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1/07)
Date of birth
29 AUGUST 1987
Title
Academic Session :
2009/2010
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OPEN ACCESS
Certified by :
SIGNATURE
870829-35-5479
(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)
Date :
NOTES :
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
DR. AIRIL YASREEN BIN MOHD YASSIN
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date :
Signature
: .
Name
Date
: APRIL 2010
APRIL 2010
ii
I declare that this report entitled Development Of Plane Frame Finite Element
Analysis Software Using Matlab is the result of my own research except as cited in
the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
: ....................................................
Name
Date
: APRIL 2010
iii
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
express my thanks from the bottom of my heart to my beloved family, friends and
colleagues who always right by my side to provide support and motivation
throughout the study.
Ahmadamirul amin
ABSTRACT
In this work, a software had been developed to analyze plane frames. The
main scope of research is to analyze plane frames by using finite element method.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed to draw the 2D frame. The finite
element method provides a means to compute forces and displacements. This
program used MATLAB R2009a as the programming software. The results obtained
from this software were compared with the existing engineering software,
STAADPro for validation.
vi
ABSTRAK
Program
ini
menggunakan
MATLAB
R2009a
sebagai
perisian
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Matlab
2.2.1
Definition of MATLAB
2.2.2
Introduction of MATLAB
viii
2.3
2.5
2.2.3
Syntax in MATLAB
2.2.4
Variable in MATLAB
2.2.5
Limitation in MATLAB
2.2.6
Advantages of MATLAB
10
2.4.1
12
Plane Frame
13
METHODOLOGY
15
3.1
Introduction
15
3.2
15
3.2.1
16
3.2.2
17
3.2.3
17
3.2.4
18
3.2.5
18
3.2.6
19
3.3
19
3.4
21
3.5
32
3.5.1
32
37
4.1
Introduction
37
4.2
38
4.2.1
Case 1
38
4.2.2
Case 2
45
52
5.1
Conclusions
52
5.2
Recommendations
53
ix
REFERENCES
54
APPENDIX
55
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
3.1
TITLE
The foundation of Integrating AutoCAD and MATLAB
Software
4.1
42
4.6
41
4.5
40
4.4
39
4.3
17
4.2
PAGE
43
43
4.7
43
4.8
4.9
4.10
46
4.11
44
47
48
xi
4.12
4.13
4.14
49
50
50
4.15
50
4.16
51
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
2.2
14
3.1
16
3.2a
20
3.2b
21
3.3
29
3.4
Drawing scale
32
3.5
GUI axes
33
3.6
34
3.7
35
3.8
35
3.9
36
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
applied moment
EI
flexural stiffness
Youngs modulus
Cos theta
Sin theta
Fx
force in x- axes
Fy
force in y- axes
Mz
moment in z -axes
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
This study is to develop finite element plane frame analysis program by using
MATLAB software. Plane frame analysis is a standard methods used in analyzing
structure. This method has been worldwide used and most of the structural analysis
software used frame analysis to analyze the structure. For examples, the existing
commercial software that incorporating Finite Element Method are LUSAS,
STAADPro, ABAQUS and ESTEEM. The importance of this study is it will help to
increase the understanding plane frame analysis in order to be able to use commercial
software appropriately. In addition, a custom made stand alone program for plane
frame analysis is also a main concern of this study.
2
1.2
FEM is the most establish method compare to other numerical method such
as Boundary Element Method (BEM), Meshfree Method, Finite Difference Method
(FDM) and many else. This is due to the fact that FEM provide more general
formulation compare to the others. FEM allows the boundary conditions to be set at
later stage of the formulation which resulting in FEM to become so general.
In FEM, frame analysis had been established in a long time ago. The typical
frame analysis are plane frame analysis and space frame analysis. The nature and the
concept of space frame analysis are similar to the plane frame analysis. Space frame
analysis deal with 3-dimensional structure while plane frame analysis deal with 2dimensional structure. However, one can analyze 3-dimensional structures by having
a combination of 2-dimensional structures.
The main issue in the present software that is available in the market is that
most of them are relying on stiffness method alone and the considerations are oversimplified. The available software applications are not flexible enough to face arising
issues on technicality and analysis for academic research purposes.
3
1.3
c) To compare the result for three cases of plane frame study with STAADPro.
