Contents

1. Carbon Storage...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Geological Storage............................................................................................ 1
1.3 Storage by Geological Sites in Pakistan.............................................................2
References.............................................................................................................. 5

1. Carbon Storage
1.1 Introduction
Carbon capture and storage (CCS), is the phenomenon of
capturing waste CO2from CO2 producing industries normally fuel power plants
and carryingit to the specific place and storing it so that it will not affect the
environment, such as underground places. The main ideais to stop the
production of large amounts of CO2 into the environment (from fuel use in
power plants and other power industries in which fossil fuel is used). It is a
main factor of accumulation of fossil fuel production of CO2 to globalization
and acidity in ocean. CO2 has been entered intoenvironment for several
years in various purposes, which includesincreased oil recovery and the
storage of CO2 is a new method. The first method of storage was
discoveredby Weyburn in 2000. Carbon capture and storage can also be used
to describe as a geo-engineering method.(Al-Fattah et al., 2011)
The first pilot plant for carbon capture and storage was operated in
September 2008by German power stationSchwarzePumpe which was run
into operation by Vattenfall, which is the answer how to minimize the
concentration of CO2in to the atmosphere.(Shackley and Gough, 2006)

1.2 Geological Storage

It also called geo-sequestration, in this processCO2 directly sent
into underground site. The following are the particular storage sites

Gas fields
Un-mineable coal seams
Saline formations
Oil fields
Saline-filled basalt production

There are many physical and geo-chemical holding mechanisms for carbon
dioxideto come out from the surface.(Rackley, 2009)
CO2 is usuallymix in the declining oil fields to enhance oil recovery.
Carbon dioxide injected in to the oil fields from 30 to 50 M metric tons in the
US annually.This is the best option because cost is not much high and
storage is not harmful. The flaw in this method is that when we burn that

type of oil, it will recover almost all the CO2 emissions and also there are very
limited capacity of old oil field.(Rackley, 2009)
Un-mineable coal placesis another method to store CO2, in this method
the surface of coal attach CO2 molecules to itself. The benefit of this method
is that coal when attach CO2 release the methane gas which is used for other
purposes and this also reduce the cost. (Wilcox, 2012)
Saline formations is the other source for storing CO2because it contains
mineralized brines and there is no danger to human health. The major
benefit of this saline aquifers is that they are available in large amounts and
volumes. The main disadvantage of this methodis their less knowledge as
compared to oil seams. Also there is no side product as compared to other
techniques. There is also a problem that CO2may release back in to the
environment. The researchers are making progress to reduce this leakage
problems and how to make this process efficient. (Hester et al., 2010)

1.3 Storage by Geological Sites in

Pakistan
There are 431 wells
drilled that results in 115 discoveries
of which 51 for oil and 64 for gas in
Pakistan up to 1971. There
production ranges are about 18000
bbl per day. There are 4 major gas
fields in Pakistan.

Mari
Sui
Qadipur
Uch

The two largersites that have been

known are: (IEAGHG, 2008)

Khairpur
PirKoh

Figure 1: Locations for Carbon Storage

Geological Sites in Pakistan (IEAGHG, 2008)

The petroleum (0.6 billion US barrels)

and natural gas (31 trillion cubic feet)quantities that are found in Pakistan.
Recently, a gas reserve is found in Bhit in the Kirthar Piedmont which is
considered o the largest gas site in Pakistan. (IEAGHG, 2008)
2

Following isa table that show the estimated CO2 storage capacity of
oilfields in Pakistan.(IEAGHG, 2008)
Origina
l
Recove
rable
Reserv
es
million
US
barrels

ORR
106m3

Estima
ted
CO2sto
rage
capaci
ty
106ton
nes

Dhurnal

50.9

8.1

3.79

Meyal
Dhulian
Missakas
wai
Balkassar
Fimkassar
Laghari
TandoAla
m

42.5
41.4

6.8
6.6

3.16
3.08

ChakNaurang
Dabhi
Khaur

34.7

5.5

2.58

34.0
30.0
20.3

5.4
4.8
3.2

20.2

Dhodak
Toot
Mazari
Kunar
Dakhni
Ratana
Thora
South
Mazari
Joyamair
Adhi
Bobi
Pasakhi

Original
Recove
rable
Reserv
es
million
US
barrels

ORR
106m3

Estima
ted
CO2sto
rage
capaci
ty
106ton
nes

4.7

0.7

0.35

4.4
4.3

0.7
0.7

0.33
0.32

Bari

2.5

0.4

0.19

2.53
2.23
1.51

Bhangali
Bukhari
North Akri

1.8
1.7
1.5

0.3
0.3
0.2

0.14
0.12
0.11

3.2

1.50

Dhamraki

1.4

0.2

0.10

16.2

2.6

1.20

1.3

0.2

0.10

15.8
14.7
14.0
12.4
12.0
11.2

2.5
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8

1.17
1.10
1.04
0.93
0.89
0.83

Turk and
Turl Deep
Sonro
Ghungro
Sadkal
Khorewah
Bhatti
Tajedi

1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03

10.9

1.7

0.81

Halipota

0.4

0.1

0.03

10.5
10.2
9.8
9.4

1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5

0.78
0.76
0.73
0.70

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02

Sono

8.7

1.4

0.64

0.2

0.0

0.02

Khaskheli

8.2

1.3

0.61

0.2

0.0

0.02

Liari

5.4

0.9

0.40

Ghotana
Nari
Matli
Daru
Mukhdum
pur
Lashari
South
Buzdar
North

0.2

0.0

0.02

Field
Location

Field
Location

Lashari
Centre

5.3

0.8

0.39

Paniro

0.2

0.0

0.01

Golarchi
Koli
Kato

0.2
0.2
0.1

0.0
0.0
0.0

0.01
0.01
0.01

Mahi
BhalSyed
an
Duphri
Buzdar
Rind

0.2

0.0

0.02

0.2

0.0

0.01

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.0
0.0
0.0

0.01
0.01
0.00

Original
Recoverable
Reserves million
US barrels

ORR 106m3

Estimated CO2storage
capacity 106tonnes

480.5

76.4

35.73

Total

Following is a table that show the estimated CO2 storage capacity of

gas fields in Pakistan.(IEAGHG, 2008)

Gas field

Original
Recovera
ble
Reserves
109 m3

Estimate
d
CO2 stora
ge
capacity
106 tons

Original
Recovera
ble
Reserves
109 m3

Estimate
d
CO2 stora
ge
capacity
106 tons

Sui
Mari
Uch
Qadirpur
Pirkoh
Khairpur
Kandhkot

244.2
178.4
114.7
112.7
51.0
28.3
22.2

476.3
347.9
223.7
219.7
99.4
55.2
43.2

1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7

2.3
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.3

40.2

Bobi
Sari
Bhatti
Panjpir
Turk Deep
Nakurji
Mukhdum
pur
Mazarani

Kadanwar
i
Dhodak
Ratana
Nandpur
Loti
Dakhni
Adhi
Turk
Zin
Khorewah

20.6

0.5

1.0

16.5
9.9
8.4
7.8
7.2
3.3
3.2
2.8
2.8

32.1
19.3
16.3
15.3
14.1
6.4
6.3
5.5
5.5

Sonro
Dabhi
Koli
Mahi
Daru
Rodho
Kothar
Buzdar
Nari

0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4

Gas field

Jandran
Bukhari
Hundi

2.3
1.9
1.7

4.5
3.8
3.3

0.2
0.1
0.1

0.3
0.3
0.2

3.1
0.2

Nur
Kato
TandaGhul
am Ali
Pir
Halipota

Matli
Dabhi
South
BhalSyed
en
Jabo

1.6
0.1

0.0
0.1

0.1
0.1

0.1

0.2

Rind

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.2

Original Recoverable
Reserves million US
barrels

Estimated CO2storage capacity

106tonnes

854.4

1666.0

Total

References
AL-FATTAH, S. M., BARGHOUTY, M. F. & DABBOUSI, B. O. 2011. Carbon Capture and
Storage: Technologies, Policies, Economics, and Implementation Strategies,
Saudi Arabia, Taylor & Francis.
HESTER, R. E., HARRISON, R. M. & CHEMISTRY, R. S. O. 2010. Carbon Capture:
Sequestration and Storage, London, Royal Society of Chemistry.
IEAGHG, I. G. G. R. D. P. 2008. A regional assessment of the potential for CO 2
storage in the Indian subcontinent. Global CCS Institute.
RACKLEY, S. 2009. Carbon Capture and Storage, Houston, Texas, Elsevier Science.
SHACKLEY, S. & GOUGH, C. 2006. Carbon Capture and Its Storage: An Integrated
Assessment, Farnham UK, Ashgate.
WILCOX, J. 2012. Carbon Capture, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer.