Secondary Sources

"A. Philip Randolph." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 04 Feb. 2015.
The website article allowed me to get an overview of A. Philip Randolphs life. It
helped me understand the important events in Randolphs life which would eventually
develop into the biographical timeline for the website.

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"A. Philip Randolph Institute." A Philip Randolph Institute. A Philip Randolph Institute: The
Senior Constituency Group of The American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), n.d. Web.
This website allowed me to focus on the legacy portion of the project since it is the
website of the organization, A. Philip Randolph Institute. Randolph founded this
organization in his late years and they continue to fight for the same goals as those during
the Civil Rights Movement.

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Black in Time Enterprises, BLACK IN TIME: A Moment In OUR History - A PHILIP
RANDOLPH & THE PULLMAN PORTERS. Youtube. 24 Aug. 2010. <https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=llVFUXPQiqE>
This video clip has a part of an interview with a Pullman Porter as he describes his long
working hours and the duties he had to complete for his job. The source helped me
understand the amount of work the Pullman Porters had to endure and why they wanted
to create a labor union such as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

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Bracey, John, Jr, and August Meier. "Allies or Adversaries?: The NAACP, A. Philip Randolph
and the 1941 March on Washington."The Georgia Historical Quarterly 75.1 (1991):1-17.
JSTOR. Web.
The journal article describes the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
Peoples intentions in having a huge march even before A. Philip Randolph proposed
his March on Washington idea in 1941. Randolph asked the organization's executive
secretary at the time, Walter White, if he wanted to help join plan a protest in

Washington. Since they both wanted the Senate to hear their proposals in handling
discrimination in workplace, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and NAACP
Randolph and the NAACP assisted each other in gaining rights for African Americans.
This helped me understand how the NAACP and the BSCP would have many
complications in their collaboration.

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"Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Win Over Pullman Company - Social Welfare History
Project." Social Welfare History Project. The Social Welfare History Project, 26 June
2013. Web.
This website article allowed me to use the picture of Pullman Porters in my header. It
described the struggles of the Pullman Porters as they struggled to be treated by the
Pullman Company. Eventually this resulted in the creation of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters.

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California Newsreel. A. Philip Randolph: For Jobs and Freedom. Youtube. California
Newsreel. 6 Nov. 2009. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ7sa7x0h6w>
This video clip have a small portion of A. Philip Randolph giving a speech and an over
voice of someone who knew Randolph as they describe him as being inspirational. The
video clip helped me conclude why many people were determined to follow Randolph as
a leader.

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Chandler, D. "Civil Rights, Labor Activist A. Philip Randolph Was Born On This Day In 1889."
News One RSS. Newsone.com. 15 Apr. 2013. Web.
The article explains the life and successful achievements of A. Philip Randolph. He
convinced the American Federation of Labor to incorporate the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters into their group. At the time the American Federation of Labor would reject
African Americans laborers to join their union however they ultimately worked together.
In addition his organization of the League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against
Military Segregation resulted in President Harry Truman banning the discrimination in

the U.S Armed Forces. Overall this source helped me understand his involvement with
the AFL.

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Chenoweth, Karin. "Taking Jim Crow out of Uniform: A. Philip Randolph and the
Desegregation of the U.S. Military Special Report: The Integrated Military 50 Years.
Higher Education. Diverse Education, 12 July 2007. Web.
The article favors Harry Trumans decision in issuing Executive Order 9981, which was
achieved through the persuasion of A. Philip Randolph. Truman needed someone to
motivate him in creating a controversial decision. He convinced Roosevelt to issue
Executive Order 8802 yet it did not completely eliminate segregation in the military
forces, therefore Truman fulfilled Randolphs goal afterwards in 1948. Truman had
invited Randolph and other African American leaders for a meeting and Randolph
assured him that America was changing and that the president himself must take action.
Ultimately Truman's resolution had led the change to ending discrimination in the armed
forces. This allowed to understand the importance of Executive Order 9981.

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Conrad, Cecilia A., John Whitehead, Patrick Mason, James Stewart, Michael Enriquez, and
Claudia Sitgraves. Study Guide for African Americans in the U.S. Economy. Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2005. Print.
The book helped me understand the bias of the Employee Representation Plan
towards the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. In addition it explained the unification
of the American Federation of Labor with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was a
part of A. Philip Randolphs leadership.

