24) W03

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW
The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs
Volume XII, Number 4
Winter Solstice 2003
ISSN 1066-1913
CONTENTS
The Entheogen Review

The Journal of Unauthorized Research
on Visionary Plants and Drugs
Editor: David Aardvark

Technical Editor: K. Trout
Copy Editor: E.V. Love
Contributors
Mark McCloud
Jon Hanna
Daniel J. Siebert
Connie Littlefield
Tyler D. Flyer
Lazyvegan
A.Q., TX
D.H., CA
Jay Yasgur, R.Ph, M.Sc.
The King of Blotter Art: Mark McCloud Speaks
109
The History of the First Salvia divinorum Plants

Cultivated Outside of Mexico
117
Documentary Fundraising:
Ann & Sasha: A Chemical Love Story
119
Outdoor Mushroom Cultivation: Means and Benefits
120
Network Feedback
132
Memantine Hydrochloride: A Few Words of Caution
132
Enzymes, Metabolism, and Bioavailability
134
Butorphanol
135
Events Calendar
136
Sources
137
Book Review
139
Bibliography
140
Index
141
Disclaimer: Information presented in The Entheogen Review comes from

Design & Layout
Soma Graphics
Address
POB 19820
Sacramento, CA 95819
USA
Web
www.entheogenreview.com
Front Cover
Blotter Collage
by Mark McCloud
Back Cover
Mayan Blotter
by Mark McCloud
many different sources and represents the opinions and beliefs of a highly diverse
group of individuals. The Entheogen Reviews editors assume no responsibility for
the accuracy of any claims or representations presented in the text, illustrations, or
advertisements of this journal, nor do they encourage illegal activities of any type.
Manufacture, possession, or sale of a controlled substance is a crime that can result
in a lengthy prison term and significant fines.
Statement of Purpose: This journal is a clearinghouse for current data

about the use of visionary plants and drugs. Think of it as a community of subscribers seeking and sharing information on the cultivation, extraction, and ritual use of
entheogens. All communications are kept in strictest confidencepublished
material is identified by the authors initials and state of residence (pseudonym or
name printed on request only). The mailing list (kept encrypted) is not for sale,
rent, or loan to anyone for any reason.
Submissions: Your input is what keeps this journal alive. Dont hesitate to
share your experiences, inspirations, and questions. Confidentiality respected; after transcription, all correspondence is shredded and recycled or incinerated. Although we may edit for brevity or clarity, keep those fascinating letters coming in!
Subscriptions: $25.00 (USA), $35.00 (foreign) for one year (four issues). Cash,
check or money order made out to The Entheogen Review should be sent to The Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819. Please notify us if your address
changes.
ETHNOGARDEN
BOTANICALS
Offering you rare and sacred plants,
herbs, seeds, and extracts
from around the globe!
Tabernanthe iboga products
Lophophora williamsii cacti
Sceletium tortuosum
Ayahuasca herbs
Resin Extracts
Dry extracts
Erythroxylum novogranatense seeds
and many other rare and hard to find plants.
Payment accepted includes
VISA, MasterCard, American Express, and money order by mail.
Wholesale inquiries welcome and encouraged.
Please call for catalog: (705) 735-0540.
Sources also welcome to contact us offering supply.
ETHNOGARDEN BOTANICALS
POB 27048
Barrie, ON L4M-6K4
CANADA
ethnogarden@sympatico.ca
Back-issues: A limited supply of back-issues of The Entheogen Review are

available. See www.entheogenreview.com for descriptions and prices.
Copyright 20032004 by The Entheogen Review. Nothing in this journal may be reproduced
in any manner, either in whole or in part, without written permission of the editors. All rights
reserved. All advertising and advertised products void where prohibited.
http://ethnogarden.com
VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4
TIHKAL 17, 66, 67, 91

