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ADVANCED DESIGN OF GLASS

STRUCTURES
Lecture L13
Design of compressed members
Viorel Ungureanu / Martina Eliov
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC

Objectives of the lecture


Objectives

Introduction

Simple compression

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Fundamental stability phenomenas

Influencing
parameters

Influencing parameters

Column buckling

Design methods

Introduction
Simple
compression

Column buckling
Design methods

Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction

Glass pavilion for art exhibition, Arnhem, Netherlands, 1986

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Columns:

height
3650 mm
depth
580 mm
thickness 15 mm (toughened glass)
Glass columns bolted to the concrete foundation
Steel truss span 6,2 m; depth 600 mm
3

Compressed members
Introduction

Glass pavilion for art exhibition, Netherlands, 1986

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

6000

6000

Simple
compression

ventilation

6000

ventilation

6000

ventilation

slope

3650

Objectives

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Longitudinal section

Design methods

Cross section

10

6020

15

glass panel

3650

silicone
joint
1-1

steel truss

glass column
Section1-1
2x steel angle

Concrete foundation block

Compressed members
Objectives

Glass conservatory, Leiden Netherlands 2001 - 2002

Introduction
Simple
compression

roof insulated
glass panel

glass beam

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

brick wall

4,15m

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

glass column

3,37m

Design methods

single glass panel

area of conservatory 4,85 x 4,00 m

height varies between 4,15 and 3,37 m

basic structure = portal formed by glass post with a length of 3370mm and a
glass beam of 4000mm stiff corner where beam meets post

UV-active glue was applied on site


5

Compressed members
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression

Glass conservatory, Leiden Netherlands 2001 - 2002


insulated glass: 10 12 2x 5,5 PVB
8
33
6
structural silicone joint
7,5 x 6 mm resin layered

Fundamental
stability
2x PE backfill
phenomenas

beam, post: three layers of float


glass with resin interlayer 3x
10mm
roof: insulated glass 10-12-2x
5,5 with PVB
facade: single toughened glass
12mm

Influencing
parameters

glass beam: 3 x 10 mm
float glass, resin layered

Column buckling
Design methods

34

cross section over glass roof


beam

glued connection of insulated


panel to glass beam
6

Compressed members
Objectives

Town hall of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 1994

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Height of column is 3,20m (10 + 15 + 10 mm float glass)


Maximum loading according to the calculation 69 kN
One-to-one tests maximum force at failure 430 kN

In the case of collapse of one or even all glass columns, a


structural steel system in the roof would hold the construction,
partly by means of a tension ring around the patio
7

Compressed members
Objectives

Restaurant Amstelveen, Netherlands, 1994 - 1996

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Span of the truss 5,20m

Top member 120 x 80 x 5 mm

Compressive glass bar d = 30 mm

Tensile steel bars d = 10 mm

Two problems:

Broken glass member

Connection between glass bar and steel cable


8

Compressed members
Objectives

Compression members in a truss

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

double glass

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

glass rod

cable, rod

cross-section
9

Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction

Glass in contact to different materials

Simple
compression

Lpu

F
tpu

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

Thickness of glass pane:


10, 12, 15 mm

inserts
tg

Lg

Column buckling

Size of glass pane:


120 x 120 mm
150 x 150 mm
180 x 180 mm

Edge finishing:
fine ground edge
polished edge

tpb

Design methods

Lc

Lpb

Geometry of the test set-up for the glass in


contact under pressure

Material of inserts:
steel
aluminium
polyamide
epoxy resin
Length of inserts:
60, 90, 180 mm

10

Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

The experiments served for


determination of resistance for
glass in contact with different
material. Glass panel were placed
between two inserts and loaded by
a force to the collapse. Two test
machines with load capacity 400
and 1000 kN were used. We
carried out 4 set of test with Al, Pa,
Fe, and Ep inserts. Size and
thickness of glass panels, edge
finishing, length and material of
inserts were changed.
Transparent box allowed to
determinate first crack appearance
as well as the shape of the failure.

Column buckling
Design methods

test set-up

transparent box for


protection

11

Simple compression
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Material properties of inserts


Material of
inserts

Youngs Modulus
[MPa]

Poissons ratio

Tensile
strength [MPa]

Aluminium

69 000

0,34

265

Polyamide

3 500

0,39

76

Epoxy resin

5 700

52

210 000

0,32

400

Steel

Standard coupon tests


EN 1288-3: Glass in building Determination of the bending
strength of glass.
EN 10002-1: Metals : Tensile test.
EN ISO 527: Plastics - Determination of tensile properties.

12

Strength of glass in contact


Objectives
Introduction

Measurements of test specimen and of inserts

Simple
compression

45

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Glass pane:

size, thickness

Inserts:

length, thickness
before and after testing

a = 1,5 mm
before testing

Design methods

after testing
10 mm

Plastic deformation of insert

13

Strength of glass in contact


Objectives
Introduction

Initial failure modes

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

14

Strength of glass in contact


Objectives

Failure modes at collapse

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

15

Strength of glass in contact


Objectives

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

Different material of inserts


Fexp [kN]

Introduction

700
600

Steel
Aluminium
Polyamide
Epoxy resin

500
400
300

Column buckling
Design methods

200
100
0
0

Number of the test

identical size, thickness and edge finishing of glass panels


identical length of inserts
16

Strength of glass in contact


Objectives

Reduction of the resistance


Aluminium
Polyamide
Steel
Epoxy resin

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Fexp / Ftheor

Introduction

0,8
0,6
0,4

Influencing
parameters

0,2
Column buckling

Design methods

Material of insert

Fred = j fc,u Ai
j

material coefficient,

Ai

contact area of the glass,

fc,u

strength of glass in compression (500 MPa)

Material
Coefficient j

Aluminium
0,50

Steel
0,55

Polyamide
0,25

Epoxy resin
0,25
17

Fundamental stability phenomenas


Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression

Stability of the perfect compressed member

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

critical (Euler's) load 1744

Ncr =

N > Ncr
(instable)

L2

critical stress

cr = Ncr A

Column buckling

N = Ncr
(indifferent)

N = Ncr

2E I

impulse

impulse

Ncr

Design methods

N < Ncr
(stable)

geometrical slenderness is defined as

= E cr

= E L2 A 2 E I = L2 i 2 = L i
18

Fundamental stability phenomenas


Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Critical load of compressed columns


Basic stability conditions

pin-ended column with end point loads

cantilever with concentrated end axial point load

cantilever with uniformly distributed axial load

Influencing
parameters

Column buckling

Design methods

N
Ncr/N =

2EI/(NL2)

2EI/(4NL2)

7,84EI/(pL3)
19

Fundamental stability phenomenas


Objectives
Introduction

Ideal versus real column

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Linear buckling
N

Influencing
parameters

Ideal beam
buckling by bifurcation

Column buckling
Design methods

Nonlinear buckling

L0
w

failure

cr
L0

cr
w0

Real beam
buckling by divergence

x
y
z

w0

z
initial imperfection

20

Fundamental stability phenomenas


Objectives

Column buckling - tests

Introduction
Simple
compression
failure

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

experiment
analytical model

Buckling tests at EPFL Lausanne 2003


21

Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction

Geometry
Thickness
Length of compressed member

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Material parameters

Influencing
parameters

Elastic modulus glass


Interlayer stiffness in laminated glass

Column buckling
Design methods

Residual stresses
Initial curvature
Eccentricities
Boundary conditions

Deviation from nominal values IMPERFECTIONS


22

Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression

Initial curvature
Product standards define tolerances on (local and global) bow

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

depending on glass type annealed glass is assumed FLAT!

23

Influencing parameters
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Initial curvature (measured values)


Characteristic value of initial geometrical imperfection = u0/L = 0.0025 mm/mm
Global bow = u0 = L/400
Good shape approximation = half SINUS wave (alternative: parabola)
= first eigenmode!

=> GLOBAL bow is relevant for stability!

Influencing
parameters
8

Design methods

u0(z) [mm]

Column buckling

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

z [mm]

3000

24

Influencing parameters
Objectives

Eccentricities

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Load application with eccentricities,


depending on
:

Deflection of the glazing and


therefore rotation of the edge

Oblique (no 90) edge

Lamination process

Pane offset

Design methods

25

Influencing parameters - summary


Objectives
Introduction

Influences on the behaviour of compression glass

Simple
compression

production tolerances glass thickness

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

initial deformation (float x tempered glass)

Influencing
parameters

visco-elastic PVB interlayer used for laminated safety glass


shear modulus GPVB = 0,01 10 MPa

Column buckling
Design methods

ultimate breaking stress in glass, depends on:


embedded compressive surface stress due to tempering process
degree of damage of the glass surface
load duration

26

Influencing parameters - summary


Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

The glass thickness and the initial deformation of glass panels were
measured for more than 200 test specimen from two different glass
manufacturers. The thickness of annealed flat glass panels differs
from the nominal value because glass manufacturers try to save
material. The real glass thickness is often less than the nominal
value, therefore reducing the moment of inertia of the cross section
and, thus the buckling strength. The measurements confirmed that
the values follow a normal distribution.

Design methods

The initial geometric deformation w0 of flat glass is mainly caused by


the tempering process. The results confirmed that non-tempered
annealed flat glass has a very low initial deformation (< 1/2500) while
heat-strengthened and fully toughened glass can have a sinusoidal
initial deformation up to 1/300 of the length L. However maximum
initial deformations depend strongly on the quality of the furnace and
can therefore vary between different glass manufacturers.

