IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 51, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2005

305

A New ICI Matrices Estimation Scheme Using

Hadamard Sequence for OFDM Systems
Hsiao-Chun Wu and Yiyan Wu, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractThe intercarrier interference (ICI) matrix for the

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems
usually has a fairly large dimension. The traditional least-square
solution based on the pseudo-inverse operation, therefore, has its
limitation. In addition, the provision of a sufficiently long training
sequence to estimate the complete ICI matrix is not feasible,
since it will result in severe throughput reduction. In this paper,
we derive a lower bound for the mean-square estimation error
among the least-square ICI matrix estimators using different
training sequences and prove that the minimum mean-square
error (MMSE) optimality is attained when the training sequences
in different OFDM blocks are orthogonal to each other, regardless of the sequence length. We also prove that the asymptotical
mean-square estimation error using the maximal-length shift-register sequences ( -sequences) as in the existing communication
standards is 3 dB larger than that using the perfectly orthogonal
sequences for ICI matrix estimation. Thus, we propose to employ
the training sequences based on the Hadamard matrix to achieve
a highly efficient and optimal ICI matrix estimator with minimum
mean-square estimation error among all least-square ICI matrix
estimators. Meanwhile, our new scheme involves only square computational complexity, while other existing least-square methods
require the complexity proportional to the cube of the ICI matrix
size. Analytical and experimental comparisons between our new
scheme using Hadamard sequences and the existing method using
-sequences (pseudo-random sequences) show the significant
advantages of our new ICI matrix estimator. The proposed method
is most suitable for OFDM systems with large amount of subcarriers, using high order of subcarrier modulation, and designed for
high-end of RF frequency band, where accurate ICI estimation is
crucial.
Index TermsChannel estimation, Hadamard sequence,
least-square solution, minimum mean-square error, -sequence,
OFDM, transceiver design.

I. INTRODUCTION

RTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

is widely adopted by wireless local-area networks, wireless metropolitan networks and digital video broadcasting [1].
However, in some wireless OFDM-based standards, such as
the DVB-T standard [2], the number of subcarriers is usually fairly large. The problem in estimating the intercarrier

Manuscript received January 31, 2005; revised March 3, 2005. This

work was supported in part by Information Technology Research Award for
National Priorities (NSF-ECS 0426644) from the National Science Foundation, Faculty Research Initiation Award from the Southeastern Center
for Electrical Engineering Education, Research Enhancement Award from
the Louisiana-NASA Space Consortium and Faculty Research Award from
Louisiana State University.
H.-C. Wu is with the Communications and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA e-mail: wu@ece.lsu.edu).
Y. Wu is with the Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K2H
8S2 Canada (e-mail: yiyan.wu@crc.ca).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TBC.2005.852244

interference (ICI) matrix poses the limitation on the OFDM

system performance with large amount of subcarriers [3]. The
ICI matrix results from different factors such as frequency
offset, sampling clock offset, phase noise and time synchronization error [4], [5]. In the existing OFDM technology, those
factors have been isolated and the associated problems have
been separately tackled one at a time [4], [5]. However, this
sequential procedure in [4], [5] may not be ideal, since the
aforementioned factors cannot be addressed separately and independently in practice. As a matter of fact, a more realistic
OFDM signal model in the frequency-domain should involve
ICI matrix, which can be considered as the frequency-domain
OFDM channel resulting from those factors simultaneously [6].
The dimension of this matrix is proportional to the number of
OFDM subcarriers, often in the order of hundreds or thousands
in a practical OFDM implementation [2], [7]. As a rule of
thumb, the required training sequence must consist of dozens
of thousands of data samples, if a traditional least-square solution is applied [8]. However, it is impossible to transmit
so many training symbols that will significantly reduce the
spectral efficiency. Meanwhile, the ICI matrix is time-varying
in a mobile environment and cannot be deemed as a constant
matrix during such a long period of training sequence transmission [9]. Therefore, only a small subset of entries in the
ICI matrix are usually estimated and the number of the pilot
symbols can be greatly reduced.
The difficulty of the frequency-domain channel estimation,
or ICI matrix estimation, arises in the OFDM systems, because the pilot symbols have to be allocated in every OFDM
block (symbol) separately [10]. Maximal-length shift-register
sequences ( -sequences) (pseudo-random sequence) with well
controlled autocorrelation characteristics have been widely
adopted for the existing communication systems and have
been shown to provide the minimum throughput sacrifice and
the nearly optimal channel estimation in time domain [11].
However, it can not provide similar satisfactory solution when
the ICI matrix is to be estimated in the frequency domain,
because the sequence length or the period has to be restricted
that it can fit into an OFDM block and the time structure of
-sequences cannot be fully utilized. In this paper, we derive
the mean-square error function for the ICI matrix estimation
and compare the mean-square errors between the estimators
using the proposed Hadamard sequences and the conventional
-sequences. We will show that the Hadamard sequence approach provides much improved performance for ICI matrix
estimation. The proposed method is particularly suitable for
high order modulation system, with large amount of subcarriers,
and at high RF frequency band with severe frequency offset
emerging at the local oscillators, where accurate ICI estimation

0018-9316/$20.00 2005 IEEE

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is crucial. Another advantage of using Hadamard sequences is

the computational simplicity.
This paper is organized as follows. The generalized formulation for the demodulation of OFDM signals involving an ICI
matrix is provided and the ICI matrix approximation using
the window truncation and circular representation techniques
is introduced in Section II. In Section III, the optimality for
minimum mean-square ICI matrix estimation error is derived,
the analytical comparison among the training sequences is
presented; and our new ICI matrix estimation scheme using the
Hadamard sequences is also introduced. The simulation results
will be shown in Section IV. Concluding remarks will be drawn
in Section V.
Notations: C denotes the field of complex values; denotes
denotes the statistical
a vector and denotes a matrix;
is the Hermitian adjoint of ;
is the
expectation;
diagonalized version of by setting all of the off-diagonal elements in the square matrix to be zero; if
is a column vector, then the circular-shifted operation is defined
as

Assume that the subset of the

block of transmitted signals
,
are the pilot
symbols. Thus the column vector
(3)
can be called the training sequence vector in the
block.

OFDM

B. Circulant Representation and Window Truncation for Large

ICI Matrices
It is noted that no information symbol can be transmitted
if the complete ICI matrix is to be estimated according to (1), (2) and (3). Since the ICI matrix estimate has
elements, it would involve dozens of millions of parameters to be estimated in the DVB-T systems [2]. The least-square
solution for ICI matrix estimation is usually computationally infeasible and unreliable when an OFDM system operates in the
mobile environments. Hence we need to simplify the ICI matrix
to reduce the number of underlying parameters [3].
For the simplification of this problem, a good approximation
of as analyzed in [6], [13], [14], can be formulated as

if
is a row vector, then the circular-shifted
operation is defined as
(4)

..
.
II. OFDM SIGNALS AND ICI MATRIX
where the

A. OFDM Signal Model in the Frequency Domain

In general OFDM systems, the cyclic prefix sequence is assumed to be long enough to combat the longest multipath delay
successfully [1], [6], [10]. Therefore we need to be concerned
with the ICI only [1], [6], [10]. Provided subcarriers in each
OFDM block (symbol), according to [6], [12][14], the
block of demodulated signals
at the
OFDM receiver, after the discrete Fourier transform, can be
written as
(1)
where

..
.

..
.

..

row vector in
(5)

is

the

circular-shifted

sequence

of
by
samples to
the right [15]. Thus we only need to estimate the first row
vector
in
under this assumption. According to (1), (2),
(4) and (5), the
demodulated subcarrier signal in the
OFDM block can be formulated as
(6)
Very often, can be further truncated as a matter of fact that,
for a positive integer
(7)

..
.
(2)

and
ICI weighting coefficient associated with the interference from the
subcarrier to the
subcarrier
ICI matrix assumed to be stationary within a few
OFDM blocks

denotes the modulo- value of

and
is
where
the
entry in .
According to (1)(7), we can predetermine the truncation length
for , and then assign the pilot symbols
.
as
Thus, the demodulated signal
at the receiver can be formulated as

(8)

..
.
the

block of transmitted symbols

the

block of additive white noise

where

,
; as depicted in Fig. 1, the

,
training

WU AND WU: A NEW ICI MATRICES ESTIMATION SCHEME USING HADAMARD SEQUENCE FOR OFDM SYSTEMS

307

Fig. 2. A typical example to illustrate the circulant representation and window

truncation. Dashed dotted curve denotes the absolute values of the elements in
; solid curve denotes the absolute values of the elements in , which is the
circular-shifted by 7 samples to the right, and the truncation window length
1 = 15 in this example.
can be chosen as

i
s shift

Fig. 1. The allocation of pilot symbols and training sequence in the

block. (a) Transmitted signal vector ; (b) circular-shifted or

sequence vector
be written as

in the

OFDM
( ).

OFDM block can

(9)

Thus, according to (5)(9), we can obtain

(10)
where the

M0

described in (5), (11), the spectral efficiency of our proposed

for
ICI matrix estimation scheme is always
every OFDM block. Our proposed circulant representation and
window truncation technique in this section may greatly reduce
the number of parameters to be estimated according to the aforementioned ICI matrix characteristics so the required training sequence lengths can also be significantly reduced.
III. LEAST-SQUARE ICI MATRIX ESTIMATION AND
TRAINING SEQUENCE ANALYSIS
According to (12), the least-square estimate of the truncated
in the ICI matrix can be given by
vector
[8]
(15)

truncated ICI vector

is defined as
It is noted that the singularity problem associated with
(11)

in (15), should be avoided. The reliability of

depends on
. According to Appendix A, the
the training data matrix
mean-square estimation error is given by

is depicted in
A typical example of the ICI vector and
Fig. 2. Once we collect
blocks of demodulated signals
, according to (10), (11), we can obtain
(12)
where

where
if

(16)
is the noise variance and the equality exists if and only
. According to (15) and (A.5),

the least-square estimate

can be achieved as

(13)
(17)

(14)
The signal-to-noise ratio
Thus, in every block,
subcarriers can constantly
carry the pilot information while the rest of
subcarriers can still carry the information symbols to maintain a
consistent spectral efficiency all the time. Therefore, with this
circulant representation and window truncation technique as

can be defined as
(18)

where
is denoted as the
average transmitted pilot symbol energy and P is the sequence

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length. According to (A.3), (A.5) in Appendix A and (18), the

mean-square estimation error can be formulated as

(19)
where
. The existing OFDM standards all adopt
the -sequences as the training sequences for channel estimation [2]. However, -sequences are not optimal in the minimum
mean-square estimation error sense. In this paper, we propose to
use the Hadamard sequences as the new training sequences to
estimate the ICI matrix in OFDM, which can result in the optimal ICI matrix estimates with minimum mean-square estimation error. The estimation error analyses for both -sequences
and Hadamard sequences are provided next.
A. Mean-Square Estimation Error Using the

(20)
where
is the
vector resulting from one period of
-sequence and
,
.
Thus, the associated periodic autocorrelation function,
,
,
, can be derived as [11]

(21)
using the

According to (21), the correlation matrix

-sequences with period P can be derived as

..
.

..

..

According to (19) and (A.5) in Appendix A, the optimal esis achieved, when
timation error
. Thus, according to (18), the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) ICI vector estimate can be
obtained as

(24)

-Sequences

In the existing OFDM standards, the -sequences are widely

adopted as the training sequences because they can be easily
generated using a circular-shift register and they have well controlled autocorrelation functions [11]. For an -sequence with
period
, the
training data matrix
can be given by

..

B. Minimum Mean-Square Error Estimation Using the

Hadamard Sequences

..
.

To achieve the MMSE estimate as given by (24), the training

should consist of orthogonal row vectors. Condata matrix
sequently, in this paper, we propose to use the Hadamard codes
as the training sequences for optimal ICI matrix estimation.
Hadamard code has long been adopted as the spreading codes
for multi-access communications [11], [16] or space-time block
codes among multiple antennae [17], [18] due to its perfect
orthogonality, i.e., any Hadamard codeword is completely orthogonal to others regardless of the code length [11]. Recently,
Kaiser also proposed to adopt the Hadamard sequences as the
space frequency block codes [19][22] in OFDM. To the best
of our knowledge, no existing literature has ever addressed the
use of the Hadamard sequences as the training sequences in the
frequency domain for OFDM systems. There are two ways to
generate Hadamard sequences: one is through the Hadamard
generator in [11]; the second way is to construct the Hadamard
matrix [23], wherein the corresponding rows are the complete
Hadamard
set of orthogonal Hadamard sequences. A
, for
, can be written in a recursive
matrix,
formula as [23]
(25)

(22)

According to Appendix C, we can obtain the mean-square estimation error as

. It is
noted that given a very long period
(23)
When the -sequences are applied in the frequency domain, the
cyclic-shift time structure cannot be utilized and the sequence
period has to be identical to the ICI vector length, therefore the
asymptotical mean-square estimation error in (23) is 3 dB larger
than the optimal value give by (19), which is achieved using the
perfectly orthogonal sequences. Comparing (19) and (23), we
discover that the mean-square estimation error using the -sequences is twice as much as the optimal value for the large ICI
matrices fully loaded with pilot symbols.

where

and

denotes the Kronecker product

[23]. According to (25), typical examples of binary Hadamard

, 2, 3 are listed in Table I. Howsequences for
ever, the Hadamard training sequences derived from (25)
are all real-valued. We may modulate the Hadamard sequences
using both in-phase and quadrature-phase components to maximize the transmission power so as to improve the transmission
signal-to-noise ratio and mitigate the fading effect on the pilot
symbols. Therefore, for QPSK and QAM constellation symbols,
we design new bi-phase -bit Hadamard sequences as follows.
First we denote the original binary Hadamard sequences as vecsuch that
tors,

..
.

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309

TABLE I
BINARY (SINGLE-PHASE) HADAMARD TRAINING SEQUENCES

TABLE II
BI-PHASE HADAMARD TRAINING SEQUENCES

Fig. 3. Theoretical mean-square estimation error (MSE) comparison among

different training sequences.

radix-2 number to satisfy the typical Hadamard sequence length.

,
For the sequence length of
Hadamard training data matrix
we propose to construct a
as
(29)
where

, for

, are given by (25) and (26).

IV. SIMULATION

To compare our proposed MMSE ICI matrix estimator using

the Hadamard sequences and the conventional estimator using
the -sequences, first we construct the training data matrices for
these two different schemes according to (20) and (29), respectively. It is noted that the sequence length of an -sequence can
only be a radix-2 number minus one, while that of a Hadamard
sequence can only be a radix-2 number.
then the new bi-phase Hadamard sequence vectors can be constructed as
(26)
Examples of bi-phase Hadamard sequences are provided in
Table II.
It is noted that the lengths of Hadamard sequences are required to be radix-2. Hence we need to modify (9) and (11) for
Hadamard training sequences by getting rid of one more pa, such that the Hadamard training
rameter in both and
sequence vector is
(27)
truncated ICI vector
and the corresponding
is shown in (28) at the bottom of the page where