1.4
4
program should be an advantage as the interface is custom made and can be suit to
satisfy personal interact.
Design time might directly affect the cost of the project. This program should
be able to help the structural engineer to analyze the plane frame in a very short time.
The time and material costs are the two main considerations of all construction
projects. By doing software analysis, it will reduce the time rather than solve by
manual calculation. It also will give the exact result with a minimum error.
1.5
The main scope of research is to analyze plane frames by using finite element
method. This study will create a new user-friendly program that can analyze fixed
supported plane frame.
This study will be focus on how it can analyze a plane frame which involves
two major elements in building. The two major elements under this discussion are
the beam element and the column element. To illustrate the shape and the size of that
particular element, Guide User Interface (GUI) will be used to draw and locate a 2D
frame. After that, the drawing will be analyzed by using finite element method in
solving all the plane frame problems. This program will be use MATLAB R2009a as
software which can handle and solve for a large size of matrix elements.
There are some assumption and limitation in using this program which are:
2. Only line or bar elements are considered and illustrated on the GUI
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
Minimisation of input
Improved coordination
2.2
MATLAB
2.2.1
Definition of MATLAB
7
2.2.2
Introduction of MATLAB
MATLAB was invented in the late 1970s by Cleve Barry Moler, chairman of
the computer science department at the University of New Mexico.
2.2.3
Syntax in MATLAB
8
2.2.4
Variables in MATLAB
2.2.5
Limitation in MATLAB
For a long time there was criticism that because MATLAB is a proprietary
product of The MathWorks, users are subject to vendor lock-in. Recently an
additional tool called the MATLAB Builder under the Application Deployment tools
9
section has been provided to deploy MATLAB functions as library files which can
be used with .NET or Java application building environment. However, the computer
where the application has to be deployed needs MCR (MATLAB Component
Runtime) for the MATLAB files to function normally. MCR can be distributed freely
with library files generated by the MATLAB compiler.
MATLAB, like FORTRAN, Visual Basic and Ada, uses parentheses, e.g. y =
f(x),
for both indexing into an array and calling a function. Although this syntax can
facilitate a switch between a procedure and a lookup table, both of which correspond
to mathematical functions, a careful reading of the code may be required to establish
the intent.
2.2.6
Advantages of MATLAB
10
environment and debugged with the MATLAB debugger. Because the
language is so easy to use, it is ideal for the rapid prototyping of new
programs.
2.3
The finite element method (FEM) of analysis is a very powerful and modern
computation tool which provides solution to wide range of engineering problems.
These will include analysis of automotives, aircrafts, buildings and also bridge
structure to field analysis of heat flux, fluid flow, magnetic flux, seepage, and other
flow problem.
11
For an example, a force applied to an object, say wind on an airplane, is
continuous, making it impossible to analyze on a computer. However, finite element
analysis breaks the airplane into pieces, finite elements, and analyzes the pieces
individually. Finite element analysis puts the problem in a discrete domain, allowing
quite complex computations to be done easily by a computer. The same idea applies
with virtual surgery. By breaking an organ into pieces and applying forces, there is a
way of calculating the displacements using a computer. This allows defining physical
characteristics of the organ--a physically based model. These mean that rather than
pre-defining displacements, as with animation, forces can be applied interactively
and react accordingly.
The design analysis will be conducted with the use of mathematical model
which will be further breakdown based on what method are use to obtain the
solution. Simple mathematical model can be solve easily by analytically but when
the more complex model which required to use of numerical methods to solve it,
FEM is one of the method that used numerical method for solving complex
mathematical models.
12
The FEM can be distinguished by the following features:
a) The physical region of the problem is subdivided into sub regions or finite
elements.
b) One or more of the dependent variables is approximated in functional form
over each element and hence over the whole domain. The parameters of this
approximation subsequently become the known of problem.
c) Substitution of the approximations into the governing equations yields a set
of equation in the known parameters and hence the approximated solution to
the problem.
2.3.1
Generally, there are six steps involve in the finite element analysis as
summarized follow:
1) Discretizing the domain- this step involves subdiving the geometric domain
into element which contains nodes. For discrete systems like trusses and
frame, the system is already descretized and this step is unnecessary.
However, for continous systems like plates and shells, this step becomes very
important and the answer obtain are only approximate. In this case, the
accuracy of the solution depends on the descretization used.
2) Determining the element stiffness matrix- the element stiffness equation for
each element need to be determined. In this study, this step will be performed
using Matlab.
3) Assembling the global stiffness matrix- this will be done using the direct
stiffness approach. This step also will be performed using Matlab.
13
4) Applying the boundary conditions- physical constraint like supports and
applied loads and displacements.
5) Solving the governing equations- this will be done by portioning the global
stiffness matrix and then solving the resulting equations using Gaussian
elimination.
6) Post-processing to obtain additional information like the reaction forces and
element stresses and strains.
2.3
Plane Frame
These days, the approach is incorporated into the finite element method and
used to analyze complex frame structures. In the implementation of the concept in
finite element analysis of frames, inelastic hinges are mostly placed at the ends of
ordinary elastic beamcolumn elements. A two-dimensional beamcolumn finite
element with embedded rotational discontinuities by P. Nanakorn(2003).
Many structures, such as buildings and bridges, are composing by the plane
frame. In plane frame, all the members lie in the same plane and are interconnected
by rigid joints. The internal stress resultants at a cross-section of a plane frame
member consist of bending moment, shear force and an axial force. The significant
deformations in the plane frame are only flexural and axial.
Initially, the stiffness matrix of the plane frame member is derived in its local
co-ordinate axes and then it is transformed to global co-ordinate system. In the case
of plane frames, members are oriented in different directions and hence before
forming the global stiffness matrix it is necessary to refer all the member stiffness
matrices to the same set of axes. This is achieved by transformation of forces and
displacements to global co-ordinate system.
14
In the case of two-dimensional (plane) frame analysis, we need to use an
element having six degrees of freedom as shown in Figure 2.2. This element is
assumed to lie in the XZ plane and has two axial and four bending degrees of
freedom. By using a linear interpolation model for axial displacement and a cubic
model for the transverse displacement, and superimposing the resulting two stiffness
matrices, the stiffness matrix can be obtained.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
In this chapter, it will show how the program of plane frame finite element
analysis software using Matlab will developed. In develop this program, System
Development Life Cycle had been chosen in guiding the construction of this software
program.
3.2
16
development life cycle (SDLC) that will perform step by step process in system
analysis and is shown as below illustration.
Preliminary
Investigation
System Analysis
System Design
System Development
System
Implementation
System Maintenance
This preliminary analysis phase will be starting with the objectives of this
project followed by defining nature and scope of problem. Alternative solution will
be proposed by leave the system alone, make it more efficiency, or will build a new
system. In this project, all the cost and especially benefits will be taking into account
included short term and long term, direct and indirect cost. This preliminary plan will
be submit with recommendation. Tables 3.1 show the foundation of this program.
17
1. Hardware
1. Computer
2. Printer
Scanner
2. Computation Software
1. MATLAB
2. STAADPro
3. Personal
1. Person( a user)
As the Figure 3.1, it shown that the second phase of this project will be
system analysis. This will be the most critical phase which will involve and done in
the whole development of the system. This system will shown the link between
entities, process and the flow of the data in the system. It also involves modeling of
the process or connectivity diagram that called Data Flow Diagram (DFD) which
will be discussing later.
The system design comes after the system analysis in the SDLC. Moreover,
in this software, this part will involve the design of the system input, system
processing, system programming, system file and database and also system output.
18
The design of the system input will be done parallel with the design of system
processing interface GUI.
structural analysis and the used of finite element method for some structural member
with the intention to provide a general and versatile system in adapting future change
and demands. The code based analysis will be the major part of this system.
The designing the system files and database, consideration is given to precast
concrete companies that will used the sized that widely used in Malaysias
construction. The storage of the data from analysis input such as MATLAB also will
be the database.
The output will give the result in the MATLAB that given the value of
deflection that occur in that particular frame and also the value of forces acting at
nodes.
In this phase, all the process and the design will start to be applied. All the
software and hardware as mention in Table 3.1 will involve developing the system.
After that, the system that had been developed has to be testing to make sure that the
system is made according to the hard planning in phase 2 and 3.