27

Column buckling
Objectives

1) Monolithic (single layered) glass analytical model

Introduction
Simple
compression

load carrying behaviour of single layered glass can be describe using


second order differential equation

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

EI w ( x ) + N w 0 sin + e + w ( x ) = 0
L

''

Influencing
parameters

N
L
w0
e

Column buckling
Design methods

perfect bar

LK

w0

Ncr,K

axial compression
length of bar
initial sinusoidal deformation
eccentricity

Critical buckling load Ncr


imperfect bar with initial
deformation w0

Ncr =

2 EI
L2

Geometrical slenderness
w0
N

EA
E
K =
=
Ncr ,K
cr
28

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction

1) Monolithic (single layered) glass analytical model

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

29

Column buckling
Objectives

1) Monolithic (single layered) glass analytical model

Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

Solution of second order differential equation


Maximum deformation is given by:

w0
e
w =
+
cos (LK / 2 N Ncr ,K ) 1 N Ncr ,K

Column buckling
Design methods

Maximum surface stress can be determined as:

N M N N
(w max + w 0 + e )

=
A W
A W

w0
N N
e
=
+

A W cos (LK / 2 N EI ) 1 N Ncr ,K


A
W
I
E

area
section modulus
moment of inertia
Young modulus
30

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction

2) Monolithic glass non linear FEM analysis


N1

Simple
compression

1. Modelling

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

2. Eigenvalue/-form analysis

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

smallest eigenvalue corresponds to critical


buckling load Ncr,K

EF1

N2

N3

EF2

EF3

+
3. Application of imperfections

the imperfection w0 is applied as a scaled


shape of the first eigenform

4. Non linear analysis of the imperfect


system

w0

N
N
Ncr,K

5. Evaluation of stress and deflection

w0

w0

31

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction

3) Laminated glass analytical models

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Critical
buckling
load

Stress

Luible (2004)

X (with teff)

Kutterer (2005)

Blaauwendraad (2007)

Amadio (2011)

Approach

Non-linear
interlayer
behaviour

Design
concept

Design methods

example: Kutterer 2005


32

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction

3) Laminated glass analytical models

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters

glass
PVB

glass

t1
tPVB

gravity
axis

glass

t2

z1

t1
tPVB

PVB

glass

t2

z2

tPVB

Column buckling

z1
z1

t1

glass

Design methods

Elastic theory for sandwich structures


critical buckling load of a two layer elastic sandwich with a width b and
the geometrical slenderness are given as

N cr ,K

2 (1 + + 2 ) EI s
=
2
1+ 2
LK

k ,sandwich =

L
I s 1 + + 2
A 1+ 2
33

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

3) Laminated glass analytical models


Coefficients for laminated glass
Double layered glass

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Design methods

Ii =

I1 + I2
Is

t PVB

GPVB b(z1 + z2 )

EIs
L2k

bt i3

Triple layered glass

2I1 + I 2
Is

t PVB

GPVB bz1 2 L2k

Ii =

12

EIs = Eb t1z12 + t 2 z22

A = b(2 t1 + t 2 + t PVB )
example: Luible 2004

EI s

bt i3
12

EI s = 2 Ebt1 z1

A = b(t1 + t 2 + t PVB )
34

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

3) Laminated glass analytical models


Effective thickness according to the prEN 13 474-1

hef ,w = h + h + 12 Is

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

effective thickness of double layered glass pane for calculation of deflection

3
1

3
2

1
3

shear transfer coefficient for the


interlayer of laminated glass

effective thickness of double layered glass pane for calculation of stress

Design methods

h1,ef , =

hef3 ,w
h1 + 2 hs ,2

h2 ,ef , =

hef3 ,w
h2 + 2 hs ,1

effective thickness for the first ply and second ply

thickness of the interlayer

hs h1
h1 + h2

hs = 0,5(h1 + h2 ) + hv

hs ,1 =

Is = h1 hs2,2 + h2 hs2,1

hs ,2 =

hs h2
h1 + h2
35

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

3) Laminated glass analytical models


Effective thickness according to the prEN 13 474-2
Shear transfer coefficient

Type of glass

Short duration actions, e.g. wind

Other actions

Laminated glass

Laminated safety glass

for wind = 1,0

hef , = hef ,w = hi
i

other actions = 0,0

hef ,w = 3

3
h
i
i

hef , , j =

3
h
i
i

hj
36

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

prEN 13474: Glass in building Determination of the strength


of glass panes by calculation and testing
Effective thickness

shear transfer coefficient depends on the interlayer stiffness family


Load case

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

family 0

family 1

family 2

family 3

Wind load (Mediterranean areas)

0,0

0,0

0,1

0,6

Wind load (other areas)

0,0

0,1

0,3

0,7

Personal load - normal duty

0,0

0,0

0,1

0,5

Personal load - crowds

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,3

Snow load - external canopies

0,0

0,0

0,1

0,3

Snow load - roof

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,1

Permanent load

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Snow load external canopies


Snow load roof of heated buildings

3 weeks
5 days

-20C < T < 0C


-20C < T < 20C

37

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression

4) Laminated glass non linear FEM analysis


a) without restriction of displacement

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

bonding

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

b) with partial restriction of


displacement

undeformed

deformed

Analysis is similar to monolithic glass.


