INTRODUCTION

Dyeing is the process of adding colour to textile products

like fibres, yarns, and fabrics. Dyeing is normally done in
a special solution containing dyes and particular
chemical material. The temperature and time controlling
are two key factors in dyeing. Dyeing processes can be
applied in many stages such as :
Fibres
Yarn
Fabric
Garment

DYEING OF FIBERS
Two ways in which fibers are dyed.

STOCK DYEING
stock dyeing refers to the dyeing of fibers, or stock, before
it is spun into yarn.
It is done by putting loose, un-spun fibers into large vats
containing the dye bath, which is less then heated to s
temperature.
from 500 to 3000 pounds(227 to 1364 kilograms) of fiber
are dyed at one time, and the average is about 1000
pounds (454 kilograms)

TOP DYEING

 Top dyeing is also the dyeing of fiber before it is spun into

yarn and serves the same purpose as stock dyeing-that is,
to produce soft, heather like colour effects.
The term top refers to fibers of wool from which shorter
fibers have been removed.
Top is thus the select long fibers that are used to spin
worsted yarn.
The top in the form of silver is dyed and then blended with

other colours of dyed top to produce desired blended

heather shades.

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES

Fabrics have soft, heather like colouration.
Easiest dye penetration.

LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES

Most costly dyeing method.
Dyeing long before season begins carries risk of fashion
changing.
High percentage of fiber loss from dyeing and later yarn
spinning.

TYPICAL DYED FABRICS

Cheviot
Covert
Melton
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 Tweed

DYEING OF YARNS
Yarn dyeing, as its name implies, is the dyeing of yarns
before they have woven or the knitted into fabrics.
The main reason for the dyeing of yarn is for the ultimate
production of multi coloured designs such as plaids,
stripes, and checks.
Some typical yarn-dyed fabrics are multi coloured
gingham, madras, brocade, and multicoloured weft knits.
Dyeing is also used in special cases for solid-colour fabrics.

Yarns may be dyed in different forms:

Skeins
Packages
Beams

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES

Used for fabrics with stripes, checks, plaids, and other
multi-coloured patterns.

LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES

Second most costly dyeing method
Dyeing before season begins carries risk of fashion
changing, but less than or stock dye.
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TYPICAL DYED FABRICS

Chambray
Gingham
Brocade
Jacquard knits

SKEIN DYEING
Skein dyeing consists of immersing large, loosely wound
hanks (skeins) of yarn into dye vats that are especially
designed for this purpose.
Soft, lofty yarns, such as hand knitting yarns, are usually
skein dyed.
Skein dyeing is the most costly yarn-dye method.

PACKAGE DYEING
In package dyeing, yarn is wound on a small perforated
spool or tube called a package.
Many spools fit into the dyeing machine in which the flow
of the dye bath alternates from the center to outside, and
then from outside to the center of the package.

BEAM DYEING
Beam dyeing is a much larger version of package dyeing.

 An entire warp beam is wound onto a perforated cylinder,

which is then placed in the beam dyeing machine, where
the flow of the dye bath alternates as in package dyeing.

DYEING OF FABRICS
Fabric dyeing, also known as piece dyeing, is dyeing fabric after
it has been constructed. It is economical and the most common
method of dyeing solid coloured fabrics. The decision regarding
colour can be made after the fabric has been manufactured.

PIECE DYEING
The dyeing of cloth after it has been woven or knitted is known
as piece dyeing. It is the most common method of dyeing used.
The various methods used for this type of dyeing include:
Jet dyeing
Jig dyeing
Pad dyeing
Beam dyeing
When heavy or densely woven fabrics, or tightly twisted
yarn fabrics, are pieced dyed, sometimes the dye does not
penetrate into the centre of the yarn material.
The condition, known simply as poor penetration, leaves
the fibers in the center of the yarn, or at fabric interlacing,
lightly coloured or un-dyed.
It can be recognized by taking some yarns out of the
fabric, untwisting them, and observing the non uniform
colour of fibers in the twisted yarn.

 There is no problem within however, fabrics such as

uniform clothing, childrens wear, upholstery fabrics, and
other fabrics subjected to hard use take on a faded
appearance at points of wear, and white, un-dyed fibers
shift towards the fabric surface.
For this reason,many high-quality, heavy-weight, and
densely woven fabrics, especially furniture though more
costly, eliminates the problem of poor dye penetration.

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES

Least costly stage for dyeing of fabrics.
Adaptable to all fabrics woven and knitted.
Dyeing is close to fashion season; minimal colour risk.

LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES

Limited to solid colours (except for cross-dye).

TYPICAL DYED FABRICS

Batiste
Broadcloth
Challis
Corduroy
Satin

JET DYEING
In the jet dying process, the fabric being dyed is circulated
in a rope form through a closed-system dyeing machine on
a jet flow of the dye bath.
The fabric is moved by the fast moving dye bath. Since no
pressure and little tension occurs with the material, even
delicate fabrics can be dyed using this process.
Most jet dyeing machines can be pressurized and are
capable of achieving dyeing temperatures exceeding the
boiling point of water.

JIG DYEING
The jig dyeing process involves treating fabric in an open
width.
Fabric is not immersed in a dye bath, but rather is passed
through a stationery dye bath.
Upon completion of the first pass, the fabric reverses and
is passed again through the dye bath.
To produce darker colours the fabric must pass through
the dye bath more times than when a lighter shade is
desired.

PAD DYEING
Pad dyeing is accomplished with a machine called a dye
pad. Its appearance somewhat resembles a giant clothes
wringer.

 Fabric in open width first passes through the dye bath, and
then through the rollers where the dye solution is
squeezed into the fabric.

BEAM DYEING
Beam dyeing for piece dyeing is practically identical to
beam dyeing used for yarns.
Fabric is wound on to a perforated cylinder where the dye
bath is forced through the fabric layers. The fabric remains
stationery.

DYEING OF GARMENTS
Garment dyeing is the dyeing of completed garments.
The types of apparel that can be dyed are mostly non
tailored and simpler forms, such as sweaters, sweat-shirts,
T-shirts, hosiery, and pantyhose.
Tailored items, such as suits or dresses, cannot be dyed as
garments because the difference in shrinkage of the
various components and linings distort.
Garment dyeing is done by placing a suitable number of
garments (usually about24 sweaters or the equivalent,
depending on weight) into a large nylon net bag.
The garments are loosely packed.
From 10 to 50 of the bags are placed in large tubs
containing the dye bath and are kept agitated by a motordriven paddle in the dye tub. The machine is appropriately
called a paddle dyer.

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES

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 Choice of colours closet to fashion season.

Elimination of material (yarn and fabric) waste from prior
processing.

LIMITATIONS AND DISADVANTAGES

Limited to garments of simple construction.

TYPICAL DYED FABRICS

Hosiery
Sweaters
T-shirts etc.