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"Evolution of the Union - A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum." A. Philip Randolph
Pullman Porter Museum. A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum, n.d. Web.
The website allowed me to get information on the Pullman Porter Company whose
employers created the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. A. Philip Randolph would
ultimately lead this organization and handle conflicts in the labor union.

!
Garrett, Kenneth. "Aerial View Of Lincoln Memorial by Kenneth Garrett." Fine Art America.
FineArtAmerica, n.d. Web.
This is an image of the aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial. It is used as the background
image of my website. The photograph represents how A. Philip Randolph held several
marches in the Lincoln Memorial, the most notable being the March on Washington in
1963.

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Lucey, Bill. "The Legacy of The March on Washington: 50 Years Later." The Huffington Post.
TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Aug. 2013. Web.
Lucey's article describes the effects of the March on Washington and Martin Luther King
Jr.s speech and the legacy of the march. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned
discrimination against race, ethnicity, religion, nationality and gender. Overall this helped
me write the legacy portion of the website.

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Nichols, John. The S Word: A Short History of an American Tradition... Socialism. Brooklyn,
NY: Verso, March 21, 2011. Print.
This book allowed me to understand how significant The Messenger was in allowing A.
Philip Randolph to evolve as a leader, even though he would encounter several
challenges. He openly wrote about his disagreement with the United States from
recruiting African Americans in World War I, which eventually got him arrested because
of the Espionage Act.

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"People & Events: A. Philip Randolph, 1899-1979." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web.
The website allowed me to get a brief summary of A. Philip Randolphs early life and
include more information into the biographical timeline.

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Pfeffer, Paula F. A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State UP, 1990. Print.

Pfeffers book describes how the conditions were for African Americans during the Civil
Rights Movement. In addition the book goes in depth to A. Philip Randolph reputation as
a leader and how the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was becoming an influential
organization in the early 1940s. In addition it had information on Randolphs skills for
organizing marches. The book helped me understand the obstacles Randolph had to
overcome in order to become a prominent civil rights leader.

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Sandage, Scott A. "A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights
Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939-1963." The Journal of American History
80.1 (1993): 135. Web.
The journal article notes the attempts of African American leaders during the Civil Rights
Movement and how they had several rallies in the Lincoln Memorials to create a
nonviolent protest. These leaders chose this destination to have it represent a symbol, that
everyone should be treated equal. The statue itself was used to portray racial justice. The
Lincoln Memorial was used as a memory for how much had changed throughout
American history. The journal article allowed me to understand why several marches
were held in the Lincoln Memorial.

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Simkin, John. "Spartacus Educational." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational
Publishers, Aug. 2014. Web.
This website had information on the creation of the magazine, The Messenger, and of A.
Philip Randolph and Chandler Owens involvement. In addition there were many famous
quotes from the Messenger especially those written by A. Philip Randolph.

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Spradley, Jermaine. "The Big Six Organizers Of The March On Washington: Where Are They
Now?" The Huffington Post. 28 Aug. 2013. Web.
This newspaper article explains what has become of the main leaders of the March on
Washington known as the Big Six.The six organizations, Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee, the Congress On Racial Equality, the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and the National Urban League were
united to organize the March on Washington and each left a legacy. Overall this article
describes how important it was for Randolph to build coalitions in order to have a
successful march in 1963.

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Sterbenz, Christina. "A Visual History Of How The March On Washington Became One Of The
Biggest Protests Ever." Business Insider Australia. Allure Media, 22 Aug. 2013. Web.
This website article included several photographs that would be used for my own
website. The captions of the images allowed me to understand how difficult it was to plan
the March on Washington in 1963. For instance many celebrities would help the cause
through donations.

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Stein, Judith. "A. Philip Randolph" History.com.A&E Television Networks., 1991. Web.
The article describes A. Philip Randolphs many achievements including his efforts to
prevent discrimination. He avoided communists views and remained determined to make
an organization for the working class. Randolph's organization of the March on
Washington resulted in having the president take action and ban discrimination in defense
industries. He attempted to help African American laborers in detecting segregation in
unions and opposed the black power movement. This article helped me understand
Randolphs opinions during the Civil Rights Movement.

Taylor, Cynthia. A. Philip Randolph: The Religious Journey of an African American Labor
Leader. New York: New York UP, 2006. Print.
Taylors book describes the struggles of the Pullman porter and the leadership of A.
Philip Randolph. Overall it focuses on Randolph expanding his collaboration with other
black leaders which would eventually attract many people to the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters.

"Timelines." Timetoast. Timetoast, n.d. Web.

This website allowed me to put together my timeline and organize it in a more interactive
manner for the viewer.

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Valien, Preston. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Phylon. 1.3 (1940): 224-238.
JSTOR. Web.
Prestons journal article describes the foundation of the organization, Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters. It explains how the organization was created and how it initially
began when the Pullmans railroad employers had a strike in 1894, because according to
them their salary was low. Overall this article helped me comprehend why the BSCP had
several complications in which Randolph had to face and solve as he was the president of
the organization.

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Villard, Oswald. Phylon Profile, XIII: A. Philip Randolph. Phylon 8.3 (1947): 225-229. Print.
The journal article describes A. Philip Randolph and his several accomplishments. For
instance when he became the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters he
managed to convince porters to protest because of the injustice in their occupations.
Randolph strongly disagreed with using violence as a form of protest. This source had
information on Randolphs leadership and persuasion skills.

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Walls, Barbranda L. "History of Important Civil Rights Organizations in the US - AARP.
AARP. AARP, 10 Feb. 2014. Web.
Walls website article discussed a brief overview of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters. I used a photograph from the article in my website to display the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters working diligently.

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"White House History Classroom | Grades 9-12." White House History Classroom. The White
House Historical Association, n.d. Web.

The article describes A. Philip Randolphs life during the early years of his activism in
the Civil Rights Movement. It helped me understand the process of issuing Executive
Order 9981 and develop the biographical timeline.

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Primary Sources
Abbie Rowe. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,
Boston.
The John F. Kennedy digital archives had photos of A. Philip Randolph and President
John F. Kennedy. Most of the images are of Randolph, the president, and other civil right
leaders. The Big Six leaders received much publicity for their March on Washington in
1963.

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AFSCME Local 420 members board bus for Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. 1957.Walter P.
Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs. Web.
The image was used to add a visual reference as to how many people planned to
go to Washington in 1957 for the Prayer Pilgrimage. There is a bus full of people heading
towards Washington to fight for African Americans rights.

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A. Philip Randolph, half-length portrait, seated behind microphones on desk, facing front, at
press conference. 1964. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The portrait is of A. Philip Randolph surrounded by microphones. This helped me add a
picture of Randolph himself to the website.

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A. Philip Randolph, Letter to International President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters to Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City. Records of the Office of
Civilian Defense National Archives. June 5, 1941. Web.
The letter states how the African American community wanted there to be jobs in the
military forces.

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A. Philip Randolph, Letter to John F. Kennedy, June 20, 1963. Presidential Papers, White
House Central File, Subject File, John F. Kennedy Library.

This telegram suggests that President Kennedy was planning to propose a civil rights
legislation and Randolph wanted him to include a Fair Employment Practices
Commission. This proves show Randolph wanted to become involved in the affairs of the
president that dealt with the Civil Rights Movement.

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A. Philip Randolph, head-and-shoulders portrait, standing before the statue at the Lincoln
Memorial, during 1963 March on Washington. 1963. Photograph. Library of Congress
Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
This photo was used as a part of the header for the website. It depicts A. Philip Randolph
looking off into the distance and standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

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A. Philip Randolph, Letter to Mayor LaGuardia, Apr. 10, 1942. Municipal Archives. Municipal
Archives and Records Center. New York City
This letter between A. Philip Randolph and Mayor LaGuardia proves how Randolph was
leading the March on Washington duties and they planned to organize a mass
demonstration at Madison Square Garden.

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A. Philip Randolph, "The Pullman Company and the Pullman Porter,"The Messenger.
September, 1926. Pullman Company Archives, 06-01-04, Box 17, Folder 457.
Newberry Digital Collections for the Classroom.
This article was written by A. Philip Randolph in his magazine The Messenger. He wrote
about the struggles of the Pullman Porters and how they were treated unfairly by their
Pullman Company bosses. Randolphs article allowed me to understand how dedicated
he was in telling the African American community about the Pullman Porters.

!
A. Philip Randolph to NAACP Secretary Walter White. March 18, 1941. Facsimile. NAACP
Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Courtesy of the NAACP.
The letter A. Philip Randolph wrote to Walter White in which he described his intentions
of having a mass march.Ultimately this march would not proceed because of the issue

of Executive Order 8802. Overall this proves that A. Philip Randolph had wanted the help
from the NAACP and requested that Walter White would help get African Americans to
march.They need to be taken seriously and a mass march would prove how they want
change.

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Answer, Mr. Negro Pullman Official!1926. Newberry Digital Collections for the Classroom.
The flier suggests that the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters were disappointed with
the lack of support from of some Pullman Company workers. This helped me understand
the efforts of the BSCP to recruit members for their organization.

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Arnesen, Eric. Phone Interview. January 2015.
I interviewed the professor of History in George Washington University who wrote a
political biography on A. Philip Randolph. He described the struggles of the Brotherhood
of Sleeping Car Porters and Randolphs leadership skills.

!
Asa Philip Randolph posed with Milton P. Webster and five other Afro-American men. 1930s.
Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.
USA. Web.
The photograph demonstrates A. Philip Randolph with other members of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters which suggests that he received help and was
close with the other members.

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Asa Philip Randolph seated with President Lyndon Johnson. 1966. Photograph. Library of
Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph demonstrates A. Philip Randolph and President Johnson interacting with
one another. This help me understand how Randolph interacted with important figures
such as the president of the United States in 1966.

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Ashley Totten, union official for the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, an unidentified man,

Asa Philip Randolph, and Maida Springer-Kemp, union official for International Packing
House workers.n.d. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph proves that Randolph interacted with several other organizations to get
more assistance and create coalitions.

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"Civil Rights Leader Dies." Star-News - Google News Archive Search. Star News, n.d. Web.
This article from the newspaper was about the death of A. Philip Randolph and this
allowed my timeline to have information on the reaction after Randolph had died.

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Corbis. Corbis Images for Education. Corbis Corporation.
This website had several images that applied to the leadership of A. Philip Randolph.
There were photos of Randolph at rallies to promote the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters and of him working with other organizations.

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Davis, Lawrence W. Porter's Membership Card. Digital image. America on the Move.
Smithsonian Collection, n.d. Web.
This is a picture of a membership Card of L. W. Davis, a porter from the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters. It is used to show what the porters had to carry for their jobs.

!
Desegregation of the Armed Forces. Harry Truman Library and Museum. Records of the
President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services
(Record Group 220).
This archive helped me understand how A. Philip Randolph would persuade President
Truman to issue an Executive Order through the letters they exchanged.

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"EEOC." U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. United States of America
Government, n.d. Web.

This website allowed me to use the EEOCs statistics to create a graph for the legacy
portion of my own website. It proves how racism continues in the United States even
after the Civil Rights Movement.

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Eleanor Roosevelt, Letter to A. Philip Randolph. June 5, 1941. Papers of A. Philip Randolph.
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum Website.
This letter suggests that Randolph was very offended by discrimination in National
Defense and he seemed to truly believe that a march would help the African American
community in getting jobs.

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Eleanor Roosevelt, Letter to A. Philip Randolph, November 18, 1943. Papers of A. Philip
Randolph. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum Website.
This letter has Mrs. Roosevelt writing to A. Philip Randolph hoping he would join the
National Committee for the Fair Employment Practice Committee. She wanted Randolph
to be more involved in the affairs that helped promote Executive Order 8802.

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Eleanor Roosevelt, Letter to A. Philip Randolph, June 23, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
and Museum Website; version date 2015.
This letter states that Mrs. Roosevelt had some doubts for the March on Washington in
1941. The source helped support that A. Philip Randolph had connections with important
people.

!
Eleventh anniversary parade of the New York division of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters. 1936. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
This photograph shows the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in a parade to advocate
for their cause as an organization. This helped explain how the BSCP tried to expand
their membership by attracting attention.

Exec. Order No. 8802, 3 C.F.R. 1 (1941). Print.

Executive Order 8802 was issued by President Franklin Roosevelt which banned racial
discrimination in the defense industry. A. Philip Randolphs threat of the March on
Washington in 1941 caused this order to be issued by the president.

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Exec. Order No. 9981, 3 C.F.R. 1 (1948). Print.
Executive Order 9981 was issued by President Harry S. Truman. This proves how A.
Philip Randolph was still capable of persuading presidents and abolished racial
discrimination in the armed forces.

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Farish, Kelsey. "Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Labor Rally Poster. May 9, 1937.
Pullman Company Archives, Labor Union Negotiation and Agreement Files. Newberry
Library in Chicago.<http://socialjusticehistory.org/projects/uclahistory146_sp11/items/
show/71>
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters wanted to expanded opportunities for
African Americans . They influenced desegregation movements in the mid and late
1900s. This source helped display their many efforts to get the African American
communitys attention.