38

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

5) Load carrying behaviour

Strength of compressed structural glass members generally


limited by tensile strength of the material

Influence of residual stress due to tempering and inherent strength

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

39

Column buckling
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression

5) Design

Buckling curves
Slenderness ratio

Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Reduction factor
Buckling strength

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

Design methods

Buckling strength analysis


Appropriate analytical or numerical
model (including all imperfections)
Buckling strength check

To be established

Safety concept
(example buckling curves: Langosch, 2010)
40

Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

initial fracture occurred always


on the tensile surface
weakest point is the point of the
highest tensile stress
load carrying behaviour is
independent of the embedded
compressive surface stresses,
toughened glass showed higher
deformations and stresses at
breakage

influences:
glass thickness
initial deformation w0
load eccentricity e
tensile strength of glass p,t
shear modulus of PVB foil GPVB
The buckling strength of glass is limited by the maximum tensile
strength of glass p,t
41

Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Column buckling curves


STEEL to simplify the design of compressive members
buckling curves were developed, curves are based on slenderness ration
design of members with different steel grade

GLASS same approach = buckling curves


1) slenderness ratio for glass must be based on the maximum tensile strength
p,t, compressive strength is not limiting its buckling strength

K
K
K =
=
E E p ,t
IMPRACTICAL = large variations for different tensile strength of
glass

42

Design methods
Objectives

2) Buckling curves can be determined using geometric slenderness

Introduction

EA
E
=
K =
Ncr ,K
cr

Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

family of curves for different tensile strength

CHECK OF THE COMPRESSIVE ELEMENT

Design methods

Ned NK ,Rd

K A
=
K

where k is maximum compressive strength of glass element from


diagram

additional lateral loads and end moments can be taken into account by
means of interaction formulas similar to the design of compressive steel
members
43

Design methods
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas

Example of the buckling curves which are based on the


geometrical slenderness
K [MPa]

Objectives

50
w0 = LK/300
Euler
40

20 MPa

Influencing
parameters
Column buckling

40 MPa

p,t

80 MPa

30

test results for heat-strengthened


glass

Design methods

20

10

0
50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

K
44

Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Elastic second order equation


direct calculation of the maximum tensile stress by means elastic second
order equation

w0
N N
e
+
=
A W cos L K / 2 N EI
1 N N cr ,K

in contrast to steel construction this is relatively simple to carry out


because of the ideal elastic behaviour of glass

take into account glass thickness and initial deformation


Check of the compressed members

Ed Rd

p ,t
=
K

The calculated maximum tensile stress has to be smaller than tensile surface
strength of the glass.
45

Design methods
Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Laminated safety glass


effect of the interlayer on the load carrying capacity due to the
different temperature and loading speed
low temperature and very short loading almost monolithic section
long-term loading and temperature higher than 25C composite
effect is marginal
simplification: same methods for single glass can be applied to
laminated glass elements sandwich cross-section can be replaced
by an effective monolithic cross-section with the effective thickness

46

Design of compressed members


Objectives
Introduction
Simple
compression
Fundamental
stability
phenomenas
Influencing
parameters
Column buckling
Design methods

Critical structural issues


how the structure will behave
how the structure will behave after one or more glass elements have
failed

safety implications of failure of a glass piece, people can be injured by


falling glass

Two ways for column glass


1) use glass only for uppermost part
of column (protection from likely
impact + elements supported by
the glass fall only a short distance)

2) Use of additional glass layers to


protect an inner = load bearing

load path in a roof after a


column failure
47

References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products
HALDIMANN, Matthias; LUIBLE, Andreas; OVEREND, Mauro.
Structural Use of Glass. Structural Engineering Documents 10 , IABSE, Zrich:2008. ISBN 978-3-85748119-2
THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Structural use of glass in buildings, London: The institution of Structural Engineers, 1999.
LUIBLE, A.
Stabilitt von Tragelementen aus Glas. Dissertation EPFL thse 3014. Lausanne: 2004.
.

48

This lecture was prepared for the 1st Edition of SUSCOS


(2012/14) by Prof. Martina Eliasova (CTU).

Adaptations brought by Prof. Viorel Ungureanu (UPT) for


2nd Edition of SUSCOS

49

Thank you
for your attention
viorel.ungureanu@upt.ro
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

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