Jaisalmer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the municipality in Rajasthan, India. For its namesake district, see Jaisalmer
district. For the historical region and state, see Jaisalmer state.

Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer
Jaisana
city

View of the Jaisalmer Fort in the evening.

Nickname(s): Golden city

Jaisalmer
Location in Rajasthan, India

Coordinates:
Country
State
District
Founded by
Government

26.92N 70.9ECoordinates:
70.9E
India
Rajasthan
Jaisalmer
Rawal Jaisal

26.92N

 M.L.A.
Area
Total
Elevation
Population (2001)
Total
Density
Languages
Official
Time zone
PIN
Telephone code
Vehicle registration
Website

Chhotu Singh Bhati

5.1 km2 (2.0 sq mi)
225 m (738 ft)
58,286
11,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)
Hindi
IST (UTC+5:30)
345 00x
02992
RJ 15
jaisalmer.rajasthan.gov.in

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Hill Forts of Rajasthan

Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List

Type
Criteria
Reference

Cultural
ii, iii
247
South Asia

UNESCO region

Inscription history
Inscription

2013 (36th Session)

Jaisalmer pronunciation (helpinfo) (Rajasthani: ), nicknamed "The Golden city", is a

city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located 575 kilometres (357 mi) west of the state capital
Jaipur. It is a World Heritage Site. It was once known as Jaisalmer state. The town stands on a
ridge of yellowish sandstone, crowned by a fort, which contains the palace and several ornate
Jain temples. Many of the houses and temples are finely sculptured. It lies in the heart of the
Thar Desert (great Indian desert) and has a population of about 78,000. It is the administrative
headquarters of Jaisalmer District.

Contents

1 Origin of name

2 Location

3 History
o 3.1 Medieval period

o 3.2 Princely Jaisalmer

4 Geography and climate

o 4.1 Climate

5 Economy

6 Education

7 Event Destination

8 Transport

9 Demographics

10 Occupation

11 Tourism

12 Visitor attractions
o 12.1 Jaisalmer Fort
o 12.2 Jain heritage of Jaisalmer
o 12.3 Museums
o 12.4 Other
o 12.5 In neighbourhood

13 Desert Festival

14 See also

15 Cultural References

16 Further reading

17 How to reach

18 References

19 External links

Origin of name
Jaisalmer is named after Maharawal Jaisal Singh, a Rajput king who founded the city in 1156
AD.[1] "Jaisalmer" means "the Hill Fort of Jaisal". Jaisalmer is sometimes called the "Golden City
of India" because the yellow sand and the yellow sandstone used in every architecture of the city
gives a yellowish-golden tinge to the city and its surrounding area.

Location
Jaisalmer District is located within a rectangle lying between 26.428.23' North parallel and
69.20'72.42' east meridians. It is the largest district of Rajasthan and one of the largest in the
country. The breadth (East-West) of the district is 270 km (170 mi) and the length (North-South)
is 186 km (116 mi). On the present map, district Jaisalmer is bounded on the north by Bikaner,
on the west & south-west by the Pakistani border, on the south by Barmer and Jodhpur, and on
the east by Jodhpur and Bikaner Districts. The length of international border attached to
Jaisalmer District is 471 km (293 mi).

History
For the history of the region, see History of Jaisalmer.

Portrait of Maharawal Jaisal Singh inside Jaisalmer Fort.

The majority of the inhabitants of Jaisalmer are Bhati Rajputs, named for Bhati, who was
renowned as a warrior. The ruling family of the erstwhile Jaisalmer State belongs to Bhati Clan
of Yadu[2] Rajputs of Chandravanshi (Lunar) race who claim descent from Lord Krishna,the
deified hero who ruled at Dwarka.[3] In 1156 Rawal Jaisal,[1] the sixth in succession from Deoraj,
founded the fort and city of Jaisalmer,atop Trikuta Hill and began to levy taxes on the camel

