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STRUCTURES
Lecture L13
Design of compressed members
Viorel Ungureanu / Martina Eliov
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Introduction
Simple compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Influencing parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Introduction
Simple
compression
Column buckling
Design methods
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Columns:
height
3650 mm
depth
580 mm
thickness 15 mm (toughened glass)
Glass columns bolted to the concrete foundation
Steel truss span 6,2 m; depth 600 mm
3
Compressed members
Introduction
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
6000
6000
Simple
compression
ventilation
6000
ventilation
6000
ventilation
slope
3650
Objectives
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Longitudinal section
Design methods
Cross section
10
6020
15
glass panel
3650
silicone
joint
1-1
steel truss
glass column
Section1-1
2x steel angle
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
roof insulated
glass panel
glass beam
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
brick wall
4,15m
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
glass column
3,37m
Design methods
basic structure = portal formed by glass post with a length of 3370mm and a
glass beam of 4000mm stiff corner where beam meets post
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
2x PE backfill
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
glass beam: 3 x 10 mm
float glass, resin layered
Column buckling
Design methods
34
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Two problems:
Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
double glass
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
glass rod
cable, rod
cross-section
9
Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Lpu
F
tpu
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
inserts
tg
Lg
Column buckling
Edge finishing:
fine ground edge
polished edge
tpb
Design methods
Lc
Lpb
Material of inserts:
steel
aluminium
polyamide
epoxy resin
Length of inserts:
60, 90, 180 mm
10
Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
test set-up
11
Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Youngs Modulus
[MPa]
Poissons ratio
Tensile
strength [MPa]
Aluminium
69 000
0,34
265
Polyamide
3 500
0,39
76
Epoxy resin
5 700
52
210 000
0,32
400
Steel
12
Simple
compression
45
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Glass pane:
size, thickness
Inserts:
length, thickness
before and after testing
a = 1,5 mm
before testing
Design methods
after testing
10 mm
13
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
14
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
15
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Introduction
700
600
Steel
Aluminium
Polyamide
Epoxy resin
500
400
300
Column buckling
Design methods
200
100
0
0
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Fexp / Ftheor
Introduction
0,8
0,6
0,4
Influencing
parameters
0,2
Column buckling
Design methods
Material of insert
Fred = j fc,u Ai
j
material coefficient,
Ai
fc,u
Material
Coefficient j
Aluminium
0,50
Steel
0,55
Polyamide
0,25
Epoxy resin
0,25
17
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Ncr =
N > Ncr
(instable)
L2
critical stress
cr = Ncr A
Column buckling
N = Ncr
(indifferent)
N = Ncr
2E I
impulse
impulse
Ncr
Design methods
N < Ncr
(stable)
= E cr
= E L2 A 2 E I = L2 i 2 = L i
18
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
N
Ncr/N =
2EI/(NL2)
2EI/(4NL2)
7,84EI/(pL3)
19
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Linear buckling
N
Influencing
parameters
Ideal beam
buckling by bifurcation
Column buckling
Design methods
Nonlinear buckling
L0
w
failure
cr
L0
cr
w0
Real beam
buckling by divergence
x
y
z
w0
z
initial imperfection
20
Introduction
Simple
compression
failure
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
experiment
analytical model
Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction
Geometry
Thickness
Length of compressed member
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Material parameters
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Residual stresses
Initial curvature
Eccentricities
Boundary conditions
Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Initial curvature
Product standards define tolerances on (local and global) bow
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
23
Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
8
Design methods
u0(z) [mm]
Column buckling
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
z [mm]
3000
24
Influencing parameters
Objectives
Eccentricities
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Lamination process
Pane offset
Design methods
25
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
26
The glass thickness and the initial deformation of glass panels were
measured for more than 200 test specimen from two different glass
manufacturers. The thickness of annealed flat glass panels differs
from the nominal value because glass manufacturers try to save
material. The real glass thickness is often less than the nominal
value, therefore reducing the moment of inertia of the cross section
and, thus the buckling strength. The measurements confirmed that
the values follow a normal distribution.
