and the
need to overcome polarization in order to promote sustainable shrimps aquaculture.
The author concluded that, wider perspective on shrimps aquaculture will be
beneficial to formulate a policy so that it can self sustain the interest of shrimp
producers and to incorporate the external cost of production into planning decisions.
Paper by Mahfuzuddin and Mylene (2002) provides a framework for examining
aquacultures linkages to food and nutritional security by elucidating key hypotheses
concerning the role of aquaculture in household food and income systems in
developing countries.
Taking examples from developing Asia, where aquaculture showed a steady growth
over the last decade, the implications of aquaculture development are examined from
the standpoint of its impact on employment, income and consumption. Analysis
revealed clear evidence of positive income and consumption effects of aquaculture
on households. However, employment effects are still not significant. The context of
targeting small-scale and subsistence-oriented farmers as a means of improving food
security in the developing countries has also been analyzed by identifying key socioeconomic and policy factors affecting aquaculture adoption and its impact on the
poor.
54
The paper concludes that national policies for aquaculture development will need to
concurrently address the food security and poverty questions more sharply than has
been done at present, by providing institutional and infrastructure support for access
to resources such as land and water and to markets by poor households. Finally,
more empirical evidence should be collected on the varied opportunities aquaculture
would provide to improve the income, employment and food consumption levels
within households.
The wide variety of goods and services provided by the coastal zone (food,
medicines, nutrient recycling, control of flooding, typhoon protection) account for its
many uses (fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, human settlements, harbors, ports,
tourism, industries). Aquaculture now provides a third of total fisheries production.
Half of the total aquaculture yield comes from land-based ponds and water-based
pens, cages, longlines and stakes in brackish water and marine habitats. But the
opportunities for employment, income and foreign exchange from coastal
aquaculture have been overshadowed by negative environmental and social effects.
The environmental impacts include: mangrove loss, by catch during collection of
wild seed and broodstock, introductions and transfers of species, spread of parasites
and diseases, misuse of chemicals, and release of wastes.
The socioeconomic impacts include: privatization of public lands and waterways,
loss of fisheries livelihoods, food insecurity, and urban migration. The paper by
Primavera (2006) gives recommendations on the attainment of responsible and
sustainable aquaculture with emphasis on herbivorous and omnivorous species,
polyculture, integration with agriculture and mangroves, and self-regulation in the
form of codes of conduct and best management practices. Recommended approaches
55
include holistic Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) based on stakeholder

needs, mechanisms for conflict resolution, assimilative capacity of the environment,
protection of community resources, and rehabilitation of degraded habitats, to
improvements in the aquaculture sector pertaining to management of feed, water, and
effluents.
The studied by Louise et al (2011) where to quantify the present and historical
contribution of small-scale fisheries to national economies and focused on the smallscale fishing sector in Sabah, Malaysia. The researchers found that showed that the
socio-economic contribution of small-scale fisheries to Sabah society have been
substantially undervalued or even unaccounted for historically and in present
fisheries statistics. This result showed that undervaluation also that fishing pressure
on Sabahs inshore marine resources is probably a lot higher than presently
perceived, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of these fisheries
resources, and the capacity for Sabahs inshore fisheries to support coastal
livelihoods into the future.
According to Asche et al. (2009), substantial growth in the aquaculture industry has
made possible for aquaculture to become an important food source. It had the
responsible for creating some significant environmental challenges. It is a
conventional wisdom among many consumers and environmental nongovernmental
organizations in North America and Europe that farming practices for salmon and
shrimp are two of the most important aquaculture species that are harmful to the
environment. Environmental concerns go in several directions such as the emissions
from the farms in the form of unused feeds, feces, antibiotics and other emissions
that can lead to the substantial local environmental changes, in the form of damage
to surrounding ecological systems.
56
Other issues are land use issues which shrimps farming had significant impact on
mangrove forests and the impact of wild fish stocks. This concern arises due to the
fact that fingerlings are commonly harvested from the wild. The increase of demand
for fish feed lead to increased fishing pressure for species used to produce feed. The
genetic pool of wild fish is also polluted through the escape of farmed fish that may
be genetically enhanced or abnormal.
Chua et al. (1989) conducted a study on the environmental impact of aquaculture and
the effects of pollution on coastal aquaculture development in Southeast Asia.
Factors that pollute the environment from aquaculture activities are sulphuric acid
leaching into the pond and thus release to the environment, usage of lime, pesticide,
fertilizer and overfeeding. Large scale conversion of mangrove areas for brackish
water fish and shrimp pond also impaired the ecological balance of the estuarine. In
addition to the self degrading aquaculture development, effluents such as sewage
discharge from human settlements and tourist resorts; heavy metals and suspended
solids, oils from industries and pollutants from various land based activities also
contributed to the rapid deterioration of water quality for aquaculture. It is urged in
the study to improve the environment management and to develop relevant policy to
keep all aquaculture development in check.
According Sarah et. al (2009) were investigate the potential of using microbial
community differences as an indicator of the impact of commercial aquaculture
operations on the surrounding ecosystem, within a tropical environment. The result
also found that from microbial community profiling within the current study
indicated potential differences in key functional bacterial groups. The Conclusions
from the result was the bacterial diversity analysis were supported by direct bacterial
counts, which correlated higher total bacterial numbers under cages relative to
57
control sites. The discussion focused on better assessment of microbial diversity

should also be investigated with pyrosequencing platforms allowing greater diversity
assessment of dominant and rare microbial community members.
According Xie and Yu (2007) China has been one of the worlds largest shrimp
producers since 1988. Although the industry suffered disease outbreaks and
environmental problems, shrimp farming has recently seen a rapid expansion in
China. This study provides some necessary background to shrimp aquaculture in
China. It focuses briefly on the operating characteristics of shrimp aquaculture.
Emphasis is placed on the shrimp farming impact on the environment. The
promising strategy for reductions in nutrient release from shrimp aquaculture is
analyzed. The effective management measures to resolve or mitigate the adverse
environmental impact of shrimp farming development have now become necessary
and urgent.
According to Dierberg and Kiattisimukul, 1996; Goldburg and Triplett, 1997; Naylor
et al., 1998, 2000, aquaculture have a significant impacts on the environment and
natural resources, and there a lot of number concern about this that was expressed by
both environmental activists and scientists. To impose effluent regulations on
aquaculture is the pressure that government faced from environmental groups. These
regulations will be unnecessarily restrictive and expensive for shrimp and fish
producers. Most pond aquaculture cannot be conducted without discharge. It is
difficult and may be impossible using the application of traditional effluent treatment
methods to meet effluent standards, as done for point source pollution.
The purposed of this study which is conducted by Claude E. Boyd (2003), is to
discuss actions that have been initiated to improve the management of aquaculture
58
farms for the purpose of preventing or lessening the pollution of natural waters by
pond effluents. Effluent standards and permits, codes of conduct, best management
practices (BMP), farm-level status and certification is something that was proposed
to prevent pollution from arises. But many parties that involved in aquaculture
sectors believe that application of best management practices (BMPs) is the best
ways that could be a reasonable and affordable way to improve the quality and
reduce the volume of pond effluents. International development organizations,
industry groups, a research center and state agencies are organizations that suggested
the systems of BMPs, in order to make pond aquaculture more environmentally
responsible. BMP was make producers are becoming more aware of environmental
issues. There is an obvious attempt by producers in Latin America, Asia, Australia,
and the United States to improve production practices, and some producers are
voluntarily adopting BMPs.
The effect of BMPs is many shrimp producers have been installed settling basins,
and a few large shrimp farms monitor effluent quality. Discussion among producers
and governmental agencies in several nations regarding BMPs were made, and it is
expected that regulatory programs based on BMPs will be forthcoming.
Study by P. Read and T. Fernandes (2003) were focused to identify some of the main
issues relevant to the management of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture.
Researchers found that there are large differences between countries in the rate of
growth and development of marine aquaculture, and also in the sophistication and
complexity of its regulation, control and monitoring procedures. OSullivan, 1992;
Garrett et al., 1997; Midlen and Redding, 1998 said that the potential impacts of
aquaculture are wide-ranging, from aesthetic aspects to direct pollution problems.
59
According to Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), 1989, impacts would be

