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EKOLOGI MIKROALGA

Bagian Bioteknologi Kelautan


Departemen Teknologi Hasil
Perairan
FPIK IPB

HABs

Mikroalga

Mikroalga

Negev desert in Israel

Ekologi Kimia
Chemical

ecologyis the
study of the
chemicals
involved in the
interactions of
livingorganisms

Ekologi Kimia Mikroalga


the study of

biological and
chemical
interactions
between
microalgae in their
aquatic
environment

Mikroalga
Micro-Algae
Single cell

microorganism
Autotropik, CO2 sumber

karbon dan cahaya


sebagai sumber energi

Mikroalga
Eukaryote excluded procaryotic

Cyanobacteria
Terdapat 50 ribu spesies

Taksonomi Mikroalga
6 grup: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophycophyta,

Chrysophycophyta, Rhodophycophyta, Dinophyta,


Cyanobacteria

Kelompok
1. Bacillariophyta
(Diatom)

Carotenoids
-carotene
-carotene rarely fucoxanthin

Tabellaria fenestrata

Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi

Carotenoids

2. Chlorophycophyta -carotene,
-carotene rarely carotene
and lycopene, lutein

Coelastrum

Tetraedron

Scenedesmus

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Chlorophycophyta

Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi
3. Chrysophycophyta

Odontella sinensis/
Biddulphia sinensis

Carotenoids
-carotene, fucoxanthin

Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi
Carotenoids
4. Rhodophycophyta -carotene, zeaxanthin

Porphyridium

Rhodella violacea

Taksonomi Mikroalga
Divisi

Carotenoids

5. Dinophyta
(Pyrrophycophyta)

-carotene, peridinin,
Neoperididnin dinoxanthin,
neodinoxanthin

Taksonomi Mikroalga
Filum
6. Cyanobacteria

Carotenoids
-carotene, phycobilins
Phormidium subfuscum

Anabaena torulosa
Anabaena augstumnalis

Diatom vs. Dinoflagellata

Centrics (Order: Biddulphiales) &


the Pennates (Order: Bacillariales)

Two flagellae

Cells are encased in transparent


glass-like (silica) container,
epitheca and hypotheca

Cells are covered by a theca


(sheath) that can be smooth or
ornamented

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis & absorb organic


matter &/or engulf microbial prey

Up to 100,000 species of diatoms


have been recorded

Of the 2000 species known, 60


species produce complex toxins

Mikroalga
Scaling up?

Wen et al. 2012

Habitat Mikroalga
Habitat umum:

perairan terbuka
(fitoplankton)
Permukaan

bebatuan, tanaman
tingkat tinggi di
perairan dangkal
(perifiton)

Habitat Mikroalga
Permukaan tanah dan bebatuan yang

lembab
Diisolasi dari hot springs glacial ice

Habitat Mikroalga
Light, water quality and temperature,

availability of carbon and other essential


nutrients, and depth or tidal exposure
In the tropics, algae grow on hard

substrate like beach rock, coral reefs and


on the roots of mangrove trees

Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Habitat


Hydrophilus; aquatic, free floating or completely

submerged algae
Edaphic; Terestrial
Aerial
Cryophytic; living on ice and snow (Eg.

Chlamydomonas)
Symbionts or Endophytes; Symbiotic with fungi, Eg.
Chroococcus, Nostoc, Chlorella and Palmella; Lives
inside the pteridophyte Azolla. Eg. Anabaena azollae.
Endozoic; inside fresh water sponges, Hydra
Parasites; Eg. Cephaleuros virescens

Ekologi
Terrestrial atau akuatik
Planktonik atau membentuk biofilm fototrof
Some are endosymbionts in lichens, plants,

various protists, or sponges


Visible blue-green blooms

Ekologi Diatom
Fitoplankton
Freshwater or marine
Bloom-and-bust cycle
Bloom; dominate phytoplankton
Bust; mucilage production

till thermocline

Ekologi Chlorophycophyta
Freshwater or marine, some aerial Chlorococcales
Planktonic (Volvocalean & chlorooccalean) or benthic
Attach to substrate
Symbiotic: Chlorella pada Hydra
Commercial: Dunaliella (glycerol & -carotene)
Winter: Ulothrix, Spring: Stigeoclonium, Summer:

Oedogonium

Ekologi Rhodophycophyta
Freshwater or marine
Tropical to polar waters
Epiphytes
Parasites reduce pigment

Ekologi Dinophyta
Mostly marine, some Freshwater
Planktonic, mostly in warmer waters
Benthic/Symbiotic
Parasit pada invertebrates, ikan
Phagocytic pada algae
Brown or red tides
Toxic: saxitoxin (PSP), brevetoxin (NSP),

ciguatoxin (CFP)
Luminescent

Luciferin-luciferasesystempadaNoctiluca scintillans

Ekologi Cyanobacteria
Terrestrial atau akuatik
Freshwater or marine, planktonic or benthic
Fotosintesis & fiksasi nitrogen
Some anoxygenic photosynthesis
Synechoccus can tolerate T 74 deg C
Eg. Geothermal di Yellowstone park, distribusi

Cyanobacteria tergantung pada kandungan


sulfit, semakin tinggi sulfit, pertumbuhan
Cyanobacteria makin lambat

Ekologi Cyanobacteria
Antarctic lakes: Phormidium & Lyngbya
Salt concentrates (evaporation), eg. Spirulina
African Rift Valley; food for flamingos
Spirulina for food
Blooms in Baltic Sea: Nodularia,

Aphanizomenon

Mikroalga

Chisti 2008

References
A biology of the algae. Philip Sze
Micro-algal biotechnology. Borowitzka & Borowitzka
Freshwater Algae http://www.algaekey.com/
http://www.algaebase.org/
http://www.oilgae.com
http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/redtide/educati

on.html
Culture Collection of Autotrophic Organisms
http://www.butbn.cas.cz

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