IslamicUniversityofGazaEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment

Water Treatment
WaterTreatment
EENV4331

Lecture5:Filtration
Dr.Fahid Rabah

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.1 Definition of Sedimentation:
Filtration is a solid liquid separation process in which the
liquid passes through a porous medium to remove as
much fine suspended solids as possible
5.2 Locations of filtration tanks in water treatment:
Filtration tanks are used in all types of water treatment
plants except for disinfection treatment plants. See
Figures 5.1 through 5.4 illustrating the location of filtration
tanks.

River
River
Water
Screen
PreSedimentation
Coagulation

Filtration

Disinfection

Flocculation

Storage

Sedimentation

Distribution

Figure5.1:FiltrationTreatmentPlant (River
Water)
3

Screen
Surface
water
Coagulation

Filtration

Disinfection

Flocculation

Storage

S di
Sedimentation
t ti

Distribution

Figure5.2:FiltrationTreatmentPlant

Ground
Water
RapidMixing

Filtration

Flocculation

Disinfection

Sedimentation

Storage

Recarbonation

Distribution

Figure5.3:SofteningTreatmentPlantSinglestage
softening

Ground
Water
well

Aeration

Disinfection

Filtration

Storage

Distribution

Figure5.4:AerationTreatmentPlant
( iron and manganese removalplant)
(ironandmanganese
removal plant)

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 3 Need for filtration:
5.3
Settlingisnotsufficienttoremoveallparticlesand
flocsfromwater.
FiltrationNeededforfineparticlesnotremovedby
sedimentation.
di
t ti
FilterscanalsocaptureGiardia cysts, viruses,and
asbestos fibers
asbestosfibers
Typicaloverflowqualitiesfromsedimentationtanks
rangefrom1to10NTU.
Filtration,usuallyrapidsandfiltration,isthen
employedforfurtherpolishing,i.e.togetthe
turbidity to lower than 0 5 NTU (as required by
turbiditytolowerthan0.5NTU(asrequiredby
legislation).
Rapid sand filtration after prior sedimentation is the
Rapidsandfiltrationafterpriorsedimentationisthe
mostcommonconfigurationworldwide
7

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.4 Types of filters used in water treatment:
Granular material filters are the most used types of filters
in water treatment. Usuallyy sand, anthracite, and Garnet.
There are three types of granular filters:
1. Single medium filters :
one type of media is used: either sand or anthracite
2.

Dualmedia filters: two types of media is used usually sand

and anthracite
3. Multimedia filters: three types of media are used usually
sand , anthracite , and Garnet
Most famous filters in water treatment are Rapid Sand Filters.

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.5 Geometryy and components
p
of Rapid
p Sand Filter:

Rapid sand filters are always rectangular tanks.

Figures 5.5 to 5.10 show typical Rapid sand filters used in

water treatment.
Main components of Rapid sand filter are:
1. A concrete tank
2. Filter media
3 Under drain system
3.
4. Backwash system: pressurized water and air lines

Figure5.5:Rapidsandfiltercomponents
10

Figure5.6a:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p
p
withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
11

Figure5.6b:
Fi
5 6b
Rapidsandfiltercomponents: withgraveland
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem

12

Figure5.7:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p
p
withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
13

Figure5.8:
Fi
58
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withductsunder drainsystem

14

Figure5.9:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withnozzleunder drainsystem

15

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.10:
Figure
5.10 :
Rapidsandfilterperforated
slabandnozzleunderdrain
system
16

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.11:
Nozzle used in Rapid sand filter
NozzleusedinRapidsandfilter
underdrainsystem

17

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.6 Operation of Rapid Sand Filter:
There are two modes of operation of Rapid sand filter

Filtration mode ( see Figure 5.12 )

Backwashing mode ( see Figure 5.13 )

18

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 7 Filtration mode:
5.7Filtrationmode:

Waterflowsdownwardthroughabed
ofsandandgravel
Particlesarecapturedonandbetween
Particles are captured on and between
sandgrains
Filteredwateriscollectedintheunder
drain, sent to disinfection
drain,senttodisinfection

19

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 8 Backwash mode:
5.8Backwashmode:

Sandisbackwashedwhen
Sand is backwashed when
Itbecomesclogged,or
Turbidityoffilteredwatergetstoohigh

During
Duringbackwash,waterispumped
backwash, water is pumped
upwardsthroughthesandbed

20

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Sandbecomesfluidized,andparticles
areflushedfromthesand
Dirtybackwashwaterispumpedintoa
settling pond and either
settlingpond,andeither
Recycledbackintoplant,or
Disposed
Di
d

Backwashingcanconsume1%to5%ofa
plantsproduction
21

Figure5.12:Rapidsandfilterduring
filtration

22

Figure5.13:Rapidsandfilterduringbackwashing
23

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.9Filtermediaproperties

Figure5.14:filtermediagraindistribution
24

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Thesefiltersusesandandcrushedanthracitecoalona
h
fl
d d
h d
h
l
gradedgravelbase.
Medialayersarearrangedinacoursetofinegradationinthe
directionofflow,whichallowsgreaterdepthofpenetrationof
floc particles.
p
Multimediafiltersareselectedwithspecificgravitiessothat
moderate intermixing between media layers occurs during
moderateintermixingbetweenmedialayersoccursduring
backwashing.