minimized or negated by the adoption of appropriate culturing procedures and
environmental safeguards including regulatory, control and monitoring procedures.
Planning and management for sustainable coastal aquaculture development is
essential that such safeguards are formulated from the best available science and
technology and from the best available experience and expertise. There are lessons
that can be learned from the strategy and regulatory framework for the regulation,
control and monitoring of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture within the
European Union (EU).
Researchers were reviews EU and international policy and regulations in their study
and provide one example of a strategy for the management of the environmental
impacts of marine aquaculture by reference to the marine aquaculture industry in
Scotland. This study is concerned with marine finfish culture, although brief
reference is made to shellfish culture. So, researchers was examines a number of
current, key environmental concerns pertaining to the impact and regulation of
marine aquaculture, which whilst being the subject of divergent views, are pivotal to
the development of the industry. There are several ways that have been found to
address this concern which are recommendations for systems, procedures and
research.
Study conducted by Jerome M.E. Hussenot (2003) was proposed different techniques
that are beginning to be implemented by aqua culturists in order to limit effluent
loading. Coastal wetlands are the most suitable sites for land-based fish culture in
ponds and tanks, but environmental constraints on effluent discharges are stringent
for these areas. Researcher was review on the existing practices in European coastal
wetlands and of the characteristics of effluents of the main types of aquaculture
60
facilities which are large traditional extensive ponds, semi-intensive ponds built in
now-defunct saltworks, intensive growout systems and intensive hatcherynursery
systems. A result of original data acquired on water treatment systems used
experimentally on private farms in France to evaluate their performance, and
discusses the potential future development of these systems after their economic
feasibility has been demonstrated. The result is the continuous mass culture of
microalgae has been the subject of experiments converting ammonia and phosphates
into diatoms, with the systematic addition of required amounts of limiting nutrients
by using the fish farm effluents. Researchers also found that the sedimentation ponds
built by aquaculturists are not all efficient at reducing the effluent concentrations of
solid particles.
Study by Stuart W. Bunting and Muki Shpigel (2009) is to summarize the approach
to developing bioeconomic models to evaluate the performance of horizontally
integrated temperate and warm water land-based marine aquaculture systems.
Negative environmental impacts, competition for resources and conflict are the
impacts that are frequently associated from coastal aquaculture development.
Stakeholders is important in this sector, so a new paradigm of ecologically-sound,
socially responsible and economically viable aquaculture development should be
done based on systems-thinking, resource use efficiency and joint analysis with
them. Combining aquaculture production systems to optimize resource use efficiency
constitutes a promising approach in horizontal integration.
According to Bunting, 2001a; Muir, 2005, horizontal integration has been proposed
as one approach to managing aquaculture systems which will combining the
production of complementary aquatic species, thus making more efficient use of
61
resources (by-products, nutrients and water), farm infrastructure (land, buildings,

machinery and services), husbandry skills and marketing opportunities. To evaluate
the economic potential, researchers were discuss on several things such as modeling
analysis outputs, commercialization constraints, opportunities for enhanced
horizontal integration and bioeconomic modeling. Based on the discussion,
researchers found that bioeconomic modeling constitutes a promising approach to
assessing prospects for horizontal integration. However, experience of past studies
shows the importance of testing and validation using a range of operating and input
variables.
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1
Introduction
A research methodology is an important aspect that should be described in a study.

According to the Kamus Dewan (2010), methodology refers to a system that includes
rules and principles that apply in an activity, discipline and so forth. Therefore, this
study uses a descriptive survey. Through this study, the method of information
62
collection is used more qualitative design. Among the methods used in obtaining
information and data is to use secondary data and primary data.
4.1.1 Secondary Data
Through secondary data collection methods, data collection is done to get some form
of data needed for this case study. First, the basic data about the local population
which includes the study area. Database consists of the total population in the study
area, the fraction of the population employment, population and income so derived
from the JKKK of Kampung Fikri. In addition, data and information on aquaculture
farming in Kampung Fikri gathered from Setiu District Fisheries Office, District
Council Setiu, Setiu District Land Office, Chendering Fisheries Officies, Fisheries
Development Authority of Malaysia, Chendering.
Underlying data and information obtained is important to give a clearer picture of the
economic, social and local environment as a result of this aquaculture. Apart from
this, secondary data collection methods were used in obtaining the information and
data on environmental quality. Among the information obtained of the area is water
quality as a result of the development of aquaculture in Kampung Fikri. This
information is obtained from the Department of Environment, Kuala Terengganu and
Marine Fish Production and Research Centre (FRI), Tanjung Demong.
4.1.2 Primary Data

Primary data used in this study is divided into three categories such as questionnair,
and interviews.
i.
Questionnair
63
Questionnaires obtained from research conducted on on the 85 respondents

represented the whole of Kampung Fikri population. This data is intended to
collect details associated with aquaculture farming and their impact on
economic, social and environmental.The questionnaire it is divided into the
two parts in which the Section A focus on demographic aspects such as
respondents gender, race percentage of the respondents, the percentage of
respondents' age, education level, occupation and income of the respondents,
while, Section B relating to the impact of aquaculture on the economic, social
and environmental in Kampung Fikri.
ii.
Interviews
We used select questions from the questionnaires as an interview guide in
conducting the interviews with the key informants in government research
institutions. We asked interviewees their opinions about the constraints or
problems in aquaculture farming in Kampung Fikri and effects they knew
existed from the industry. In this preliminary analysis, the quantitative
questions in the surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as
percentages and proportions and the qualitative questions were either coded
and analyzed using descriptive statistics or analyzed qualitatively. All
interviews were transcribed and stored to await analysis with the surveys.
4.2
Conclusion
In conducting this study data collection and application theory of the study is that
important elements. All the data analysis process outlined in this section will be
64
carried out to obtain results in support of research questions. All results will be
analyzed and described in the next section.
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
This section will discuss the results of this study derived from the methodology used
approach is through the collection of secondary data and primary data namely
questionnaires, interviews and observations. For the questionnaire, it is divided into
the two parts in which the Section A focus on demographic aspects. While, Section B
relating to the impact of aquaculture on the economic, social and environmental in
Kampung Fikri. The results of this accumulation were subsequently evaluated
65
whether these aquaculture activities positive or negative impact on the residents of

Kampung Fikri.
5.2
Background of Respondents
Overall, the profile of the respondents of this study consists of six main profile. The
profile covers the respondents gender, race percentage of the respondents, the
percentage of respondents' age, education level, occupation and income of the
respondents. This descriptive analysis is an important aspect as it aims to strengthen
the results of studies on the impact of aquaculture on the residents of Kampung Fikri.
5.2.1 Gender of Respondents

Table 5.1 shows the distribution of respondents based on gender in which the data
gathered from questionnaires conducted on 85 respondents that represented the entire
of Kampung Fikri population. Of these respondents, found the percentage of men is
96.5%, which is 82 people, while the women are involved only three people, which
is 3.5%.
Gender
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Men
85
96.5
96.5
Women
3.5
100.0
Total
100.0
Table 5.1: Percentage of Respondents Gender
Source: Questionnair, 2012.
5.2.2 Distribution of Respondents' Race
66
Based on Table 5.2, found that the distribution of respondents' race is divided into
two types, namely the Malay and Chinese communities as a result of survey
conducted. From the total respondents of 85 people, a total of 80 respondents were
Malays which 94.1% while, the remaining 5.9% refers to the Chinese race that
representing 5 people.
Races
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Malay
80
94.1
94.1
Chinese
5.9
100.0
Total
100.0
Table 5.2: Number of Respondents by Race
Source: Questionnaire, 2012.

5.2.3 Percentage of Respondents Age
Table 5.3 shows the percentages of respondents' age, where there are five categories
such as 20-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and 51 years above. The 51 years and
above had the highest number among the percentage of respondents age of 43.5%,
which is 37 people. While, those who are aged between 41-50 years and 31-40 years
were each recorded a share of 28.2% and 21.2%, respectively is 24 and 18
respondents. Age group among the 20-30 year recorded the lowest total percentage
which is 7.1% equal to 6 people. In addition, based on the percentage of respondents
according to marital status, found that the amount of 87.1% of respondents were
married, 8.3% were single and the remaining 4.6% were other.
Table 5.3: Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status
67
Age
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
20-30 years
7.1
7.1
31-40 years
18
21.2
21.2
41-50 years
24
28.2
28.2
>51 years
37
43.5
100.0
Total
100.0
Figure 5.1 Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status

5.2.4 Percentage of Respondents by Qualification
Table 5.4 shows the percentages of respondents by qualification, where there are six
types of qualification such as Standard 6, PMR/SRP, SPM, STPM, Degree and
others qualification. Most respondents are qualified Standard 6 of 37.7%, which is
32 people, PMR/SRP of 31.8%, which is 27 people, SPM of 27.1 %, which is 23
people, STPM which is 2 people, 2.3% and the lowest percentage of respondents
qualification is a degree of 1.1%, which is 1 people only.
Table 5.4: Percentage of Respondents by Qualification
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Qualification
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Standard 6
32
37.7
37.7
PMR
27
31.8
31.8
SPM
23
27.1
27.1
STPM
2.3
2.3
Degree
1.1
100.0
Total
100.0
5.2.5 Employment Status of Respondents

Through a survey conducted on 85 respondents living in Kampung Fikri, found that
the majority of the population is made up of fishermen where a percentage of the
distribution of respondents' jobs can be described by Table 5.5. Fishermen become
the main occupation of the people here where it recorded the highest compared to
other jobs of a total of 40 people, which is 47.1%.
Then followed respondents into private and government employees respectively

recorded a similar percentage of 5.9%, which is 5 people. Further, respondents who
work as farmers are a total of 15, which is 17.6%, while, operators are a total of 7
people, which is 8.2%. Respondents with other occupations recorded the 15.3%,
which is 13 people.
Table 5.5: Employment Status of Respondents
69
Employment
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Fishermen
40
47.1
47.1
Government
5.9
5.9
Private
5.9
5.9
Farmers
15
17.6
17.6
Operators
8.2
8.2
Others
13
15.3
100
Total
100.0

5.2.6 Percentage of Respondents Income
Table 5.6 shows the percentages of respondents' income, where there are five
categories such as RM100-RM500, RM500-RM1000, RM1001-RM1500, RM1501RM2000 and RM2001 and above. Highest income levels are in the range of RM100500 which is 52.94% of a total of 45 respondents. While the income RM501RM1000 by 30 respondents of 35.29%. This was followed by the level of income of
RM1001-RM1500 5.88% of total of 5 respondents. While income RM1500-RM2000
ranges were by 3 respondents of 3.52%. For income RM2000 and above only 2
respondents is 2.35%
Table 5.6: Percentage of Respondents Income
70
Income Level
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
RM100RM500
RM501RM1000
RM1001RM1500
RM1501RM2000
45
52.9
52.9
30
35.3
35.3
5.9
5.9
3.5
100.0
85
100.0
Total
5.3
Aquaculture Farming Towards Economic, Social and Environmental

Aspects in Kampung Fikri.
The findings of this study are divided into three main areas include economic, social
and environmental that also take into account the emphasis on aspects of the
legislation.
5.3.1 Economic Aspect
Aquaculture farming activities in Kampung Fikri give rise to various positive and
negative economic impacts. Examples of positive impacts from aquaculture activities
are improved standard of living in rural areas, generation of employment
opportunities, increased revenue to the government, and earning valuable foreign
exchange (FAO Aqua-book, 2002). While all is good, aquaculture activities might
also result to negative impacts such as unemployment of landless laborers, decline in
coastal fishery resources and decrease in price of wild caught shrimp (FAO Aquabook, 2002).
71
Based on the survey, most villagers agree that aquaculture activities give impacts to
village economy. 85.9 %which represent 73 respondents agreed while 14.1% or 12
respondents disagreed. Selected respondent were from various gender, age,
occupation and others. Respondents who are not involved directly in the aquaculture
activities too agree that aquaculture will give impacts to economy.
Figure 5.2 (i): Response on whether aquaculture farming activities give impacts to
village economy.

Increased employment opportunity is one of the economic opportunities created with
the development of this activity. It is found that76.5% or 65 respondents agreed that
aquaculture farming increase employment opportunity but 23.5% or 20 respondents
do not thinks so. This is because, according to local communities, private sectors that
are involved in aquaculture farming on a large scale basis often hire cheap foreign
labors rather than villagers for their labor intensive farm operation. On the other side,
employment opportunities still can generated among villagers as Setiu government
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welcomes and supports villagers who are interested in starting an aquaculture

ventures.
Figure 5.3 (ii): Responses on employment opportunities created for villagers.

This proportion of 76% - 24% is supported by an interview with Mr. Hamdan, 56
years old, that aquaculture farming has provided an opportunity for villagers to
venture into and most of the individuals involved are local residents. In addition to
that, according to Puan Khatijah, 44 years old, aquaculture activity provided an
alternative job for fisherman during the monsoon season.
This gives an additional alternative income for the fisherman even during monsoon
season. This statement is concurrent with the study conducted by the Canadian
Aquaculture Industry Alliance (2012) that reported over 8,000 Canadians are directly
employed in aquaculture sector and most of them are full time workers. The
aquaculture supply and services sector successfully created an additional 8,000 jobs.
73
Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Canada was hit by high unemployment rate has
been economically transformed by aquaculture activities as aquaculture created more
than 3,000 job opportunities to the surrounding area. According to a study by
McCunn (1988) in the West of Scotland, aquaculture industry employs
approximately 5,000 people on farms and associated aquaculture industries such as
fish processing factories and feed factories, and there is a significant employment
multiplier effect.
With the fact acknowledged that aquaculture activities could result to more
employment opportunities, we surveyed whether jobs created had increased the
overall income of Kampung Fikris local villagers. 61.2% or 52 respondents agreed
that jobs opportunity created somehow increased their average monthly income.
Only 38.8% or 33 respondents disagreed.
Figure 5.4 (iii): Response on Increasing Income to Local Communities.
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This percentage is confirmed by interviews conducted with several operators. Mr.