is a

A. Comparison of Theoretical Mean-Square Estimation Errors

Using Different Training Sequences
Assuming that the length of the approximated ICI vector estimate
given by (15) is equivalent to, or larger than, the
number of nonzero elements in the actual ICI vector given
by (4), or the number of parameters in
is sufficient to
well model . According to (19) and (23), our proposed MMSE
ICI vector estimator using the Hadamard sequences will reach
the optimal performance and the corresponding mean-square
estimation error is independent of the sequence length, while
the existing ICI vector estimator using the -sequences depends on the sequence length or the period P. The theoretical
mean-square estimation errors versus signal-to-noise ratios are
plotted in Fig. 3. Our proposed MMSE ICI vector estimator
using the Hadamard sequences greatly outperforms the existing
ICI vector estimator using the -sequences especially when the
SNR is low.

(28)

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TABLE III
ICI MATRIX ESTIMATION SCHEMES IN COMPARISON

Fig. 4. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

: )
subcarriers, f T
training sequences for the QPSK-OFDM (N
system in the COST207 channel for rural areas in [24].

= 64

= 02

B. Comparison of ICI Matrix Estimation Schemes Using

Different Training Sequences
In this simulation, all of the system parameters comply with
the IEEE 802.11a standard [7]. The number of subcarriers is
chosen to be
or
. The COST 207 channel
model for rural areas in [24] is tested. As discussed in Section II-B, only the first row of the ICI matrix needs to be
estimated and then the circulant representation can be applied
as
(30)
According to (30), the average ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio
(ICI-VNER) can be defined as

(31)
The number of training signal blocks is identical to the sequence length or sequence period, namely,
. One
hundred Monte Carlo trials are simulated to test four different
ICI matrix estimation schemes as listed in Table III. According
to Table III, the spectral efficiencies of the four schemes are different. However, the spectral efficiency differences between the
conventional scheme using -sequences and our proposed new
scheme using Hadamard sequences are negligible. With the
normalized frequency offset
, the random fading
channels based on the COST207 model for rural areas in [24]
and the frequency-offset-only model in [13] are used to generate the corresponding ICI matrices [6], [24]. The ICI-VNER
curves versus signal-to-noise ratios are depicted in Fig. 4, 8
(QPSK-OFDM with 64 subcarriers), Figs. 5, 9 (64QAM with
64 subcarriers), Figs. 6, 10 (QPSK-OFDM with 256 subcarriers) and Figs. 7, 11 (64QAM-OFDM with 256 subcarriers).
According to Figs. 411, our proposed ICI matrix estimator

Fig. 5. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

subcarriers, f T
: )
training sequences for the 64QAM-OFDM (N
system in the COST207 channel for rural areas in [24].

= 64

1 =02

Fig. 6. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

training sequences for the QPSK-OFDM (N
subcarriers, f T
: )
system in the COST207 channel for rural areas in [24].

= 256

1 =02

outperforms the conventional method by up to 2 dB in low

signal-to-noise ratio conditions. It is close to the asymptotical

WU AND WU: A NEW ICI MATRICES ESTIMATION SCHEME USING HADAMARD SEQUENCE FOR OFDM SYSTEMS

Fig. 7. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

subcarriers, f T
training sequences for the 64QAM-OFDM (N
: ) system in the COST207 channel for rural areas in [24].

02

= 256

Fig. 8. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

subcarriers, f T
: )
training sequences for the QPSK-OFDM (N
system in the absence of multipath fading and Doppler drift [13].

= 64

=02

311

Fig. 10. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using

different training sequences for the QPSK-OFDM (N
subcarriers,
fT
: ) in the absence of multipath fading and Doppler drift [13].

1 =02

= 256

Fig. 11. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using

different training sequences for the 64QAM-OFDM (N
subcarriers,
fT
: ) system in the absence of multipath fading and Doppler drift [13].

1 =02

= 256

and noise level is high. It is also noted that the ICI-VNER curves
have the flooring effect, because the truncation errors limit the
performances of the estimators when our proposed techniques in
Section II-B are used here. It is noted that our proposed circular
representation technique for the ICI matrices works very well
for the frequency-offset-only ICI model in [13] because such
ICI matrices are very close to circulant matrices as discussed in
[6].
C. Computational Complexity Comparison

Fig. 9. ICI vector-norm-to-error-ratio (ICI-VNER) comparison using different

training sequences for the 64QAM-OFDM (N
subcarriers, f T
: )
system in the absence of multipath fading and Doppler drift [13].

= 64

1 =02

mean-square error analysis as given by (19) and (23). Heuristically speaking, our proposed scheme has the clear advantage for
large subcarrier OFDM systems, when frequency offset is large,

We also compare the computational complexities here, in

terms of complex multiplications. The numbers of subcarriers
are considered as 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, and 4096.
Four different schemes are compared, namely, (i) ICI matrix
,
estimator using the -sequences with length
(ii) ICI matrix estimator using the -sequences with length
, (iii) ICI matrix estimator using the Hadamard
sequences with length
, and (iv) ICI matrix estimator using the Hadamard sequences with length
.
According to Appendix D, the computational complexities
in terms of subcarrier number
for these four schemes are

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The comparison between the ICI matrix estimation methods

and other coding schemes will be provided in our forthcoming
paper.
APPENDIX
A. Bound of Least-Square Estimators
The mean-square error of the least-square ICI vector estimator as given by (15) can be derived as

Fig. 12. Computational complexity comparison for the ICI matrix estimators
using different training sequences (P is the training sequence length and the
spectral efficiency is N P=N ).

provided in Table III. The illustrative curves of the required

for
complex multiplications versus the subcarrier number
these four schemes are plotted in Fig. 12. According to Fig. 12,
the computational complexity of our proposed estimator is
lower than the conventional estimator by one to two orders of
magnitude in terms of complex multiplications.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we derived the mean-square error bound for
the least-square ICI matrix estimators and proposed to use
the Hadamard sequences as the training sequences for better
ICI estimation in OFDM system. In addition, we proved
that the asymptotical mean-square estimation error using the
Hadamard sequences is only one half as much as that using the
-sequences adopted by all of the existing OFDM standards.
A novel minimum mean-square error (MMSE) ICI matrix
estimator was designed using the circular representation and
window truncation technique. Our new ICI matrix estimation
scheme outperformed the conventional least-square estimation
technique not only in the mean-square estimation error, but also
in the computational complexity. Through numerous Monte
Carlo simulations, we verified that our new MMSE ICI matrix
estimator is very robust over fading channels for different
modulation schemes, subcarrier numbers and signal-to-noise
ratios. For the further improvement of our MMSE ICI matrix
estimator to deal with the ICI model involving severe selective
multipath fading, sampling clock offset and time synchronization error, the training sequences in the individual OFDM
blocks for estimating the first ICI vector may be circular-shifted
altogether dynamically for estimating the second, the third ICI
vectors and so on. Therefore, the restriction of the estimated
ICI matrix with circular representation can be easily removed
by transmitting those training sequences dynamically. It can
be investigated that the ICI matrix estimation schemes will
have significant advantages over other coding schemes such
as the convolutional coding [7] and the ICI self-cancellation
coding [13] because the composite phase ambiguity is a crucial
problem of degrading the effectiveness of those coding schemes
and they need the further spectral efficiency reduction [14].

(A.1)
According to (15) and
fied as

, (A.1) can be simpli-

(A.2)
Assume that
(A.2) can be further simplified as

since noise is white. Then

Since
is a positive-definite Hermitian matrix [8], it
can be decomposed as
(A.4)
where is the eigenvector matrix and
trix such that

..

..

..

is the eigenvalue ma-

..
.

Therefore, according to Theorem 1 in Appendix B, substituting

with
into (B.1), we obtain

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(A.5)

313

Theorem 2: Given a set of positive values

and a matrix
where
,
,
,
,
, then

,
, and

where the equality exists if and only if

or
is a diagonal matrix.

(B.6)

B. Proof of the Inequality in (A.5)

Theorem 1: For any positive-definite Hermitian matrix
,
, the following inequality exists:

where the equality in (B.6) exists if and only if

matrix.
Proof: According to [23], it is noted that

is an identity

Proof: Since is positive-definite Hermitian, is noncan be written as [23]:

singular and its inverse matrix
(B.7)
(B.2)
where
, and
tors. Consequently,

are the eigenvalues associated with

are the corresponding column eigenvec-

where is the diagonal matrix containing

The equality in (B.7) exists only when

where

is an identity matrix. That is

(B.9)

Let be the column vector containing all zero entries except a

element. It is noted that
one as its

where the equality exists if and only if

C. Mean-Square Estimation Error Using

-Sequences

Given the correlation matrix

form the eigen-decomposition as

as in (22), we can

(B.4)

Since are the eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix, according

to [25], the matrix expressed as
satisfies the following condition:

(C.1)
where is the Fourier matrix and
is
the diagonal matrix containing the discrete Fourier transform
values as its diagonal elements and

(B.5)
Thus, according to (B.3), (B.4), (B.5) and Theorem 2 in Appendix B, we can derive

is an identity matrix.

(C.2)
According to (C.2)
(C.3)
According to (20), (21), (22), (A.5), (C.1), (C.2), (C.3), the
mean-square estimation error using -sequences can be derived
as

(C.4)

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D. Computational Complexities of Least-Square

ICI Matrix Estimators

[14] H.-C. Wu and X. Huang, Joint phase/amplitude estimation and symbol

detection for wireless ICI self-cancellation coded OFDM systems,
IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 4955, Mar. 2004.
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Processing, 2nd ed, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
[16] S. Kaiser, OFDM code-division multiplexing in fading channels, IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 12661273, Aug. 2002.
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1) Computational Complexity of ICI Matrix Estimator in Eq.

(15) Using Non-Orthogonal Sequences: Here we focus on the
complex-valued multiplications only, which induce the majority
computational time in matrix operations. For the
ICI vector estimate
given by (15), using nonorthogonal
sequences,
requires
complex
requires
multiplications and
complex multiplications. Since
is Hermitian but
not necessarily Toeplitz, the most efficient way to compute
in (15) involves the Cholesky outer product
, then
,
[26]. If
is a
lower-triangular mawhere
complex multiplications
trix [27]. It requires
and
. Then the product of
totally to construct both
involves additional
complex
in
multiplications. The final product
complex multiplications. There(15) requires
fore, the total computational complexity in (15) involves
complex multiplications.
2) Computational Complexity of ICI Matrix Estimator
in (23) Using Hadamard Sequences: According to (24),
MMSE estimate
involves
the
complex multiplications.
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Hsiao-Chun Wu (M98) received a B.S.E.E. degree

from National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan,
in 1990, and the M. S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from University of
Florida, Gainesville, in 1993 and 1999, respectively.
From March 1999 to January 2001, he had worked
for Motorola Personal Communications Sector
Research Labs as a Senior Electrical Engineer.
Since January 2001, he has joined the faculty in
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. His research interests include optimization, estimation, wireless communications and
signal processing. Dr. Wu currently serves as an Associate Editor for IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING.

Yiyan Wu received the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees

in electrical engineering from Carleton University,
Ottawa, Canada, in 1986 and 1990, respectively.
He is a Principal Research Scientist with the Communications Research Centre in Ottawa, Canada.
Dr. Wus research interests including multimedia
communications, digital broadcasting and communication systems engineering. He is a Fellow of the
IEEE, an adjunct professor of Carleton University in
Ottawa, Canada, a member of the IEEE Broadcast
Technology Society Administrative Committee,
Editor-in-Chief for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, and a member
of the ATSC Board of Directors, representing IEEE.