Beam Practical Design To Eurocode 2 - Sep 2013

Practical Design to Eurocode 2
Beams
Lecture 2
19th September 2013
Contents - Beams
Bending/ Flexure
Section analysis, singly and doubly reinforced

Tension reinforcement, As
neutral axis depth limit & K
Compression reinforcement, As2
Shear in beams
variable strut method
Detailing
Anchorage & Laps
Members & particular rules
Shift rule for curtailment
Bending/ Flexure
Section Design: Bending

In principal flexural design is generally the same as
BS8110
High strength concrete ( fck > 50 MPa ) can be designed.
EC2 presents the principles only
Design manuals will provide the standard solutions for
basic design cases.
Note: TCC How to guide equations and equations used on

this course are based on a concrete fck 50 MPa
Section Analysis to determine

Tension & Compression Reinforcement
EC2 contains information on:
Concrete stress blocks
Reinforcement stress/strain curves
The maximum depth of the neutral axis, x. This depends on
the moment redistribution ratio used.
The design stress for concrete, fcd and reinforcement, fyd
In EC2 there are no equations to determine As and As2 for a given

ultimate moment, M, on a section.
Equations, similar to those in BS 8110, are derived in the following
slides. As in BS8110 the terms K and K are used:
M
bd 2 f ck
Value of K for maximum value of M

with no compression steel and
when x is at its maximum value.
If K > K Compression steel required
Rectangular Concrete Stress Block

cu3
EC2: Cl 3.1.7, Fig 3.5

Ac
fcd
Fc
x
d
As
Fs
s
fck 50 MPa
50 < fck 90 MPa
0.8
= 0.8 (fck 50)/400
1.0
= 1,0 (fck 50)/200
For fck 50 MPa:
fcd = cc fck /c = 0.85 fck /1.5
fck
50
55
60
70
80
90
0.8
0.79
0.78
0.75
0.73
0.7
1
0.98
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
& at failure concrete strain, cu= 0.0035
Reinforcement
Design Stress/Strain Curve
EC2: Cl 3.2.7, Fig 3.8
Idealised
kfyk
In UK fyk = 500 MPa
kfyk/s
fyk
fyd = fyk/s
fyd = fyk/s = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Design
Es may be taken to be 200 GPa

Steel yield strain
(s at yield point)
= fyd/Es
= 435/200000
= 0.0022
fyd/Es
ud uk
At failure concrete strain is 0.0035 for fck 50 MPa.

If x/d is 0.6 steel strain is 0.0023 and this is past the yield point.
Design steel stress is 435 MPa if neutral axis, x, is less than 0.6d.
Analysis of a singly reinforced beam

Cl 3.1.7 EN 1992-1-1
Design equations can be derived as follows:
b
For grades of concrete up to C50/60, cu= 0.0035, = 1 and = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fyk/1.15 = 0.87 fyk
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fst = 0.87As fyk
Methods to find As:
Iterative, trial and error method simple but not practical
Direct method of calculating z, the lever arm, and then As

Determine As Iterative method
b
For horizontal equilibrium

Fc= Fst
0.453 fck b x = 0.87As fyk
Guess As
Solve for x
z = d - 0.4 x
M = Fc z

Determine As Direct method
Take moments about the centre of the tension force
M
= 0.453 fck b x z
Now z
= d - 0.4 x
= 2.5(d - z)
&
= 0.453 fck b 2.5(d - z) z
(1)
= 1.1333 (fck b z d - fck b z2)

Let
K = M / (fck b d 2)
fckbdz
M
fckbz 2
K
1.1333
2
2
2
fckbd
fckbd
fckbd
(K may be considered as the normalised bending resistance)
= 1.1333 [(z/d)2 (z/d)] + K
= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K
= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K
Solving the quadratic equation:

z/d
z
= [1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2
= d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2
Rearranging
z
= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)0.5]
This compares to BS 8110

z
= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 0.9)0.5]
The lever arm for an applied moment is now known
Higher Concrete Strengths

fck 50MPa
z d[1 (1 3,529K )]/2
fck = 60MPa
z d[1 (1 3,715K )]/2
fck = 70MPa
z d[1 (1 3,922K )]/2
fck = 80MPa
z d[1 (1 4,152K )]/2
fck = 90MPa
z d[1 (1 4,412K )]/2
Tension steel, As
Take moments about the centre of the compression force
M
= 0.87As fyk z
Rearranging
As
= M /(0.87 fyk z)
The required area of reinforcement can now be:

calculated using these expressions
obtained from Tables of z/d (eg Table 5 of How to beams
or Concise Table 15.5 )

obtained from graphs (eg from the Green Book or Fig
B.3 in Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual)
Design aids for flexure