Zulkefli Bin Mohd Yahya who started aquaculture farming in 2009 stated that
aquaculture farming had been giving good returns. He was a fisherman with unstable
and low income before venturing into aquaculture farming. He further stated that
after venturing into aquaculture farming, it has improved his living condition for his
family. He could now afford a car which he thinks that if he had not been for his
aquaculture venture, he could only manage a motorcycle. He also Zulkefli also point
out that his income had also shown a lot of improvement with an estimate earning of
RM 40,001 to RM 60,000 annually. Currently, he has 32 fish cage.
Mr. Aziz Omar and Mr. Mokhtar Ali are other two successful aquaculture
entrepreneurs interviewed who further confirm that aquaculture farming could
improve the income of villagers. Aziz Omar, a retired Malaysian Army spends his
pension money and retired days wisely by venturing and putting it aquaculture
efforts in his 6 ha of land and 11 ponds. He mainly produces tilapia, grouper and sea
bass fry to cater to the demand of local and nearby village. Aziz points out that
aquaculture venture is rewarding as long as one promise to really put in the hard
works. As he is just a small time business with 1 person handling the nursery, he
reported an earning of RM 12,000 annually.
According to Aziz, although the revenue is little, earning from aquaculture and
addition of his monthly pension it is more than enough to cover all production and
living cost for his family of 6 persons. Moktar Ali, 51 years old, former fisherman
started his aquaculture business 10 years ago and now one of the main supplier of
sea bass fry in the region. He owns 18 ponds in a 2 ha land. Due to his hard work, he
reported an earning average of more than RM 150,000 annually.
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Some villagers claimed that their opinion is aquaculture activities could affect a
fishermans opportunity to market their daily catch. So, we in turn post this question
to our respondent perceiving their view on whether aquaculture activities in
Kampung Fikri are giving any negative impacts to Kampung Fikris fishermen.
Result findings that most of the villagers disagree with the statement that aquaculture
activity could impact fisherman in any way. Only 23.5% or20 respondents agreed
with this question. 76.5% or 60 respondents disagreed.
Figure 5.5 (iv): Response on Aquaculture Farming Giving Negative Impacts
to Fisherman to Market Their Captured Fisheries.

This question on whether any impact on sale of captured fish is best asked to
relevant party, the fisherman. According to fishermen interviewed, aquaculture
activities did not compete for market portions because cultured species such as sea
bass, grouper, tiger prawn and white prawn are not everyday delicacies compared to
various species mackerel, sea bream and pomfret.
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Moreover, the fisherman of Kampung Fikri mostly fish for anchovies and squid,
which is a totally different market segment than the cultured species. Although much
has been said that aquaculture farming offers many positive impacts to the owners
economy, local communities still face a problem of getting involved in this field.
The biggest factor preventing villager from entering this aquaculture filed is getting a
start-up capital. Starting up cost of an aquaculture project requires a lot of money
and capitals. This is supported by 91.8% of respondents or 78 individuals that
recognized that capital is the main factor that prevents local villagers from starting
an aquaculture farming business.
Figure 5.6 (v): Response on start-up capital as main factor that prevents local
villagers from starting an aquaculture farming business.

This factor is further confirmed as 72.9% or 62 individuals expressed interest in
involving themselves in setting up aquaculture farming business if given the
opportunity and 84.7% or 72 individuals believe that their future will be more secure
77
and stable if they involve themselves in aquaculture farming business rather than
staying on their current job.
5.3.2 Social Aspect

There are a few impacts occurred in Kampung Fikri arise from aquaculture activities
in term of social aspects. Amongst the impacts that involved social aspect are
stealing activities which happened in aquaculture area. Based on the questionnaire
that was conducted, mostly all local communities agreed that stealing activities
happened in the aquaculture area. From 85 respondents we have, 90.6 % which
represent 77 respondents are agreed that these negative activities occurred at this
village.
Figure 5.7 (i): Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on stealing activities
occurred at aquaculture area.
78
This percentage is supported by interview that we have conducted with Encik

Damak, who is first Imam at Kampung Fikri mosque. According to him, this stealing
activities was really happened but the stealing quantities are considered immaterial
or in small numbers. He added since its quantities were in small so the ponds owner
tends to ignore it and never do a police report.
Furthermore, these activities normally happened during night time because there are
no light facilities surrounding the area. In addition, this point of view was supported
by privates Abdul Rahim one the police officer at Police Post at Kampung Fikri.
According to him, owners of the ponds never make a report because the quantities
are in small amount, no strong evidence and sometimes the thieves are amongst their
relatives. Another social impact derived from aquaculture activities are there any
company social responsibility was contributed to the local people.
Figure 5.8 (ii) Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on grower were fulfilled their
corporate social responsibilities.
79
Figure 5.7 shown percentage of respondent agree/disagree on grower were fulfilled

their corporate social responsibilities. Refer to the survey data from 85 villagers
show that 60% or 51 respondents agreed that the aquaculture company or growers
never give contribution in term of money or material to them. Whereas, 40% or 34
respondents agreed that the aquaculture developer have fulfilled its obligation of
social responsibilities. Based on the survey only 40% of the villagers know the
growers were fulfilled their CSR obligation whereas 60% were disagreed.
5.3.3 Environmental Aspect
i.
Destruction of fauna and flora
Aquaculture activities in Kampung Fikri can give negative impact for

environment. The mangrove forest is a source of competitive environment that
has a lot of benefits to the influence a very broad view of the various aspects of
social, economic and ecology. Usually the role of mangrove forests for life can be
aware of the variety of animals and plants including human life depend on
wetlands.
Mangrove forests in Kampung Fikri are an extremely important coastal habitat
under increasing pressure from human development. Mangrove trees fulfill a
variety of roles: their roots, which are specially-adapted to filter salt water, collect
sediment and protect the coastline by preventing erosion. They also serve as
buffers, limiting the destructive force of storms and tidal waves. Mangroves are
home to a vast number of land and marine species, and serve as a nursery for
many fish and shellfish.
Unfortunately, the ecological importance of mangroves went unrecognized until
relatively recently. Aquaculture activities can show the way destruction of fauna
and flora. Aquaculture activities have caused the extinction of mangrove swamps
80
on the beach. And because of this when ecosystem has been changed by human
activities such as aquaculture in Kampung Fikri it may no longer be able to
provide the food, water, over and places to raise young. Aquaculture development
activities in Kampung Fikri lead to a shortage of many species of fish, shrimp,
and crabs which this activity will cause mangroves cleared. It also causes other
species such as mangrove trees, Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Bruguiera
declined. The destruction of mangrove forests will damage the wildlife and
surrounding ecosystems beyond restoration, causing various species to go extinct
and hundreds more to become endangered.
Figure 5.9: Percentage of Respondents on the Destruction of Mangrove
Forests.

