IAT437Notes

Representationfordesign:
SolidModelling
ParametricModelling
Methodsofrepresentingobjectbehaviour
DesignAnalysis

Techniques:
interdesigncoherence
designrules
softwarereuseindesignsystems

NeedforCapability

RepresentationForms
Parametriccurves
Surfaces
Solids
Assemblies

Sketching
analoganddigitalsketches
multiviewdrawings
IMPORTANCE:Communicateideastoourselvesandeachother

Communication
Self
createarepresentationofourideas
writingorsketchingallowsforustoadjustandrefineaccordingly
Others
forotherstogetarepresentationofyourdesignideas
techicaldiagrams
manufacturing(numberofparts,materials)
marketing/management

RepresentationType
Methodsofrepresentingdesignconcepts
conceptmaps
CADmodels
sketches

Sketchingisanalogoustoidea

anabstraction
arepresentation

VisualMetaphor>NewIdea>Integrationofnewidea>Familiaridea>Visual
Metaphor..

<ObjectRepresentation>
2Dvs3D
Linetypes:reduceambiguity,increasesclarity

Typesoflines
Visibleline_______________
Hiddenline
Centerline________________
Dimension&Extensionline|<#>|
Phantomline________________________
Cuttingplanelines^_____________^
Constructionline_________________

ProportionalSketches
nottoscale
butmusthavecorrectproportions
sketchboundingframeincorrectaspectratio
sizeeachcomponentcorrectly

Representationof3Dobjectsonto2D
StandardProjections
OrthographicViews[AvoidimpossibleObjects]
Multiviewdrawing[AvoidimpossibleObjects]
IsometricView

OrthographicProjects
projectionof3Dobjectontoplanebyraysperpendiculartothatplane
standardwayofgraphicallyrepresentinganobjectinadesigndrawing

Projections
Defineslinearmapfrom3Dto2D
onlylookatplanargeometricprojections
Straightlines
Throughobjectpoints,CentreofProjection
IntersectionofprojectorsandProjectionPlane

ProjectionType

1.
2.
3.
4.

ParallelProjections
Orthographicprojections
MultiviewProjection
Thirdangleprojection

ProjectionTheory
basedonprojectorsfromobjectpointstoprojectionplane
planeonwhichviewisformed
viewofobjectprojectedontoprojectionplane:connectionprojectionpointsby
straightlines

ParallelvsPerspective
ParallelViewpointinfinitedistancefromobject,throughplaneofprojection,toobject
PerspectiveViewpointfinitedistancefromobjectthroughplaneofprojection,toobject

Angles
Angleofobjectwithrespecttoprojectionplane
Angleofparallelprojectorwithrespecttoprojectionplane

View|Isometric|Oblique|Ortho/multi
Object:|angled|Parallel|Paralleltoproj.plane
Rays:|perpendicular|angled|perpendiculartoproj.plane

Perspectivevsmultiview
maylookgoodbutdistancesandablesdistorted:multi/ortholetsusgetaccurate
sizesandangles

Multiview
objectorientedsoonly2of3dimensionsareseen
depthisnotrepresented

Principalviews(6views)

Observation
RelativePositioning
Alignment
CommonSizes

PrinciplesofOrthoProjection
Rule1:Alignmentoffeatures
everypointinaviewmustbealignedonaparallelprojectorinadjacentview
RelatedViews:2Viewsadjacenttosameview


Rule2:Distancesinrelatedviews
distancesbetweenany2pointsofafeatureinrelatedviewsmustbeequal

Hiddenlines
showshiddenfeatures
Holes
surfaces:visiblelineslocateedgeviewofsurface
centrelines:showsaxesofsymmetricalparts,feature

mayneedmorethanoneview

2viewsisokay,assymmetryworksbutmoreisbetterbutkeepnumberofviewstoa
minimum

AuxiliaryViews
Whyareorthographicdrawingsimportant?
aclearwaytorepresentideasthroughdrawings
Whatarethelimitationstomultiviewdrawings?
unabletoseecrosssections

Creatinganauxiliaryview
1. labelpoints
2. createfoldlines
3. createmorefoldlines
4. putinprojection
5. transfermeasurement
6. connectpoints

TypesofAuxiliaryViews
PrimaryAuxiliaryView
projectionfromoneofthesixprincipalviews
SecondaryAuxiliaryView
projectedfromaprimaryauxiliaryview
TertiaryAuxiliaryView
projectedfromasecondaryoranothertertiaryauxiliaryview

