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Contents
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2.5.3 Sultani
o 2.6 West and Central Africa
o 2.7 Southern Asia
o 2.8 Southeast and East Asia
3 Contemporary sovereign sultanates
4 Princely and aristocratic titles
5 Military rank
6 See also
7 References
Artistic representation of Saladin, the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
Ghaznavid Sultanate
Sultans of Great Seljuk
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Sultans (becoming Padishahs) of the Ottoman Empire, the Osmanli
H.M. Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, the current Sultan of Oman from the Al Said dynasty.
in Syria:
o Ayyubid Sultans
o Mamluk Sultans
in present-day Yemen, various small sultanates of the former British Aden
Protectorate and South Arabia:
Audhali, Fadhli, Haushabi, Kathiri, Lahej, Lower Aulaqi, Lower Yafa, Mahra, Qu'aiti,
Subeihi, Upper Aulaqi, Upper Yafa and the Wahidi sultanates
North Africa[edit]
Horn of Africa[edit]
Main articles: Somali aristocratic and court titles and Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
Mohamoud Ali Shire, the 26th Sultan of the Somali Warsangali Sultanate
Adal Sultanate, in northwestern Somalia, southern Djibouti, and the Somali, Oromia,
Harari, and Afar regions of Ethiopia
Ajuran Sultanate, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
Marehan Sultanate, in northern Somalia
Sultanate of the Geledi, in southern Somalia
Sultanate of Aussa, in northeastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Harar, in eastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Hobyo, in Somalia
Sultanate of Ifat, in eastern Ethiopia
Sultanate of Mogadishu, in south-central Somalia
Sultanate of Showa, in central Ethiopia
Warsangali Sultanate, in northern Somalia
Maliki[edit]
This was the alternative native style (apparently derived from malik, the Arabic word for
king) of the Sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate, in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of
Tanzania).
Swahili Coast[edit]
Sultanate of Zanzibar two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto
separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal
separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of
Tanzania)
Mfalume is the (Ki)Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic
and in western languages as Sultan:
in Kenya:
o Pate on part of Pate island (capital also named Pate), in the Lamu Archipelago
o Wituland, came under German, then British protectorate
in Tanganyika (presently part of Tanzania): of Hadimu, on the island of that name;
also styled Jembe
Sultani[edit]
This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe a female sultan
In Cameroon:
o Bamoun (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918
becomes a Sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
o Bibemi 1770 founded- Rulers first style Lamido to ...., then Sultan
o Mandara Sultanate since 1715 (replacing Wandala kingdom); 1902 Part of
Cameroon
o Rey Bouba Sultanate founded 1804
in the Central African Republic:
o Bangassou created c.1878; 14 June 1890 under Congo Free State protectorate,
1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
o Dar al-Kuti - French protectorate since December 12, 1897
o Rafai c.1875 Sultanate, 8 April 1892 under Congo Free State protectorate,
March 31, 1909 under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
o Zemio c.1872 established; December 11, 1894 under Congo Free State
protectorate, April 12, 1909 under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate
suppressed
in Niger: Arabic alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
o the Amenokal of the Ar confederation of Tuareg
o the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the Sultanate of
Damagaram (Zinder)
in Nigeria most monarchies previously had native titles but when most in the north
converted to Islam, Muslim titles were generally adopted such as Emir; Sultan has
also been used.
o in Borno (alongside the native title Mai)
o since 1817 in Sokoto, the suzerain (also styled Amir al-Muminin and Sarkin
Musulmi) of all Fulbe jihad states and premier traditional Muslim leader in the
Sahel (according to some once a Caliph)
Southern Asia[edit]
Sultan Ali Khan Bahadur, grandson of Nawab H.H Noor ul Umrah and son of Nawab
Shujaath Ali Khan
In India:
Bahmani Sultanate
Sultanate of Bengal
In the Maldives:
Maldives Sultanate
On Kalimantan
o Sultanate of Banjar
o Sultanate of Berau
o Sultanate of Bulungan
o Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
o Sultanate of Kubu
o Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara
o Sultanate of Mempawah
o Sultanate of Paser
o Sultanate of Pontianak
o Sultanate of Sambaliung
o Sultanate of Sambas
On Sulawesi
o Sultanate of Buton
o Sultanate of Bone
o Sultanate of Gowa
o Sultanate of Luwu
o Sultanate of Soppeng
o Sultanate of Wajo
On Java
o Sultanate of Banten
o Sultanate of Cirebon - the rulers in three of the four palaces (kraton), from
which divided Cirebon was ruled: Kraton Kasepuhan, Kraton Kanoman and
Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title
Panembahan)
o Sultanate of Demak
o Sultanate of Pajang
o Sumedang Larang Kingdom
o Sultanate of Mataram (was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of
Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
o Sultanate of Yogyakarta (The Divine Sultanate of which its ruler Sri Sultan
Hamengkubowono is considered a divine being a half God)[citation needed]
o Sunanate of Surakarta (Susuhunan a Higher ranked Monarchy the equivalent
to emperor)
o Sultanate of Jayakarta (Also known as Sunda Kelapa modern day Jakarta)
In Malaysia:
In Peninsular Malaysia, where all nine of Malaysia's present sultanates are located:
o Sultanate of Malacca
o Sultanate of Johor
o Sultanate of Kedah
o Sultanate of Kelantan
o Sultanate of Pahang
o Sultanate of Perak
o Sultanate of Selangor
o Sultanate of Terengganu
Furthermore, the ruler of Luak Jelebu, one of the constitutive states of the Negeri
Sembilan confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title Undang
Luak Jelebu.
In Brunei:
In China:
In the Philippines:
Sultanate of Buayan
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanate of Sulu (Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern
Sabah on North Borneo)
Sultanate of Ranaw (Sultan ko Pat a Pangampong a Ranao)
In Thailand:
Sultanate of Patani
Sultanate of Singgora
Brunei
Indonesia Sultan of Yogyakarta Special Region is governor of that province
Malaysia
o Sultan is the title of seven (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor
and Terengganu) of the nine rulers of the Malay states. The federal head of
state the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is elected (de facto rotated) for five years by
and among the hereditary state rulers, but is usually styled "king" in foreign
countries; political power, however, lies with the prime minister. See also:
Malay titles
Oman, an Arabian nation, formerly sultanate of Muscat and Oman
In some parts of the Middle East and North Africa, there still exist regional sultans or people
who are descendants of sultans and who are styled as such.
The sons of Imperial Princesses, excluded from the Ottoman imperial succession,
were only styled Sultan zada (given name) Bey-Efendi, i.e. Son of a Prince[ss] of the
dynasty.
In certain Muslim polities, Sultan was also an aristocratic title, as in the Tartar Astrakhan
Khanate.
The Valide Sultan was the title reserved for the mother of the ruling sultan. In Ottoman
Empire, the Haseki Sultan was the title reserved for the mother of the princes.
Military rank[edit]
In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of
military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires),
using originally princely titles such as Khan, Malik, Amir as mere rank denominations.
In the Persian empire, the rank of Sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a western Captain;
socially in the fifth rank class, styled 'Ali Jah.
See also[edit]
Other ruling titles
Emir (Amir)
Atabeg
Bey
Baig
Mirza
Caliph
Datu
Khan, Ilkhan and Khaqan
Maharaja (Equivalent to Emperor)
Malik
Mir
Padishah
Raja
Shah and Shahanshah
Zoltn (Zoltan)