1

CHAPTER 2 Network Models

Q1. List the layers of the Internet model?
1. The Internet model, include physical, data link, network, transport, and
application layers.
Q2. What are the responsibilities of the data link layer in the Internet model?
2. The data link layer is responsible for
a. framing data bits
b. providing the physical addresses of the sender/receiver
c. data rate control
d. detection and correction of damaged and lost frames
Q3. What are the responsibilities of the network layer in the Internet model?
Q4. What are the responsibilities of the transport layer in the Internet model?
4. The transport layer oversees the process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
It is responsible for
a. dividing the message into manageable segments
b. reassembling it at the destination
c. flow and error control
Q5 What are the responsibilities of the application layer in the Internet model?
5. The application layer services include file transfer, remote access, shared
database
management, and mail services.
Q6. Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. Reliable process-to-process message delivery
b. Route selection
c. Defines frames
d. Provides user services such as e-mail and file transfer
e. Transmission of bit stream across physical medium
6.
a. Reliable process-to-process delivery: transport layer
b. Route selection: network layer
c. Defining frames: data link layer
d. Providing user services: application layer
e. Transmission of bits across the medium: physical layer

Q7. Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. Route determination
b. Flow control
c. Interface to transmission media
d. Provides access for the end user
7.
Q8. Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. Format and code conversion services
b. Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
c. Ensures reliable transmission of data
d. Log-in and log-out procedures
e. Provides independence from differences in data representation
8.
a. Format and code conversion services: presentation layer
b. Establishing, managing, and terminating sessions: session layer
c. Ensuring reliable transmission of data: data link and transport layers
d. Log-in and log-out procedures: session layer
e. Providing independence from different data representation: presentation layer
Q9. Match the following to one or more layers of the OSl model:
a. Communicates directly with user's application program
b. Error correction and retransmission
c. Mechanical, electrical, and functional interface
d. Responsibility for carrying frames between adjacent nodes
9.
Q10 If the data link layer can detect errors between hops, why do you think we
need
another checking mechanism at the transport layer?
10. The errors between the nodes can be detected by the data link layer control,
but the
error at the node (between input port and output port) of the node cannot be
detected by the data link layer.
Q11. what are the different between the Physical address and logical address?
11. (see page no. 46 and 47)

\Chapter 11: Data Link Control ( 323 307 )

Q1) explain the Different Types of Framing given an Examples?
(Answer in page No 308, 309, 310)
Q2) Minton the different type of noisy and noiseless channels with diagram?
( Answer in page No 312)
Q3) Explain the Stop-and-wait ARQ protocol with digram?
(Answer in page No 318, 319, 320)

CHAPTER 13

Local Area Networks: Ethernet

Q1. Draw 802.3 MAC frame Format .

Q2. What is the difference between a unicast , multicast, and broadcast address?
2. A multicast address identifies a group of stations; a broadcast address
identifies all stations on the network. A unicast address identifies one of the
addresses in a group.
Q3. What is the relationship between a switch and a bridge?
3. A layer-2 switch is an N-port bridge with additional sophistication that allows
faster handling of packets.
Q4. Compare the data rates for Standard Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet, and Ten-Gigabit Ethernet.
Q5. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the following Ethernet address?
01011010 00010001 01010101 00011000 10101010 00001111
:Q6. Define the type of the following destination addresses
a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE

Q7. An Ethernet MAC sublayer receives 1510 bytes of data from the upper
layer. Can the data be encapsulated in one frame? If not, how many frames need
to be sent? What is the size of the data in each frame?
7. The maximum data size in the Standard Ethernet is 1500 bytes. The data of
1510 bytes, therefore, must be split between two frames.
Data size for the first frame: 1500 bytes
Data size for the second frame: 46 bytes (with padding).
Q8. What are the common Standard Ethernet implementations?
Q9. What are the common Fast Ethernet implementations?
Q10. An Ethernet MAC sublayer receives 42 bytes of data from the upper layer.
How many bytes of padding must be added to the data?

CHAPTER 15 Connecting LANs

Q1 1. How is a repeater different from an amplifier?
1. An amplifier amplifies the signal, as well as noise that may come with the
signal,whereas a repeater regenerates the signal, bit for bit, at the original
strength.
Q2. How is a hub related to a repeater?
2. A hub is a multiport repeater.
Q3 Complete the Five categories of connecting devices.

CHAPTER 19 Network Layer: Logical Addressing

Q1. What is the number of bits in an IPv4 address? What is the number of
bits in an IPv6 address?
1. An IPv4 address is 32 bits long. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
Q2. What are the differences between classful addressing and classless
addressing in IPv4?
2. Classful addressing assigns an organization a Class A, Class B, or Class C
block of addresses. Classless addressing assigns an organization a block of
contiguous addresses based on its needs.
Q3. List the classes in classful addressing and define the application of each
class (unicast , multicast, broadcast, or reserve).
Q4. What is the network address in a block of addresses? How can we find
the network address if one of the addresses in a block is given?
4. The network address in a block of addresses is the first address. The mask can
be ANDed with any address in the block to find the network address.
5 - Explain the type of Classes with example?
-1
(552 ):

Examples:

Class C:
N.N.N.H
IP :

192.1.2.0

Mask: 255.255.255.0
Class B:
N.N.H.H
IP : 168.12.0.0
Mask:

255.255.0.0

Class A:
N.H.H.H
IP : 100.0.0.0
Mask: 255.0.0.0

6) Write the following address in binary digits?

:
172.16.30.56
: (555 )
10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000

Q7) What is the address space in each of the following systems?

a. A system with 8-bit addresses
b. A system with 16-bit addresses

Q8). Find the class of the following IP addresses.

a. 11110111 11110011 10000111 11011101
b. 10101111 11000000 11110000 00011101
c. 11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101
d. 11101111 11110111 11000111 00011101
8.
a. Class E (first four bits are 1s)
b. Class B (first bit is 1 and second bit is 0
c. Class C (first two bits are 1s and the third bit is 0)
d. Class D (first three bits are 1s and the fourth bit is 0)
Q9) In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one host is
25.34.12.56/16. What are the first address (network address) and the last
address (limited broadcast address) in this block?
9. With the information given, the first address is found by ANDing the host
address with the mask 255.255.0.0 (/16).
The last address can be found by ORing the host address with the mask
complement 0.0.255.255.
The first address 25.34.0.0
The last address 25.34.255.255
Q10) An organization is granted the block 192.168.1.0/8. The administrator
wants to create 32 fixed-length subnets.
a. Find the subnet mask.
b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
c. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 192.168.1.8.
d. Find all the host addresses in subnet 192.168.1. .

( ) :
From formula : No of Subnets = 2n , n is the number bits that
borrowed from the host
32 = 2n ==> n = 5,

From formula : No of hosts = 2x -2, n is the number bits that

remained for the host
Then in the host port of class C Class is:
128

64

32

16

Network ()

4 2 1
host

The network will be: ( )

192.168.1.0
192.168.1.8
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.24
..
..

192.168.1.248

Subnet Mask ; 255.255.255.248

( 6 )

192.168.1.8

192.168.1.8
192.168.1.9

Network ID
host

192.168.1.10

host

192.168.1.11

host

192.168.1.12

host

192.168.1.13

host

192.168.1.14

host

192.168.1.15

Broadcast ID

Q11) An organization is granted the block 16.0.0.0/8. The administrator wants to

create 500 fixed-length subnets.
a. Find the subnet mask.
b. Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
c. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1.
d. Find the first and last addresses in subnet 500.
( ) (

CHAPTER 20 Network Layer: Internet Protocol

.Q1 Draw IPv4 datagram format
Q2 An IPv4 packet has arrived with the first few
. hexadecimal digits as shown
. . . 0x45000028000100000102
How many hops can this packet travel before being
.dropped? The data belong to what upper-layer protocol
Q3 In an IPv4 packet, the value of HLEN is 5, and the
value of the total length field is 0x0028. How many
?bytes of data are being carried by this packet
Q4 An IPv4 datagram has arrived with the following information in the
header (in hexadecimal):
Ox45 00 00 54 00 03 58 50 20 06 00 00 7C 4E 03 02 B4 OE OF 02
a. Is the packet corrupted?
b. Are there any options?
c. Is the packet fragmented?
d. What is the size of the data?
e. How many more routers can the packet travel to?
f. What is the identification number of the packet?
g. What is the type of service?
Let us first find the value of header fields before answering the questions:
VER = 0x4 = 4
HLEN =0x5 = 5 4 = 20
Service =0x00 = 0
Total Length = 0x0054 = 84
Identification = 0x0003 = 3
Flags and Fragmentation = 0x0000 D = 0 M= 0 offset = 0
Time to live = 0x20 = 32
Protocol = 0x06 = 6
Checksum = 0x5850
Source Address: 0x7C4E0302 = 124.78.3.2
Destination Address: 0xB40E0F02 = 180.14.15.2
We can then answer the questions:
a. If we calculate the checksum, we get 0x0000. The packet is not corrupted.

b. Since the length of the header is 20 bytes, there are no options.

c. Since M = 0 and offset = 0, the packet is not fragmented.
d. The total length is 84. Data size is 64 bytes (84 20).
e. Since the value of time to live = 32, the packet may visit up to 32 more
routers.
f. The identification number of the packet is 3.
g. The type of service is normal.
Q5. What is the difference between the delivery of a frame in the data link layer
and the delivery of a packet in the network layer?
The delivery of a frame in the data link layer is node-to-node. The delivery of a
packet at the network layer is host-to-host.
Q6 The value of HLEN in an IPv4 datagram is 7. How many option bytes
?are present

Q7. The size of the option field of an IPv4 datagram is 20 bytes. What is the
value of HLEN? What is the value in binary?
If the size of the option field is 20 bytes, then the total length of the header is
40 bytes (20 byte base header plus 20 bytes of options). The HLEN field will
be the total number of bytes in the header divided by 4, in this case ten
(1010 in binary).
Q8. An IPv4 datagram is carrying 1024 bytes of data. If there is no option
information, what is the value of the header length field? What is the value
of the total length field?
Since there is no option information, the header length is 20, which means that
the value of HLEN field is 5 or 0101 in binary. The value of total length is 1024
+ 20 or 1044 (00000100 00010100 in binary).
Q9. Table 20.5 lists the MTUs for many different protocols. The MTUs
range from 296 to 65,535. What would be the advantages of having a large
MTU? What would be the advantages of having a small MTU?
Advantages of a large MTU:
Good for transferring large amounts of data over long distances
No fragmentation necessary; faster delivery and no reassembly

 Fewer lost datagrams

More efficient (less overhead)
Advantages of a small MTU:
Good for transferring time-sensitive data such as audio or video
Better suited for multiplexing
Q10. An IPv4 datagram arrives with fragmentation offset of 0 and anM bit
(more fragment bit) of O. Is this a first fragment, middle fragment, or last
fragment?
If the M (more) bit is zero, this means that the datagram is either the last
fragment or the it is not fragmented at all. Since the offset is 0, it cannot be the
last fragment of a fragmented datagram. The datagram is not fragmented

CHAPTER 21 Network Layer: Address Mapping And Error Reporting

Q1. Is the size of the ARP packet fixed? Explain.
The size of an ARP packet is variable, depending on the length of the logical
and physical addresses used.
Q2 What is the size of an Ethernet frame carrying an ARP packet if The
size of the ARP packet is 28 bytes?
Since the size of the ARP is 28 bytes. We need to pad the data to have the
minimum size of 46. The size of the packet in the Ethernet frame is then
calculated as 6 + 6 + 2 + 46 + 4 = 64 bytes (without preamble and SFD).
Q3. What is the minimum size of an IPv4 packet that carries an ICMPv4
packet? What is the maximum size?