Professional Documents
Culture Documents
general information
lecture dates
exercise each time after lecture (starts on demand)
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lecture overview
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Server
IP backbone
Router
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disaster recovery
car-to-car communication
ad
c
ho
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sensor equipment
source: www.teco.edu
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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sensor nodes
Rockwell: WINS
UCLA: WINS
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Sensor Node
Antenna
Processor
Radio Frontend
Sensor Interface
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Sensorknoten
Antenne
Processor
Radio Frontend
Sensor Internface
Power
Mgmt.
Power
Supply
Microcontroller
I/O
HardwareAccelerator
Memory
Baseband
Base
band
Analogue
Frontend
Sensor
Communication Interface
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Power
Supply
Microcontroller
Speicher
Memory
250KB
Ein-/Ausgabe
Basisband
Baseband
IPMS430
SPI
HardwareHW
Acc
Beschleuniger
ECC, AES
Baseband
Analoges
868MHz
Frontend
Sensor
Kommunikationsschnittstelle
On board comm.
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ubiquitous mall
mobile communication + sensors/RFID
tags
Sensor node
tiny 1cm
sensors,
battery,
CPU,
communication
Source: www.teco.edu
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applications
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applications (2)
ZebraNet
interest: behavior of individual animals, interactions,
human impact
hundreds of square kilometers, years of observation,
every 3 minutes
animals carry nodes with GPS and sensors (now
light, more coming)
data transferred whenever nodes come close
together
mobile base station (car or plane) collects data from
time to time
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applications (3)
biodiversity mapping
use sensor nodes to observe wildlife
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Tunnel Monitoring
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application (3)
glacier monitoring
interest: monitor glacier dynamics to understand climate
nodes in drill holes measure pressure, temperature, tilt
base station on glacier uses differential GPS, transmits data via
GSM
major problem: radio communication through ice and water
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application (4)
parts assembly
Interest: assist assembly of do-it-yourself furniture
Parts and tools equipped with sensor nodes
Use force sensors (joints), gyroscope (screwdriver),
accelerometer (hammer)
Ad-hoc network detects activities, feedback via LEDs in furniture
parts
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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Chair Systems
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application (5)
power monitoring
interest: save power in large office building
sensor node connected to each power outlet
transceiver nodes form multihop network to central unit, gateway
to internet
other applications
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application scenarios
facility management
intrusion detection into industrial sites
control of leakages in chemical plants,
precision agriculture
bring out fertilizer/pesticides/irrigation only where needed
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logistics
equip goods (parcels, containers) with a sensor node
track their whereabouts total asset management
note: passive readout might suffice compare RFIDs
telematics
provide better traffic control by obtaining finer-grained
information about traffic conditions
intelligent roadside
cars as the sensor nodes
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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Application Areas
Homeland Security
Industrial Automation
Telemedicine
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
Chair Systems
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IQlevel System
Centralised server
GPRS/GSM connection
node
Local Internet-Server
Solar module
Low Power Wireless Sensor Network
868MHz Long Distance Radio
Ultra Low Power Micro controller
Low Duty Cycle Protocol
Crypto-based security
10 years life time
Mesh-Network incl. adaptive
routing
Digital probe
Ultra Low Power Micro controller
Modular probe
Pressure-, ph-value-, sulphate- and
elect. conductivity measurements
Buffering of measurement results
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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Pulse
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Data handling
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Temperature up to 1000C
Saturated steam atmosphere
No sight due to smoke
Extremely noisy
Aggressive liquids and gas
Ionizing radiation
Blast e.g. after explosion
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32
Measurement parameters
Measurements are done every 30 seconds
Location
Waterworks Briesen
Distance to next
substation
~1800 m
Briesen
<~5800m
Jacobsdorf
(protection on pipe bursts)
~4800m
Pilgram/Pagram
(protection on pipe bursts)
~2500m
Reservoir
0m
Parameter
flow rate
pressure, outlet
position of butterfly valve
pressure pipe A(1)
pressure pipe N(2)
position of butterfly valve
flow rate
quantity
pressure pipe A(1)
pressure pipe N(2)
position of butterfly valve
pressure pipe A(1)
pressure pipe N(2)
position of butterfly valve
flow rate
quantity intake from
waterworks with negativ
back flow
quantity intake from
waterworks
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Unit
(m/h)
(bar)
indication
(bar)
(bar)
indication
(m/h)
(m)
(bar)
(bar)
indication
(bar)
(bar)
indication
(m/h)
(m)
(m)
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Power supply
Distance up to 6 km
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34
SCADA Integration
WSAN
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MSP430 uC
Standard 868MHz radio (e.g. cc1100)
+ power amplifier + good antenna
Software Architecture
Sensor
control
Node Control
Transport
Routing
Forwarding
MAC
Update
service
Ciphers
Data storage
radio
tinyOS
HW
IDS
Attestation
watchdog
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Sensor
Chair Systems
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C/Processors
Leon 2-3; MIPS; MSP430 derivate; 8051
Radio Front Ends
UWB (802.15.4a), 868MHz (802.15.4 V2006); EN13757-3-4
Hardware Accelerators/Power management
AES, ECC, TCP Checksum ; PowerSwitches
Operating systems
tinyOS, Contiki, Reflex (BTU Cottbus); eCos
Protocols
TCP, 802.15.4 Software (hardware under development); IHP-beaconing
Middleware
tinyDSM (Event Definition; SQL like query language)
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design space
deployment
random or installed at chosen spots
one-time or continuous
classes: random/manual; one-time/iterative
mobility
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heterogeneity
first approach: identical or indistinguishable nodes only
in practice: a variety of nodes can be very useful
bundle computational or communication resources (cluster
heads)
special capabilities only for some (e.g. GPS)
gateways to external networks (GSM, satellite, Internet)
heterogeneity has large effect on complexity of software
classes: homogeneous/heterogeneous
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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communication modality
infrastructure
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network topology
important property:
diameter = max number of hops between any two nodes
single hop (d=1), infrastructure based (d=2), ad-hoc (d big)
topology affects QoS and software complexity
classes: single-hop / star / networked stars / tree / graph
coverage
depends on range of attached sensors
sensors could cover only part of area of interest, or all, or
multiply
coverage influences observational accuracy, redundancy,
processing
classes: sparse / dense / redundant
winter term 2010 Wireless Sensor Networks
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connectivity
Nodes always connected or only sometimes ?
Network sometimes partitioned ?
connectivity influences communication protocols and data gathering
classes: connected / intermittent / sporadic
size
range: a few nodes to thousands of nodes
lifetime
How long does the sensor network exist ?
range: some hours to several years
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Active Time:
Cost :
8 or 16 bit C
16 to 256 kByte
typical small batteries
1000-5000 mAh
energy harvesting
1-15 years
1-100 $/node
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Chapter 1 Page 48
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see you !
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