caravans travelling along the nearby route. Laden with exotic spices and precious silks, these
trading caravans were en route to cities like Delhi or Sind, but had to pass directly through
Jaisalmer. This strategic location continued to serve Jaisalmer well, as it lay right on the two
main routes connecting India with Persia, Egypt and farther west. He later made it his capital as
he moved from his former capital at Lodhruva (which is situated about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the
north-west of Jaisalmer). In 1293, the Bhattis so enraged the Sultan of Delhi Ala-ud-din Khilji
that his army captured and sacked the fort and city of Jaisalmer, so that for some time it was
quite deserted.Some Bhatti's from the Royal family migrated to Jaisal (Now in Pakistan), a place
near to Chiniot Distt and some migrated to Talwandi, now Nankana Sahib in Distt. Nankana
Sahib (Punjab, Pakistan) and others settled in Larkana (in Sind, Pakistan)under the name of
Bhutto. In Nankana Sahib, the Bhatti Clan can be traced from the lineage of Rai Bhoe and Rai
Bular Bhatti. After this there is nothing to record until the time of Rawal Sahal Singh, whose
reign marks an epoch in Jaisalmer's history in that he acknowledged the supremacy of the
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century,
Jaisalmer, like the rest of Rajputana, became subservient to the Marathas,[4] until it came under
the protection of the British East India Company following the British victory in the Third
Anglo-Maratha War. In 1818, the Rawals of Jaisalmer signed a treaty with the British, which
protected Jaisalmer from invasion provided it was not the aggressor and guaranteed the royal
succession.
The Maharajas of Jaisalmer trace their lineage back to Jaitsimha, a ruler of the Bhati Rajput clan.
The major opponents of the Bhati Rajputs were the powerful Rathor clans of Jodhpur and
Bikaner. They used to fight battles for the possession of forts, waterholes or cattle. Jaisalmer was
positioned strategically and was a halting point along a traditional trade route traversed by the
camel caravans of Indian and foreign merchants. The route linked India to Central Asia, Egypt,
Arabia, Persia, Africa and the West.

Panorama of Jaisalmer from top of Maharaja Palace

Kuldhara Village, Jaisalmer

Medieval period
In the 13th century, Jaisalmer escaped direct Turkic conquest due to its geographical situation in
the desert region. The Rawals of Jaisalmer agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Turkic Sultans
of Delhi. The first siege of Jaisalmer occurred during the reign of Alauddin Khilji, the Turkic
Sultan of Delhi. It was provoked by Bhatis' raid on a caravan filled with treasure. According to
local ballads, the Bhatis defended the fort for seven years until the enemy army forces breached
the ramparts. Bhatis, facing certain defeat, proclaimed the rite of jauhar. Later, Sultan Ferozshah
also besieged Jaisalmer after the rulers of Jaisalmer raided his camp at Anasagar lake near
Ajmer. The siege led to another jauhar. Jaitsimha's son Duda perished in the attack. Duda's
descendants ruled over Jaisalmer for about two centuries. Duda's descendant Lunakarna had a
fight with Humayun when the latter passed through Jaisalmer en route to Ajmer.

Princely Jaisalmer
Main article: Jaisalmer State

Flag of the princely state of Jaisalmer

Facade of a mansion in Jaisalmer

Royal Cenotaphs at Bada Bagh, Jaisalmer

Sand Dunes Camels

On the eve of British Raj in India, Jaisalmer was subservient to the Marathas,[5] until it came
under the protection of the British East India Company following the British victory in the Third
Anglo-Maratha War. In 1818, the Rawals of Jaisalmer signed a treaty with the British, which
protected Jaisalmer from invasion provided it was not the aggressor and guaranteed the royal
succession. Jaisalmer was one of the last states to sign a treaty with the British. During the
British Raj, Jaisalmer was the seat of a princely state of the same name, ruled by the Bhati clan
of Rajputs. The present descendant is Brijraj Singh.
Traditionally, the main source of income was the levies on the caravans. However, the glory of
Jaisalmer faded when Bombay emerged as a port and the sea trade replaced the traditional land
routes. The partition of India in 1947 lead to closing of all the trade routes on the Indo-Pak
border and rendered Jaisalmer a drought-prone desert backwater on the international border.

