Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This article is about the physical and chemical properties of pure water. For general
discussion and its distribution and importance in life, see Water. For other uses, seeWater
(disambiguation).
Water (H2O)
Names
IUPAC name
water, oxidane
Other names
Hydrogen oxide, Dihydrogen monoxide(DHMO), Hydrogen monoxide,
Dihydrogen oxide, Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH), Hydric acid,
Hydrohydroxic acid, Hydroxic acid, Hydrol,[1] -Oxido dihydrogen
Identifiers
CAS
7732-18-5
Registry
Number
ChEBI
CHEBI:15377
ChEMBL
ChEMBL1098659
ChemSpider
937
InChI[show]
Jmol-3D
Image
images
PubChem
962
RTECS
ZC0110000
number
SMILES[show]
UNII
059QF0KO0R
Properties
Chemical
H 2O
formula
Molar mass
18.01528(33) g/mol
Appearance
Odor
odorless
Density
soluble in haloalkanes,C6H6,
higher alkanes, ethers,CFCs, phenyls,cycloalkanes, alco
hols,carboxylates[3]
Vapor
see text
pressure
Acidity (pKa) 15.74
~3536
Basicity (pKb 15.74
)
Magnetic
susceptibility
()
Thermal
0.58 W/mK[4]
conductivity
Refractive
1.3325
index(nD)
Viscosity
1 cP (20 C)
Structure
Crystal
Hexagonal
structure
Point group
C2v
Molecular
Bent
shape
Dipole
1.85 D
moment
Thermochemistry
Specific
heat
capacity (C)
Std molar
69.95 J/molK[6]
entropy (S 298)
o
Std enthalpy
-285.83 kJ/mol[3][6]
of
formation (f
Ho298)
Gibbs free
-237.24 kJ/mol[3]
energy(fG)
Hazards
Main hazards Drowning (see alsoDihydrogen monoxide hoax)
Water intoxication
0
0
0
Flash point
Non-flammable
Related compounds
Water vapor
Ice
Heavy water
/ ?)
Infobox references
Water (H
2O) is the most abundant compound on Earth's surface, covering 70 percent of the planet.
In nature, water exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is in dynamic
equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature and pressure.
Atroom temperature, it is a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a hint of blue.
Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly referred to as the universal solvent.
Because of this, water in nature and in use is rarely pure and some properties may vary
from those of the pure substance. However, there are also many compounds that are
essentially, if not completely, insoluble in water. Water is the only common substance found
naturally in all three common states of matter and it is essential for all life on Earth.[8] Water
makes up 55% to 78% of the human body.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Forms of water
2.1.6 Compressibility
2.2.2 Electrolysis
2.7 Geochemistry
2.8 Transparency
3 History
4 Systematic naming
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Forms of water[edit]
Like many substances, water can take numerous forms that are broadly categorized
by phase of matter. The liquid phase is the most common among water's phases (within the
Earth's atmosphere and surface) and is the form that is generally denoted by the word
"water." The solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of
hard, amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular crystals,
like snow. For a list of the many different crystalline and amorphous forms of solid H2O, see
the article ice. The gaseous phase of water is known as water vapor (or steam), and is
characterized by water assuming the configuration of a transparent cloud. (Note that visible
steam and clouds are, in fact, water in the liquid form as minute droplets suspended in the
air.) The fourth state of water, that of a supercritical fluid, is much less common than the
other three and only rarely occurs in nature, in extremely uninhabitable conditions. When
water achieves a specific critical temperature and a specificcritical pressure (647K and
22.064MPa), liquid and gas phase merge to one homogeneous fluid phase, with properties
of both gas and liquid. One example of naturally occurring supercritical water is found in the
hottest parts of deep water hydrothermal vents, in which water is heated to the critical
temperature by scalding volcanic plumes and achieves the critical pressure because of the
crushing weight of the ocean at the extreme depths at which the vents are located.
Additionally, anywhere there is volcanic activity below a depth of 2.25 km (1.40 mi) can be
expected to have water in the supercritical phase. [10]
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water is the current international standard for
water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutronless hydrogen isotope protium. Only 155 ppm include deuterium (2
H or D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, and fewer than 20 parts
per quintillion include tritium (3
H or T), which has two.
In keeping with the basic rules of chemical nomenclature, water would have a systematic
name of dihydrogen monoxide,[11] but this is not among the names published by
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry[12] and, rather than being used in a
chemical context, the name is almost exclusively used as a humorous way to refer to water.
The dissociation constant for this dissociation is commonly symbolized as Kw and has a
value of about 1014 at 25 C; see "Water (data page)" and "Self-ionization of water" for
more information.
Percentage of elements in water by mass: 11.1% hydrogen, 88.9% oxygen.
The self-diffusion coefficient of water is 2.299109 m2s1.[19]
Heat of vaporization
Temperature (C)
Hv (kJ/mol)[20]
45.054
25
43.99
40
43.35
60
42.482
80
41.585
100
40.657
120
39.684
140
38.643
160
37.518
180
36.304
200
34.962
220
33.468
240
31.809
260
29.93
280
27.795
300
25.3
320
22.297
340
18.502
360
12.966
374
2.066
Water has a very high specific heat capacity the second highest among all the
heteroatomic species (after ammonia), as well as a high heat of
vaporization (40.65 kJ/mol or 2257 kJ/kg at the normal boiling point), both of which are
a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two unusual
properties allow water to moderate Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations in
temperature. According to Josh Willis, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the oceans
absorb one thousand times more heat than the atmosphere (air) and are holding 80 to
90% of the heat of global warming.[21]
The specific enthalpy of fusion of water is 333.55 kJ/kg at 0 C, i.e. melting ice absorbs
the same energy as ice warming from -160 degrees Celsius up to its melting point. Of
common substances, only that of ammonia is higher. This property confers resistance
to melting on the ice of glaciersand drift ice. Before and since the advent of
mechanical refrigeration, ice was and still is in common use for retarding food spoilage.
Constant-pressure heat capacity
Temperature (C)
4.2176
10
4.1921
20
4.1818
25
4.1814
30
4.1784
40
4.1785
50
4.1806
60
4.1843
70
4.1895
80
4.1963
90
4.205
100
4.2159
Note that the specific heat capacity of ice at 10 C is about 2.05 J/(gK) and that the
heat capacity of steam at 100 C is about 2.080 J/(gK).