3.2.5
In this phase, it will shown how the system to be carried out. It include
converter of the software, hardware and files. This phase also used to guide and train
19
the user in use this program. This phase is to ensure that the user is in the right track
and give the right output.
This phase will keep the system running through system audits and making
change based on the new condition.
3.3
To complete this program software, the analysis of the frame is used Finite
Element Formulation. It is because the main system of analysis in this program is
based on Finite Element approach. The implementation of Finite Element approach
is to ensure flexibility of the software. In calculate the frame or other more complex
structure, Finite Element approach is the best solution to be applied.
20
Element process is a process where the element is being set according to each
category structural member. In this study, it only involves two main structural
members which are beam and column. Each structural member has their own
formulations. In fact there is continuity between some formulations. For example,
column analysis needs a data and results from the related beam analysis to proceed
the process.
21
3.4
3.4.1
Figure 3.3b shows the discretization of the beam into two finite elements. The
elements are connected to the supports and to each other at the nodes. Note that, due
to the discretization, the length of the individual element is half the original length of
the beam, as shown in Figure 3.2b.
22
3.4.2
Figure 3.3b also shows the numbering system of the finite elements. Nodes
numbers are circled whilst elements numbers of boxed.
3.4.3
3.4.4
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
(3.1a)
23
2 = 4 + 5 + 6 2 + 7 3
(3.1b)
3.4.5
The generalized functions given in Eq. (3.1) are in terms of the generalized
coordinates s which do not have any physical meaning. On the other, the dofs
represent the spatial values at node. Therefore, it would be more physical to express
the field variable in terms of the dofs. This can be done by establishing first the
relation between the generalized coordinates and the dofs, given as follows. For
element 1 and based on the fact that dofs are actually the nodal values of the field
variable and its derivative:
At x = 0
1 |=0 = 0 = 1
(3.2a)
1
|
= 1 = 2
=0
(3.2b)
At x = L
1 |= = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 = 3
(3.2c)
1
|
= 1 + 22 + 33 2 = 4
=0
(3.2d)
24
Eqs. (3.2) are actually simultaneous equations which can be solved for the as
follows:
0 = 1
1 = 2
2 =
31 + 22 33 + 4
2
3 =
21 + 2 23 + 4
3
3.4.6
1
( 22 + 31 33 + 4 ) 6(21 + 2 23 + 4 )
+
2
2
3
25
1 + 2
+
( 22 + 31 33 + 4 ) 2
2
(21 + 2 23 + 4 ) 3
3
(3.4)
3.4.7
=
+
2 4 2
6 3
2
2 2
2
12
6 1
2
4 +
6 3 2
3
121
2 62
22 2
61
2
61 2
+
+
+
3
2
3
2
2
2
12
3
1
2
(3.5)
Based on Eq. (3.5), it can be seen that the functional is now a function of the dofs, .
3.4.8
64 123 62 121
=0=
+
+
1
2
3
2
3
2
(3.6a)
26
24 63 42 61 2
=0=
+
+
2
12
(3.6b)
64 123 121 62
=0= 2 +
3
3
2
2
(3.6c)
44 63 22 2 61
=0=
+
+
+
4
12
2
(3.6d)
3.3.9
12
3
6
2
12
3
6
2
6
2
4
6
2
12
3
6
2
12
3
6
2
6
2
2
6
2
4
1
2
3
4
2
2
12
=
2
2
12
(3.7)
By repeating the previous step but this time considering the span from x = L to x = 2L
gives:
27
12
3
6
2
12
3
6
2
6
2
4
6
2
12
3
6
2
12
3
6
2
6
2
2
6
2
4
5
6
7
8
2
2
12
=
2
2
12
(3.8)
Note that, despite the different in the considered span, i.e. x = L to x = 2L instead of x
=0 to x = L, where the latter is the span of Element 1, the square matrix on the lefthandside of the equation remains the same for both Eqs. (3.7) and (3.8). This, as will
be detailed, allows for predetermined properties of the finite element known as the
stiffness matrix. This stiffness matrix will be used in Matlab to calculate the plane
frame problem.
28
(3.9)
Impose boundary conditions and solve the global equilibrium equations for
the dof, ds Solving Eq. (3.9) gives the values of the dof, di, which are the primary
unknowns of the problem. The equation can be solved by various ways, either
directly or iteratively.
29
3.3.13 STEP 13: Post processing
Differentiate the now known dof appropriately to obtain more information i.e.
stress, strain This step is also known as post processing where more information
i.e. stresses, strain can be obtained by differentiating the solved solution
accordingly. However, in this book, we limit ourselves with the determination of the
displacement terms only. Further reading on the post processing should be done
elsewhere.
3.4
3.4.1
Introduction
It is clear that the plane frame element has six degree of freedom three at
each node (two displacements and one rotation). The sign convention used is the
displacements are positive if they are points upwards and rotations are positive if
they are counterclockwise. Consequently for a structure with n nodes, the global
stiffness matrix K will be of size 3n x 3n (since we have three degree of freedom at
each node).
y
Y
x
L
30
Once the global stiffness matrix K is obtained we have the following structure
equation:
When D is the global nodal displacement vector and F is the global nodal
force vector. At this step the boundary conditions are applied manually to the vectors
D and F. then the matrix (3.10) is solved by portioning and Gaussian elimination.
Finally once the unknown displacement and reaction are found, the nodal force
vector is obtained for each element as follows:
Where {f} is the 6 x 1 nodal force vectors in the element and {d} is the 6 x 1
element displacement vector. The matrices [k] and [R] are given by the following:
1
2
3
{f} =
4
5
6
(3.12)
31
0
[k] =
12
3
6
2
4
0
0
12
6
2
0
0
12
3
6
2
2
4
12
2
4
(3.13)
[R] =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
(3.14)
1
2
{d} = 3
4
5
6
(3.15)
32
3.5
The main reason GUIs are used in this software is because it makes things
simple for the end-users of the program. From a command-line-driven operation of
MATLAB code, many of us migrate to perform tasks while hiding the unnecessary
clutter and technicality that lies underneath. Interfacing is concerned with
simplification of entry points to the code and encapsulation of its functional
behaviour. If GUIs were not used, people would have to work from the command
line interface, which can be extremely difficult and frustrating.
3.5.1
In this subtopic, it will show how the software was performed. Firstly, the
drawing scale of the axes is needed to be identified so that the frame structure can be
modeled within the axes range. For a example to modeled, a drawing scale of 4m in
x-direction and 3m in y-direction with interval 1m is stated.
33
After applying the drawing scale, the axes will be generated and displayed on
the next interface after the press on the start drawing button. Now, the plane frame
can be modeled in the axes generated as in Figure 3.5.
The number of node and element will be displayed on the axes after finish the
drawing of structure. For the information, the coordinate of each node will be
generated automatically and displayed on the node table.
34
Figure 3.6:
Insert input as node type, external load Fx, Fy and Moment, Mz in the
node table and Youngs Modulus, E and cross-sectional area, A
Besides the axis, there are two tables at the right hand side of the interface,
which are node table and element table.to continue to the next stage, some important
values needed to be input into the table so that the program can run successfully
which is node type, external load Fx, Fy and Moment, Mz in the node table and
Youngs Modulus, E and cross-sectional area, A in the element table. Then, user
need to impose all the loading by click Impose Loading and BC User can redraw
the frame in the existing axes by click Clear Drawing button and the new drawing
can be draw again.
35
After all the important information gathered, the plane frame analysis
program is run to generate the results after click button Analyze Structure. The
Analyze structure button is as shown in Figure 3.7. This analysis will be use finite
element method to calculate the result. The result will show in the table as in Figure
3.8 beside the axis.
Figure 3.8: Result of the plane frame after analysis (Post processing)
36
These entire steps will be shown clearly in pseudo chart as in Figure 3.9.
Start
Choose axis
Scale
Input , E, I, A,
Fx,Fy,Mz,w
Display Result,
Reaction,Fx,Fy,Mz, Deflection
End
CHAPTER 4
4.1
Introduction
In this chapter, two examples taken from book named MATLAB Guide to
Finite Elements, Peter I. Kattan used to test and demonstrate steps to analysis
structure in the plane frame analysis software. The results obtained from the plane
frame analysis software are compared with the answer in the book to see whether the
results from the software are acceptable.
In order to check the results with the existing engineering software, the
example used to test the plane frame analysis software is modeled again by using
engineering software, STAAD.Pro to compare the results. Theoretically, the results
from the plane frame analysis software should be approximately same with the
results generated from other existing engineering software and also the answer in the
book.
38
4.2
Simple cases were taken from MATLAB Guide to Finite Elements, Peter I.
Kattan. These cases will be illustrated on detail to get the solution. These cases are
shown as in Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2..
4.2.1
Case 1
20k
N
3
m
12kNm
m
1
3
4m
39
Data available:
Inertia,I = 5 x 10-5 m4
The result from this plane frame analysis software had compared to the result from
STAADPro. In this case, the result is shown in the table below:
Table 4.1: Different of percentage between Matlab and STAADPro in Axial Force
ELEMENT
NODE
Fx STAADPro
Fx MATLAB
Different (%)
8.587
8.5865
0.005822755
-8.587
-8.5865
0.005822755
-7.81
-7.8103
0.003841229
7.81
7.8103
0.003841229
-8.587
-8.5865
0.005822755
8.587
8.5865
0.005822755
Result in Table 4.1 shown the axial force that is acting at the node of each
element. In this case, there is consist three element. In element 1, the axial force that
is acting on node 1 is 8.5865 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 8.5865 kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is mean the element is in compression.
In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on node 1 is 8.587 kN while the
axial force that acting on node 2 is -8.587 kN. The different percentage between
these two software comparisons is 0.005822755 %.
In element 2, the axial force that is acting on node 2 is -7.8103 kN while the
axial force that acting on node 3 is 7.8103kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is
40
mean the element is in tension. In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on
node 1 is -7.81 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 7.81kN. The
different percentage between these two software comparisons is 0.003841229 %.
In element 3, the axial force that is acting on node 2 is -8.5865 kN while the
axial force that acting on node 3 is 8.5865 kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is
mean the element is in tension. In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on
node 1 is -8.587 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 8.587 kN. The
different percentage in these two comparisons is 0.005822755 %.
Table 4.2: Different of percentage between Matlab and STAADPro in Shear Force
ELEMENT
NODE
Fy STAADPro
Fy MATLAB
Different (%)
-12.19
-12.1897
0.002461034
12.19
12.1897
0.002461034
8.587
8.5865
0.005822755
-8.587
-8.5865
0.005822755
-7.81
-7.8103
0.003841229
7.81
7.8103
0.003841229
Result in Table 4.2 shown the Shear Force that is acting at the node of each
element. In element 1, the Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is -12.1897 kN while
the Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 12.1897 kN which it get from the MATLAB.
In STAADPro, the result of Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is -12.19kN while
Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 12.19 kN. The different percentage between
these two software comparisons in node 1 is 0.002461034 %.
In element 2, the Shear Force that is acting on node 2 is -8.5865 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 3 is 8.5865 kN which it get from the MATLAB. In
STAADPro result, the Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is -8.587 kN while the
41
Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 8.587 kN. The different percentage in this two
comparison is 0.005822755 %.
In element 3, the Shear Force that is acting on node 3 is -7.8103 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 4 is 7.8103kN which it get from the MATLAB. In
STAADPro result, the Shear Force that is acting on node 3 is -7.81 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 4 is 7.81kN. The different percentage between these
two software comparisons in node 2 is 0.003841229 %.
NODE
Mz STAADPro
Mz MATLAB
Different (%)
-21.025
-21.0253
0.001426873
-15.544
-15.5438
0.00128667
15.544
15.5438
0.00128667
18.802
18.8023
0.001595575
-6.802
-6.8023
0.004410468
-16.629
-16.6286
0.002405436
Result in Table 4.3 shown the Bending Moment that is acting at the node of
each element. In element 1, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 1 is -21.0253
kNm while the Bending Moment that acting on node 2 is -15.5438 kNm which it gets
from the MATLAB. In STAADPro, the result of Bending Moment that is acting on
node 1 is -21.025 kNm while Bending Moment that acting on node 2 is -15.544
kNm. The different percentage between these two software comparisons in node 1 is
0.001426873 % while in node 2 is 0.00128667 %.
In element 2, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 2 is 15.5438 kNm
while the Bending Moment that acting on node 3 is 18.8023 kNm which it gets from
the MATLAB. In STAADPro result, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 1 is
42
15.544 kNm while the Bending Moment that acting on node 2 is 18.802 kNm. . The
different percentage between these two software comparisons in node 3 is
0.001595575 %.
Table 4.4: Maximum Different (%) between Matlab and STAADPro (Case 1)
0.005822755
Shear Force,Fy
0.005822755
Bending Moment,Mz
0.004410468
43
Table 4.5: Different of displacement between Matlab and STAADPro in X-axis
ELEMENT
NODE
dx Matlab
dx STAADPro
Different(mm)
-3.8
-3.787
0.013
-3.8
-3.787
0.013
-3.8
-3.779
0.021
-3.8
-3.779
0.021
2
3
NODE
dy Matlab
dy STAADPro
Different(mm)
1
2
2
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.006
-0.006
0.006
0.006
0
0
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0
2
3
ELEMENT
NODE
Rotation
Matlab
Rotation
STAADPro
Different(rad)
1
2
2
3
3
4
0
0.0008
0.0008
0.0014
0.0014
0
0
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0
0
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0004
0
2
3
44
Table 4.8: Maximum Different between Matlab and STAADPro (Case 1)
Different
Unit
Deflection,x
0.021
mm
Deflection,y
0.006
mm
rotation,z
0.0004
rad
45
4.2.2
Case 2
20kN/mm
5 kN
2m
13
4m
Figure 4.2: Single Storey rectangular Portal Frame with distribution load(Case 2)
Data available:
Youngs Modulus, E = 205 GPa
Cross-sectional area, A = 0.02 m2,
Inertia, I = 2 x 10-4 m4
46
The result from this plane frame analysis software had compared to the result from
STAADPro. In this case, the result is shown in the table below:
Table 4.9: Different of percentage between Matlab and STAADPro in Axial Force
ELEMENT
NODE
Fx STAADPro
Fx MATLAB
Different (%)
39.064
39.0643
0.000767971
-39.064
-39.0643
0.000767971
18.281
18.2806
0.002188064
-18.281
-18.2806
0.002188064
40.936
40.9357
0.000732851
-40.936
-40.9357
0.000732851
Result in Table 4.9 shown the axial force that is acting at the node of each
element. In this case, there is consist three element. In element 1, the axial force that
is acting on node 1 is 39.0643 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 39.0643kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is mean the element is in
compression. In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on node 1 is 39.064
kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is -39.064 kN. The different
percentage between these two software comparisons is 0.000767971%.
In element 2, the axial force that is acting on node 2 is -18.2806kN while the
axial force that acting on node 3 is 18.2806 kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is
mean the element is in tension. In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on
node 1 is -18.281 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 18.281 kN. The
different percentage between these two software comparisons is 0.002188064%.
In element 3, the axial force that is acting on node 2 is -40.9357kN while the
axial force that acting on node 3 is 40.9357kN which it get from the MATLAB. It is
mean the element is in tension. In STAADPro result, the axial force that is acting on
47
node 1 is -40.936 kN while the axial force that acting on node 2 is 40.936 kN. The
different percentage in these two comparisons is 0.000732851%.
Table 4.10: Different of percentage between Matlab and STAADPro in Shear Force
ELEMENT
NODE
Fy STAADPro
Fy MATLAB
Different (%)
13.281
13.2806
0.003011821
13.281
13.2806
0.003011821
39.064
39.0643
0.000767971
40.936
40.9357
0.000732851
18.281
18.2806
0.002188064
-18.281
-18.2806
0.002188064
Result in Table 4.10 shown the Shear Force that is acting at the node of each
element. In element 1, the Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is 13.2806 kN while
the Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 13.2806 kN which it get from the MATLAB.
In STAADPro, the result of Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is 13.281 kN and
Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 13.281 kN. The different percentage between
these two software comparisons in node 1 is 0.003011821 %.
In element 2, the Shear Force that is acting on node 2 is 39.0643 kN and the
Shear Force that acting on node 3 is 40.9357 kN which it get from the MATLAB. In
STAADPro result, the Shear Force that is acting on node 1 is 39.064 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 2 is 40.936 kN. The different percentage between
these two software comparisons in node 2 and node 3 are 0.000767971% and
0.000732851%.