Concise: Table 15.5
Besides limits on
x/d, traditionally
z/d was limited to
0.95 max to avoid
issues with the
quality of
covercrete.
Design aids for flexure

TCC Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual, Fig B.3
Design chart for singly reinforced beam
Maximum neutral axis depth

According to Cl 5.5(4) the depth of the neutral axis is limited, viz:
k1 + k2 xu/d
where
k1 = 0.4
k2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/ cu2 = 0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035 = 1
xu = depth to NA after redistribution

Redistributed Bending Moment

Elastic Bending Moment
xu = d ( - 0.4)
Therefore there are limits on K and
this limit is denoted K
= Redistribution ratio
K
The limiting value for K (denoted K) can be calculated as follows:
As before
and
M = 0.453 fck b x z
(1)
K = M / (fck b d 2)
Substituting xu for x in eqn (1) and rearranging:

M = b d2 fck (0.6 0.18 2 - 0.21)
K = M /(b d2 fck)
c.f. from BS 8110 rearranged K
= (0.6 0.18 2 - 0.21)

= (0.55 0.18 2 0.19)
Some engineers advocate taking x/d < 0.45, and K < 0.168. It is often
considered good practice to limit the depth of the neutral axis to avoid
over-reinforcement to ensure a ductile failure. This is not an EC2
requirement and is not accepted by all engineers (but is by TCC).
As
for beams with Compression Reinforcement,
The concrete in compression is at its design

capacity and is reinforced with compression
reinforcement. So now there is an extra force:
Fsc = 0.87As2 fyk

The area of tension reinforcement can now be considered in two
parts.
The first part balances the compressive force in the concrete
(with the neutral axis at xu).
The second part balances the force in the compression steel.
The area of reinforcement required is therefore:
As = K fck b d 2 /(0.87 fyk z) + As2
where z is calculated using K instead of K
As2
As2 can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the

tension force:
M = K fck b d 2 + 0.87 fyk As2 (d - d2)
Rearranging
As2 = (K - K) fck b d 2 / (0.87 fyk (d - d2))
Design Flowchart
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
Determine K and K from:
M
K
& K ' 0.6 0.18 2 0.21
2
b d fck
Note: =1.0 means no redistribution and = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.
Yes
Is K K ?
No compression steel
needed singly reinforced
No
1.00
0.208
0.95
0.195
0.90
0.182
0.85
0.168
0.80
0.153
0.75
0.137
0.70
0.120
Compression steel needed doubly reinforced
It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure
Flow Chart for Singly-reinforced

Beam
Calculate lever arm z from: z d 1 1 3.53K 0.95d *
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.
Calculate tension steel required from:
As
M
fyd z
Check minimum reinforcement requirements:
As,min
0.26 fctm bt d
0.0013 bt d
fyk
Check max reinforcement provided As,max 0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
Check max spacing between bars
Flow Chart for DoublyReinforced Beam
d
z 1 1 3.53K '
2
Calculate lever arm z from:

Calculate excess moment from:
M ' bd 2fck K K '
Calculate compression steel required from:

M'
As2
fydd d 2
Calculate tension steel required from:
K ' fck bd 2
As
As2
fyd z
Check max reinforcement provided As,max 0.04Ac (Cl. 9.2.1.1)

