2

Recycle/
Re-use the
garbage

Practice
proper
waste
disposal/
segregation

Regulate
smoke
belching on
vehicles

Tree
planting/
Reforestatio
n

Establish
sanctuaries
for
endangered
wildlife and
marine life

HARMFUL EFFECTS
OF HUMAN
ACTIVITIES TO THE
ENVIRONMENT

Enforce
logging
regulations

Speed

Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object

covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed
and covers a relatively large distance in a given amount
of time, while a slow-moving object covers a relatively
small amount of distance in the same amount of time.

Velocity

As a change of direction occurs while the cars turn on the curved track, their velocity is not constant.

Magnitude / Intensity Comparison

Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the
source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength
of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human
structures, and the natural environment.

Magnitude / Intensity Comparison

The following table gives intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of earthquakes of different
magnitudes.
Typical Maximum
Modified Mercalli
Magnitude Intensity
1.0 - 3.0

3.0 - 3.9

II - III

4.0 - 4.9

IV - V

5.0 - 5.9

VI - VII

6.0 - 6.9

VII - IX

7.0 and
higher

VIII or higher

Abbreviated Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls
make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.

V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks
may stop.
VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures;
considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial
collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy
furniture overturned.
IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage
great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.

Causes of Season in the Philippines

BLUE IS THE HOTTEST AND RED IS THE COOLEST

Supergiant stars
Giant star

The scientific name

for the twinkling of
stars is stellar
scintillation (or
astronomical
scintillation). Stars
twinkle when we see
them from the Earth's
surface because we
are viewing them
through thick layers of

in the
Earth's atmosphere.

A light-year is the distance

that light travels in one year,
which is about six trillion
miles. It is perhaps the best
unit of measurement to use
for distances in space,
because space is so
unbelievably vast. No unit of
measurement is as adequate
for space as a light-year.

WHY CONSTELLATION USEFUL TO PEOPLE

COMMON CONSTELATIONS

Nasa star

CARRIES THE LARGEST

TELESCOPE TO VIEW CLEARLY
THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The Subaru Telescope (left) and Keck Observatory (center) on Mauna Kea, both examples of an observatory
that operates at near-infrared and visible wavelengths. TheNASA Infrared Telescope Facility (right) is an
example of a telescope that operates only at near-infrared wavelengths.

GENESIS
engaged on a 3-year mission to explore the solar winds

PHOENIX MARS LANDER

Five-month-plus mission on the Red Planet.

VOYAGER 1 IS TO EXPLORE THE SPACE

NASA's IBEX
spacecraft exploring the edge of our

solar system

Name

Aperture

Type

cm (in.)

Where

When

Mars Reconnaissance OrbiterHiRISE

50 cm (19.7)

R/C

Mars orbit

2005

Mars Global SurveyorMOC[15]

35 cm (13.8)

R/C

Mars orbit

19962006

New HorizonsLORRI[citation needed]

20.8 cm (8.2)

R/C

Space (33+ AU from Earth)

2006

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC-NAC[16]

19.5 cm (7.68)

Reflector

Lunar orbit

2009

CassiniISS-NAC[17]

19 cm (7.5)

Reflector

Saturn orbit

2004

Galileo - Solid State Imager[18]

17.65 cm (6.95)

Reflector

Jupiter

1989-2003

Voyager 1/2, ISS-NAC[19]

17.6 cm (6.92)

Catadioptric

Space

1977

Mariner 10 - TV Photo Experiment (x2)[20]

15 cm (5.9)

Reflector

Space

1973-1975

Deep Space 1MICAS[21]

10 cm ( 3.94)

Reflector

Solar orbit

1998-2001

Aperture

Name

Type

cm (in.)

Where

When

Voyager 1/2, ISS-WAC[19]

6 cm (2.36)

Lens

Space

1977

CassiniISS-WAC[17]

5.7 cm (2.2)

Lens

Saturn orbit

2004

MESSENGER MDIS-WAC[22]

3 cm (1.18)

Lens

Mercury orbit

2004

MESSENGER MDIS-NAC[22]

2.5 cm (0.98)

R/C

Mercury orbit

2004

Dawn Framing Camera (FC1/FC2)[23]

2 cm (0.8)

Lens

Asteroid belt

2007

FOR PROBLEMS MET IN SPACE

No atmosphere
Deadly radiation & cosmic rays
Huge distances
Huge amount of energy required just to
escape Earth's gravity

Low gravity causes some health

problems

ACHIEVEMENTS OF SPACE
EXPLORATION
First human orbit on earth
First space walk
First space soft land on moon
First human walks on moon