February 4th, 2014

Aim: How is this not Baroque?

More legato lines
over to

Beethovens changeRomantic style.

Simpler melody and harmony

Greater dynamics

Changes in mood

Changes in rhythm

Symmetry and balance

Composers can get more inventive with the roles of the instruments.

Changes to the orchestra- Instrumental roles are changing and becoming standardized.
- Orchestra becomes much more standardized
- Strings generally have the lead role as the melody instrument
- Four instrumental families:
Strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion
- Basso continuo dying off
BIG THREE
Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
February 5th, 2014
Vienna, Austria becomes the most important cultural city in Europe.
Wealth
Influence from people moving
The age of Enlightenment occurred
Questioning, science, math, reasoning.
Middle Class is moving up
Haydn (Long, successful career)
Mozart

Classical era: 1750 - 1820

Beethoven
Classical music-

Contrast of mood within a movement

Flexible rhythm - rhythmic ideas change throughout movement
Homophonic texture, mostly
Catchy melodies
Flexible dynamic
Flexible dynamic

Johann Stamitz -

Violinist
From Court of Mannheim
Stressed dynamics
Virtuoso musicians
Mannheim Sigh
Mannheim Rocket

Sonata - type of piece several movements

Baroque - 1 to 8 instrumentalists
Classical - 1 to 3 instruments
Sonata Form aka Sonata Allegro Form
Sonata (Allegro) Form
Optional introduction - would be slow
Exposition - exposes the themes that will be used in the sonata form movement; first
theme is first; bridge follows first movement and leads to the second theme, piece
modulates from tonic to dominant if major; if minor, relative major; second theme often
contrasts with first theme
Development - ideas from the exposition's themes are developed, usually through
modulation, rhythmic changes, or combining the two themes
Recapitulation - theme one, bridge, and theme two all in tonic key
Coda

Ah! Vous-diraj-ke, maman, L. 265

Variations by Mozart

SonataExposition
1st theme
Bridge
2nd theme
Closing section
Development
Modulation
Recapitulation
Exactly the same thing as the exposition EXCEPT theres no MODULATION
More classical form:
Sonata- Almost always the first movement, sometimes second, sometimes fourth.
Theme & variation- most often used as a second movement
Minuet & trio- Most often used as third movement
The minuet and trio were dances during the Baroque era.
In the classical era, composers used the form in works that were just for listening
(symphonic)
Minuet - A
Trio- B
Minuet- A
Minuet
Trio
Minuet
||: a :||: b a:|| ||: c :||: d e :|| a b a
Diagraming Theme and VariationA A A
A A1 A2 A3

Sometimes composers write Double Theme and Variation

A B A B A B...

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik - Serenade in G minor - Menuetto

Haydn - Symphony #94 - G major

2nd movement- theme and variation
Surprise Symphony
-

Timpani comes in with trumpets for surprise

First variation
Strings and wind take the variation line with a counter melody
Second variation
Minor key

Symphonies:
1.

fast, sonata (Same Key)

2.

Slow, related key, sonata, Theme and Var., Rondo

3.

Fast-ish, Minuet and Trio (Same Key)

4.

Fast, sonata, Theme and Variation, Rondo. (Same Key)

Rondo (Round) form

A B A C A - 5 part Rondo form
Your opening theme keep coming back around in alternation with other themes.
Franz Haydn From Austria
The Esterhazys -

Hadyn

A A A A - Theme and Variations

||: a :||: b a:|| ||: c :||: d e :|| a b a - Minuet trio Minuet
A B A C A - Rondo (A returns)
A B A C A B A - 7 Part Rondo
A B A Development A B A - Sonata Rondo
Symphony
1.

Sonata (Fast)

2.

Theme and Variation - Rondo - Sonata (Slow)

3.

Minuet Trio Minuet (Dance - moderate)

4.

Sonata or Rondo (Fast)

Classical concertos
3 movements
Orchestra & soloist
Cadenzas are featured.
Tempi are fast - slow - fast
No dance movt
Featured movts
-

Sonata
Rondo
Theme & Variation
Rounded binary (ABA)

Mozart - Piano Concert - #23 in A Major K. 488 (Ludwig Kchel)

1st movement - Sonata form

Double exposition
1. Orchestra
2. Soloist

3/4/15
Mozart - Piano Concerto #21 in C major K. 467 Elvira Madigan
3/6/15
Mozart Recap1756 - 1791
Austrian
1st symphony when he was 8

Romantic era: 1820 - 1900

Industrial revolution
March 12th, 2015
Aim: Beethoven and the beginnings of Romanticism.
Beethoven is a bridge composer because some of his music is clearly Classical and
some is clearly Romantic
Beethoven is a bridge composer because some of his music is clearly Classical and
some is clearly Romantic.
Classical - Very homophonic to clearly state the melody
Forms and structures - Sonata, theme and variation, etc.
ClarityAccessible - easy to understand
Balance, symmetry for entertainment.
Monteverdi as a bridge composer to the Baroque era
Beethoven is a bridge composer to the Romantic era

Romantic artEmotion is one of the most important elements not simple entertainment.
Supernatural is often used as subject matter
- Interest in nature - Beethoven - Pastoral Symphony #6

Beethoven - Piano Sonata in C minor Opus. 13, #8 Pathetique. (1798)

-

1st movement - Sonata form

Slow introduction - gave the piece its name because of its intensely defeated sound.
Very passionate and

Aim: Romanticism in Music.

-

1820 - 1900

Beethoven influenced Romantic era

Individualism- Composers want to sound unique.

Music becomes a great deal more expressive and emotional.

Frederic Chopin
P.I. Tchaikovsky (Lots of ballets)
Franz Schubert
Robert Schumann
Clara Wieck Schumann
Felix Mendelssohn
Bedrich Smetana
Franz Liszt
Claude Debussy
Maurice Ravel
Johannes Brahms
Giuseppe Verdi
Giacomo Puccini
Gioacchino Rossini
Antonin Dvorak

Composers try to express emotion, drama. There is a lot of Program Music written to communicate
stories. Word painting is also used to help make the text 3D

Composers continue to use forms established during the Classical era (sonata, Theme and Variations,
etc.), but some alter them to suit their needs. Some composers are traditionalists, some are radical
Nationalism- as a reaction to smaller countries being controlled by larger ones, composers would write
music that had elements of their countrys national sounds and/or stories. Smetana, Dvorak*, Verdi

Aim: Schuberts music

Ave Maria - Schubert
Schubert wrote 600+ lieder (German art songs)
Many of the poems written by Goethe (Gu-ta) and many by Heine
Heidenerslen
Text by Goethe - Strophic setting
Fauste - A play by Goethe
Gretchen am Spinnrade (Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel)
Schubert - Die Forelle - Modified strophic
Schubert - Trout quintet Pizzicato - Plucking
Arco - Use the bow
Schuberts unfinished symphony - 8th - Second to last symphony
March 26th, 2015
Aim: Robert Schumann
-

1810 - 1856

Like Schubert he wrote a lot of chamber music, wrote lieder, wrote symphonies.

(June 8th)

At 20 he wanted to become a piano virtuoso. Started studying with Friedrich Wieck.

Clara was Fredericks daughter and star pupil.
Father was against her marrying Schumann. Schumann and Clara fought him in court
and eventually married when she turned 21.
-

Besides composing, Robert was known as a music critic

He founded, with his father-in-law, a music newspaper called the New Journal of
music.
Schumann used pen names/alter-egos sometimes when he wrote criticism - Florestan
and Eusebius

Schumann had mental illness later in life. Auditory and visual hallucinations. Spent the last 2 years of
his life in an asylum.
Music is autobiographical - used memories of childhood, people he knew were sources of material
Schumann wrote song cycles for example, Dichter liebe in which all the songs share the subject of
love.
He also wrote Piano Cycles - some idea as song cycles, but piano works, rather than songs.
Piano cycle called
Carnaval (Opus 9, written 1834)
-

21 short piano pieces linked together

Florestan
Eusebius
Chiarina (Young Clara)
Estrella (stars)
League of David

CarnivalAsch

SCHumAn

Aflat C Bnatural
A Eflat C Bnatural
March 31st, 2015
Aim: How do composers communicate visual ideas musically?

Program music is
-

Music with a storyline

Instrumental
Definite story

Examples: Four Seasons, Peter & the Wolf, Carnival of the Animals, Cinderella, Swan lake,
The Nutcracker, Romeo and Juliet,
Ex. #1
-

birds?
Running
Fighting
Tornado
Crashing percussion

Slow walking

Dancing
Love

Ex. #2

Ex. #3

Aim: Finishing up Carnaval

-

A piano cycle
By Robert Schumann
Program music
Florestan and Eusebius
Papillons (Butterflies)
Chiarina (Young Clars_
Chopin - is a type of piece called a nocturne which is a quiet, relaxed type of music.
Estrella - an Ernestine Von Fricken
Reconnaissance - Reunion