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CONCRETE AGGREGATES
binding medium
(mortar)
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CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES
According to Source:
1. Natural aggregate:
aggregate: Native deposits with no
change in their natural state other than
washing, crushing & grading. (sand, gravel,
crush stone)
2. Artificial aggregates:
aggregates: They are obtained either
as a byby-product or by a special manufacturing
process such as heating. (blast furnace slag,
expanded perlite)
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Normal--Weight Aggregate
Normal
ASTM C 33
Sand
Gravel
Crushed stone
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Pumice
Scoria
Perlite
Vermiculite
Diatomite
Produce lightweight insulating concrete
250 to 1450 kg/m3
Heavyweight Aggregate
ASTM C 637, C 638 (Radiation Shielding)
Barite
Limonite
Magnetite
Ilmenite
Hematite
Iron
Steel punchings or shot
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According to Size:
1. Fine aggregate:
aggregate: d 5 mm
2. Coarse aggregate:
aggregate: d > 5 mm
Fine Aggregate
Sand and/or
crushed stone
< 5 mm
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Coarse Aggregate
Gravel and
crushed stone
5 mm
typically
between 9.5
and 37.5 mm
Test
Abrasion resistance
Freeze--thaw resistance
Freeze
Sulfate resistance
Grading
Fine aggregate
degradation
ASTM C 1137
Void content
Bulk density
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Test
Relative density
Strength
Def. of constituents
Aggregate constituents
Alkali Resistance
SAMPLING
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Max. Particle
Size
> 25 mm
50
25-5 mm
25
< 5 mm
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1)
2
Side
2)
Top
Side
Top
Splitting:
Splitting:
Use the sample splitter to divide the
aggregate sample into two.
Sample splitter is a box with an even #
of chutes alternately discharging to two
sides.
The width of each chute should be
greater than 1.5 times the size of the
largest aggregate size.
If the remainder is still too large follow
the same path.
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FLAT
ANGULAR
ELONGATED
ROUND
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Surface Texture
This affects the bond to the cement paste
& also influences the water demand of the
mix.
Smooth: Bond b/w cement paste & agg is weak.
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SMOOTH
ROUGH
Grading of Aggregates
Aggregates
Grading is the particleparticle-size distribution of
an aggregate as determined by a sieve
analysis using wire mesh sieves with
square openings.
ASTM C 33
Fine aggregate7 standard sieves with
openings from 150 m to 9.5 mm
Coarse aggregate13 sieves with openings
from 1.18 mm to 100 mm
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125 mm
63.5 mm
100 mm
50.8 mm
90 mm
37.5 mm
75 mm (3")
31.5 mm
63 mm
19.1 mm
50 mm (2")
12.5 mm
37.5 mm (1-1/2")
9.5 mm
SNI 03 1968
1990
ASTM C 33
4.75 mm
25 mm (1")
12.5 mm (1/2")
2.36 mm
9.5 mm (3/8")
1.18 mm
4.75 mm (#4)
0.60 mm
2.38 mm (#8)
0.30 mm
1.19 mm (#16)
0.15 mm
0.595 mm (#30)
0.075 mm
0.297 mm (#50)
0.149 mm (#100)
Agg.
*****
#4
#8
#16
#30
#50
#100
Pan
Sieve shaker
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D
2D
Void Volume=8D3-4.2D3=3.8D3
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Solid Volume=8*8*8
Volume=8*8*8*(4/3)
*(4/3)
(D/8)34.2D3
#of spheres
Void Volume3.8D3
Reduction of Voids
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2)
3)
4)
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1)
FM =
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Ex:A
Ex:A 500gr sample of a Fine Agg. was sieved. Determine FM?
Amount Retained
on (gr)
Amount Retained
on (%)
% Cumulative
Retained on
3/8"
#4
30
Sieve
#8
80
16
22
#16
100
20
42
#30
120
24
66
#50
125
25
91
#100
35
98
Pan
10
100
FM =
6+22+42+66+91+98
100
= 3.25
Ex:
Ex: Determine the FM for the 1000gr sample of
Coarse Agg.
Sieve
Amount
Amount
Retained on (gr) Retained on (%)
% Cumulative
Retained on
2"
70
1 1/2"
230
23
30
3/4"
350
35
65
3/8"
250
25
90
#4
100
10
100
FM =
FM =
Fine Set+3/8+3/4+1 +3
100
30+65+90+100+100+100+100+100+100
100
= 7.85
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Ex:
Ex: The fine agg. with the FM=3.25 and the coarse
agg. with the FM=7.85 are available. Combine
them in such a way that the FM becomes 6.8
X : Volume of Fine agg.
3.25X+7.85(100-X)
100
= 6.8
X = 23
2)
Granulometry:
Granulometry:
The FM is not always representative of the
gradation of an aggregate sample and
various gradation curves may give the
same FM.
In the gradation curves, the vertical axis
represents the % passing & the horizontal
axis represents the sieve opening.
A logarithmic scale is used for horizontal
axis.
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% Passing
3/8"
100
#4
95-100
#8
Sieve
% Passing
1 "- #4
3/4" - #4
1/2" - #4
3"
2 "
2"
100
1 "
95-100
80-100
1"
100
#16
50-85
3/4"
35-70
90-100
100
#30
25-60
1/2"
90-100
#50
10-30
3/8"
10-30
20-55
40-70
#100
2-10
#4
0-5
0-15
0-15
#6
0-5
0-5
20
#30
#16
#30
#16
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Aggregate Stockpiling
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Aggregate Proportions
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight oa a unit volume
of material to the
Weight of the same volume of water at 20 to 25C.
where :
G = specific gravity
Wt = weight of material
V = volume
Wt w = weight of water
Wt
G= V =
Wt w H O
2
V
Sp.Gr.=
WA
VA*w
Density of Agg.
Density of Water
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Volume of Aggregate?
MOISTURE CONDITION OF
AGGREGATES
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Ga =
WOD
( Vs + Vip ) H2O
where:
Ga
= volume of solids
Vip
Wssd
( Vs + Vip + V pp ) * H2O
Gb(od ) =
WOD
( Vs + Vip + Vpp ) * H2O
= volume of solids
Vip
Vpp
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H2O
Ga =
OD
Aggregate
WOD
1)
Wg. of OD
Aggregate under H2 O
WSW
WOD
WOD WSW
Coarse Agg.
Aggs are oven dried at 105
1055C overnight
& the weight is measured as (A)oven
(A)oven dry
weight
Aggs are soaked in water for 24 hours
Aggs are taken out from water & rolled in a
large absorbent cloth, until all visible films
of water are removed & then weighed
(B)saturated surface dry weight
Aggs are then weighed in water (C)
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% Absorption =
B-A
A
*100
2)
A
A-C
A
B-C
B
B-C
Fine Agg.
Aggs are oven dried to constant weight at
105
105
5C. Measure the dry weight as (A)
Soak them in water for 24hrs
Stir the sample to bring it to SSD condition. Use
the Cone Test for Surface Moisture
Determination (Weight as S)
Fill the aggs in SSD condition into a pycnometer
(to a calibrated level) and weight it,
(water+pyconometer+agg) (C)
Fill the pyconometer with water only (to a
calibrated level) and weight it
(water+pyconometer) (B)
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SSD Aggregate
(S)
% Absorption =
Container
with H2O
(B)
OD Aggregate
(A)
S-A
A
*100
A
B+A-C
A
B+S-C
Container
with H2O
and with
Aggregate
(C)
S
B+S-C
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Loose
Compacted
Unit Weight
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Bulking of Sand
MOISTURE CONDITION
OF AGGREGATES
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Porosity / Absorption of
Aggregates
Porosity or permeability of aggregates and
its absorption may affect the following
factors:
The bond between aggregate and cement
paste
Resistance to freezing & thawing of concrete
Chemical stability
Resistance to abrasion
Specific gravity
Yield of concrete for a given weight of agg.
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% Absorption =
WDry =
WSSD-WDry
WDry
(Absorption Capacity)
WSSD
(1+Abs.Cap.)
Wagg-WDry
WDry
1-
agg
Gs*w
*100
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DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
IN AGGREGATES
DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
IN AGGREGATES
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DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
IN AGGREGATES
DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
IN AGGREGATES
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SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES
SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES
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SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES
To detect unsound particles, aggs are
treated with Na2SO4 or MgSO4 solutions.
18 hours of immersion
Dry at 105
105C+5
C+5C to constant weight
After 5 cycles determine the loss in weight of the
agg.
SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATES
MgSO4
Fine Agg.
19%
27%
Coarse Agg.
15%
22%
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ABRASION RESISTANCE
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Visual Symptoms
Network of cracks
Closed or spalled joints
Relative displacements
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Mechanism
1. Alkali hydroxide + reactive
silica gel reaction
product (alkali-silica gel)
2. Gel reaction product +
moisture expansion
Alkali-Silica Reaction
Alkali(ASR)
Influencing Factors
Reactive forms of
silica in the
aggregate,
HighHigh-alkali (pH) pore
solution
Sufficient moisture
If one of these conditions is
absent ASR cannot occur.
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Test Methods
Controlling ASR
NonNon-reactive aggregates
Supplementary cementing materials or
blended cements
Limit alkalis
alkalis in cement
LithiumLithium-based admixtures
Limestone sweetening (~30% replacement
of reactive aggregate with crushed limestone
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Effect of Supplementary
Cementing Materials on ASR
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d3
Dmax <
d
5
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Dmax <
h
3
3
4
S
4) Dmax < 40mm
Example:
6cm
slab
9cm
=10mm
Dmax=?
beam
40cm
5cm
20cm
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