Figure 5.9 shows the percentage of respondents regarding views on the consequences
of mangroves for aquaculture development in Kampung Fikri. The study conducted
on the respondents, it was found that only 64.7% who strongly agree that this
activities which led to the destruction of mangroves. Meanwhile, the remaining
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35.3% disagreed with the activities which do not bring any negative impact on
environment.
Based on questionnaire with local communities about 50 respondents agreed that
activities aquaculture lead of destruction of mangrove forests in Kampung Fikri.
While only 33 respondents not agree that the aquaculture activities can lead
destruction of mangrove forests. It is support interview by En. Rosli bin Abdul
Rahman the District Head Fisheries Setiu that aquaculture activities also bring
extinction of flora and fauna. Aquaculture activities will result in the loss of fish
spawning areas, mud crab, seashell and shell as well as the loss of nipa palm that can
produce a variety of products such as cigarettes leaves, sugar confectionery, traps
and charcoal.
ii.
Water Quality
Figure 5.10 shows a survey conducted on 85 respondents regarding the quality of

water in Kampung Fikri, found a total of 43 people, which ia 49% are not satisfied
with the water quality in aquaculture areas. They thought this activity would
indirectly result in water quality and pH were affected by excess food and livestock
manure. Meanwhile, the rest of 42 people, which is 51% think this activity does not
directly affect water quality in Kampung Fikri and affect their daily activities.
Figure 5.10: Percentage of Water Quality Based on Respondents Views
82

According to Department of Environment (DOE) Annual Report 2010, found that
water quality in Kuala Sungai Setiu experienced a decline for the past three years,
from the year 2008-2010. This is shown in Figure 5.11 below:
Figure 5.11: Water Quality Index (WQI %) in Kuala Sungai Setiu 2008-2010
Source: Department of Environment (DOE), 2010.
83
Based on Figure 5.10, Water Quality Index (WQI) in 2010, where it recorded a
decline of 84% recorded the previous two years, in the year 2009 and 2008
respectively was 86% and 87%. However, based on the nearest station of DOE
(Kuala Sungai Setiu, located at latitude N 050 40 05.9 and longitude E 1020 42
26.9), found that the level of water quality in Kampung Fikri is still at a Class II
despite aquaculture activities there. According to Interim Water Quality Standards
issued by the DOE water use is as the following table:
Table 5.7: Interim Water Quality Standards
Class
Use
Very clean. Not required treatment
Clean but required regular treatment
Clean but not suitable for river recreation activities
Polluted
Severely polluted. There is no aquatic life can survive
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
That means, the level of water quality at this point still in the range of standards for
the source of life (everage in percentage is 75-90%), while, level of sewage pollution
are still at a low level.
Table 5.8: Range of Average Value WQI
Average in percentage (%)
Class
> 90
75-90
45-75
20-45
<20
Source: DOE, Kuala Terengganu
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CHAPTER 6
SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION
6.1
Introduction
Aquaculture farming in Kampung Fikri, Setiu has become one of the main
occupations for the local communities other than fisherman, government service and
other small time business and craftsman. However, there are still some problems and
issues arise faced by individuals involved in this sector. Based on our interviews
conducted with some operators and villagers, here we suggest few steps that can be
done to make this sector more successful.
6.2
Suggestions
To ensure continuous success of this aquaculture sector, government, nongovernment and private agencies should put in their effort for mutual benefit.
Government agencies such as the Department of Environment (DOE), Department of
Fisheries (DOF), Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM), Drainage
and Irrigation Department (DID), non-government agencies such as Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
and relevant agencies private should co-operate to help develop Kampung Fikris
aquaculture sector using their expertise, authority and knowledge. There are some
suggestions should be implemented such as:
85
6.2.1 Responsible Use of Land and Water Resources

Government agencies should conduct suitable studies coupled with environmental
impact assessments before evaluating the possibilities of zoning an area for
aquaculture development. Kampung Fikri is situated at a delicate area where the
water quality constantly subjected to major changes form the effect of water flow,
tides and rains. Any geographical changes in the upstream, downstream or estuarine
will significantly impact the water quality of Kampung Fikri. Constant flow of good
water quality is needed for the culture of healthy and stress-free aquatic organism
which will result to lesser mortality and sick fish. Farm operator should also do their
part by not polluting the land and water resources by taking responsibility of the use
of any chemical or medication and their discharge waters. Discharge water should be
filtered if not transferred into another sedimentation pond so that the polluted water
can be treated and solid waste be allowed to sink to the bottom before being released
into the environment. Directly releasing cultured water is not only unethical and
environment degrading but it may also transmit aquatic diseases to nearby
ecosystem.
6.2.2 Acceptable Levels of Impact on Environment

Aquaculture industry is self degrading industry that thrives on good environment for
excellent growth but pollutes the very environment that it lives in. That is why; a
certain minimal impact on the environment is inevitable.
Area cleared for aquaculture activities should have minimal deforestation so as to
avoid damaging the ecosystem and to have a sustainable farming. Aquaculture
86
activities should be monitored periodically by the local authorities such as district

office of the department of fisheries so as not to surpass the allowed pollution level.
6.2.3 Promote Appropriate Development and Transfer of Technology and

Information
Aquaculture development is a rapid changing industry where new breakthroughs are
found monthly. Streamline technology and information dissipation method is needed
so that new, updated technology and information can be shared to the grassroots
operators. Government officers, aquaculture experts, fish farmers and investors
should work closely together to reap the full benefit of new technology. Streamline
technology dissipation must be made possible for the information to transfer both
ways. This is to enable grassroots operators the ability to provide vital in-situ
information to the officials for them to regulate and monitor the aquaculture
development.
6.2.4 Forming an Aquaculture Association of Kampung Fikri

Humans likes to groups together with others who shares similar similarities. In this
way, they may feel safe knowing that they interest are protected and higher
productivity can be gained from it. Some of the benefit of forming an aquaculture
association of Kampung Fikri is that they are able to share and relate to other
aquaculture stakeholders who may face similar difficulty and come out with better
solutions rather than doing things alone.
A group of aqua-culturists are in better position to defend their interest and to
negotiate for competing interest for rights and privileges instead of going at it alone.
87
Association can work effectively with other sectors for best use of resources that
should be shared with aquaculture and fisheries.
6.2.5 Participate In Research, Training and Capacity Building

Operators of aquaculture farms could be persuaded to actively participate in research
conducted by universities or other relevant organization. This is to enable the
collection of scientific knowledge from Kampung Fikri and made available for the
world. Fundamental data are important for scientist to analyze and predict the future
prospect of aquaculture of Kampung Fikri. The effort to address aquaculture issues
or complication from Kampung Fikri could also be addresses globally by scientist all
over the world. Short courses of aquaculture should be made compulsory for all
current aquaculture operators and interested individuals by giving them a
comprehensive understanding and knowledge on the needs and importance of
sustainable aquaculture. The biology and full life cycle of the species cultured should
be thoroughly explained in the course with emphasis of good aquaculture farm
practice.
6.2.6 Integration of Aquaculture

Integrated aquaculture is the act of culturing 2 or more different species of organisms
in the same allocated space at different trophic levels. There had been multiple
proven success of integrating the culture of duck and tilapia (Barash et al., 1981),
oysters with fish (Hughes-Games, 1977) and fish with bivalve (Rodger and Kelly,
2007). Since aquaculture farming activities in Kampung Fikri are family operated
and non-intensive, it would be very suitable for the implementation of integrated
88
aquaculture. Entrepreneur could gain from 2 different source of culture and if the
nutrient cycling is perfect, little or none external food source will be required. It will
be self-maintained.
6.2.7 Encourage Important Certification

Farm operators should be encouraged to obtain a Hazard Analysis and Critical
Control Points (HACCP) certificate to ensure that all steps are taken to produce a
hazard-free aquaculture product. This certificate is to give customers a peace of mind
knowing that all critical factors involved in producing the aquaculture product are
acknowledge and overcome. In addition to quality assurance to customers, this
certification will enable Kampung Fikris aquaculture product to go greater heights.
Farm operators could maybe send their product to further places knowing that their
product is of high standards.
Malaysian Aquaculture Farm Certification Scheme or commonly known as, Skim
Pensijilan Ladang Akuakultur Malaysia (SPLAM) is another certification that is
worth to be obtain. It is the Malaysias version of Best Aquaculture Practice
commonly used by the United States in monitoring farm sanitary, therapeutic and
maintaining traceability in all aquaculture products. With this certification,
aquaculture products produced in the farm are certified compliant to international
standards and suitable to be exported worldwide.
6.2.8 Aids and Follow up

Monetary and equipment aid is important for setting up new aquaculture business.
Based on recent interview with some aquaculture operators, they claimed that local
89
government did not monitor and follow up with them after giving them aid and
funds. Proper guidelines should be given to them on managing the funds and also
techniques in farming. Without an in-depth knowledge of aquaculture, young and
new operators tend to fail in their business. To have a successful aquaculture,
entrepreneurs and local government must be in sync to accommodate and
complement the strength and weakness of Kampung Fikris villagers.
6.2.9 Improve the Social Aspect Affected by Aquaculture

To improve the social aspect affected by aquaculture activities several actions should
be taken to minimize the negative impact. Since the stealing activities are frequently
happened at the fish farm site several actions should be taken to minimize it. Among
the action are:
i.
Spot light facilities should be built up to make the place bright at night.
ii.
To established the Security Squad among the villagers to do patrol duty at

night.
iii.
To increase the number of police members in Police Post at Kampung Fikri.
6.2.10 Implement Aquaculture Good Practices

Good aquaculture practice will help improve quality and safety of both primary and
processed products and ensure better access. Code of practice for livestock is
90
prepared to confirm the responsibilities and goal of aquaculture as one of user

environmental resources that can contribute to the management and conservation of
environmental resources in a sustainable and responsible manner. Implementation of
good practice aquaculture is a necessity and it significantly benefits shrimp
production, disease incidence, product quality and safety through economic, social
and environmental sustainability. Good Practice aquaculture including its objectives,
importance, necessities and compliances for responsible aquaculture. This includes
farm design, operation and management, farming practice, water quality
management, shrimp health management, good aquaculture feed manufacturing, feed
and feeding management, harvest and post-harvest handling and so forth.
The Fisheries Department should take immediate steps to ensure that aquaculture
activities are carried out in the Kampung Fikri, no give negative impact the
environment. For example Fisheries Department should explain how the design of
the cage so as not to block the passage of water. Besides the department also acts
provide guidelines to produce quality products to consumers' health, provide
guidelines to ensure adequate returns to provide guidance to operators and livestock
activities will not damage environment around. And because of this the farming
should keep up good practice aquaculture to ensure that environmental destruction
can be minimized.
6.3
ICZM Principles That Need To Be Implemented for Aquaculture

Farming in Kampung Fikri
6.3.1 Polluter pays Principle
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This principle evaluates the importance of environmental costs in terms of economic

activities, which is the cost of prevention of potential harm. It suggests that the cost
of preventing potential harm be internalized rather than imposed on society as a
whole. This principle was originally developed by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation Development (OECD) to ensure that firms paid the full costs of
controlling pollution and were not subsidized by the state.
This principle could be implemented to aquaculture farms in Kampung Fikri so that
the operators take more responsibilities of their waste discharge. This is according to
the survey conducted, as 85.9% of villagers feel that aquaculture operators do not
have a proper disposal system. Hence polluted cultured water and sick fish are
discarded without care. In the long run, this irresponsible type of farming will bring
environmental damage to the unstable wetlands of Setiu, impacting on the livelihood
of the villagers and their quality of life. The cost to reverse this inconvenience and
damage should be barred by the polluter- farm operators and not the local authority.
This principle supports the underlying message for sustainable farming and
responsible farming and to raise the conscious of farm owners on the need to protect
to environment. This principle should not only apply to the aquaculture sectors but to
all future and existing business activities available in Kampung Fikri as everyone has
to play their role in protecting mother earth.
6.3.2 Principle of Interrelationship and Integration

To solve the negative impacts in term of social, economical or environmental which
created by aquaculture activities in Kampung Fikri we should refer to Integrated
92
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles as our guideline. There are 27

principles set forth in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and
they are all approved by all nations attending the conference. One of the principles
that can be applied to the solution to solve the problem in Kampung Fikri is
Principle of Interrelationship and Integration.
It means that we must address the interrelationships, or interdependence , among
issues and sector such as land use vs. maritime use; producers vs. processors, traders
and consumers; trading vs. self-consumption; governments vs. private entities;
primary industry vs. secondary and tertiary industries; free market economy vs.
community development; open access vs. limited entry; technological development
vs. traditional practices; and Asian context vs. western context and between
environment vs. development (Matsuda 2010). In contrast to past thinking and past
practices, environmental protection and development cannot be considered as
separate but each one must be incorporated the other.
For example as refer to Kampung Fikri case, aquaculture activities had increased
economical benefit in term of job opportunities , income and quality of life but
negative impacts concern mainly environmental issues such as mangrove destruction
and habitat loss, pollution to the aquatic environment still occurred. So this
unsustainable outcome should be prohibited by integration the thinking for the sake
of development with environment concerns by following several suggestions below.
1.
The fish farmers with government enforcement should provide proper place
for waste treatment area.
93
2.
The Government through Department of Fisheries, and Department of

Environment should implement stricter regulation regarding aquaculture
development at coastal area.
3.
The government or private sector either local or international based should

involved with programmes which promotes mangroves-friendly aquaculture.
4.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures and process should be

stricter which focus more to biodiversity conservation.
Rises and falls are common in any industry. However, the current development in
aquaculture has been dominated by profit-motivated agri-businesses (Sano, 2003,
Kinki University, 2008, Matsuda 2010). The question is "Are these sustainable?" The
answer is definitely "No" because agri-business oriented aquaculture seeks for
profits, not for community development. The business ceases whenever it becomes
no longer profitable.
Although the spirit of trade is a "Win-Win" solution, the reality that exists is "Zero
Sum" solution under free trade trends benefiting some at the expense of others,
resulting in market failure and enlargement of inequality. Many other stakeholders in
the coastal area are also profit-seekers. Therefore, government as a trustee must play
a role in integrating the profit motivation of stakeholders with the sustainability of
the communities. The governments rarely play such an expected role under the
globalization trend at the moment. An ideal way for integrated coastal zone
management is co-management without corruption among governments, private
sectors and community interests (Matsuda, 2010).
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The structure of fisheries consists of coastal fisheries, offshore fisheries and distantwater fisheries. The most important fisheries are the coastal fisheries. Other fisheries
seek for pelagic species and addition to coastal fisheries, not vice versa. Managing
coastal fisheries wisely will benefit the society. Expected contributions of fisheries
and fishing villages to the society include renewable resource utilization;
environmental protection; protection of lives and assets of people like rescue,
surveillance and environmental monitoring; places for marine recreation and
education; succession of culture such as festivities and; economic and employment
opportunities in remote areas (Fishery Agency, 2006 and Matsuda 2010). If a remote
fishing village collapsed, illegal activities such as smuggling, kidnapping and
environmental problems resulting in higher MCS (Monitoring, Control and
Surveillance) cost. Thus, any integrated coastal zone management must live with
fisheries, aquaculture and fishing communities (Matsuda 2010).
6.3.3 Precautionary Principles

Aquaculture in common with many other sectors uses natural resources and interacts
with the environment. It is now generally accepted that increasing efficiency in
resource use and minimizing adverse environmental interactions will be major goals
for the next decades, which will require commitment and willingness to collaborate
by all those involved, either directly or indirectly, in aquaculture development. To
make sure that aquaculture farming in Kampung Fikri is sustaining, the
precautionary principle must be taken.
Principle 15 of the UNCED RIO Declaration states that: In order to protect the
environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according
to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of
95
full scientific certainty shall be not used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation. A precautionary approach is
required with degrees of precaution proportionate to the degree of uncertainty, risk,
and reversibility of the impacts. Precaution must be the core operating principle for
these aquaculture activities in Kampung Fikri.
Given the inherent risks and uncertainties, and the natural tension between economic
development and preservation of public trust resources, the framework very
important ensure vibrant mangrove forest are protected to the maximum extent
possible. The governing structure should permit activities aquaculture only when
independent, peer reviewed science provides reasonable assurances that it will avoid
negative impacts, including cumulative effects, on mangrove ecosystems. In the
simple word better safe than remorseful. Still, some tend to forget that measures
should be proportional to the threat.
As we know that its fish farming operations represent risks of serious or irreversible
damage and we have implemented diverse measures to minimize existing risks to the
environment due to operations. As refer case in Kampung Fikri precautionary
principle in the site selection and site management which give impacts of a fish farm
on local ecosystems and because of this the government should take precautionary
principle to make sure that ecosystem in mangrove can sustainable. It is very
important to aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that
these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
6.4
Conclusion
Of the studies that have been conducted, it was found that aquaculture farming in
Kampung Fikri has positive and negative effects on the three main aspects of
96
economic, social and environmental. Thus, there are several proposals designed to
assist in solving the problem that the sustainability of development activities and the
environment can be achieved. Sustainability goals should be met in order to fulfill
one of the principles of integration in Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development (UNCED), the principle of equality between the generations. Through
this principle, development should be carried out taking into account the needs of
today's generation and distribution of development benefits for the future generation.
References
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economic perspective for policy development. Marine Policy 25 pp 265-279.
97
Aquaculture (2005), McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia by The

McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.
Retrieved
from
http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture.
Aquaculture (2011), Malaysian Aquaculture Industry, Malaysian Business Online.
Retrieved
from
http://business.community.com.my/online/malaysian-
aquaculture-industry.
Aquaculture. (1994-2012).
In
Encyclopedia
Britannica.
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from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31026/aquaculture
Asche, F., Kristin, H.R., Ragnar, T., 2009. Economic inefficiency and environmental
impact: an application to aquaculture production. Journal of environmental
economics and management 58, pp.93-105.
Barash H., Plavnk I., and Moav R. 1982. Integration of duck and fish farming
Experimental results. Aquaculture, 27 pp129-140
Claude E. Boyd (2003). Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farmlevel. Aquaculture 226 (2003) 101 112.
Chia T.E., Paw J. N. and Guarin F. Y. 1989. The environmental impact of aquaculture
and the effects of pollution on coastal aquaculture development in southeast
asia. Marine pollution Bulletin, Volume 20, No. 7, pp 335-343
Cicin-sain, B, Knecht, R.W (1998). Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management,
Island Press, Washington D.C,. pp 52-54
Dierberg, F.E., Kiattisimukul, W., 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp
aquaculture in Thailand. Environmental Management 20, 649 666.
Goldburg, R., Triplett, T., 1997. Murky Waters: Environmental Effects of
Aquaculture in the United States. Environmental Defense Fund, Washington,
DC. pp 198.
Ian C. Potter, Benjamin M.Chuwen, Steeg D. Hoeksema and Michael Elliott (2010).
The concept of an estuary: A definition that incorporates systems which can
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become closed to the ocean and hypersaline. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
ScienceVolume 87, Issue 3, Pages 497500.
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Raya
Terengganu
(2012).
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on
27
August
2012onhttp://jkrsetiu.terengganu.gov.my.
Jerome M.E. Hussenot (2003). Emerging effluent management strategies in marine
fish culture farms located in European coastal wetlands. Aquaculture 226 (2003)
113128.
Malaysia (2009). Annual Fisheries Statistic 2009 vol. 1, Putrajaya: Department of
Fisheries
Malaysia (2010). Annual Fisheries Statistic 2010 vol. 1, Putrajaya: Department of
Fisheries.
Matsuda, Y., 2010. Integrated Coastal Zone Management with Sustainable
Aquaculture, ICNet/JICA, Kagoshima University ,Akita, Japan, 2010
Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Mooney, H., Beveridge, M., Clay, J., Folke, C.,
Kautsky, N., Lubchenco, J.,Primavera, J., Williams, M., 1998. Natures subsidies
to shrimp and salmon farming. Science 282, 883 884.
Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M.,
Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., Troell, M., 2000. Effect of
aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017 1024.
Paul Read and Teresa Fernandes (2003). Management of environmental impacts of
marine aquaculture in Europe. Aquaculture 226 (2003) 139163.
Primavera J.H. 2006. Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone.
Ocean and Coastal Mangement 49: 531-545.
R.M. Kirk and G.A. Lauder (2000).Significant coastal lagoon systemsin the South
Island, New Zealand.Coastal processes and lagoon mouth closure. Science For
Conservation 146.
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Stuart W. Bunting and Muki Shpigel (2009). Evaluating the economic potential of
horizontally integrated land-basedmmarine aquaculture. Aquaculture 294 (2009)
4351.
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Waters, 2009, Pages 507-515.
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Hughes-Games WL. 1977. Growing the Japanese oyster (Crassostreagigas) in
sub-tropical seawater fishponds: I. Growth rate, survival and quality index.
Aquaculture 11: 217-229.
Rodger A, Cromey C and Kelly M. 2007. Open water integrated aquaculture - use of
depositional modelling to assist finfish/bivalve integration, for growth
optimisation and prediction of waste dispersal. World Aquaculture Society.
Aquaculture 2007 conference proceedings, pg. 788.
100
APPENDIX
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
Fakulti Pengurusan Dan Ekonomi
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Kajian kes merupakan sebahagian daripada syarat untuk mendapatkan Sarjana

