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1, MARCH 2012
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I. INTRODUCTION
(2)
560
where
(3)
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TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF V2G CONTROL
TABLE III
SPECIFICATIONS OF BATTERY MODEL
(5)
and
are nominal voltage and capacity, respecwhere
tively.
is gas constant, Faraday constant, and battery
temperature, respectively. is a sensitivity parameter between
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Fig. 5. Simulation results of V2G control under satisfying charging request. (a) Frequency deviation in grid-A. (b) Frequency deviation in grid-B. (c) Tie line
power flow deviation from grid-A to grid-B. (d) Power outputs of thermal power generation and RES in grid-A. (e) Power outputs of thermal power generation
and RES in grid-B. (f) V2G power output of EV1. (g) V2G power output of EV2. (h) V2G power output of PHV1. (i) Battery SOCs of EV1, EV2, and PHV1.
(6)
where
TABLE IV
QUALITY OF FREQUENCY DEVIATION IN GRID-A
TABLE V
FLUCTUATION RANGE OF BATTERY SOC
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V. CONCLUSION
The proposed V2G control is effective for a distributed spinning reserve without system-wide information exchange and interfering the conventional LFC by the thermal power generations. And the proposed smart charging control satisfies the
scheduled charging by the vehicle user. The combined control
scheme of the V2G and smart charging contribute to move toward low carbon energy systems through the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.
A centralized control scheme allocating the LFC signals to
the thermal power generations and EVs have been proposed
[10]. It is expected to coordinate the autonomous distributed
V2G as a primary control and the centralized V2G as a secondary control. The EVs have a potential for vehicle-to-home
(V2H) dispatching rooftop photovoltaic generations and
vehicle-to-building (V2B). There is further challenge in managing the V2G, V2H, and V2B and then creating synergy effect
throughout the power grids.
The proposed control scheme could be easily embedded into
automotive power electronics circuits or household charging
units to facilitate plug-and-play operation. However, there are
research subjects on efficiency of the proposed V2G control,
impact to the battery life, secure interconnection method to the
grid, and so on.
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