Check min spacing between bars > bar > 20 > Agg + 5
Flexure Worked Example

(Doubly reinforced)
Worked Example 1
Design the section below to resist a sagging moment of 370 kNm
assuming 15% moment redistribution (i.e. = 0.85).
Take fck = 30 MPa and fyk = 500 MPa.
Initially assume 32 mm for tension reinforcement with 30 mm

nominal cover to the link (allow 10 mm for link) and 20mm for
compression reinforcement with 25 mm nominal cover to link.
Nominal side cover is 35 mm.
d = h cnom - link - 0.5
= 500 30 - 10 16
= 444 mm
d2 = cnom + link + 0.5
= 25 + 10 + 10
= 45 mm
444
K ' 0.168
K
M
bd 2 f ck
370 10
300 444 2 30
0.209 K '
6
provide compression steel
d
1 1 3.53K '
2
444
1 1 3.53 0.168
2
363 mm
1.00
0.208
0.95
0.195
0.90
0.182
0.85
0.168
0.80
0.153
0.75
0.137
0.70
0.120
M ' b d2fck K K '

300 4442 30 (0.209 0.168) 106
72.7 kNm
As 2
M'
fyd d d 2
72.7 x 106
435 (444 45)

419 mm2
As
M M'
As 2
fyd z
(370 72.7) 106
419
435 363
2302 mm2
Provide 2 H20 for compression steel = 628mm2 (419 mm2 reqd)
and 3 H32 tension steel = 2412mm2 (2302 mm2 reqd)

By inspection does not exceed maximum area or maximum spacing of
reinforcement rules
Check minimum spacing, assuming H10 links

Space between bars
= (300 35 x 2 - 10 x 2 - 32 x 3)/2
= 57 mm > 32 mm
OK
Simplified Factors for Flexure (1)

Factors for NA depth (x) and lever arm (z) for concrete grade 50 MPa
1.20
1.00
lever arm
Factor
0.80
0.60
0.40
NA depth
0.20
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.43
0.46
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
M/bd 2fck
Simplified Factors for Flexure (2)

Factors for NA depth (x) and lever arm (z) for concrete grade 70 MPa
1.20
lever arm
1.00
Factor
0.80
0.60
0.40
NA depth
0.20
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
M/bd 2fck
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
Shear in Beams
Shear
There are three approaches to designing for shear:
When shear reinforcement is not required e.g. slabs
Shear check uses VRd,c
When shear reinforcement is required e.g. Beams

Variable strut method is used to check shear in beams
Strut strength check using VRd,max Links strength using VRd,s
Punching shear requirements e.g. flat slabs
The maximum shear strength in the UK should not exceed that
of class C50/60 concrete
Shear in Beams
Shear design is different from BS8110. EC2 uses the variable strut
method to check a member with shear reinforcement.
Definitions:
VRd,c Resistance of member without shear reinforcement

VRd,s - Resistance of member governed by the yielding of shear
reinforcement
VRd,max - Resistance of member governed by the crushing of compression

struts
VEd
- Applied shear force. For predominately UDL, shear may be checked

at d from face of support
Members Requiring Shear

Reinforcement (6.2.3.(1))
compression chord
compression chord
V(cot - cot
Fcd
d
z = 0.9d
V
shear reinforcement
N
V
Ftd
tension chord
angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis
angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
inner lever arm. In the shear analysis of reinforced concrete

without axial force, the approximate value z = 0,9d may normally
be used.
Strut Inclination Method

VRd,max
b z 1 fcd
cw w
cot tan
VRd,s
Asw
z f ywd cot
s
21.8 < < 45
Shear
6.2.3 EN 1992-1-1
We can use the following expressions from the code to calculate shear
reinforcement for a beam (Assumes shear reinforcement is always
provided in a beam)
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot /s
fck
VRd,max = 0.5 z bw fcd sin 2
where 0.6 (1- fck/250)

When cot = 2.5 (= 21.8)
VRd = 0.138 bw z fck (1 - fck/250)

Or in terms of stress:
vRd = 0.138 fck (1 - fck/250)
Rearranging equation 2 in terms of stress:
= 0.5 sin-1[vRd /(0.20 fck(1 - fck/250))]
vRd, cot
vRd, cot
2.5
1.0
20
2.54
3.68
25
3.10
4.50
28
3.43
4.97
30
3.64
5.28
32
3.84
5.58
35
4.15
6.02
40
4.63
6.72
45
5.08
7.38
50
5.51
8.00
Shear Design: Links

Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle
hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases
V
z
x
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links
x
Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links
Eurocode 2 vs BS8110:
Shear
Safer
Shear
reinforcement
density
Asfyd/s
Fewer links
Eurocode 2:
BS8110: VR = VC + VS
VRmax
Test results VR
(but more critical)
Minimum links
Shear Strength, VR
38
Shear Resistance of Sections with

Shear Reinforcement
V
z
x
1 cot 2,5
Basic equations
shear reinforcement control
VRd,s = Asw z fywd cot /s
Exp (6.8)
concrete strut control

VRd,max = z bw 1 fcd /(cot + tan) = 0,5 z bw 1fcd sin 2
Exp (6.9)
where 1 = 0,6(1-fck/250)
Exp (6.6N)
Shear Resistance with Shear

Reinforcement
Procedure for design with variable strut
1. Determine maximum applied shear force at support, VEd
2. Determine VRd,max with cot = 2.5
3. If VRd,max > VEd
cot = 2.5, go to step 6 and calculate required shear

reinforcement
4. If VRd,max < VEd
calculate required strut angle:

= 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
5. If cot is less than 1 re-size element, otherwise
6. Calculate amount of shear reinforcement required

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot ) = VEd /(0.78 d fyk cot )
7. Check min shear reinforcement, Asw/s bw w,min and max spacing,
sl,max = 0.75d
w,min = (0.08 fck)/fyk
cl 9.2.2
EC2 Shear Flow Chart

for vertical links
Determine vEd where:
vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]
Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot = 2.5
vRdcot = 2.5 = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)
Is vRdcot = 2.5 > vEd?

Yes
No
(cot = 2.5)
Calculate area of shear

reinforcement:
Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )
Check maximum spacing of shear
reinforcement :
s,max = 0.75 d
Is vRdcot = 1.0 > vEd?

Yes
No
Re-size
(cot > 1.0)
Determine from:
= 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
Design aids for shear

Concise Fig 15.1 a)
Design aids for shear

Concise Fig 15.1 b)
Short Shear Spans with Direct

Strut Action (6.2.3)
d
av
d
av
Where av 2d the applied shear force, VEd, for a point load

(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor av/2d
where 0.5 av 2d provided:
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75av is
included in the resistance.
Note: see PD6687-1:2010
Cl 2.14 for more information
Beam examples
Beam Example 1
Gk = 75 kN/m, Qk = 50 kN/m , assume no redistribution and use
equation 6.10 to calculate ULS loads.
8m
Cover = 40mm to each face
1000
fck = 30
Determine the flexural and shear
reinforcement required
450
(try 10mm links and 32mm main steel)
Beam Example 1 Bending

ULS load per m = (75 x 1.35 + 50 x 1.5) = 176.25
Mult = 176.25 x 82/8

= 1410 kNm
d
= 1000 - 40 - 10 32/2
= 934
M
1410 106
K
0.120
2
2
bd fck 450 934 30
K = 0.208
K
< K No compression reinforcement required
d
934
z 1 1 3.53K
1 1 3.53 x 0.120 822 0.95d
2
2
M
1410 x 106
As
3943 mm2
fyd z 435 x 822
Provide 5 H32 (4021 mm2)
Beam Example 1 Shear

Shear force, VEd = 176.25 x 8/2 = 705 kN
say (could take 505 kN @ d from face)
Shear stress:
vEd
= VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 705 x 103/(450 x 0.9 x 934)
= 1.68 MPa
vRd, cot = vRd, cot
fck
vRdcot = 2.5 = 3.64 MPa
2.5
1.0
vRdcot = 2.5 > vEd
20
2.54
3.68
cot = 2.5
25
3.10
4.50
28
3.43
4.97
Asw/s = 1.68 x 450 /(435 x 2.5)
30
3.64
5.28
Asw/s = 0.70 mm
32
3.84
5.58
Try H8 links with 3 legs.
35
4.15
6.02
Asw = 151 mm2
40
4.63
6.72
s < 151 /0.70 = 215 mm
45
5.08
7.38
50
5.51
8.00
provide H8 links at 200 mm spacing
Beam Example 1
Provide 5 H32 (4021) mm2)

with
H8 links at 200 mm spacing
Beam Example 2 High shear
UDL not dominant
Find the minimum area of

shear reinforcement
required to resist the
design shear force using
EC2.
Assume that:
fck = 30 MPa and
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa

Find the minimum area of shear reinforcement required to resist
the design shear force using EC2.
Assume that:
vRd, cot = vRd, cot
fck = 30 MPa and
fck
2.5
1.0
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
20
2.54
3.68
Shear stress:
25
3.10
4.50
vEd = VEd/(bw 0.9d)
28
3.43
4.97
= 312.5 x 103/(140 x 0.9 x 500)
30
3.64
5.28
= 4.96 MPa
32
3.84
5.58
vRdcot = 2.5 = 3.64 MPa
35
4.15
6.02
vRdcot = 1.0 = 5.28 MPa
40
4.63
6.72
vRdcot = 2.5 < vEd < vRdcot = 1.0
45
5.08
7.38
2.5 > cot > 1.0 Calculate
50
5.51
8.00

Calculate
v Ed
0.20 fck (1 fck / 250 )
0.5 sin 1
4.96
0.20 x 30 1 - 30 / 250
0.5 sin 1
35.0
cot 1.43

Asw/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
Asw/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
Asw = 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
Workshop Problem
Workshop Problem
Gk = 10 kN/m, Qk = 6.5 kN/m (Use eq. 6.10)
8m
Cover = 35 mm to each face
450
fck = 30MPa
Design the beam in flexure and shear
300
Aide memoire
Exp (6.10)
Remember
this from
last week?
Or
Concise
Table 15.5
Workings:- Load, Mult, d, K, (z/d,) z, As, VEd, Asw/s
Solution - Flexure
ULS load per m
= (10 x 1.35 + 6.5 x 1.5) = 23.25 kN/m
Mult = 23.25 x 82/8
= 186 kNm
= 450 - 35 - 10 32/2 = 389 mm
M
186 10 6
K 2
0.137
2
bd f ck 300 389 30
K = 0.168
< K No compression reinforcement required
d
389
1 1 3.53 K
1 1 3.53 x 0.137 0.86 x 389 334 0.95d
2
2
M
186 x 10 6
As
1280 mm 2
f yd z 435 x 334
Provide 3 H25 (1470 mm2)
Solution - Shear
Shear force, VEd = 23.25 x 8 /2 = 93 kN
Shear stress:
vEd
= VEd/(bw 0.9d) = 93 x 103/(300 x 0.9 x 389)
= 0.89 MPa
vRd
= 3.64 MPa
vRd > vEd cot = 2.5

Asw/s = 0.89 x 300 /(435 x 2.5)
Asw/s = 0.24 mm
Try H8 links with 2 legs, Asw = 101 mm2
s < 101 /0.24 = 420 mm
Maximum spacing = 0.75 d = 0.75 x 389 = 292 mm
Detailing
www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org
UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reinforcing bar and coil

Reinforcing fabric
Steel wire for direct use of for further
processing
Cut and bent reinforcement
Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing
steel
Identification of bars
Class A
Class B
Class C
Reinforced Concrete Detailing

to Eurocode 2
Section 8 - General Rules
Anchorage
Laps
Large Bars
Section 9 - Particular Rules
Beams
Slabs
Columns
Walls
Foundations
Discontinuity Regions
Tying Systems
Cover Fire
Specification and Workmanship
Section 8 - General Rules

Spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2
Concise: 11.2
Clear horizontal and vertical distance , (dg +5mm) or 20mm

For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be
located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow
access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3
Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m

To avoid damage to bar is
Bar dia 16mm
Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm
Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3
Concise: 11.3
Minimum mandrel size, m

Bearing stress
inside bends
To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar:
m,min Fbt ((1/ab) +1/(2 )) / fcd
Fbt ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
ab for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars.
For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, ab should be taken as
the cover plus /2
Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :
anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend
bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar inside bend
mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value
Anchorage of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 8.4
Ultimate bond stress

