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+EE+.Etft (a$fl+) F+eg+4lE

QUALITYINC EXAMINATTONFOR APPLICANTSTOR JAPANESE

COVERNMENT(MONBUI(AGAKUSHO)SCHOLARSHIPS20I]

+t+;r& F6,E
EXAMINATIONQUESTIONS

(+*[g+e)
STUDENTS
UNDERCRADUATE

tv)

EA *i$6F{rt6 0t.
PLEASENOTE:THETESTPERIODIS 60 MINUTf,S

BIOLOCY

(Please print tull

unddlininglanily mno

nme,

L Readthefollowinsplssageanddswo lhe subsqunlquBtions.

Respintionincludes
I I lmd l 2 IprccsB. Someorgmismspcrfom
I I ] rcspimtionuder I I ] condnionswnhout co.suiing oxygd. Most
ln[ 2 ] mpintion,
orsanismsperfom
[ 2 ] respnationudd[ 2 ]conditions.
into th fiBl produds,[ 3 ] and
suss (FspiFtorr substniet are dcomposed
coffisrsorl pathwa]s.
i.e.[ 5 ],1 6la.dl
? I.
[ 4 ].[ 2 ] rcspiErion
The t6t patnway.[ 5 ], is locatedmainly ar ihe cytoel. In lhis pr@ess!glucose,
d*onposed fsn vrios carbonydrars,is d(onposed inlo [ 8 ]. ln | 5 l, 2
noleoles of [ 9 ] Ghenical dergy) e prcducedmd &e debydiogoalion@cu$
i. [ 5 ] is tnnsportd
to [ 10 ],o.eol
ar tne sanetine. [ 8 ] produced
orgmelles.dd inroduced lo [ 6 ] anr conbining wiih CoA, a coenzync.ln
[ 6 ], 2 nolccnles of | 8 I ar prcduced ad decalboxylationfld
dehydrogmtion
ocar Hydogenatons,ihe poducl ordE dehydseendio. in [ 6 ].
tosethervilh HydJogmatom producedby th dehydmsmtionin [ 5 ]. de
transporredto
| 7Iand34moleculesof[ 9 ] e Foduced.
ln [ ? ] in [ 2 ] Espidtion, Factiveoxygen,whichis know.lo aitact vadous
nelabolicprccesses,
n prodnceds a bt?roduct.In aninals,ractivoxygnis maihly
ptuducedin respimlion,bul i. plmts. s la.seanountofEaclive oxysenis prcducedi.
I ll l. th otherphysiologicalftaclio. paludne a signiicdt amout or t 9 l.
Fo. this ie6on, systm savdging radivoxyeer N daeloped in chloroplaslsi.
InI I ] rcspnado'r.[ 8 ] ptuducedin [ 5 ] is deconpoedinto alcobolor
lactats.Wren this F@essis canidoDlby micmrganism, lhis is calledI 12 I or

L Fill inr\ebldks( | I I [12 ] ) in rheabovepasasIromrhelht of plrases

siven
belowdd lecordthe oppropriakletiEr(A_AA) in rbed*is.ated spac(I-l 0)-02)

mpiratory ParhMYsshosn abovecoDmes oxygen?Seleclan

tne [sr clver below and @ord lhe lener (A AA) in $e

electuntdsfer sysrem

2 ]
3. How mml nolculesof| 9IarcsldEedfron&noledeofglucosein[
iespiEtio.? Pul the nmencal value h the d*iSnoled spam(l 3) oflhe mswer sb@t'

4. Onenol of [ 9 ] bd about73 kcaloI chenical ercy @d one nol of glucose

hls about688 tcol ol cnemical@e4v Roughly wblt % is lhe dergy conveFion
fiiciencyof [ 2 ] respintion?Selectd apptupriale amwer ud iecord the letler
(A E) in lhe dsismtedspre (l-2) on the

D 6 0

B .10
E 7 0

I I resPiFtion.
s. lnl
t 9 I $ prodEedo.lv in | 5 I a'dl,}le I e l
prcducrionefficiencyis lowertbd [ 2 ] rcspimrionRoughvwhar% ofr''E [ 9 ]
productionefriciencyof [ 2 ] rcspirationis tnal of I I ] respnado? Selecta'
appopriatmswe! dd recotdd lttd (a E) i. $e desisnaledspme(I-2) @ lhe

D 2 0

B 5
E 5 0

l0

Readlhe following passaeeand flswer ln subsequentquesiohs.

Iis. I shows the rmsvebe scdon of a plant leat Mesophyll consists of the
I I l l n s u e ( A i n r i s . l ) a n d [ 2 ] t h s n ( B i h F i e . 2 ) . I n s i d ecaa i [ 3 ] , a l s o
cllled leaf vein, penciJaleslbe m*opnyl| The snrfac of a lmf is cov@d with
and stomata (responsibl for s6-exchmse aclivitiet arc scalircd.
epidmt,
Epidemis consisrsof a single layft of @idemis cells md is cored with cuticles.
rComllv oldts iranspie bv openins slonala. but nmspimtion fiom epidemn colh is
alsoobsered. The transpintion fion oidemis cells is restricledbv cuticles.
Leares show noryhological divdily. For cxamplc,sne of sncculenlplants, such
as clctuses. hav spineslransformedfrom laves.In suc[ planlsi stcns develop like
leavcs and thick cuticles cover lhe surflce of stems. In some other succulentblanls.
leavesare thicke.en md simildly covftd wnh lhick culiclcs. ,Succulmt rlahrs close
stomaiadurin! the dartine md open lbm in the nisht line. Thesechaqes nininizc
water loss fron plmts, dd are consid@d lo be ihe adaphtion to dry climales.in whicb
mosl ofsucculedr olantsare dignburd.
ThsechaneesofleafmoQnobsy ar obsened in c.rnivorons pl.nls. rcamivorous
IL

@
nurri6rs. Most orsansfor catchinssmll a.imals ar lra.sfomed from the leaves.

I
" 1
_ f

;'{':;*'#,%"

L Fill in theblanks( | I I [:] l

belov dd Ecoid lhe appiopnat

c
I

2 To estinate rhe cxrcnt ofthe Estricdon ol rhe tmspinlion lron thc surfacccclls by
oulicles.desc bed in the underli.ed parl l, mesurment h conduded usine r mchine
measurins rbe transpiration nle. What kind of neasu@e.l is appiopriate tbi the
estination? Selecl a. apprcpiate dswd and E@rd lhe lttd (A D) in the designaled
space(lI 2) on tbe answershet.
tfie
A Meaunng haf tmnspinlion rzr\ m d'e dart me dd .r nightand calcularinA
dillmnc berweenlhen.
B Masuins leaf tanspirahon ats in tbe dartide, then reNuring then again alter
iralins tbe leaf witn orga.ic solvenr,vhich dissolvescdicls, md caloladng lhc
difierencebciseen tnen.
C Measuringleaf tmspiElion rales al nish! rhm neasunng $m againaner @3ling
lhe leafwilh organicsolvenl, whicb dissolvescuticles, and calolaiins lbe ditrrnce
D Dnring bolh dlyine andniehl lime, measuins leaf transpiiatio. 6tes afte! tiearing
the leaf with oa.ic solvent, which dissolvescuticle, a.d mlculaling tne difcrcncc

L As descnbcdi. lhe underlinedpan 2, succulentpla.ls close then stomta durins

lhe dltline. This nakes it inpossible for lhem to absorbCO,. making it dificult for
planrs ro perfom ordinary ptolosyntnesis. Iron lhe following sntences explaining
photosynlhesisofsuccule.t planls, seled the nost appopriale one ahd ncord tne btter
(A D) in rhc desienaledsp&e (U :l) o lbe answershet.
A tn areaswberesucculenlpla.ts ae disllibuted, dry and line wealherprvailsat nighl.
Thus, theseplarh perfom photosynthesnnainly ulilizing lhe radialion of sla6 and
B Succulftt plmts nainly perfom photoslnthesn i. lhc .la}linc using Co,
accunularedin leafintercellulat spdc* al niglti absorbedlhrcush openslomt!.
C Succnlenl plsts nainly prlom photosynlbesh utilizing CO: eleased by
respnationdu.ing rhe .tarline.
D Succule.l planls mainly perfom photosyn$esis utilizinS Elesed CO, by t[e
dccarboxylalion of orgmic acids, which aF accunuhted dunng lhe night line
lhrcugh specialrcsponsesto tx CO: absorbedlhongh opcn stomta.
,1. Hos do you thinl camivorcns planls, dscribed in the underlined part 3, have
cvolved?Among lhe followi4 snlences,selst the frost approp.iateoneandecord lhc

letter (A E) in lhe designa&dspm(ll 3) on the answd sieet.

A Camivorouspldls haveevolvcd by incrcasi.g insmts visilihg tnen nowN udlizing
strongsmellsollhe dcconposnionofcaptuEd insecls.
B Camivorcus pla.h have evolved by using capturedand decomposedinsectsas a
nutrientsourceunderpooFnub_uious
soil condilions.
C Canivorcus plaft nav evolved undr fenile $il conditions,undr wnich nany
inscrs aE able to be captuEd andutilized becaue ofhigb bio divedty.
D Camivorous plants have elolved in order to snpply additional waler by
deconposingcapoEd inseclsnhdcr dry condilio.s.
E Canivorous pldts nav evolved by utilizins some coDponenls of deonposed
insecb for improving thei. diserseresnbnce n.der hmid condilioB.

questions| 5.
UI Rcadrhe followins passagelnd answerrhe subsequenr
The fenonl nnscle of a fros w6 dissectedout alongNith a nene thal trisses lbe
co.lEclion of the hlscle. \\1Fn r weat elechic alimulB was givcn to rhe .fl 60 mn
fron $e ieurcmnslarjuclion. the nuscle did not contract.Whna slishtly stronger
sinulus wasgiven at the sane point, however,the nuscle contractedaner 4.5 ms. Then
the samcstinulus was sivm 20 nn fton the neuofrusclarjunction. andthe nuscle

Choosethe nameof thn nerve tron A-E. a.d record the appmpriale leter in lhe
desisnatedsp&e (lll l) on fie answrshel.

C
D
E

padyfrpathelic neflc
scnsorynerye
stmpalhetrcnene

2. Cllculate dre co.duclion rale ofthh ne(. and recordlhe numericallalue (ntt in
tne desigmtedspace(lll 2) on the ansver sheer.
3. Cllculat rhe dclay time lion rh excit tio. Eachin8 the neurcnu$lar juncxon ro
tne contractionof the nuscle. dd recod the nunencal value (dt in the desisnated
space(lll 3) on therswftsheet.

4. Thm are both owoB and musculai facloB for tne &lay ftom the excitation
rcachins the nmnuscla. jdcti@ to tne conllacdon of the nscle The neFous
factor is that oftr xciladon @cn* to th end ofthe iefle. I a ] is Ele6ed and
difllses in the sytupdc cleff to the nuscle cell. The nscular factor G thal the
exciration Faches the sarcoplasnicreticnlnm to Flese I b ]. aid then I b ]
acdaatesAIP6e of I c I. Choos th nost suirablelems thal mtch the blanls in
the passasfion a-L, and put the lette$ in lhe designatedspsces{III -4a_c)or lh

INa

5. f a tunn6 stronSerstimulus is givd to this nerye, hov doeslhe slrcngtn of tbe

musclemnlraction chmee. ilat all? Choosethe nosl sDitableanswerfrom A D. dd
put the letreri. ln dsiEnaledsp,ce (nI-5) of the a.sver sheel
A The srMslh of the nn$le contractiondoesnot chdge.
B nre stMCth of the nnscle conlncion in@es astne stimulusis sbongei
C The stroClh oflhe musle condction increases$ the stinulus is slro.gr,
bui if it exceedsa cedain vrlue, tne snensih of the nNcle conlractiondoes
D

Mead

The sirengn of the nuscle coniJadion incrses a the slinDlDs 's slroneer.
but if il exceds a cenain value, tne stEngth of the mDslc contraclDn
decHses asthe stinuls is stronger

lh following pNsageand mswq lhe subseqnenlquestionsI 3

Biologisls refer to orgdisns by Lalin scimtinc mms to avoid lnbigni9 The two_paft
fomal of lhe sientific nane. called I I ]. vas prcposdh tne lSth cotury by a
swednh biologist [ 2 ]. The fist p'rt ola I I ] is lhe nane of $e [ 3 ] to
which tbe speciesbelongs,and the secondparl is unique for eachspecies An example
ofal
I I1s D6ophila nek ,gdter tbe sciolilic nme for tne fiuit fly. In addition
to @nine species,[ 2 ] also srcuped lhm into nierarchyof inctasiogly inclnsivc
categories.speciestnal app* 10be closely rclatedare groupedinlo ln same[ 3 ]

Beyond [ 3 ], poeressively nore conprehdsile caregonesfo. classitcarioh m

enployed. Dtusophila nelmgae*
belones lo lhc [
4
] Drosophili&e.
Drosphilidae belongsro fie | 5 I DipteB, witb olhe. flies &d nosquiioes. Dispm
h o.e | 5 I i. lbe cl6s lis(t!, $hich belongslo tlE | 6 I Afthrcpoda.
L

Chooselbe most suilabletems lbat natch the blanlc in rhe passaeenon A O, lnd
put 1helenersin lhe &sigatd spaces(Iv I -6) or the answd sheer.
A mmnon name
B binonial
C Dmi.
D dpsrinent
E donain
F family
C fomll nane
H ge.us
I sade
K kingdom
L Lamrck
t gronp
M Linneaeu
N ordq
O phylum

2. Chooselhc nme ofan diml or a.imh non A-F thal doevdo not belong to
AJrnJopodaand Ecord th appop ate lettd(s) in rhe dBigmred space(Iv 7) on the

hosesbc chb

3. Choose the appopnate nenG) fton A F $at do nor show a characrerisricol

Antiropoda dd recoid fte lefte(t in the dsieftled sprce (M)
o. tbe ahswd
A
B

xoskeleton
joint appendages

D
E
F

nost species-nchsrcup in minals

op6 cirulatory systefr
watrrascular syslen

v Choosed most suilablitem frcnA-E tnat matchsln following phses 1 5, dd

recordthe conespondinslener in the desisnatedsprces(V l-6)ollhemss*shet.

A mjor conponentof a cell nnbrue

B cellulose
A calcium
D pnospolipid E stdch
A nucleobas lnat is not conlainedin DNA
B ctbnne
A adeiine
E umcil
D thytine

orsmrc &Ids

gudrire

The canscof m appemce of naize em with diferenr coloredkenels

C Polin'ti'n
B ch'nem
A aponixis
E xnia
D panhdocalpy

4 Tbc location olspemu s orga.izel in an mphlb'a. enbrvo

A arciento. iloor
B archentronrcor
c dosal eclodem
D doel lip ofthe blaslopor
E ve.tEl eclodem
5 Tne aninal ihat would havelbe hiSlEsl 6erey xpndiluE per uil n.ss
C human
B elephmi
A betle
E nonse
D lizd
6 The elaiioNhip betweencohl polyps md slsEein coml xssue
B nabnalssegation
A conpetilion
E PFdalion
D pa6idsn
C nutualisn