Ironically, skirmishes between India and Pakistan gave Jaisalmer a strategic importance and
made it serviceable as an army supply depot. Later, the Rajasthan Canal served to revive the
surrounding desert areas. Roads and railroads were then built, knitting the hitherto remote town
with the rest of Rajasthan. Later, the Government of Rajasthan decided to promote Jaisalmer as a
tourist destination.

Geography and climate

Sand dunes near Jaisalmer.

Jaisalmer has an average elevation of 229 metres (751 ft). It is situated near the border of India
and Pakistan in West Rajasthan, and covers an area of 5.1 km2 (2.0 sq mi). The maximum
summer temperature is around 41.6 C (106.9 F) while the minimum is 25 C (77 F). The
maximum winter temperature is usually around 23.6 C (74.5 F) and the minimum is 7.9 C
(46.2 F). The average rainfall is 209.5 millimetres (8.25 in).[6] Highest ever recorded
temperature was 48.0 C (118.4 F)[7] and the lowest ever recorded temperature being 5.9 C
(21.4 F).[8]
Jaisalmer is almost entirely a sandy waste, forming a part of the Thar desert (great Indian
desert). The general aspect of the area is that of an interminable sea of sand hills, of all shapes
and sizes, some rising to a height of 150 feet (46 m). Those in the west are covered with log
bushes, those in the east with tufts of long grass. Water is scarce, and generally brackish; the
average depth of the wells is said to be about 250 feet (76 m). There are no perennial streams,
and only one small river, the Kakni, which, after flowing a distance of 48 kilometres (30 mi),
spreads over a large surface of flat ground, and forms Lake Orjhil ("The Bhuj-Jhil"). The climate
is dry and healthy. Throughout Jaisalmer only raincrops, such as bajra, jawar, motif, til, etc., are
grown; spring crops of wheat, barley, etc., are very rare. Owing to the scant rainfall, irrigation is
almost unknown.

Climate
[hide]Climate data for Jaisalmer

Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average
high C
(F)

38.2 41.6 40.8

23.7 27.1 32.6
37.7 36.0 36.4 36.1 31.0 25.5 32.8
(100.8 (106.9 (105.4
(74.7) (80.8) (90.7)
(99.9) (96.8) (97.5) (97) (87.8) (77.9) (91)
)
)
)

Average
7.6 10.5 16.4 21.9 25.6 27.0 26.5 25.4 24.2 20.2 13.4 8.5 13.9
low C (F) (45.7) (50.9) (61.5) (71.4) (78.1) (80.6) (79.7) (77.7) (75.6) (68.4) (56.1) (47.3) (57)

Average
1.5
3.0
2.7 21.0
15.1 60.1 75.8 17.6 2.4
1.5
2.4
212
precipitatio
8.9
(0.059 (0.118 (0.106 (0.827
(0.594 (2.366 (2.984 (0.693 (0.094 (0.059 (0.094 (8.344
n mm
(0.35)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
(inches)

Avg.
precipitation
0.6
days ( 0.1

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.3

3.5

2.8

1.5

0.5

0.4

0.6

14.4

mm)

Source: WMO

Climatological information is based on monthly averages for the 53-year period 19482000.
Distances: Bikaner (330 km or 210 mi), Barmer (150 km or 93 mi), Jodhpur (293 km or
182 mi), Jaipur (568 km or 353 mi), Ahmedabad (636 km or 395 mi), Agra (802 km or 498 mi),
New Delhi (874 km or 543 mi), Mumbai (1,177 km or 731 mi).

Economy
Bada Bagh and windmill farms of Jaiselmer
Tourism is a major industry in Jaisalmer. The Government of India initiated departmental
exploration for oil in 195556 in the Jaisalmer area.[9] Oil India Limited discovered natural gas in
1988 in the Jaisalmer basin.[10]
Musicians and dancers are also a major cultural export from Jaisalmer to the rest of the world.
Merasi (formerly manganiyar, a derogatory term meaning "beggar"[11]) musicians have played the
world over, and Queen Harish,[12] the dancing desert drag queen, is touring the world and has
featured in international movies.
Jaisalmer is also known for its leather messenger bags, made from wild camels native to the area.

Education
Some of the famous schools at Jaisalmer are:
1. Golden Era Public School, Indira Colony, Jaisalmer 2. St Paul Senior Secondary School:
CBSE Board 3. Emmanuel Mission Senior Secondary School: CBSE Board 4. Maharshi Vidya
Mandir: CBSE Board 5. Kendriya Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School Air force: CBSE Board 6.
Kendriya Vidyalaya Senior Secondary School Dabla: CBSE Board 7. Army School, Army
Station: CBSE Board 8. Airforce school Senior Secondary School: CBSE Board 9. Montessory
Bal Niketan Senior Secondary School: Rajasthan Board 10. Swami Vivekanand Bal Niketan
Senior Secondary School: Rajasthan Board 11. Govt Senior Secondary School: Rajasthan Board
12. Govt Girls Senior Secondary School: Rajasthan Board 13. Karni Bal Mandir Senior
Secondary School: Rajasthan Board 14. Adarsh Vidya Mandir Gandhi Colony : Rajasthan Board
15. Adarsh Vidya Mandir Bhatia Bagechi : Rajasthan Board 16. Gandhi Baal Mandir Senior
Secondary School: Rajasthan Board 17. LITTLE HEART SECONDARY SCHOOL- MAJDUR
PADA 18. Nehru Bal Mandir, Jaisalmer 19. Rajasthan Bal Bharti, Jaisalmer 20. Tagore Public
School 21. Kidzee Genius 22. Euro Kids
Some of the famous colleges at Jaisalmer are:
1. SBK Government Post Graduate College, Jaisalmer 2. Government Girls Post Graduate
College, Jaisalmer 3. MAA DURGA S SANSTHAN (W) TEACHER Training COLLEGE,
Jaisalmer 4. Chandrawati Engineering College, Jaisalmer 5. Govt Polytechnic College, Jaisalmer
6. Ramdev Teacher Training College, Jaisalmer 7. Govt STC college, Jaisalmer 8. Jagtamba
College Of It & Management 654; Main Rd Gandhi Colony Jaisalmer 9. Govt ITI College
Jaisalmer

Event Destination
Jaisalmer is major and one of the most preferred event organizing destination in Rajasthan.
Rodies(India's famous T.V. show), Balika vadhu, Maharana pratap, and several movies were shot
in various locations and famous fort structured hotels of Jaisalmer.[13]

Transport

Road sign to Bikaner (right) and Jaisalmer (left)

Jaisalmer is the terminus of a broad gauge branch railway of Indian Railways, which joins with
the main system at Jodhpur. The Palace on Wheels has a scheduled stop at Jaisalmer. The train
from Delhi to Jaisalmer via Bikaner is planned to be scheduled in a forthcoming railway budget
and will save 280 km and 12 hours for a round trip. The survey of the new Jaisalmer-BarmerBhabhar (towards both Kandla and Ahmedabad) rail line has been accomplished and may be
approved soon. This proposed route will not only connect Barmer, Jaisalmer, and Gujrat but also
develop the infrastructure for industry, tourism, transport, and socioeconomic growth, while
likewise providing strategic benefits for the defense forces.[14] Due to this linking, Jaisalmer and
Barmer will be connected directly to the southern and eastern parts of India.
Previously, Kingfisher Airlines provided flights during the time of the Desert Festival; however,
due to an expired license, this service has been discontinued.[15] There are no other known regular
air services. Jaisalmer is highly connected by road; many sleeper and sitting buses ply the routes
between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, Jaipur, Barmer, Bikaner throughout the year.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census,[16] Jaisalmer had a population of 58,286. Males constitute 57% of
the population and females 43%. Jaisalmer has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the
national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 50%. In Jaisalmer, 16%
of the population is under 6 years of age.

Occupation
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (January 2015)
The bulk of the population, as pastoralists, lead a wandering life, grazing their flocks and herds.
Large herds of camels, horned cattle, sheep and goats are kept. The principal trade is in wool,
ghee, camels, cattle and sheep. The chief imports are grain, sugar, foreign cloth, piece-goods. It
suffered from famine in 1897, 1900 and other years, to such an extent that it has had to incur a
heavy debt for extraordinary expenditure.

Tourism
While Jaisalmer may always have been remote, it is filled with many artistic structures and
monuments of local historical importance. Jaisalmer's medieval mud fortress and walled
township make it a popular tourist destination. The surrounding desolate landscape evidences a
stark, austere beauty. Camel safaris through the nearby desert dunes are popular with tourists;
competition for business is fierce. Prices range wildly and one has to bargain for everything,
hotel rates included. Jaisalmer is known for huge mark-ups which range between 400% to 500%
depending on the product. So buying shawls, carpets, jewelry etc. can be a very time consuming
and nerve rattling experience. A few quiet days spent wandering around the town and the

surrounding desert can be a wonderful way of unwinding from the chaos of larger Indian cities.
[17]

Visitor attractions
Jaisalmer Fort

Sign in Jaisalmer Fort in Rajasthan

Built in 1156 by the Bhati Rajput ruler Jaisal, Jaisalmer Fort is situated on Meru Hill and Named
as Trikoot Garh had seen the scene of many battles. Its massive sandstone walls are a tawny
lion colour during the day, turning to a magical honey-gold as the sun sets. The famous Indian
film director Satyajit Ray wrote a detective novel and later turned it into a film Sonar Kella
(The Golden Fortress) which was based on this fort. This is a living fort and about a quarter of
city's population still live inside the fort. The main attractions inside the fort are: Raj Mahal
(Royal palace), Jain temples and the Laxminath temple.

Jain heritage of Jaisalmer

Jaisalmer has been enriched by its Jain community, which has adorned the city with beautiful
temples, notably the temples dedicated to the 16th Tirthankara, Shantinath, and 23rd Tirthankara,
Parshvanath.
Jaisalmer boasts some of the oldest libraries of India which contain rarest of the manuscripts and
artefacts of Jain tradition. There are many pilgrimage centres around Jaisalmer such as Lodarva
(Lodhruva), Amarsagar, Brahmsar and Pokharan.

Museums

Desert Culture Centre & Museum

Jaisalmer Folklore Museum

Government Museum

jaisalmer fort palace museum

jaisalmer fort outsidre and insidery

Other

Gadsisar Lake

Gadsisar lake, Jaisalmer

Gadsisar Lake Excavated in 1367 by Rawal Gadsi Singh, it is a scenic rainwater lake
surrounded by the small temples and shrines of Amar Sagar. Earlier, this lake was used to
be the main water source of Jaisalmer. Due to an increased water demand for agriculture,
the lake is increasingly threatened to dry out.[18]

In neighbourhood

Ganga Sagar

Bada Bagh, a complex with chhatris of Jai Singh II (d. 1743) and subsequent Maharajas
of Jaisalmer

Lodhruva

Desert National Park

Bhaniyana

Lanela

remains of houses in Kuldhara The deserted village of Rajasthan

Desert Festival
This is held over three days in January/February every year. This is the best time to visit
Jaisalmer to witness performing arts like Kalbelia dances and folk songs and music.

See also

Paramara Dalvi-Deshmukh of Nasik originating from Jaisalmer

Indira Gandhi Canal

Pokhran

Baba Ramdevji

Tanot Mata

Cultural References

Sonar Kella (1974) (Golden Fortress) Satyajit Ray's Bengali film, based on his
eponymous novel featuring his creation, the detective Feluda, was based in Jaisalmer and
surrounding areas.[19]

[20]

Further reading

Bhati, Hari Singh. 2002. ANNALS OF JAISALMER: A Pre-Mediaeval History. Kavi

Prakashan, Bikaner.

Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural. J. S. Gahlot Research

Institute, Jodhpur.

Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. History of Rajasthan. Jain Pustak Mandir, Jaipur.

Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. Annals & Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central
and Western Rajput States of India. 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi. 1990.
ISBN 81-85395-68-3 (set of 3 vols.)

How to reach
By Air:
Jaisalmer is located 300 km (190 mi) from Jodhpur airport.
Civil airport has been constructed in Jaisalmer and soonly inaugurated.
By Rail:
Jaisalmer has daily connectivity with Bikaner, Lalgarh, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Pali, Jaipur, Alwar,
Rewari, Gurgaon, Delhi, Ghaziabad, Muradabad, Kathgodam, Kashipur & Ramnagar. The
weekly train connectivity with Abu road, Lucknow, Gaya, Varanasi, Mughalsarai, Kolkata,
Ahmedabad, Vadodra, Surat & Mumbai. Occasionally special AC super fast trains or express
trains available on Diwali, Deshhara, Winter leaves, Christmas, New year & Desert festival
(during peak seasons) from Jaipur & Delhi. Jaisalmer is also one of the major station in the
journey by India's most luxurious train "Palace on wheels"
By Road:
Jaisalmer town lies on Highway No. 15.It has luxury Mercedes volvo bus connectivity with
Delhi as well as Ahmedabad. Many buses of RSRTC and also many private Bus Operators ply
from Jaisalmer to Jodhpur, Jaipur, Barmer,Udaipur, Bikaner,Mt Abu, Ahmadabad, Mumbai, Pune
and other cities of India.

References
1.
Balfour, Edward (1885). The encyclopdia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia:.
Original from Oxford University: B. Quaritch. p. 406.
Indian Encyclopaedia - Google Books
District Jaisalmer- History
http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=jaisalmer+marathas&source=bl&ots=Ker1zbnA
s2&sig=WWpk6lMpMMPodD1xf9xrG1Hhz90&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QvBYVPqmFM9uASH34GYAg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=jaisalmer%20marathas&f=false
http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=jaisalmer+marathas&source=bl&ots=Ker1zbnA
s2&sig=WWpk6lMpMMPodD1xf9xrG1Hhz90&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QvBYVPqmFM9uASH34GYAg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=jaisalmer%20marathas&f=false
"India Meteorological Department Weather Information for Jaisalmer". Retrieved 12
October 2012.

 "Heat wave across north, Sriganganagar at 49 degrees". Zeenews.india.com. 2010-05-27.

Retrieved 2012-08-19.
http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/jaisalmer2.htm
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/2nd/2planch18.html
[1][dead link]
http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/desert-drummers, Yudhijit Bhattacharjee,
"Desert Drummers", Caravanmagazine.in, 1 August, 2013
Sandip Roy, Special to The Chronicle (2008-07-05). "Queen H A R I S H". Queenharish.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
goldencastleevents.com
164.100.47.132/synop/15/XIII/Sup+Synopsis-13-03-2013.pdf
Kingfisher Press Statement on 31 December 2012: http://www.flykingfisher.com/mediacenter/press-releases/statement-from-kfa--mumbai-december-31st-2012.aspx
"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns
(Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16.
Retrieved 2008-11-01.
"Show Map The Sun City Jaisalmer". The Indian Backpacker. December 2012.
Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan by Don't Complain Travel
"Sonar Qila". Financial Express. 9 January 2004.
1.

Jaisalmer Photos

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jaisalmer.

Jaiselmer at Department of Tourism, Govt. of Rajasthan - non-working[dead link]

Jaisalmer travel guide from Wikivoyage

Jaisalmer Desert Camp at Camp Jaisalmer

[show]

Cities and towns in Jaisalmer district

[show]

State of Rajasthan (India)

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Jaisalmer

Former capital cities in India

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