48
In element 3, the Shear Force that is acting on node 3 is 18.281 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 4 is -18.281 kN which it get from the MATLAB. In
STAADPro result, the Shear Force that is acting on node 3 is 18.281 kN while the
Shear Force that acting on node 4 is -18.281 kN. The different percentage between
these two software comparisons in node 2 is 0.002188064%.
ELEMENT
NODE
Mz STAADPro
Mz MATLAB
Different (%)
-7.209
-7.2091
0.001387155
-19.352
-19.3522
0.001033485
19.352
19.3522
0.001033485
-23.095
-23.0951
0.000432994
23.095
23.0951
0.000432994
13.466
13.4661
0.000742611
Result in Table 4.7 shown the Bending Moment that is acting at the node of
each element. In element 1, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 1 is -7.2091
kNm while the Bending Moment that acting on node 2 is -19.3522 kNm which it gets
from the MATLAB. In STAADPro, the result of Bending Moment that is acting on
node 1 is -7.209 kNm while Bending Moment that acting on node 2 is -19.352 kNm.
The different percentage between these two software comparisons in node 1 is
0.001387155 % while in node 2 is 0.001033485 %.
49
In element 3, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 3 is 23.0951 kNm
while the Bending Moment that acting on node 4 is 13.4661 kNm which it gets from
the MATLAB. In STAADPro result, the Bending Moment that is acting on node 3 is
23.095 kNm while Bending Moment that acting on node 4 is 13.466 kNm. The
different percentage between these two software comparisons in node 3 is
0.000432994 % while in node 4 is 0.000742611 %.
Table 4.12: Maximum Different (%) between Matlab and STAADPro (Case 2)
Axial Force,Fx
0.00218806
Shear Force,Fy
0.00218806
Bending Moment,Mz
0.00103349
50
Table 4.13: Different of displacement between Matlab and STAADPro in X-axis
ELEMENT
NODE
dx Matlab
dx STAADPro
Different(mm)
0.0802
0.08
0.0002
0.0802
0.08
0.0002
0.0624
0.062
0.0004
0.0624
0.062
0.0004
ELEMENT
NODE
dy Matlab
dy STAADPro
Different(mm)
-0.0191
-0.019
1E-04
-0.0191
-0.019
1E-04
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
ELEMENT
Rotation
Matlab
NODE
1
2
3
Rotation
STAADPro
Different(rad)
51
Different
Unit
Deflection,x
0.0004
mm
Deflection,y
0.0004
mm
rotation,z
rad
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Conclusions
Based on the research carried out, a few outcomes can be made as the
conclusion:
a) The plane frame analysis software has been developed using MATLAB.
b) The results obtained were compared with those generated by existing
commercial software to validate the present work.
c) The comparison between results generated from plane frame analysis
software to the STAADPro shows that the results obtained from the research
were accurate and acceptable.
d) The software can be used to calculate the displacements occur at node
effectively.
e) The external and internal force in each member can be determined effectively
by using plane frame analysis software.
f) The finite element formulation programmed in MATLAB can be used to
define and solve the plane frame analysis problem.
53
5.2
Recommendations
Although the research was successfully developing the plane frame analysis
software using MATLAB, however the software need to be upgrade and improved in
the future version by against the some assumptions and limitations stated in this
research. As mention earlier in the Chapter 3, the plane frame analysis software was
limited to the analysis of rigid support or fixed end plane frame only. In order to
improve the usability of the software, the analysis of pin support plane frame can be
included by modifying the source code programmed in the software. The incline
support can be included in the software in the future to make the software more
flexible to most of the plane frame problems.
54
REFERENCES
55
APPENDIX
MATLAB CODINGS
56
57
end
DOF=Kelimination\Felimination
DD=zeros(m,1)
DOFcomplete=[DD;DOF]
58
end
59
60
S
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
C S 0
-S C 0
0 0 1]
dofno=DataDraw(i,10:15)
DOFi=zeros(6,1)
for j=1:6
DOFi(j,1)=DOF(dofno(1,j),1)
end
61
DOFele(i,1:6)=DOFi'
dofe(i,1:6)=T*(DOFi)
flocalele=klocal*dofe(i,1:6)'
flocal(i,1:6)=(flocalele-(FelementEquil(i,1:6)'))'
Result(i,1:6)=flocal(i,1:6)
end