Design methods
27
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
EI w ( x ) + N w 0 sin + e + w ( x ) = 0
L
''
Influencing
parameters
N
L
w0
e
Column buckling
Design methods
perfect bar
LK
w0
Ncr,K
axial compression
length of bar
initial sinusoidal deformation
eccentricity
Ncr =
2 EI
L2
Geometrical slenderness
w0
N
EA
E
K =
=
Ncr ,K
cr
28
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
29
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
w0
e
w =
+
cos (LK / 2 N Ncr ,K ) 1 N Ncr ,K
Column buckling
Design methods
N M N N
(w max + w 0 + e )
=
A W
A W
w0
N N
e
=
+
area
section modulus
moment of inertia
Young modulus
30
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
1. Modelling
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
2. Eigenvalue/-form analysis
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
EF1
N2
N3
EF2
EF3
+
3. Application of imperfections
w0
N
N
Ncr,K
w0
w0
31
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Critical
buckling
load
Stress
Luible (2004)
X (with teff)
Kutterer (2005)
Blaauwendraad (2007)
Amadio (2011)
Approach
Non-linear
interlayer
behaviour
Design
concept
Design methods
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
glass
PVB
glass
t1
tPVB
gravity
axis
glass
t2
z1
t1
tPVB
PVB
glass
t2
z2
tPVB
Column buckling
z1
z1
t1
glass
Design methods
N cr ,K
2 (1 + + 2 ) EI s
=
2
1+ 2
LK
k ,sandwich =
L
I s 1 + + 2
A 1+ 2
33
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Ii =
I1 + I2
Is
t PVB
GPVB b(z1 + z2 )
EIs
L2k
bt i3
2I1 + I 2
Is
t PVB
Ii =
12
A = b(2 t1 + t 2 + t PVB )
example: Luible 2004
EI s
bt i3
12
EI s = 2 Ebt1 z1
A = b(t1 + t 2 + t PVB )
34
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
hef ,w = h + h + 12 Is
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
3
1
3
2
1
3
Design methods
h1,ef , =
hef3 ,w
h1 + 2 hs ,2
h2 ,ef , =
hef3 ,w
h2 + 2 hs ,1
hs h1
h1 + h2
hs = 0,5(h1 + h2 ) + hv
hs ,1 =
Is = h1 hs2,2 + h2 hs2,1
hs ,2 =
hs h2
h1 + h2
35
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Type of glass
Other actions
Laminated glass
hef , = hef ,w = hi
i
hef ,w = 3
3
h
i
i
hef , , j =
3
h
i
i
hj
36
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
family 0
family 1
family 2
family 3
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,6
0,0
0,1
0,3
0,7
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,3
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,1
Permanent load
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
3 weeks
5 days
37
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
bonding
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
undeformed
deformed
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
39
Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
5) Design
Buckling curves
Slenderness ratio
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Reduction factor
Buckling strength
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
To be established
Safety concept
(example buckling curves: Langosch, 2010)
40
Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
influences:
glass thickness
initial deformation w0
load eccentricity e
tensile strength of glass p,t
shear modulus of PVB foil GPVB
The buckling strength of glass is limited by the maximum tensile
strength of glass p,t
41
Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
K
K
K =
=
E E p ,t
IMPRACTICAL = large variations for different tensile strength of
glass
42
Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
EA
E
=
K =
Ncr ,K
cr
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
Ned NK ,Rd
K A
=
K
additional lateral loads and end moments can be taken into account by
means of interaction formulas similar to the design of compressive steel
members
43
Design methods
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Objectives
50
w0 = LK/300
Euler
40
20 MPa
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
40 MPa
p,t
80 MPa
30
Design methods
20
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
K
44
Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
w0
N N
e
+
=
A W cos L K / 2 N EI
1 N N cr ,K
Ed Rd
p ,t
=
K
The calculated maximum tensile stress has to be smaller than tensile surface
strength of the glass.
45
Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods
46
References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products
HALDIMANN, Matthias; LUIBLE, Andreas; OVEREND, Mauro.
Structural Use of Glass. Structural Engineering Documents 10 , IABSE, Zrich:2008. ISBN 978-3-85748119-2
THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Structural use of glass in buildings, London: The institution of Structural Engineers, 1999.
LUIBLE, A.
Stabilitt von Tragelementen aus Glas. Dissertation EPFL thse 3014. Lausanne: 2004.
.
48
49
Thank you
for your attention
viorel.ungureanu@upt.ro
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos