GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree

of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering

Submitted
By

Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra

Regd. No. -1141013244
Sec-B

Department of Electrical Engineering

INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH, BHUBANESWAR
(SIKSHA O ANUSANDHAN UNIVERSITY, ODISHA)
2014

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH
(Under Sikhsa O Anusandhan University, Odisha)

Jagamohan Nagar, Jagamara, Khadagiri,

Bhubaneswar-751030

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled GAS INSULATED
TRANSFORMER carried out by RAJESH KU MOHAPATRA, under my
guidance bearing Regd.No-1141013244, a student of 8th Sem. B. Tech. in
Electrical Engineering from Institute of Technical Education & Research,
Bhubaneswar, has completed the seminar.

GUIDE
HOD

- Mr. Jyotiranjan Padhi

- Dr. Renu Sharma

Contents
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1.

Types of BCIs

1
1.1.1.
1.1.2.
1.1.3.

1.2.

Invasive BCIs 1
Partially Invasive BCIs 2
Non-Invasive BCIs
2

Electroencephalography

1.2.1.
1.2.2.

2
Spontaneous BCIs
Evoked BCIs 3

1.2.2.1.

P300

1.2.2.2. N2PC 4
1.2.3.
Comparison of combination of P300 and N2PC potentials
2. CHAPTER 2: BASIC STRUCTURE OF BCI
5

2.1. Hardware Requirements

5
2.1.1. g.USBamp Amplifier 6
2.1.2. g.Gamma Cap 6
2.1.3. Computer
7
2.2. Software Requirements
8

3. CHAPTER 3: PROCESSING OF SIGNALS

9

4. CHAPTER 4: BCI APPLICATIONS

11
4.1. Internet Application
11
4.1.1. Machine States of BCI Internet Application
4.2. Robot Control Application

12

13
4.2.1. Machine States of Robot Control Application
4.3. Basic Needs Communication Application

11

15

5. CHAPTER 5: FUTURE ASPECTS OF BCI

17

6. CONCLUSION
18

REFERENCES
19

ABSTRACT

There has been a rapid increase of gas insulated

transformers and reactors in East Asian countries. Plans to construct
underground or indoor substations accelerate this trend, because of the
difficulty in acquiring spaces for substations in large cities where the electric
power demand is concentrated. Requirements of security against fire
accidents, compactness and total cost reduction are the key factor for these
substations. Total gas insulated substations combining gas insulated
switchgears and gas insulated transformers meet these needs. Demand for
gas-insulated transformers has been increasing rapidly, particularly in Japan,
Hong Kong and China. More than 10,000 units and up to 275 kV-300 MVA
class of gas-insulated transformers are currently operating in the field. The
first gas-insulated transformer in Japan started operation in 1967. These
transformers finished their function satisfactorily in 1990s. These facts
indicate that the gas insulated transformer technology has been well matured
and proven.

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1
1

Invasive BCI

Fig. 1.2
2

Partially Invasive BCI

Fig. 1.3
2

Non-Invasive BCI

Fig. 2.1
5

Block Diagram of BCI

Fig. 2.2
6

Amplifier

Fig. 2.3
6

EEG Cap

Fig. 2.4
7

BCI user using the Internet application

Fig. 3.1
10

Data Pane

Fig. 3.2
10

Parameters Pane

Fig. 3.3
10

Details Pane

Fig. 4.1
11

Internet Application Virtual Keyboard

Fig. 4.2
11

Internet Application Virtual Mouse

Fig. 4.3
12

Internet Application Distance Selection

Fig. 4.4
12

Internet Application Machine States

Fig. 4.5
13

User using a robotic arm application

Fig. 4.6
14

Robot Control Application Action Menu

Fig. 4.7
14

Robot Control Application Distance Selection

Fig. 4.8
14

Robot Control Application Confirmation Menu

Fig. 4.9
15

Robot Control Application Machine States

Fig. 4.10
15

Basic Needs Communication Application

Introduction

CHAPTER

1
Introduction

A brainmachine interface (BMI) [1], also known as mind-machine interface (MMI) or

sometimes direct neural interface or braincomputer interface (BCI), is a direct
communication pathway between the brain and an external device. BCIs are directed at
assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. Assistive
technology is a very important help for paralyzed people or people with motor neuron
diseases. This technology allows them to increase their independence and also improves their
quality of life. With the recent development of BCI applications, people can access internet
applications, operate robotic arms and even communicate with other people using basic
commands related to emotions and needs. All this can be done by a person just by thinking or
focusing about a certain option available from several in the application being used.
1.1 Types of BCIs
BCIs can be invasive, partially invasive or non-invasive in nature.
1.1.1 Invasive BCIs
Invasive BCIs [2] are implanted directly into the grey matter of the
brain during neurosurgery. As they rest in the grey matter, invasive
devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices.
However, they pose medical risks and are prone to scartissue
build-up, causing the signal to become weaker or even lost as the

Figure 1.1: Invasive BCI

body reacts to a foreign object in the brain.

Introduction
1.1.2 Partially Invasive BCIs
Partially invasive BCI [2] devices are implanted inside the skull but
rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. They
produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the
bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a
lower risk of forming scartissue in the brain than fully invasive
BCIs.

Figure 1.2: Partially

Invasive BCI

1.1.3 Non Invasive BCIs

As well as the invasive experiments, there are also non-invasiveBCIs [2]
such as neuro-imaging technologies. Signals recorded in this way have been
used to power muscle implants and restore partial movement in an
experimental volunteer. Although they are easy to wear, non-invasive
implants produce poor signal resolution because the skull dampens

Figure 1.3: NonInvasive BCI

signals, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the

neurons. Although the waves can still be detected it is more difficult to determine the area of
the brain that created them or the actions of individual neurons.For humans, however, noninvasivemethods are preferable because of ethical concerns and medicalrisks.
1.2 Electroencephalography (EEG)

Electroencephalography (EEG) [1] is the study ofthe electrical brain activity recorded from
electrodesplaced on the scalp. It is the most studied potential non-invasive interface, mainly
due to its fine temporal resolution, ease of use, portability and low set-up cost. The main
source of the EEG is the synchronousactivity of thousands of cortical neurons. These
signalsare characterized by small signal amplitudes (a few lVolts) andnoisy measurements.
Despite their poor signal-to-noise ratio,recent experiments have shown that EEG provides
enough informationto interact with devices.

Introduction
Non invasive BCIs can be classified as spontaneous or evoked.
1.2.1 Spontaneous BCIs
Spontaneous BCIs are based on the analysis of EEG phenomenaassociated with various
aspects of brain function relatedto mental tasks carried out by the subject at his/her own
will.Some researchers measure slow cortical potentials over the topof the scalp. Other groups
look at EEGrhythms recorded from the central region of the scalp overlyingthe sensory-motor
cortex during the imagination of body movements. But, in addition to motor-related rhythms,
other cognitive mentaltasks have been explored, such as mental rotation of geometric
figures,arithmetic operations, or language to develop BCIs.
1.2.2 Evoked BCIs
Evoked BCIs are based on the extraction of acharacteristic EEG signal pattern produced
automatically in thebrain as response to some external stimuli.Two evoked potentials widely
explored in the field of BCI are the P300 and N2PC.
1.2.2.1 P300
P300 [3] is a potential evoked byan awaited infrequent event and it is characterized by a
positive deflection in the EEG signal approximately produced 300 millisecondsafter receiving
a visual stimulus. This paradigm was first usedin 1998 to develop a speller
application.However, recently this paradigm has been used on other applications,such as
controlling a wheelchairor Internet browsing applications.
In these applications, in order toevoke the P300, subjects are given a sufficiently large number
ofoptions like letters of the alphabet or icons from which theychoose one by paying attention
to the desired one. These optionsare pseudo-randomly flickering in a screen and it is possible
todetermine which choice the subject intended as a target, simplyby selecting the stimulus that
elicits the largest P300.
3

Introduction
1.2.2.2 N2PC
N2PC [4] is another evoked potential which is a negative deflection inthe EEG, produced
approximately 200 seconds after a visual stimulus.This potential has not been used yet to
control BCI systems,although has been widely studied to prove its relationship withselective
attention.
The main goal of this report is to describe a non-invasive BCIbased on the P300 and N2PC
paradigm that allows controlling devicesand interacting with people without any motor
muscularmovement.
1.2.3 Comparison of Combination of P300 and N2PC potentials
Table 1.1: Hit Rate using different combination of P300 and N2PC potentials

Users

User 1
User 2
User 3

P300

N2PC

P300 + N2PC

5 Electrodes

8 Electrodes

16 Electrodes

Hit Rate (%)

60
75
93

Hit Rate (%)

95
71
86

Hit Rate (%)

100
86
100

The above table gives the results obtained by three healthy volunteers.The results obtained
indicate that it is possible to developa BCI application by only using the N2PC potentials. The
hit rateusing this potential is almost the same, or even better in somecases than the hit rate
obtained using the P300. However the drawbackis that the number of electrodes is higher. On
the other hand,the results obtained using both potentials are better than by usingonly one of
them. Therefore the combination of both potentials is auseful tool for increasing the hit rate of
the BCI.

Basic Structure of BCI

CHAPTER

2
Basic Structure of BCI

Figure 2.1: Block Diagram of

BCI

The BCI consists of a signal extractor which extracts the brain signals via an EEG cap and
electrodes.There is a preprocessing unit which consists of an amplifier to amplify and
digitalize the obtained signals and a feature extraction block which consists of filters to select
the most significant signals, which are in turn sent to the classifier for training and testing of
data. The classified data is associated with the application interface which works accordingly.
The basic requirement of a BCI is the brain signals which can be obtained if the user focuses
on a particular option. Then, the corresponding signals are extracted [5] and processed. The
processing includes signal amplification and digitalization.Next, the features are extracted;
this process involves filtering and finally classification using a classifier [6] after which the
application interface is operated.
2.1 Hardware Requirements
The main devices used in the BCI are based on the commercial devices from g.tec [7](Guger
Technologies). g.tec is an active member in a number of national and international research
projects and is active in scientific publishing. It developed the first commercially available
BCI system in 1999 and now sells this system in more than 60 countries worldwide. The g.tec
5

Basic Structure of BCI

team tests different BCI technologies on more than 500 subjects internationally to guarantee a
perfect working system. The devices used in BCIs are depicted in the following pages.
2.1.1 g.USBamp Amplifier
g.USBamp [8] is a highperformance and highaccuracy biosignal amplifier and acquisition/processing system. It allows
movements, respiration, galvanic skin response and many
Figure 2.2: Amplifier

other physiological and physical parameters. Due to its

technical specifications and various software options, this

instrument became a standard for many different fields of research, including

neuropsychology, life science, medical research and BCI research.
The amplifier connects easily to the USB socket on a PC/notebook and can immediately be
used for data recording. A synchronization cable guarantees that all devices are sampling with
exactly the same frequency. The amplifier has an input range of 250 mV, which allows
recording of DC signals without saturation. Digital inputs and outputs allow the recording of
trigger channels together with the biosignal channels to easily pass analysis results to the
outside world.
2.1.2 g.GAMMAcap
g.GAMMAcap [9] is designed for maximum comfort for the subject and
fastest receival of brain signals. The fabric used for the cap is flexible but
robust. An EEG cap with 64 positions based on the 10/20 system is used to
placethe electrodes on the scalp of the person. In addition, special
Figure 2.3:
EEG Cap

abrasiveand

conductive

gels

are

used

to

improve

the

contact

skin/electrodereducing impedances.The gel is inserted through the hole in

the middle of the electrode. All types of active and passive electrodes can be replaced if
necessary. The electrodes normally stay inside the cap and are also cleaned with the cap.

Basic Structure of BCI

2.1.3 Computer
The amplifier is connected to acomputer with the specifications of the computer as Intel Core
2 Duo 1.87 GHz, 1 GB DDR RAM, WindowsXP by USB. Other specifications supported by
BCI include the following.

Windows 7 Professional Edition 32-bit English version

Windows 7 Professional Edition 64-bit English version
Linux Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 32-bit English version
Linux Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64-bit English version
LabVIEW 2011 32-bit English Version
LabVIEW 2011 64-bit English Version
MATLAB Release 2012a 32-bit version

This computer is used to process and classify the EEG signals. Fig.7shows the hardware of the
BCI.

Figure 2.4:BCI user using the Internet application

The computer has two screens: one shows the BCIapplications developed (user screen), while
the other shows theconfiguration options for the controller (controller screen).

2.2 Software Requirements

7

Basic Structure of BCI

The BCI2000 software [1] is used for sampling, processing and classifying the EEG signals.
This open source software platform for general purpose consists of a series of independent
modules, each of them responsible for a concrete function.
g.tec provides Windows-based recording software to MATLAB/SIMULINK and LabVIEW
Highspeed Online-Processing environment and device drivers as well as APIs. g.USBamp is
also supported by some open source research communities such as OpenVibe and BCI2000.

Processing of Signals

CHAPTER

3
Processing of Signals

The EEG signals obtained by means of the EEG cap and electrodes are amplified and
digitalized The EEG signals are amplified and digitalized with a sample frequencyof 256 Hz
using 8 bits per sample. Afterwards, a band-passButterworth IIR filter is applied between 0.1
and 30 Hz. Inaddition, a Notch filter (reject-band) between 48 and 52 Hz is also applied to
avoid electromagnetic interferences producedby the power line. In spite of being enough by
applying theButterworth filter to avoid electromagnetic contribution at 50 Hz,the Notch filter
is applied for security issues. The combinationof both filters does not spoil the quality of the
signals since themain frequency of the evoked potentials is located below 30 Hz.
These filters smooth the signals and reject non useful informationfrom the EEG, improving
the detection of the evoked potentials.Then, a temporal filtering is applied to the signal
produced aftereach visual stimulus. The evoked potentials are time variant butbounded, so the
filter is configured to consider the first 600 msas study time. After each series of visual stimuli
corresponding toa decision, the average of all the segments of 600 ms for eachstimulus is
calculated, removing the background activity, possibleartifacts and isolating repetitive
patterns. The new signal is the resultof this average and it is composed of 153 samples by
channel.Afterwards the signals are decimated at 20 Hz.After this decimation,there are a total
of 192 samples.The 60 most significant samples from the 192 are statistically chosen by the
programused to classify the signals. This way, approximately 4 samplesare used per channel.
The signals are classified using the P300 classifier[10] which uses the Stepwise Linear
Discriminant Analysis algorithm (SWLDA) [5].The samples collected after filtering are
entered in the data pane (Fig.8) of the classifier along with the training data. The process of
classification is carried out on these signals in the parameters pane (Fig.9) and finally the
output is obtained in the details pane (Fig.10).

Processing of Signals

Figure 3.1:Data Pane

Figure 3.2: Parameters Pane

Figure3.3:Details Pane

10

BCI Applications

CHAPTER

4
BCI Applications

The three major applications included in this paper are the Internet application, the Robot
control application and the Basic Needs Communication application. The basic working
procedure of these applications has been described in the following sections.
4.1 Internet Application
The Internet application [1] gives the user the full control of a Windows-based computer with
the Internet browser since the inputs are keyboard andmouse interfaces.The application has
several selection menus from which rowsand columns are randomly flashing. The user has to
fix his/her gaze on one option of these menus to choose the desired item.These menus consist
of virtual devices that allow the same interactionwith the computer as the real keyboard or
mouse.
The selectionmenus or selection matrices used in the application are shown and described
below.

Figure 4.1: Internet Application Virtual Keyboard

Figure 4.2: Internet Application Virtual Mouse

11

BCI Applications

Figure 4.3: Internet Application - Distance Selection

The virtual keyboard,an 11x4 matrix consists of all the basic keys for introducing numbers
and characters as wellas to change to virtual mouse or distance selection menu. Virtual mouse,
a 5 x 3 matrix comprises of icons for eight possible directions,right and left clicks, double left
click, scroll up and down andread mode in which the system will return to the virtual
keyboard.The distance control menu, a 3 x 3 matrix consists of nine options with
differentdistances of movement for the cursor, from 2 to 800 pixelsin different intervals.
The application is shown at the bottom part of the computerwith a 1024 x 768 resolution. The
width of the application fitsthe screen and it is 250 pixels high. This way the user has two
thirds ofthe screen for Windows or Internet browsing.
4.1.1 Machine States of BCI Internet Application

Figure 4.4: Internet Application - Machine States

12

BCI Applications
The given figure (Fig. 14)depicts the machine states [1]of the application. The
applicationstarts showing the virtual keyboard i.e. the Wait Keyboard state.From that
moment the computer will not execute any action fromthe real input devices. When a
character is selected from the virtualkeyboard, the system will change to the Keyboard
Action state,where the computer will write the desired letter. When the change tomouse
menu key is selected, the system will change to the Wait Mouse state. In this menu, the
commands that can be executed with a single option will change the system to the Mouse
Actionstate. However, if the selection is cursor movement, the distance control menu will
appear and the system willtransfer to the Waiting Distance state. After the distance
selectionis done, the system will execute the cursor movement changing back to the Mouse
Action state. Once the movements and actions related tothe mouse are finished, the user can
go back to the virtual keyboardselecting the Keyboard command on the mouse menu,returning
to the initial state.
4.2 Robot Control Application
The robot control application [1] allows disabled people to control a robotic arm.The
application allows controlling a robotic arm in order to help disabled people to manipulate
objects or perform pick and place tasks. The following picture (Fig.15) depicts a user using
the robotic arm to manipulate objects.

Figure 4.5: User using a robotic arm application

13

BCI Applications
Like the Internet application, this application also uses three menus Action menu (Fig.16),
Distance selection menu (Fig.17) and the confirmation menu (Fig.18).

Figure 4.6: Robot Control Application

- Action Menu

Figure 4.7: Robot Control Application

Distance Selection

Figure 4.8:Robot Control Application - Confirmation Menu

The actions menu, a 4 x 3 matrix has several options to move therobot end-effector in 3D
space and to open or close the gripperplaced in the robot end-effector. It also includes options
to change the orientation of the robotic arm and a Home button to return the robot to its
original position. The distance selection menu, a 3 x 3 matrix selects the distance the robot has
to move. Finally, the confirmation menu, which consists of two options Yes and No to
confirm the execution of an action.

14

BCI Applications

4.2.2 Machine States of Robot ControlApplication

Figure 4.9: Robot Control Application Machine States

The applicationstarts by showing the actions menu i.e. the Waiting Action state.At that time
the robot is in the Home position. If the user selectsa basic option of movement, the
application will show the distancecontrol menu and the state will change to Waiting Interval
state. Once the distance is selected,the robotic arm will be moved and the actions menu willbe
shown again. The options to open/close the tool, to move the robotto Home or to change
the orientation of the end-effector ofthe robot needs an additional confirmation before being
executed.This confirmation is selected by the user using the third menu thatonly shows the
options Yes/No.
4.3 Basic Needs Communication Application

15

BCI Applications

Figure 4.10: Basic Needs Communication Application

The Basic Needs Communication application [1] has been developed using the BCI to allow
severely disabled people tointeract with others using basic commands related to emotionsand
needs. Using this application, users are able to answer simple questions to explain their
needs.This application has a selection menu that shows the availableoptions where the user
has to concentrate his/her attention whilerows and columns are randomly flickering (Fig.20).
The menu, a 6 x 4 matrix is composed of several icons related to emotionalstates and needs.
These icons are divided into the categories of emotional states (happy, sad, angry, sleepy, I am
hot, I am cold), basic needs (hunger, thirst, washroom, help, emergency and pain), playful
needs (TV, music, walk, thanks, hello, bye), confirmation (Yes, No) and icons to change to
other menus.
When the user concentrates on one of the characters or optionsthat are flickering on the
screen, the system starts the featuresextraction of the signal and average the signals produced
by eachsymbol. When all the options have flashed 12 times (6 per rowand 6 per column) the
classifier determines the desired optionand the application executes the action associated.

16

BCI Applications

17

Future Aspects of BCI

CHAPTER

5
Future Aspects of BCI

The future work in the field of BCI will be based on the improvisation of the existing
applications.
The Internet browsingapplication, for instance is planned to include a predictive model of
words in orderto reduce the required time to write words.
In case of the P300 classifier, the present classification results are based on topographies and
graphs in the Matlab-based P300 GUI. The future may see the P300Classifier GUI work with
frequency-based features. Also, it may be tried to speed up the P300Classifier GUI by using
multithreading while solving the Least Squares.
In order to increase the operating speed of the interface which is dependent on the speed of
detecting EEG signals, ways to detect the EEG signals at a faster rate will have to be found.
Moreover, differentstudies will be performed to check the impact of reducing thenumber of
electrodes. This reduction is an important issue in orderto reduce the set up time of the system.
It is also hopeful to see an increase in the use of these devices in the future. With the
advancement in technology, it is expected to see these applications being used on a larger
scale and not just on clinical trials by paralyzed or severely disabled people.

18

Conclusion

Conclusion
Brain Computer Interface or the BCI is an assistive technology used, a channel established
between the human brain andcomputer or computer controlled electronic devices for
communication purpose. It cantranslate peoples intent into meaningful action in the real
world solely by processingtheir brain waves.
In this report, we have seen the different types of BCIs available, the need for non-invasive
BCIs, the basic structure of BCIs and most importantly, the process of acquiring and
processing brain signals used in the BCI devices. The working of three major BCI
applications namely the Internet application, the Robot Control application and the Basic
Needs Communication application have also been included.
The scope of the BCIs in future has also been discussed along with the areas of their
improvement and future expectation of the humankind from these devices.
BCIs have revolutionized the very existence of paralyzed and severely disabled people, giving
them an opportunity to be partially independent and improve their quality of life.

19

References

References
[1] J.L. Sirvent Blasco , E. Iez, A. beda, J.M. Azorn, Visual evoked potential-based

brainmachine interface applications to assist disabled people, Expert Systems with

Applications, Vol. 39, pp. 7908-7918, 2012
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]

Brain-computer Interface, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-computer_interface

P300 (neuroscience), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P300_(neuroscience)
N2pc, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2pc
Kun Li, Advanced Signal Processing Techniques for Single Trial Electroencephalography
Signal Classification for Brain Computer Interface Applications, Graduate School Theses

and Dissertations, Paper 3484, 2010

[6] A B Schwartz et al., Extraction algorithms for cortical control of arm prosthetics, Current
Opinion in Neurobiology, Vol. 11, 2001
[7] http://www.g.tec.at/Company/Company-Profile
[8] http://www.gtec.at/Products/Hardware-and-Accessories/g.USBamp-Specs-Features
[9] http://www.gtec.at/Products/Electrodes-and-Sensors/g.GAMMAsys-Specs-Features
[10] http://www.bci2000.org/wiki/index.php/User_Reference:P300Classifier

20