PartialAuxiliaryView
dontshowotherfeatures
easiertodraw
easiertounderstand

CrossSection
todissecttheobjectandviewthelayersinbetween

*LineWeightandfontareimportanttolinetypes

OrientationofCuttingPlane
cuttingplanearrowsareinthedirectionofview
sectionsappearsothatthecuttingplanewouldbebehindthem

Dimensions
specifiessize,location,tolerance
dimensionmustbeconsistentalltogether

twotypes
Size(red)sizeoffeature
Location(blue)locationoffeaturesrelativetobaseline

Therearetwokindsofdimensions:
SizeandLocation

Forflatpieces,givethethicknessdimensionintheedgeview,andallotherdimensioninthe
outlineview.

Dimensionsdescribetheobject,notthedrawing
Dimensionfeaturestheobjectssizeandshape

diameterdimensionsforcircles
radialdimensionsforarcs<180degrees

Keepdimensionssimple,lessiseasiertoread

dimensionsneedprofilelines

TYPESOFDIMENSIONING:
Parallel
severaldimensionsoriginatingfromoneprojectionline
Superimposed
simplifiesparallel
smallcircleatintersectionoffirstdimensionandtheextensionline
allotherdimensionlinesarebroken
Chain
usedifobjectwontbeaffectedbyaccumulationofthetolerance

 Tolerance:indicationoftheaccuracytheproducthastobemadeto
Combined
combineddimensionusesbothchainandparalleldimensioning
avoidthiskindofdimensioningunlessclearonitsimplications
fabricatorswillreadmeaningintotheschemethatyoumaynotintend

Typesofdimensioningbycoordinates
twosetsofsuperimposedrunningdimensionrunningatrightanglescanbeusedwith
anyfeatureswhichneedcentrepointsdefined,suchaswholes,usedconsistently,this
iseasytoread

Simplifieddimensioningbycoordinates
itisalsopossibletosimplifycoordinatedimensionsbyusingatabletoidentify
featuresandposition

Locationdimension
Relative:
locatefeatureswithrespecttoeachother
usewhenseparationdistancebetweenfeaturesisimportant
Coordinate
locatewithrespecttocommonbaseline
avoidstolerancebuildup

3DMODELLINGTECHNIQUES
Primitivebased
BoundaryRepresentation
ConstructiveSolidGeometry
ConstraintbasedModelling

Complexity
PrimitiveModelling
buildingmodelusingsimplegeometricshapes
visualizingdecompositionofcomplexformsintoprimitives

CSG:ConstructiveSolidGeometry:
combinationsofprimitive
moreflexiblecombinationsthanprimitivemodelling
3booleanops
Union
Difference
Intersection

UnionOperation
iseffectivewhenprimitivesareadjoiningbutnotoverlapping

FeatureBasedModelling
featurescomponentsofapart
whatareitsfeatures?
howdoyoumakeit?
aretherealternativeways?

FeatureAnalysis
breakdownpartgeometryintosetofsmallergeometricelementsthatcanbecreated
withasinglefeatureopinthemodeller
beginbuildingofthemodelwithabasefeature
constrainfeatures:decidewhichgeometryofthepartwillbeconstrainedineach
feature

Sweeps
linearsweep
circularsweep
pathbasedsweep
blendsweep

TypesofConstraints
Explicit
Implicit

TypesofImplicit
closure
segmentoverlap
endpoint/linecoincidence
tangency
parallelism
perpendicularity
coincidence
samesize
concentric

Explicit
definedbyuserandappliedbysystem
Dimensionalconstraint:
specificsizeorlocationofanelementcontrolledbyavariableparameter
A:withonlydimensionalconstraintsdefined
B:P1usedasbasedparameter,P2derivedformP1(P2=(P1)/2)

 C:ChangeinP1resultchangeinmodel

ConstraintbasedModel
seriesofmodifiablefeatures
behavesasexpectedwhenfeaturesaremodified
behaviourshouldreflectdesignintentofobject
modificationreflectedinbothpartcontainingfeatureandassembliescontainingpart

CreatingConstrainedModel
A:CreateRoughSketch
B:Defineparametersandconstraintsondimensions
C:Editparameterstoadjustgeometry
D:generatepartusingextrusion

Featuredesign
builtuponreferencesgeometrybehindit
geometriescontrolledbyparameters
madeupofconstraintsandrelationships
constraintsarevariablesaspartdimensionsandequationswhilerelationshipsdefine
thedesignintent

Openproductfamilysharesmoduleinterfacesandallows3rdpartiestomakemodulesthatfit
intotheproductfamily

Closedproductfamilyprotectsthemoduleinterfaces.Typically,onlytheprimarycompany
producesmembersoforpartsfortheproductfamily

ProductPlatform

Bysharingcomponents,andproductionprocess:
developdifferentiatedproductsefficiently
increaseflexibilityandresponsivenessofmanufacturingprocess
becomecompetitivebydevelopingoneproductfamilyandproducingmanyproducts
lessdevelopmenttimeperproduct
reducecosts
abilitytocustomizebyenablingavarietyofproductstobequicklyandeasily
developed
Drawbacksandsolution
lackdifferentiation
costforcreatingproductfamilycostsalotmorethanforsingleproduct(butcreate
manyproductsfromonefamily)
balancebeingcommonanddistinctive,allproductsinfamilymustbeeasytoidentify
asthatfamily,butdifferentonitsown
Approach

 Topdown
developsafamilyofproductsbasedonaproductplatform
Bottomup
companyredesignsgroupofdistinctproductstostandardizecomponentsthat
canbeconfiguredintodifferentproducts
Modulebase
configurablepartsonaplatformbysubtractingoraddingparts
Scalebased
multiplevariablesusedtostretchorshrinkproductfamilymemberindifferent
dimensionstosatisfyvarietyofrequirements
Modulebasedproducts
Arrangementoffunctionalelements
mapfromfunctionalelementstophysicalcomponents
specificationofinterfacesamonginteractingphysicalcomponents

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

5FUNDAMENTALSTRESSES
Compression
Tension
Bending
Twisting
Sheer

MomentofInertia=Forceactsuponanother

DegreeofFreedom
measuretodefinepositionofasysteminspaceandtime
measurewithrespecttoframeofreference
Mobility?

FrameofReference
6DEGREESOFFREEDOM

TypeofMotion
RigidBody:doesnotchangeinform

PureRotation:Bodyhasonepointascentreofrotationfixedwithrespecttotheframeof
reference

PureTranslation:Allpointsonthebodymovesinparallelwithnoangularchange

ComplexMotion:Simultaneouscombinationofrotationandtranslation

Links

Joints

1.
2.
3.
4.

BinaryLink(1piecewith2nodes)
TernaryLink(1piecewith3nodes)
QuaternaryLink(1piecewith4nodes)

connectionbetween2ormorelinks,allowsmotionorpotentialmotionbetween
connectedlinks
classifiedaccordingto
typeofcontactbetweenelements,line,point,orsurface
numberofdegreesoffreedomallowedatajoint
typeofphysicalclosureofthejoint:forceorformclosed
numberoflinksjoined

6Typesofcontactsurfacejoints
1. Revolute
2. Cylindric
3. Prismatic
4. Helical
5. Spherical
6. Planar

1. Kinematicchain
anassemblageoflinks,joints,interconnectedinawaytoprovideacontrolledoutput
motioninresponsetoasuppliedinputmotion
Mechanism
kinematicchaininwhichatlistenlinkhasbeengrounded
Machine
combinationofresistantbodiesarrangedtocompelthemechanicalforcesofnatureto
doworkaccompaniedbydeterminatemotions

M=DOF/Mobility
L=#oflinks
J=#ofjoints
G=#ofgroundedlinks

M=3L2J3G

Mechanism
Structure
PreloadedStructure

JointTypes

1. PinJoint
2. SliderJoint
3. HalfJoint

RevoluteJointsinPractice
1. BallBearing
2. RollerBearing
3. NeedleBearing

Fixedtypesofbearing
1. PillowBlockbearing
2. Flangemountbearing

LineraJoints
1. Linearballblushing
2. PBClinear

4Barlinkageconcepts
Crank
Asidelinkwhichrevolvesrelativetotheframe
Rocker
Anylinkwhichdoesnotrevolve
CrankRocker
Ina4barlinkage,shortersidelinkrevolvesandtheotheronerocks.
DoubleCrank
Ina4barlinkage,bothsideslinksrevolve
DoubleRocker
Ina4barlinkage,bothsideslinksrock

