Fluid Statics

What is the main difference between a fluid and a solid?

Define, and give the symbol and units for:

a. Specific gravity
b. Pressure

Write an equation that relates Pgauge, Patm, and Pabs.

When doing fluid statics problems,

a. What do we know about the pressure in a continuous fluid?
b. What happens to pressure as you go down through a fluid?
c. What happens to pressure as you go up through a fluid?

What is the buoyant force? What is the equation? Which density, volume, etc. do
we use?

Briefly describe the way we derived buoyant force.

Practice Problems:
1) All lecture and homework problems. If you know how to do them and understand
them, you will likely do well on the exam.
2) Determine the elevation difference, delta h, between the water levels in the two open
tanks shown below: (Dr. Olsons first exam, Fall 07)

3) A teapot with a brewer at the top is used to brew tea, as shown below. The brewer
blocks the vapor from escaping the teapot, causing the pressure in the teapot to rise
and the water to rise up the spout. If the volume of the water in the spout is negligible
compared to the volume of water in the teapot, determine the maximum cold-water
height (i.e., before any heat is added), H, that would not cause an overflow at the
spout when enough heat is added to produce a gage pressure of 0.32 kPa for the
vapor. (Dr. Olsons first exam, Spring 06)

4) Approximate a fishing boat as a box measuring 20 m long by 5 m wide by 5 m high

with a mass of 100,000 kg.
a) What is the draft, d, of the boat? (the draft is the depth the boat sits in water).
b) The fishing net accidentally catches a 1m x 1m x 1m block of aluminum (SG =
2.7), and the fishermen slowly begin to reel the net in. What is the draft of the
boat now (assume the block of aluminum is completely submerged in the water)?
Shear Stress, Newtons Law of Viscosity
Define/give units/symbols/extra info/give examples as appropriate:
Shear stress definition, units, symbol

Shear strain definition, symbol, =U/H

Viscosity define, symbol, units

Kinematic Viscosity units, symbol

Newtonian fluid define (what is the equation that describes it if it is

Newtonian?), examples, make a graph of how it behaves

Non-Newtonian fluid give examples, define, name two categories, making

graphs for how they behave

Pipe Flow
Describe why dimensionless quantities are useful in describing situations like pipe
flow.

Reynolds number: symbol, equation (for pipe flow), what ratio of forces does it
describe

friction factor: symbol, equation (for pipe flow), what ratio of forces does it
describe

How do the Reynolds number and friction factor relate for laminar flow?
Turbulent flow?

Write the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. When can we use it (look back to the
assumptions made when Dr. Hebert derived it in class)?

What is the equation that gives the power input required to pump an
incompressible Newtonian fluid through a pipe?

What is relative roughness? What is the symbol for it? What dimensionless
quantity does it affect?

How do you find the hydraulic diameter of a non-circular pipe?

Describe how to find solutions in pipe flow with the following unknowns,
assuming all other quantities are known (some solutions may be iterative):
o |P|

o Q or v

o D

Particle Flow
What is the equation for Reynolds number for flow past a sphere?

What is the equation for the drag coefficient for flow past a sphere?

What is the relationship between Re and CD in the Stokes flow region? What is
the requirement to be in the Stokes region (both qualitative and quantitative)?

Where would you find Re and CD relationships for flow that is not Stokes?

Define, give equations, symbols and units for

o Superficial velocity
o Void fraction
o Volume fraction
o Hydraulic diameter
o Packed bed friction factor

What is the Ergun equation? When does it apply? How can it be simplified, and
when? (example 4.6 in Denn is good)

General Tips
Know how to do the homework and examples worked in class. These are your
best predictors of what kinds of problems will be on the exam (of course, the
problems on the exam will be shorter).

There are a lot of equations, especially relating Re and f in chapters 3 & 4. Know
when each of them applies, so that in a given circumstance you have an idea of
which one to use.