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Glisson, M. Susan. Email Interview. February 2015.
I interviewed Susan M. Glisson through email and she was helpful in explaining the
issue of discrimination. She specializes in the history of race and religion in the United
States, especially during the Civil Rights Movement. Even though the Civil Rights
Movement accomplished to lawfully ban discrimination, there still remains racism in our
country.

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Harry Truman, half-length portrait, facing front. June 27, 1945. Photograph. Library of
Congress and Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
This photograph is a portrait of President Harry Truman and it is used as a visual

in my website to show how the president looked like at the time.

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Henriques, Bob. "Magnum Photos Collection." Magnum Photos. Magnum Photos, 2014. Web.
This website had some photographs of the Prayer Pilgrimage in 1957 which helped
me add more visuals into my website.

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Hill, Norman. Phone Interview. December 2014.
I interviewed the President Emeritus of the A. Philip Randolph Institute who worked with
Randolph for several years. He gave me information on the March on Washington and
the process for organizing a major event. In addition he spoke about Randolphs obstacles
for the march which included the initial disapproval of President John F. Kennedy.

!
Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. Digital image.
Research Archives. N.p., n.d. Web.
The photograph shows A. Philip Randolph smiling therefore suggesting that he is
amused with the abundant of marchers that attended the event. This source helped
demonstrate Randolphs skills in bringing people together.

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Letters, Photos, Articles, Correspondences, Box #1, A. Philip Randolph Collection,
Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in
Black Culture, The New York Public Library.
The A. Philip Randolph Collection in the New York Public Library had several sources
about him. It helped me examine how others perceived him and read some articles
that he himself wrote. Overall the letters he wrote to people and the way he presented
himself allowed him to gain respect from people all over the country.

!
Louise Jefferson. The Negro in National DefenseNAACP Conference, Houston, Texas, June
2429, 1941- Fight Now for Action. Poster. NAACP Collection, Prints and Photographs
Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.

This is a poster of The Negro in National Defense which was the name of a convention
scheduled after the March on Washington in 1941.

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Lyndon B. Johnson, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left. June, 1964. Photograph. Library of
Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph is a portrait of President Lyndon B. Johnson and it was used as a visual
representation to demonstrate see how the president looked like at the time.

!
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. Papers of John F.
Kennedy, Presidential Papers, White House Central File, Subject File.
The letters sent from A. Philip Randolph and John F. Kennedy proves how Randolph
collaborated with the president. He directly communicated with the leader of the country
and would express his opinions openly through his letters.

!
"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963 Articles & Memories by
Freedom Movement Veterans." Civil Rights Movement Veterans. Bruce Hartford, n.d.
Web.
This website had several documents that pertained to the March on Washington in 1963.
It had project plans for the march, instructions for the marchers, and a manual for those
who would work during that day.

!
Members of the AFL delegation to the second World Congress of the ICFTU in Milan shown
during one of the early sessions of that Congress. 1951. Photograph. Library of Congress
Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
This photograph supports how the American Federation of Labor interacted with
the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. The source helped to support how A. Philip
Randolph was capable of integrating a white-labor union such as the AFL with the BSCP.

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Monster Mass Meeting. 1926. Newberry Digital Collections for the Classroom.

A flier distributed by the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters rallying people to join
them for a meeting.

!
Mrs. Lucille Green, 1910-1940, A. Philip Randolph Papers, Manuscript Division. A. Philip
Randolph Institute, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
This photograph of Mrs. Lucille Green was helpful in adding visual appeal to my
timeline.

!
National Archives and Records Administration . Archival Collection. Photographs and other
Graphic Material. <http://research.archives.gov/search?refinegrp_materialtype=Photographs%20and%20other%20Graphic%20Materials&expression=a+philip
+randolph&pg_src=brief&data-source=online>
The archives had a variety of images that related to A. Philip Randolph and was a
valuable source for getting primary sources. Its photos varied from Randolph interacting
with other leaders, to him receiving recognition for his accomplishments, and to him
conferencing with presidents throughout his lifetime. Overall the archive helped me
analyze an image and try to decipher its importance and relation to Randolphs
leadership.

!
Portrait of A. Philip Randolph. State Archives of Florida. Florida Memory. <https://
www.floridamemory.com/items/show/33464>
The portrait of A. Philip Randolph was used as a visual representation to the viewer to
demonstrate how Randolph looked like during his adult life.

!
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, bust portrait, facing front. 1933. Photograph. Library of
Congress and Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
It is a portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and it was used as a visual
representation of what the president looked like at the time.

President Harry Truman Wipes Out Military Segregation. July 31, 1948. Chicago Defender.
Library of Congress Serial and Government Publications Division. Washington, D.C.
USA. Web.
This newspaper article written by the Chicago Defender, an African American
newspaper, helped to justify that the African American community was satisfied with
President Trumans decision in issuing Executive 9981.

!
Reiss, Sam. Coretta Scott King shaking hands with A. Philip Randolph, surrounded by (left to
right) Bayard Rustin, George Meany, Nelson Rockefeller, and others. 1969. Photograph.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph displays how Randolph had the respect of several other people such as
Coretta Scott King. Her husband began to meet with Randolph more frequently when
they worked on organizing the March on Washington in 1963. In addition other important
leaders gathered around Randolph such as Nelson Roosevelt and George Meany.

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Seated on speakers' platform at May 17 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, D.C.
(left to right): Roy Wilkins, A. Philip Randolph, Rev. Thomas Kilgore, Jr., and Martin
Luther King, Jr. 1957. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph demonstrates Randolph and Wilkins speaking to one another and
Randolph sitting next to other leaders. This proves how Randolph was beginning to build
strong coalitions and would eventually be a part of the leaders who organized the March
on Washington in 1963.

!
Standing, left to right, half-length: Roy Wilkins, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, and A. Philip
Randolph. 1957. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph shows Randolph and Roy Wilkins and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

shaking hands. They seem to be friends and this proves how Randolph worked with many
other leaders to fight for economic justice and civil rights.

!
Summit Conference on Civil Rights. 1964. Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and
Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The photograph shows Randolph with many other Civil Rights leaders in a conference, a
year after the famous March on Washington in 1963. They were a large group which
proved that Randolph had several connections with other influential leaders.

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The Civil Rights Map of America. Printed map. New York: Oceana Publications, 1949. Library
of Congress and Geography and Map Division,Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
The map helped to analyze how many states allowed racial discrimination in America
during the late 1940s. It provides a foundation of the conditions in America during the
time when Randolph was starting to rise as a leader.

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The Girl Friends for the FEPC Fight presenting check of $500 to Asa Philip Randolph, in office
of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in New York City. 7 Jan. 1950. Photograph.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. USA. Web.
This photograph displays A. Philip Randolph receiving money from the Fair Employment
Practice Committee. It provides evidence that Randolph was involved with the FEPC
after President Franklin Roosevelt created it in response to Executive Order 8802.

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The King Center Archive. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 2014. 449 Auburn Avenue, NE
Atlanta, Georgia. USA. Web.
The King Center Archive had several documents from the Civil Rights Movement
especially letters and correspondences between A. Philip Randolph and Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. In addition, it contained the transcripts of the deliveries of the speeches from The
Big Six in the March on Washington of 1963. Overall the photographs and documents

were essential in comprehending the interaction and influence of Randolph and the other
civil rights leaders.

!
The March on Washington. Perf. Ed Herlihy. Universal Newsreel, 2009. Youtube. <https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7s30wFCqlw>
This video clip has an audio that tells people to join the March on Washington in 1963. It
is helpful in visualizing the means of transportation the marchers used to arrive to the
Lincoln Memorial. In addition there were an abundant of people that attended.

!
Transcript, A. Philip Randolph Oral History Interview I, 10/29/69, by Thomas H. Baker,
Internet Copy, LBJ Library.
This interview transcript was very helpful for my website because it was what A. Philip
Randolph said therefore had his opinions. He described the concerns for the March on
Washington in 1963, how he was treated, and the motive for helping to organize the
march.

Why Should We March? March on Washington fliers, 1941. A. Philip Randolph Papers,
Manuscript Division. A. Philip Randolph Institute, Library of Congress, Washington,
D.C.
This image is a rally poster that would discuss the purpose of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters.

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"UFT and the Civil Rights Movement." United Federation of Teachers. UFT Photo Collection,
19 July 2010. Web.
This website page had an image of A. Philip Randolph and Al Shanker during the Mass
Resignation Rally, 1967. This proves that Randolph received support through his
coalitions with other leaders.