EC2: Cl. 8.4.2
Concise: 11.5
The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd
where fctd should be limited to C60/75
1 =1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions
2 = 1 for 32, otherwise (132- )/100
Direction of concreting
a) 45 90
250
c) h > 250 mm
300
300
h
b) h 250 mm
d) h > 600 mm
unhatched zone good bond conditions

hatched zone - poor bond conditions
Basic required anchorage length

EC2: Cl. 8.4.3
Concise: 11.4.3
lb,rqd = (/ 4) (sd / fbd)
where sd is the design stress of the bar at the position

from where the anchorage is measured.
For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the
centreline of the bar
EC2 Figure 8.1

Concise Fig 11.1
Design Anchorage Length, lbd

EC2: Cl. 8.4.4
Concise: 11.4.2
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb,rqd lb,min

However: (2 3 5) 0.7
lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10, 100mm)
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Table requires values for:
Cd
Value depends on cover and bar spacing, see Figure 8.3
Factor depends on position of confinement reinforcement,

see Figure 8.4
= (Ast Ast,min)/ As Where Ast is area of transverse reinf.
Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3
EC2: Figure 8.4
Concise: Figure 11.3
Table 8.2 - Other shapes

EC2: Figure 8.1
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Concise: 11.4.2
Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5
Concise: Fig 11.2
Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7
Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)

EC2: Cl. 8.7.3
Concise: 11.6.2
l0 = 1 2 3 5 6 lb,rqd l0,min
1 2 3 5 are as defined for anchorage length

6 = (r1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5
where r1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the
centre of the lap
Percentage of lapped bars

relative to the total crosssection area
< 25%
33%
50%
>50%
1.15
1.4
1.5
Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.

l0,min max{0.3 6 lb,rqd; 15; 200}
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8
Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths
Anchorage Worked Example

Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the
bottom of a slab:
a) Straight bars
b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)
Concrete strength class is C25/30

Nominal cover is 25mm
Assume maximum design stress in the bar
Bond stress, fbd

fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd
EC2 Equ. 8.2
1 = 1.0 Good bond conditions

2 = 1.0 bar size 32
fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c
ct = 1.0
EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16

c = 1.5
fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3
EC2 Table 3.1
= 0.21 x 252/3
= 1.795 MPa
fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c = 1.795/1.5 = 1.197
fbd = 2.25 x 1.197 = 2.693 MPa
Basic anchorage length, lb,req

lb.req
= (/4) ( sd/fbd)
EC2 Equ 8.3
Max stress in the bar, sd = fyk/s = 500/1.15
= 435MPa.
lb.req
= (/4) ( 435/2.693)
= 40.36
For concrete class C25/30
Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2
Concise: 11.4.2
Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3
EC2: Figure 8.4

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)
a) Tension anchorage straight bar
1 = 1.0
3 = 1.0
conservative value with K= 0
4 = 1.0
N/A
5 = 1.0
conservative value
2 = 1.0 0.15 (Cd )/

2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 16)/16 = 0.916
lbd = 0.916 x 40.36 = 36.97 = 592mm

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.36)
b) Tension anchorage Other shape bars

1 = 1.0
Cd = 25 is 3 = 3 x 16 = 48
3 = 1.0
conservative value with K= 0
4 = 1.0
N/A
5 = 1.0
conservative value
2 = 1.0 0.15 (Cd 3)/ 1.0
2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 48)/16 = 1.25 1.0

lbd = 1.0 x 40.36 = 40.36 = 646mm
Worked example - summary

H16 Bars Concrete class C25/30 25 Nominal cover
Tension anchorage straight bar
lbd = 36.97 = 592mm
Tension anchorage Other shape bars
lbd = 40.36 = 646mm
lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar

Compression anchorage (1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 1.0)
lbd = 40.36 = 646mm
Anchorage for Poor bond conditions = Good/0.7

Lap length = anchorage length x 6
Anchorage & lap lengths

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs

Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond
Length in bar diameters
conditions
fck /fcu
25/30
fck /fcu
28/35
fck /fcu
30/37
fck /fcu
32/40
Full tension and

compression anchorage
length, lbd
good
40
37
36
34
poor
58
53
51
49
Full tension and

compression lap length, l0
good
46
43
42
39
poor
66
61
59
56
Note: The following is assumed:

- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.
Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2
Concise: Cl 11.6
Laps between bars should normally be staggered and

not located in regions of high stress.
Arrangement of laps should comply with Figure 8.7:
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution)

reinforcement may be lapped in one section.
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps

Concise: Cl 11.6.4
Bars in tension
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
Transverse reinforcement is required in the lap zone to resist transverse

tension forces.
Any Transverse reinforcement provided for other reasons will be

sufficient if
bar < 20mm or laps< 25%
If bar 20mm
then additional transverse reinforcement may be

needed. It should be positioned at the outer sections of the lap as shown
below.
Ast /2
Ast /2
l 0 /3
l 0 /3
150 mm F
s
Fs
l0
Transverse Reinforcement at Laps

Bars in compression Concise: Cl 11.6.4
EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9
In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse
reinforcement should be placed outside each end of the lap length.
Figure 8.9 bars in compression
Detailing of members and

particular rules
EC2 Section 9
Cl 9.2 Beams
Beams (9.2)
As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but 0,0013btd
As,max = 0,04 Ac
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15
Beams (9.2)
Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
Curtailment (9.2.1.3)
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, Ftd,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement Ftd may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance al = d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
al = z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links

z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
al = 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1
Curtailment of longitudinal tension reinforcement

Shift Rule for Shear
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force
M/z - V cot/2
= (V/sin) . cos = V cot
V/sin
M/z + V cot/2
al
Applied
Applied
shear V
moment M
= (M + Vz cot/2)/z
M = Vz cot/2
dM/dx = V
M = Vx x = z cot/2 = al
Shift Rule
Curtailment of reinforcement
Concise: 12.2.2
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2

Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
lbd
lbd
Acting tensile force

Resisting tensile force
lbd
al
lbd
Ftd
al
Ftd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d

For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot
But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d
Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports (9.2.1.4)
Tensile Force Envelope
al
Shear shift rule
S
i
m
p
l
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
)
S
i
m
p
l
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
d
i
r
e
c
t
)
As bottom steel at support 0.25 As provided in the span

lbd is required from the line of contact of the support.
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.
Simplified Detailing Rules for

Beams
Concise: Cl 12.2.4
How to.EC2
Detailing section
Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports
Concise: Cl 12.2.8
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
A
supporting beam with height h1
supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)
B
h 2 /3
h 2 /2
Plan view
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons
h 1 /3
h 1 /2
The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond

the intersection of beams
Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3
Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule al = d

may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main

reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges
Detailing Comparisons
Beams
EC2
BS 8110
Main Bars in Tension
Clause / Values
Values
As,min
9.2.1.1 (1):
0.0013 bd
0.26 fctm/fykbd
0.0013 bh
As,max
9.2.1.1 (3):
0.04 bd
0.04 bh
Main Bars in Compression

As,min
--
0.002 bh
As,max
9.2.1.1 (3):
0.04 bd
0.04 bh
Spacing of Main Bars

dg + 5 mm or or 20mm
smin
8.2 (2):
Smax
Table 7.3N
dg + 5 mm or
Table 3.28
Links
Asw,min
9.2.2 (5):
(0.08 b s fck)/fyk
0.4 b s/0.87 fyv
sl,max
9.2.2 (6):
0.75 d
0.75d
st,max
9.2.2 (8):
0.75 d 600 mm
d or 150 mm from main bar
9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar
Slabs
EC2 Clause / Values
BS 8110 Values
Main Bars in Tension

As,min
9.2.1.1 (1):
0.26 fctm/fykbd 0.0013 bd
0.0013 bh
As,max
0.04 bd
0.04 bh
Secondary Transverse Bars

As,min
9.3.1.1 (2):
0.2As for single way slabs
0.002 bh
As,max
9.2.1.1 (3):
0.04 bh
0.04 bd
Spacing of Bars
smin
8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or or 20mm

9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm
dg + 5 mm or
Smax
secondary: 3.5h 450 mm
3d or 750 mm
places of maximum moment:

main:
2h 250 mm
secondary: 3h 400 mm
Punching Shear EC2Clause / Values
BS 8110 Values
Links
Asw,min
9.4.3 (2):Link leg = 0.053sr st (fck)/fyk
Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv
Sr
9.4.3 (1):
0.75d
St
9.4.3 (1):
within 1st control perim.: 1.5d
outside 1st control perim.: 2d
0.75d
1.5d
Columns
Main Bars in Compression
As,min
9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk 0.002bh
0.004 bh
As,max
9.5.2 (3):
0.06 bh
0.04 bh
Links
Min size
9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm
0.25 or 6 mm
Scl,tmax
9.5.3 (3): min(12min; 0.6b; 240 mm)
12
9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar
150 mm from main bar
Detailing Issues
EC2 Clause Issue
Possible resolve in 2013?
8.4.4.1
Lap lengths assume

4 centres in 2 bar
beams
7 factor for spacing e.g. 0.63 for 6

centres in slabs or 10centre in two bar
beams
Table 8.3
6 varies depending
on amount staggered
6 should always = 1.5.
8.7.2(3)
& Fig 8.7
0.3 lo gap between

For ULS, there is no advantage in staggering
ends of lapped bars is bars. For SLS staggering at say 0.5 lo might
onerous.
be helpful.
Table 8.2
2 for compression
bars
Should be the same as for tension.
8.7.4.1(4)
& Fig 8.9
Requirements for
transverse bars
impractical
No longer requirement for transverse bars

to be between lapped bar and cover.
Requirement only makes 10-15% difference
in strength of lap
Fig 9.3
lbd anchorage into

support
May be OTT as compression forces increase

bond strength. Issue about anchorage
beyond CL of support

Beam Practical Design To Eurocode 2 - Sep 2013

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2

19th September 2013

Section analysis, singly and doubly reinforced

Section Design: Bending

Note: TCC How to guide equations and equations used on

Section Analysis to determine

In EC2 there are no equations to determine As and As2 for a given

Value of K for maximum value of M

If K > K Compression steel required

Rectangular Concrete Stress Block

EC2: Cl 3.1.7, Fig 3.5

50 < fck 90 MPa

= 0.8 (fck 50)/400

= 1,0 (fck 50)/200

For fck 50 MPa:

fcd = cc fck /c = 0.85 fck /1.5

& at failure concrete strain, cu= 0.0035

In UK fyk = 500 MPa

fyd = fyk/s = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa

Es may be taken to be 200 GPa

At failure concrete strain is 0.0035 for fck 50 MPa.

Analysis of a singly reinforced beam

For grades of concrete up to C50/60, cu= 0.0035, = 1 and = 0.8.

Analysis of a singly reinforced beam

For horizontal equilibrium

Analysis of a singly reinforced beam

= 0.453 fck b 2.5(d - z) z

= 1.1333 (fck b z d - fck b z2)

= 1.1333 [(z/d)2 (z/d)] + K

= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K

= (z/d)2 (z/d) + 0.88235K

Solving the quadratic equation:

= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)0.5]

This compares to BS 8110

= d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 0.9)0.5]

The lever arm for an applied moment is now known

Higher Concrete Strengths

z d[1 (1 3,529K )]/2

z d[1 (1 3,715K )]/2

z d[1 (1 3,922K )]/2

z d[1 (1 4,152K )]/2

z d[1 (1 4,412K )]/2

The required area of reinforcement can now be:

or Concise Table 15.5 )

Design aids for flexure

Design aids for flexure

Design chart for singly reinforced beam

Maximum neutral axis depth

Redistributed Bending Moment

Substituting xu for x in eqn (1) and rearranging:

c.f. from BS 8110 rearranged K

= (0.6 0.18 2 - 0.21)

for beams with Compression Reinforcement,

The concrete in compression is at its design

Fsc = 0.87As2 fyk

As2 can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the

Compression steel needed doubly reinforced

It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure

Flow Chart for Singly-reinforced

Calculate lever arm z from: z d 1 1 3.53K 0.95d *

* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.

Calculate tension steel required from:

Check minimum reinforcement requirements: