Fluid Power Devices Circuits

HYDRAULIC CONTROL DEVICES &
CIRCUITS
FLUID POWER DEVICES & CIRCUITS
RANA SAHA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
KOLKATA 700 032
rsaha@mech.jdvu.ac.in
THE SYSTEM
ACCESSORIES
Voltage
EHP
ELECTRIC
MOTOR
Current
rpm
lpm
IHP
HHP
PUMP
Torque
CONTROL
DEVICES
Pressure
RESERVOIR
rpm
or
m/s
lpm
HHP
OHP
ACTUATOR
Power Supply
Pressure
Controller
Sensors
DAS
PC Interface
LOAD
Torque/
Force
AUTOMATIC CONTROL

CIRCUITS
Hydraulic fluids
Reservoir
In addition to holding the supply of fluid needed
to ensure that all lines and components are
completely filled with fluid at all times, the
reservoir has four other functions:
1. It separates entrained air. Dwell time in the
reservoir provides opportunity for air bubbles in
the fluid to rise to the top and burst on the surface.
2. It dissipates pressure pulses. Circuits with
several actuators and random actuation of these
actuators can have significant pressure pulses in
the return line. Off-line filtration eliminates the
influence of these pulses on the filter, because
they are dissipated by the reservoir.
3. It provides cooling.
4. It traps contaminant. If the reservoir has to trap
contaminant, the filtration is not working
correctly. The reservoir does trap contaminant
when the filter bypasses.

CIRCUITS
Pumps
Positive Displacement
Non Positive Displacement

Centrifugal
Variable
Fixed
Axial Propeller
Vane
Mixed Flow
Gear
Internal
Internal
External (Crescent) (Gerotor)
Piston
Vane
Screw
Balanced
Radial
Unbalanced
Axial
Piston
Swash Plate
Radial
Bent Axis
Axial
Rotating Cylinder Block
Bent Axis
Swash Plate
Rotating Swash Plate
Classification of Pumps
GEAR PUMP
For relatively low level of pressure (about 140 to 180 bar or 14 to 18 MPa)
Very simple, reliable, relatively cheap and less dirt sensitive
In order to prevent cavitation, the pressure at the suction side of the pump
should not exceed 0.1 to 0.2 bar (10 to 20 kPa) below atmospheric pressure
(minimim absolute pressure: 0.8 bar or 80 kPa).

CIRCUITS
GEAR PUMP DETAILS
VANE PUMP
Variable
Fixed
Maximum pressure: about 200 bar.

Pulse free delivery and low level of noise.
The amount of eccentricity determines the displacement of the pump.
In order to prevent cavitation, the pressure at the suction side of the pump
should not exceed 0.1 to 0.2 bar (10 to 20 kPa) below atmospheric pressure
(minimim absolute pressure: 0.8 bar or 80 kPa).

CIRCUITS
AXIAL PISTON PUMP

Fixed
Workingpressure above
aprox. 250 bar.
This type of pump can be
driven in both directions.
Rotating Swash Plate
Can operate without valves
because the rotating barrel has a
determined suck and pressure
zone.
Normally this pump has 5, 7, 9
or 11 pistons.
Rotating Barrel
AXIAL PISTON PUMP CYLINDER

VALVE PLATE DETAILS

CIRCUITS
Variable
The angle of the swashplate determines the stroke of the pistons and therefore
the amount of displacement of the pump.
Normally the swashplate is adjusted by a hydraulic cilinder built inside the
pumphousing.
Valves
Pressure Control
Flow Control
Direction Control
Check Valve
Pressure Relief
Fixed
Shuttle
Pressure Reducing
Variable
Two Way
Sequence
Unloading
Pressure Compensated
Deceleration
Three Way
Four Way
Counterbalance
Valve Functions Classification

CIRCUITS
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Single Stage

Pilot Operated (2 Stage)

CIRCUITS

AS AN UNLOADING VALVE
The pilot operated pressure relief valve is applied in systems

with a considerable amount of flow. It's task is to limit the
pressure in the system on an acceptable value.
The pilot valve is adjusted at 150 bar. The pressure below the
main valve is equal to the pressure above the main valve, for
example 100 bar (determined by the load on the hydraulic motor).
The spring on the main valve (about 1 to 5 bar) keeps the valve in
the closed position. As long as the pressure in the system does not
increase the adjusted pressure, the pump flow goes to the
hydraulic motor. When the hydraulic motor is overloaded, the
pressure will increase and the pilot valve will open. From that
moment on the pressure above the main valve is limited on 150
bar.
However, the pump flow cannot be drained by the small throttle
in the by-pass canal, so the pressure below the main valve will
increase with the spring pressure of about 1 to 5 bar (the pressure
below the main valve will increase to 151...155 bar). Then the
main valve opens and the majority of the pump flow will be
drained by the main valve.
SEQUENCE VALVE

CIRCUITS
COUNTER BALANCE VALVE
FLOW CONTROL
Fixed

CIRCUITS
PRESSURE COMPENSATED FLOW CONTROL VALVE
CHECK VALVES
Pilot operated check valve
10

CIRCUITS
SHUTTLE VALVE
DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE
Method of actuation:
Manual
Electrical
- Solenoid
- Force/Torque Motor
11

CIRCUITS
Actuators
Rotary
Linear
Symmetric
Limited rotation
Continuous rotation
Gear
Vane
Asymmetric
Vane
Piston
Single Acting
Piston
Fixed
Unidirectional
Double Acting
Bidirectional
Variable
Classification of Actuators and their Symbols
12

CIRCUITS
A typical linear actuator details
ACCUMULATORS
An accumulator is a container in which fluid is stored under pressure as a

source of power.
Functions:
1.Auxiliary power source to supplement the pump
2.Emergency power source in case of power failure to operate critical circuit
functions
3.Hydraulic shock absorber for circuits where sudden impact loads, quick
stops, or reversals with heavy loads are a characteristic of the system
13

CIRCUITS
INTENSIFIERS
Converts low-pressure fluid power into higher-pressure fluid

power.
Intensifiers (also called boosters) are used to multiply forces
when a great force is needed through a relatively short distance.
Hydraulic presses, riveting machines, and spot welders are
typical applications.
Some Basic Hydraulic Circuits

Basic Hydraulic Circuit
- Linear
- Rotary
Regenerative Circuit
Counterbalance Circuit
Hydraulic Circuit with Speed Control
- Meter-In
- Meter-Out
Sequence Circuit
Accumulator Circuit
Intensifier Circuit
14

CIRCUITS

RETRACT
EXTEND
Linear Actuator (Hydraulic Cylinder)
Directional Control Valve

A
P
B
T
Pressure Relief Valve
Pressure Gauge
Pump
Suction Strainer
BASIC HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT-1

Reservoir
Rotary Actuator (Hydraulic Motor)
A
P
B
T
BASIC HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT-2
15

CIRCUITS

RETRACT
EXTEND
A
P
B
T
REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT
(Extension stroke)
Counter balance Valve
COUNTERBALANCE CIRCUIT
16

CIRCUITS
Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve
SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT

(METER-IN)
Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve
SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT

(METER-OUT)
17

CIRCUITS
Sequence Valve
SEQUENCING CIRCUIT

Accumulator
2 way, Solenoid operated DCV
4 way, Solenoid operated DCV
ACCUMULATOR CIRCUIT
(AUXILIARY POWER SOURCE)
18

CIRCUITS
Intensifier (Booster Cylinder)
INTENSIFIER CIRCUIT
(High speed, low pressure approach followed by low speed high pressure piercing operation)
A TYPICAL ELECTROHYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM
19

CIRCUITS
Suggested Reading:
Pease, D.A. Basic Fluid Power. Prentice Hall.
Merritt, H. E. (1967), Hydraulic Control Systems. Wiley, New York.
Esposito, A.; Fluid Power (with Application). 2003
Sullivan, James A., 1998, Fluid Power Theory and Applications, Fourth
Edition, Prentice-Hall International
Yeaple, Frank, 1996, Fluid Power Design Handbook, Third Edition,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y.
Thank You
20

Fluid Power Devices Circuits

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HYDRAULIC CONTROL DEVICES &