25

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.10Filtermediaproperties
Thefiltermediaischaracterizedbytwomain
parameters: the effective size and the uniformity
parameters:theeffectivesizeandtheuniformity
coefficient.
Effectivesizeofthefiltermedia
Theeffectivesizeofthemediaisthediameter
Th
ff ti
i
f th
di i th di
t
that10%ofthefiltermediaislessthanitsizeand
isdenotedasd10.
Uniformitycoefficientofthefiltermedia

d 60
U
d10
U=Uniformitycoefficient
d60 =sievesizethatpasses60%byweight
d10 =sievesizethatpasses10%byweight
d60 andd10 arefoundbysieveanalysisofthe
mediatobeusedinthefilter.
Anotherimportantsievesizeisd90 thatisused
tocalculatethebackwashrate.

26

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.15:
Rapidsandmedialayers

27

Figure5.16:
Rapidsand
media layers
medialayers

28

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.1
Table5.1

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5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5 2
Table5.2

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5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.3
Table5.3

31

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.17:
Headlossandeffluentturbidityincreasewithtimeduringfiltration
y
g
32

5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsand
filter during filtration cycle
filterduringfiltrationcycle
33

Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsandfilter
g
p
34

Headlossinacleanfilter
CarmenKozeny equation:

h k (1 ) V

v
3
L
g
A
2

V
6

A
d

Q
v
As

Where,
k=dimensionlesscoefficient,5forsand,6foranthracite;
v filtration rate m3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
v=filtrationratem
d or filtration velocity m/d
A=thegrainsurfacearea;
As=surfaceareaofthesandfilter;
V= the grain volume;
V=thegrainvolume;
=filterporosity;around0.40forsandfilter
=shapefactor;1forsphericalparticles,0.70forsand;
=dynamic viscosity; N s/m2
=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m
=waterdensity;kg/m3
h=headlossincleanfilter,m

35

Example5.1:
Adualmediafilteriscomposedof0.30manthracite(meanparticlesize
0.20mm)thatisplacedovera0.60mlayerofsand(meanparticlesize0.70mm)
withafiltrationrateof9.78m/h.Assumethegrainsphericity
/
=0.75and
porosity()=0.40forboth.Estimatetheheadlossinthecleanfilterat150C.
A H dl
A.Headlossintheanthracitelayer:
i th
th it l
0.00113 * (1 0.40) 2
6

h 0.30 * 6 *

* 0.00272 0.0508m
3
9.81*1000 * 0.40 0.75 * 0.002
2

B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
0.00113* (1 0.40) 2
6

h 0.60 * 5 *
* 0.00272 0.6918 m

3
9.81*1000* 0.40 0.75* 0.007
2

B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
y

htotal 0.0508 0.6918 0.743 m

36

Headlossduringfiltration
(None clean filter)
(Nonecleanfilter)

hl t

va bV filterd

Where,
Where
v=filtrationratem3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
a,b=coefficientsdependingonthefiltermediaproperties;
Vfiltered
filtered volume per unit area of filter since last backwash; m3/m2
filt d =filteredvolumeperunitareaoffiltersincelastbackwash;m
(hl)t
=headlossatanytime(t),m

37

Example5.2:
Afilterhasaheadlossof0.30mwhenclean(newlywashed),and1.30mafter
24hrsoffiltrationatarateof1.5L/s.m2 .Estimatetheheadlossboth
immediatelyafterbackwashand10hrslater,ifthefiltrationrateischangedto2
L/s.m2 .
A.Estimatethevaluesofaandb:

1.5
a b * 0
0.30
1000
1.5
1.5

1.30
a

b
*
* 24 * 3600

1000
1000

Bysolvingthe2equationssimultaneously,a=200,b=5.14
B.Calculateheadlossforthenewflowrate:

2
200 b * 0 0.40 m
H0
1000
2
2

H 10
* 10 * 3600 1.88 m
200 5.14 *
1000
1000

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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

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Calculationsoffilterbackwashrate
Thebackwashflowrateiscalculatedusingthefollowingequations:

vb

d 90

Gn

1135.69 0.0408Gn 0.5 33.7

d 90

d 903 s g

vb design 1.3vb
Where,
3/m
vb =backwashratem
b k
h t
/ 2.d,
d
d90 = sievesizethatpasses90%byweight
=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m2
= waterdensity;kg/m
water density; kg/m3
s = filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3
Gn =Galileonumber,dimensionless
g = gravitationalacceleration,m/s
g=
gravitational acceleration m/s2
42

Calculationsoffilterexpansion
Theexpansionduringbackwashiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equations:
q

1
Le L
1 e

vb design
e
vs

0.22

Where,
L= beddepthduringfiltration,m
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
= expanded bed depth m
e =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
=bedporosityduringfiltration,dimensionless
vs=settlingvelocityofthefilterparticles,m/s
= settling velocity of the filter particles m/s

43

Calculationsofheadlossduringfilterbackwash
Headlossduringbackwashingiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equation:
q

Le 1 e s

Where,
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
e =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
=waterdensity;kg/m
d
k / 3
s =filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3

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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

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BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

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FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

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