Pengurusan (Zon Pantai Bersepadu). Oleh itu, borang soal selidik ini digunakan untuk
mendapatkan maklumat dalam menganalisis mengenai: Kesan Ladang Akuakultur di
Kampung Fikri, Setiu.
Sekian, terima kasih.
101 CIPTA TERPELIHARA ICZM 2011

HAK
Bahagian A : Demografi Responden

Sila tandakan ( ) pilihan anda dalam ruang kosong yang berkenaan.
1. Jantina
102
Lelaki
Perempuan
Melayu
Cina
2. Bangsa
India
3. Umur
2030 tahun
3140 tahun
4150 tahun
> 51 tahun
4. Status Perkahwinan
Bujang
5. Tahap pendidikan
Darjah 6
PMR/SRP
SPM
Berkahwin
Lain-lain
STPM
Diploma
Ijazah
6. Pekerjaan
Nelayan
Kakitangan Kerajaan
Kakitangan Swasta
Penternak
Operator
Lain-lain
7. Tingkat Pendapatan
RM100500
RM5011000
RM10011500
RM15012000
Bahagian B : Pandangan Responden

Sila tandakan ( ) pilihan anda dalam ruang kosong yang berkenaan .
1. Adakah anda mengetahui tentang aktiviti akukultur yang dijalankan di Kampung

Fikri
Ya
Tidak
2. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur telah memberi impak dari segi ekonomi?

Ya
Tidak
3. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur telah memberi impak dari segi sosial?

Ya
Tidak
4. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur telah memberi impak dari segi alam sekitar?
Ya
Tidak
Bahagian C : Kesan Aktiviti Akuakultur Terhadap Ekonomi, Sosial dan Alam Sekitar
Sila tandakan ( ) pilihan anda dalam ruang kosong yang berkenaan.
103
EKONOMI
1. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur menambah peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk
kampung?
Ya
Tidak
2. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur meningkatkan purata pendapatan penduduk tempatan?

Ya
Tidak
3. Pada pandangan anda, adakah anda bersetuju bahawa aktiviti akuakultur memberi
kesan negatif kepada nelayan dalam memasarkan hasil tangkapan mereka?
Ya
Tidak
4. Adakah anda berminat untuk menceburi bidang ini pada masa akan datang?
Ya
Tidak
5. Adakah anda yakin bahawa kehidupan akan lebih terjamin dan stabil dengan
menceburi bidang ini?
Ya
Tidak
6. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur ini menggalakkan perkembangan industri sampingan

seperti penggunaan ikan baja sebagai makanan ikan di sangkar.
Ya
Tidak
7. Untuk memulakan perniagaan akuakultur, modal yang besar amat diperlukan.

Adakah anda bersetuju bahwa ini merupakan salah satu faktor yang menghalang
penduduk tempatan untuk menceburi bidang ini?
Ya
Tidak
SOSIAL
1. Adakah bidang ini berjaya menarik minat golongan belia untuk menceburinya?
Ya
Tidak
2. Terdapat laporan yang menyatakan kejadian kecurian telah berlaku di kawasan

akuakultur, adakah anda mengetahui tentang kejadian ini?
Ya
Tidak
3. Dengan adanya pekerja asing dalam bidang ini, adakah ia memberi kesan dari segi
peluang pekerjaan dan pendapatan kepada penduduk setempat.
Ya
Tidak
No:
ALAM SEKITAR
104
1. Adakah terdapat sebarang perubahan terhadap keadaan persekitaran dulu dan kini di
Kampung Fikri selepas pembangunan akuakultur berlaku?
Ya
Tidak
2. Adakah berlakunya kepupusan flora dan fauna semasa pembangunan akuakultur di
Kampung Fikri?
Ya
Tidak
3. Adakah penyusunan ladang ternakan akuakultur ini sesuai dengan persekitaran di

Kampung Fikri?
Ya
Tidak
4. Adakah anda berpuas hati dengan kualiti dan kuantiti air di kawasan ternakan
akuakultur di Kampung Fikri?
Ya
Tidak
5. Adakah Kampung Fikri mempunyai kawasan khas untuk melupuskan sisa makanan
ternakan?
Ya
Tidak
6. Adakah berlakunya kemusnahan terhadap hutan paya bakau akibat pembangunan

akuakultur di Kampung Fikri?
Ya
Tidak
7. Adakah aktiviti akuakultur ini memberi manfaat kepada populasi/masyarakat zon

pantai terutama di Kampung Fikri?
Ya
Tidak
105

Impact of Aquaculture Farming A Case Study in KG Fikri

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IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE FARMING: A CASE STUDY

Tarikh: 4 September 2012

FARAJANNAH BT OTHMAN (GSK 1231)

CHAPTER 2 AQUACULTURE FARMING IN KAMPUNG

2.2 Beach Zone

2.3 History of Kampung Fikri

2.4 Ecology in Kampung Fikri

2.5 Demographic of Kampung Fikri

2.6 Socio-Economic of Kampung Fikri

2.9 Problems Statement

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND DICUSSION

5.2 Background of Respondents

Aquaculture Industries, by volume, in 1999

Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2010

Fisheries Landing/Production and Value, Malaysia, 2009

Zones in Setiu District with Land Areas

Villagers Distribution According to Ethnicity and Local Authority

Total Individuals Living in Kampung Fikri According to Ethnicity

Show the occupation of local community in Kampung Fikri

Numbers of Villagers as Registered Fisherman Categorized

Number of registered fisherman and fishing vessels of each

Education Level in Kampung Fikri

Fisheries Capture in Setiu District

Aquaculture Production in year 2010-2011

Brackish/Marine Water Aquaculture Activity in Setiu District

Freshwater Aquaculture Farming in Setiu District

Percentage of Respondents Gender

Number of Respondents by Race

Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status

Percentage of Respondents by Qualification

Employment Status of Respondents

Percentage of Respondents Income

Interim Water Quality Standards

Range of Average Value WQI

Value of Aquaculture Sub Sector, 2006 2010

Estimated Production and Aquaculture Value from All

Estimated Production and Value of Aquaculture from

Aquaculture Production by Culture Systems 2010

Population of Kampung Fikri According to Age Group

Income Level of Local Community in Kampung Fikri

Shows the Number of Vehicle Owned by the Local Communities

Areas of Aquaculture Industry Zone in Kampung Fikri

Percentage of Respondents Age and Marital Status

(i) Response on whether aquaculture farming activities give impacts to

(ii) Responses on employment opportunities created for villagers

(iii) Response on Increasing Income to Local Communities

(iv) Response on Aquaculture Farming Giving Negative Impacts

(v) Response on start-up capital as main factor that prevents local

(ii) Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on grower were

(i) Percentage of respondent agree/disagree on stealing activities

Percentage of Respondents on the Destruction of Mangrove Forests

Integrated of Coastal Zone Management

Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia

Setiu District Council

Marine fish Production and Research Centre

Malaysian Fisheries Institute

According to Britannica Concise Encyclopedia aquaculture means rearing of fish,

According to McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia aquaculture means

A unique combination of highly intensive and extensive aquaculture occurs in ocean

As this trend continues, aquaculture will shift more to a year-round, mass-production

Additional factors such as identification of new diseases and movement of those

Giant tiger prawn