Cams
Camshaft(AlJazari)
comprisesshaftsthattranslatethedirectionofmovementandforcefromrotationalto
translation
Crankshaft
Translatestranslationintorotationorviceversa
Machine
adevicethatsubstitutesfororextendsmansownforces

Escapementmechanism
Controlsenergytheclockreceivesandportionsitoutintosmallbitsofregular
movement

KineticArt

 workofartthathasmovementorpartssetinmotion.Eithermechanicallypoweredor
byillusion.maymergewithothertypesofavantgradeart,performanceart,computer
generatedart,mixedmedia,andinstallationart
1. VirtualMovement
2. 3DMovement(AbstractArt,Automata)
3. LightandMovement

Tatlin
Thefunctionalbeautyofthemachine
Industrialstructures
Plainshapesandforms
movementdynamism
Monumentsofthenewerashouldbefunctionalandactive,notsullenobjectsforveneration

Mobiles
typeofkineticsculpturewhichconsistsofweightsandrods
usesprincipleofequilibrium

FibonaccisSpiral
ScrewMobileconstructedfromsuspendedmetalbars
expressionofsculptureisthroughoscillationandspiral
SpiralisbasedonFibonacciSequence

Rendering
imaginationmaybebetterthanreal
ObjectRendering
Simulatecolor,textureandlightingeffectstocreatephotorealisticor
nonphotorealisticimagesofadigitalmodel
usedfordesigncommunicationandmarketing
usedtorepresentabstractdata,forcedistributiononobjects
Geometry,viewpoint,texturelighting,shading

ProcessofRendering
createthegeometry
definecoordinatesystemstopositiontheobject,viewer,lightsource

GeometricModel>Projection>VisibleSurfaceDetermination>Light&SurfaceDefinition>
Shading>Display

ParallelProjectionofViewVolumes
Definesregionoftheworldoberendered
Removehiddensurface

 Perspectiveorparallelprojections

LightDefinition
realworld
Reflect
Transmit
AbsorbLight
Lightsourcecharacteristics
Location
Orientation
IntensityPattern
Colors

Lights
1. AmbientLightSource
1. alllocationsandorientations
2. InfiniteLightSource
1. hasdefinedlocation,raysparallel
3. PointLightSource
1. locationclosetoobject.Orientationdiffersacrossthescene
4. SpotLightSource
1. likeapointlightsourceexceptthatlightislimitedtospecificdirections

ShadingandIllumination
Shading=Perceptualeffectoflightstrikingandreflectingfromasurfaceofaface

ExplodedViews
Drawings,orpicturesofpartsinanassemblywhicharespreadaparttoprovidea
largerclearerviewofthefeaturesoftheindividualpart
Flowlinesusedtorelatethepartstoeachotherandtodemonstrateassembly
usecommunicateclearlywithinadesignprocess
usedexternallyfortechnicalillustrationsandinstructions

DesignProcess
ConceptModelling
designconsideration,physicalobjectshowingintendedproduct
Marketing
samples,cost,customercommunication,feasibility,feedback
DevelopmentandDesign
verification,experience,functionalevaluation
Production
verificationofassemblysequence,reducecost,fasterproduction,assembly
models


Ideation
ProblemIdentification
1. Problemstatement
2. Research
3. datagathering
4. objectives
5. limitations
6. scheduling

PreliminaryIdeas
1. Notes
2. sketches/models
3. brainstorms
4. synthesis

PreliminaryDesign
1. Evaluation
2. Selection

Refinement
Modelling
1. Geometric
2. simulation
3. animation
4. chartsgraphsdiagrams

DesignAnalysis
1. property
2. mechanism
3. functional
4. humanfactors

DesignVisualization
1. Rapidprototyping
2. manufacturing
3. simulation

Implementation(ERP)
1. servicing
2. financing
3. marketing
4. producing

5. planning
6. documenting

Requirementsengineering>systemdesign>softwaredesign>coding>SWintegration
andverification>systemverification>operationandmaintenance

Prototyping
Originaltype,formcreatingabasisforlaterstages
scaled
1. Ideadevelopmentandexploration
2. concepttesting
3. communication
4. testmethodofproduction
5. systemintegrationandassemblyverification
6. appearance
7. experimental
8. judgingphysicalandfunctionalproperties

Carving
Layering
Cutting
Joining