Tiller, William 31
Timberwolf Gardens 18
TMA 98
TMA-2 18
tobacco 2, 4, 10, 13, 21, 22, 29, 33, 55, 59, 72, 73, 92
tolerance 20, 61, 97, 132
toloache 11
Tomaselli, Fred 31, 106
Torbugesic 135
Torbutrol 135
Torres, C.M. 55, 76
Torres, Sebastian 28
Tourettes Syndrome-like 89
Toward a Science of Consciousness 136
Trachelospermum jasminoides 99
Traffic 5
Trametes sanguinea 59
trance 21
transdermal 23, 97
Trichocereus peruvianus 138
trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine 49
Trip 37, 100
Tripatourium 38
tropine 11
Trout, K. 20, 43, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67
tryptamine(s) 49, 59, 61, 63, 135
Tum Krabok 29
tumor 96
Tunneshende, Merilyn 101
turmeric rhizome extract 71
Turnera aphrodisiaca 138
Tuth-Shena, Lady 10
Twain, Mark 18
WINTER SOLSTICE 2003
Visionary Garden, NH 97
Vissell, Barry 101
vitamin(s) 71, 72, 73, 86, 95, 96
Voacanga africana 30, 60, 61, 99
voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine 99
vobasine 99
Volcano Inhalator 73, 74
Volkow, Nora 77
Vollenweider, F.X. 80, 108, 136
vomit 15, 49, 71, 90, 91, 98
Von Reis, S. 9, 10, 40
UCLA Botanical Garden 118

ueraria flower 72
Ulmus species 128
Uncle Fester 98
Unio do Vegetal 67
Urban Shaman 138
urination 135
V.G., NH 61, 65
Valds, Leander 37, 117
Vamana Purana 11
vaporizer 32, 33, 34, 36, 73, 74, 102
Venosa, Robert 31, 101
vermiculite 83
Verordnung (EWG) 49, 76
vertigo 11, 13
Viagra 134
vicodin 60
Vietnam War 5
vinegar 30, 99
vinpocetine 73
Virola 53
yaa baa (methamphetamine) 92

Yahya, R.A. 40
Yasgur, Jay 140
Yew 128
yoga 7, 70
Yoga of Herbs, The 15
yohimbe 27
yopo (Anadenanthera perigrina) 22, 53
152
The King of Blotter Art:

Mark McCloud Speaks
Interviewed by Jon Hanna
W
Waizmann, Samuel 31
Walker, George R. 59
Walnut 128
War on Drugs 1, 5, 102, 103
Warhol, Andy 115
Warter, Carlos 136
Washington Post, The 115
Wasson and Hofmann (Salvia divinorum strain) 117
Wasson, R.G. 41, 42, 44, 76, 117, 118, 140
Watt, Darcy J. 38
Webb, Craig 31
Wesselman, Hank 101
White, Eric 5
White, William E. 38
Whitehouse, Steve 36
Wilde, Oscar 1
Willow 128
Willy 55
Wilson, Pamela 101
Winfrey, Oprah 79
winged disk 42
Winnie the Pooh 113
Winters, Wallace 31
witchcraft 9, 101
Withania somnifera 60
withdrawal 29, 60
Wogg, P.E. 28, 40
Wolinsky, Stephen 136
Womens Christian Temperance Union 4
Woodring, Jim 103
Z
Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese dates) 22
Zohar, Danah 136
Zvosec, Deborah L. 31
THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA
MARK MCCLOUD is a 50-year-old artist and former art professor who has the
largest collection of LSD blotter art in the world. This art collection has caused
MCCLOUD to be busted (and acquitted) twice on charges of conspiracy to distribute LSD: first in 1992, and then more recently in 2000. Having dodged a Federal
conviction two times may be more unlikely than lightning striking the same spot
twice. MARK told me that, historically speaking, the Feds rarely lose their drug
cases: They dont want to put up a fight unless they feel confident of a conviction. His most recent trial took place in the conservative Midwest, in Kansas City.
MARK believes that the prosecutors made a strategic blunder when they argued
the legal merits of their case during the first half of the trial, and presented the
evidence during the second half. Hundreds of framed blotter art images were freshly
imprinted on the jurors minds just before they left to deliberate. It wasnt possible
that they could see these as anything other than art. The judge wasnt pleased.
When the verdict was read, MARK jumped up with arms open and rushed towards
the jurors, as if to give them all a big hug. Mr. MCCLOUD, if there is one word out
of you, Ill hold you in contempt and throw you in jail, justice GARY FENNER snarled.
MARK considered for only a couple of seconds. He had been facing a life in prison,
and now the judge felt that a few days in jail was some kind of threat? Your
honor, MARK spoke up slowly and clearly, Where Im from, when someone saves
your life, you thank them.
With his generous heart, MARK is someone that you immediately fall in love
with. His abilities as a raconteur rival
SPAULDING GRAY, TERENCE MCKENNA, or
NICK SAND. You can listen enthralled for
hours to all manner of stories, as time
slips away unnoticed. For example, he
recently told me about how politicians
in a specific area of South America take
their job more seriously than those in
the United States do, because if the
townspeople are displeased at the end
of the politicians terms, they will strip
them naked, smear honey on their genitals, tie them to trees, and let the squirrels feast on their scrotums. I protest.
But with a twinkle in his eye, MCCLOUD
swears that it is indeed true. And somehow, I almost believe him.
I met up with MARK at his Victorian
house in San Franciscoperhaps more
reasonably described as a museum, considering the high ceilings and walls with
every inch covered in all manner of art.
Of course, much of this was blotter art,
some of which still sported the DEA evidence stickers from his past run-ins. On
a rainy winter day, we chatted about psychedelic art, LSD, and some of his current projects. His new business, BLOTTER BARN, produces beautiful, gigantic
giclee art prints, in signed, limited
editions, of enlarged blotter hits and
sheets. Talk about inducing macroscopic
visions
109
Jon: I love this idea of the giant blotter. Its genius, really.
Youre gonna make your mint on it.
Mark: Yeah, we thought that every bar should have one.
Heres the funny thing. I showed them at this art space the
other night, and the staffwho werent familiar with blotterasked if they were stereograms. You know, that type of
art that you sort of view with crossed eyes, and a hidden
image eventually pops out of it. A lot of those images have a
psychedelic blotter art feel to them.
Jon: Right. Perhaps thats an example of the mall mentality as a means to relate to blotter art. Those stereograms
used to be popular on poster art in the malls of America. So
kids who didnt grow up with LSD blotter art still have a nave
way to understand it, by lumping it into the arena of
stereogram art.
Mark: Thats a really good analogy. And I like it that way,
where people can still enjoy the images, but not have the
stigma that is sometimes attached to blotter art. Or the life
in prison. [laughs]
Jon: Which of course brings to mind the idea that someone
should put stereogram images on blotters.
Mark: Well, you know, Thomas Lyttle actually did one of
those. He unfortunately didnt invent one, he just grabbed a
computer program off of a Mac. But one of those signed
sixthe first vanity blotter, produced solely as a collectible due to the autographs on itthat Lyttle did is a stereogramthis little pink thing. Its off-center, because he had
to square it up to fit the format. But its still cool.
Jon: The other computer software that might be exploited

in creating new blotter art is that Photomosaic technology
developed by Robert Silvers, where he takes many small
images and manipulates them as components to form a
larger image.
Mark: Oh yeah, I love that guys stuff. I have a MAD Magazinetheir 400th Moronic Issue from December of 2000
where they used that process. They grabbed a bunch of
images of past covers and other art from the zine and made
a big head of Alfred E. Newman.
Jon: Recently it was suggested to me that there may be
blotter going around that doesnt contain LSD, but rather
which contains ergine being passed off as LSD. What are your
thoughts about that?
Mark: How would that work? How do you get ergine into a
solution where one hit is enough of a dose?
Jon: Well, its supposed to be about a tenth as active as LSD
is, right? So someone could certainly get 500 micrograms,
or a milligram, or a bit more, onto a hit of blotter.
Mark: I think that theres another thing going on that more
easily explains differences in effect from LSD. There are two
stages in the completion of an LSD synthesis process. The
first involves turning the ergotamine tartrate into a psychedelic oil. And then from that, the oil is refined into a crystal.
And what has been the custom in the last fifteen years,
is to use the oil itself, rather than taking the extra work to
produce the crystal. Thats whats going on.
ALSO COME TO INTERHANF! SEPTEMBER 1012, 2004

BERLIN, GERMANY SEE WWW.INTERHANF.COM
110
Jon: Do you think that this is the reason that some people
report that the quality of LSD is not as good as it was back in
the 1960s?
Mark: Thats one thing that may be contributing to such an
attitude. But then there is also the dosage. Believe it or not, I
think that the weakest hit I ever saw in the 1960s had to be
150 mics, or maybe about 100 mics, with some of those windowpanes. And back in those days we usually took around
500 mics. So thats the difference.
Jon: Is there some difference chemically between the oil and
the crystal? Or is this just a physical thing, like water and
ice, andif sowhy would that make a difference in the
effect?
just dont comprehend what they are saying, because if I take

enough of the 50-microgram (or so) hits that are available
these days, I always have a full-blown psychedelic trip that is
similar in effects to all of my other trips. But of course, not
all of the old timers glorify the 1960s acid. Some who I have
spoken with feel that todays acid taken in the right dose
produces identical effects.
Mark: Well, you know, there are libraries of vintages from
many different years, including a lot of the older stuff that
was produced in the 1960s, that people still have in their
collections. So it is pretty easy to compare the older stuff to
the more recent hits.
Jon: And what is your feeling regarding such comparisons?
Mark: The time it takes to come on to the effects from the

oil is a lot longer in duration. The crystal acts faster. But, the
oil is actually higher in psychedelic properties than the crystal. And thats one of the reasons that underground chemists stopped refining it to crystal. So it is the same chemical,
but like you suggest with the water and ice analogy, it is in a
different stage.
Mark: That its just the dose that people are taking. That
dosage is the main difference between the so-called good
acid of the 1960s and the so-called bad acid available
today. People making a comparison to the stuff from the
1960s simply arent taking a high enough dose of the currently available material. That, and perhaps their synapses
are fried from coke abuse.
Jon: So perhaps the stage that it is in is causing some

manner of difference in how it is absorbed?
Jon: So if you take a golden oldie on one day, and enough

of some contemporary material to produce a dose of equal
potency on another day, your feeling is that there really
wouldnt be any difference?
Mark: That may be possible, and that could also be why

some people report that they cant get off as strongly as they
used to in the 1960s. It doesnt come on as fast, and it is
provided in a lower dose unit. It could be.
But heres my other theory about the complaints that acid
isnt as good these days as it was back in the 1960s. Back then,
our brains synapses werent all fucked up from doing a lot
of cocaine. They werent all blocked from ten years of doing
bad coke.
Jon: That might fit with my own experience, in that Ive never
done a lot of cocainebarely any reallyand I have never
done a lot of speed. Now, I wasnt doing acid in the 1960s, so
I cant make a comparison. But when I have done LSD, Ive
had full-blown psychedelic trips, and it has always been the
same, keeping in mind some variation from set and setting
of course. I have never gotten any bad acid, and all of the
acid that I have taken has produced the exact same spectrum
of effects as all of the other acid that I have taken. I sometimes get into discussions with old-timers about the new
acid, or the bad acid that is on the street these days, and I
Mark: Yes, I think that they would produce the same effects.
They would be the same deal. But see, Im not a snob. I do
have friends that are real snobs about this sort of thing, and
theyll only take a certain type of crystal. But I know better.
And also, the effects have nothing to do with the color of the
dose, for example, which some people still believe.
Jon: That idea about the color of the dose producing different effects is related to test marketing that Owsley was said
to have done, right? Its been said that he dyed the same crystalline material five different colors, stuck this into gel caps,
and then sent it out to see what the consumer liked best. And
different colors got different reviews. Red was supposed
to be too mellow, green too speedy, and blue the happy
medium. But it was all the same stuff.
Mark: Right.
Jon: There is an appropriate quote from Abram Hoffer that
was recently reprinted in Otto Snows new book LSD, where
111
Hoffer said: At 75 mcg some subjects react with a strong

experience and others remain very tense and uncomfortable.
At 100 mcg about 75 percent of normal subjects become very
relaxed and remarkably free of tension. The remainder may
require 200 mcg to get the same degree of relaxation. There
must be a maximum degree of relaxation before the psychedelic experience is achieved; most subjects have very tense,
unpleasant experiences when given too little LSD. Hoffer
said this back in 1967, so it was known back then that low
doses produced the sort of side effects that some bullheaded
old-timers attribute to what they call the bad acid that is
produced these days. So, again, I think that it is the lower
doses available on todays market that are primarily responsible for the difference in effect, and even for the increased
side effects that some of these old-timers report. As well, all
of the side effects that are said to be due to the impure,
or bad acid of today, were reported by some patients in
the early literature from the 1950s: nausea, cramping,
stimulationthis stuff is nothing new.
Mark: Now, I would say that all acid is alike, except for
that Ronnie Stark acid. That shit was definitely from another planet. Ronnies acid forget about it! It was like being shot out of a fucking cannonreally. And people might
say, Nah, thats just due to the high doses. But I dont know
that I can agree in this case. There was something about that
acidfive minutes after taking it you could hear something
happening to you, and within a half an hour you had nothing to do with this level of reality at all.
right! I tried that acid. And that was the weirdest acid that I
ever took, and it was definitely different. The real psychedelic art that came outwhen things really transformed in
the art worldwas when Ronnie Starks acid was what was
going around. Half an hour later you were on a different fucking planet, that had nothing to do with this one here. That
you made it back at all, was like a miracle. It was fierce magical stuffthe stuff fables are made of. And I think thats why
the Brotherhood [of Eternal Love] was so successful, because they had that fucking incredible acid of Rons.
I had a life-transforming experience on that acid of Ronnie
Starks, which changed me around. I was a psychology major at the time, and by the end of that trip I had become an
art major. What I thought people called psychology turned
out to be called art. But, you know, English was my second
language. [laughs] But that experience was really what
sparked my collecting. It was my love for LSD that caused
me to think, Hey, I could frame one of these up and change
the context.
Jon: What ever ended up happening with Ron?
Mark: Well, thats one of the great unsolved mysteries of
our time. The government claimed that he died in 1984, but
Id bet hes still around. One of the fantastic treasures of our
time was that Ron, apparently before he disappeared into
the Italian Red Brigade, left a trunk full of acid buried in
Death Valley, deep enough so that it would keep well at the
low temperature it was stored at there.
Jon: Was it maybe a different chemical altogether?

Mark: No, I dont think so. But it was something so well finished that it just coupled to you in a way unlike anything else.
Thats the one that I saw change more lives than any other.
Unfortunately, a lot of those people ended up in asylums.
Jon: And thats never been reported as having been found,

right? Youre making me want to walk around Death Valley
with a metal detector digging holes. [laughs]
Mark: Dude, Im hoping that its gonna show up on one of
those aerial photographs someday!
Jon: [laughs] So it wasnt necessarily a change for the good?

Jon: But that story could just be urban legend.
Mark: No, because it was such a transforming experience
that it took years for them to integrate it. I talked to poet
John Giorno about this, because John had tried that acid
with Ron, back in 1965, and he said, Ron was the walrus.
Jon: But you dont think that this was just a dose-related
thing, with people taking really high doses?
Mark: I dont know. But I have said this to several people,
and every once in a while someone will reply, Dude, youre
112
Mark: Sure, but such legends are often based in truth. Either way, this is a good one. People who knew Ron have said,
Not one trunk of acid, it was TEN trunks of acid. And he
was said to be that kind of a guy. When they arrested him, he
was holding a Bulgarian passport in an Italian prisonthey
were holding him as a Red Brigade. And one of the CIA agents
recognized him and had him brought back here to San Francisco, where he apparently died of that mysterious heart
attack that they tend to get [laughs], but no one ever saw
the body. I bet they let him walk.

Jon: So, the last time I saw you, we were discussing a book
project that you were working on, related to blotter art.
saw the blotter collection and said, Hey dude, come on out.
And I said, Yeah, Ill come on out. We were right about to
produce the book, when the bust in 2000 happened. So Ive
had to re-initiate new contracts now, and get everyone in line.
Mark: Sure, thats my dream book, which I am still working

on. It deals with the history of blotter paper as an art. Were
still struggling with that, and I dont have the contract yet.
Im hoping to work with a fabulous English publisher called
Sir Edward Booth-Clibborn Editions. Sir Edward, whos
now 84, told me that were gonna do it. So I still have some
faith. But there are possibly some legal troubles with it right
now. Theres potential copyright problems. How do you get
away with including those images of Mikhail Gorbachev
in there? Whats Gorby gonna think? You know, there is a
Gorby protection league. [laughs]
My copyright attorney tells me that there is a realm of found

objects that can appear in art, where you already know that
the image is a rip-off. So were hoping that some of these copyrighted images that have appeared on blotter art can be used
in the book and that they will fall under that category of
protection from lawsuits. The English even have a clause in
their contracts where you have to be sure that what you are
producing doesnt in some manner insult the Queen.
Jon: It seems as though, from an art historical perspective,

that it is unreasonable for copyright issues to create too much
of an obstacle. Perhaps with things like Mickey. The Mouse
might be an insurmountable obstacle
Mark: But thats not my focus. Im trying to get it out there

as a legitimate art form from a historical perspective. The
book would be representing a couple hundred anonymous
artists, so I have to give them their due respect. I want their
little place in history secured. Then after that, sure, let the
vanity blotter reign. But these original underground
artists paid with their nalgas, you know.
Mark: But not really You know that Walt was expelled
from the Kansas City Art Institute for plagiarism? And
they still havent paid off their Pooh bill. Disney is being
sued as we speak for Winnie the Pooh, although thats about
to get settled. They never paid a cent to the copyright holder
for unreported software and video sales.
Anyway, with my dream blotter book, I already have 250
pages of it produced, and Sir Edward told me that I can have
80 of these perfed, if I want to. They are produced in 8-flats,
and he was willing to perf 10 of the flats, which is an incredible nightmare of an engineering problem, but what fun! So
I have Paul Mavrides as my book designer, who did the
SubGenius books, and then I have Carlo McCormick as
my art hysterical writer, dealing with the aesthetic side of
things, and then I will write the history side of it.
So thats who Sir Edward is. He did some work on Bag One
with John Lennon. Hes been around forever, this old-timer.
He was Marshall McCluhans sidekick. Hes got the best
art book company in the world.
This editor named Liz Farrelly came out to a blotter show
of mine in Los Angeles. She works for ID MagazineInternational Designand shes done a lot of books with Sir Edward. She worked on a book called Highflyers that came out
in 1996, which is about the rave flyers in London. And she
Jon: You could publish the book in Mexico, and then you
wouldnt have to worry about copyright laws at all, heh
Jon: Are you aware of artists whose singular contribution

to the art world is blotter art?
Mark: Sure. One of my dearest friends, who I collected for
many years before I ever got to meet himhe was also serving a ten-year termis Forester. Hes a very famous guy.
He did hundreds of sheets of blotter, and then got busted in
the late 1980s. When he got out, I befriended him. I took
him to that Tim Leary show that we did, with Tim presiding, and he got to see all of his blotter framed up, and he
couldnt believe it. So we became fast friends, and he comes
over about once a month and we have serious talks. But thats
all hes ever done, is blotter art. Hes more of a mad scientist
type who out of need got into the art world. But he was turned
on by this guy called The Electric Buddha, who had a zine
in the Haight called Stains on Paper, which was published for
about five years during the 1970s.
Theres an idea that some of these underground blotter artists now hold to when wholesaling blank sheets. They will
charge $3.00 each if the customer is gonna dip them, and
$5.00 each if the customer is going to frame them. Some folks
want to cut the customer a deal if he is going to propagate a
hit, since that gives the art a good name on the street.
113
The Bust Book is an amazing collection of drug art. It was enjoyable to flip
the pages and reminisce about which hits I had eaten or seen on the street during
my younger days. Compiled by the DEA, and used as evidence against MARK
MCCLOUD, the facsimile edition produced by ADAM STANHOPE and MCCLOUD is
clearly a labor of love. Several mainstream media articles about MCCLOUDS bust
and acquittal at the beginning of the oversized binder (gold-foil-stamped on the
cover, with an Eye of Horus design) provide a historical account of the case at
hand. Following this, full-color reproductions from the original evidence book are
carefully contained within 3-hole plastic sleeves. Each has data provided about
what perfing machine was used on the blotter, the evidence number for the bust,
a DEA-assigned descriptive name for the sheets, the number of hits seized, the
drug content of the hits, and the date and location of the bust. The earliest busted
sheet of acid is from August of 1982, with the most recent bust (aside from MCCLOUD
himself) being July of 2000. The date on this final bust was interesting; since
McCloud himself was busted in February of that year, it would seem that the prosecution continued to collect evidence of MCCLOUDS guilt even after they threw
him in jail!
None of the sheets taken from MCCLOUDS home had any LSD on them, and a few
sheets seized from other locations also had no LSD on them. However, the hits that
were seized that did contain LSD provide some interesting data on the range of
potency that has been available over the last two decades or so. On the low end,
there were sheets of 3-D Cubes and Roses busted in Cave Junction in 1997
that only had a trace amount of LSD on them. Other dosed hits weighed in at 48
mics (1982), 63 mics (1986), 60 mics (1990), 37 mics (1991), 47 mics (1991), 62
mics (1999), 24 mics (1999), 32 mics (2000), 51 mics (2000), with the highest
dose being 107 mics (2000) for a hit of Egyptian Eyes. Throwing out the two
trace doses, this leaves 25 busts that the Feds presented specific dose data for,
with an overall average dose of 48.56 mics. This is about one-third lower than the
average 75 mics published by PHARMCHEM based on doses seized between 1969
and 1975, although it is worth noting that their results were calculated from a
larger sampling of 2,200 doses that, when they contained LSD, ranged from 5 to
500 mics (EROWID 2003). Nevertheless, the assumption that todays hit of blotter
acid is substantially less potent than that which was going around in the late
1960s through the mid-1970s seems to be borne out by the details presented in
The Bust Book.
The format that The Bust Book is presented in, while historically accurate, also
provides a good home where the connoisseur of contemporary vanity blotter
can house his or her growing collection. As well, I have expanded the historical
relevance of the book in the other direction, by downloading earlier representatives of blotter art in the form of The LSD Blotter Index (FRANZOSA et al 1987)
from EROWID (www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_history5.shtml), which covers
blotter busted from 1976 through 1986. Of course, produced as muddy blackand-white photocopies, this document collection pales compared to The Bust Book,
but it does widen the scope.
Weighing in at around 140 printed pages, The Bust Book was produced as a signed,
limited edition of 250 copies, and sells for $750.00. A special premium edition,
limited to a mere 10 copies, comes with a vintage Eye of Horus blotter art
the oldest known piece of blotter art still in existencewhich is potentially worth the price of the entire book to a dedicated collector, and sure to go
up in value. For information on how to order a copy of The Bust Book, check out
www.acidartz.com. JON HANNA
114
Jon: You have another book project, however,

that actually has recently been producedThe
Bust Book, published with Adam Stanhope of
AcidArtz.com, right?
Mark: Let me tell you a little bit about The Bust
Book. It begins with the bust of the Eye of
Horusyou know, the Eye in the Pyramid
and then it goes all the way up to the bust of
Dancing Condoms. And in-between then it
has numerous busts occurring throughout history in the United States, linking my collection
of undipped blotters to these busts all over the
U.S. Whats valuable about this book, is that it
is actually a history of blotter put together by
the Feds. And it compares perforating machines,
not just the artwork.
Jon: So they can more accurately target where
the undipped blotter may have entered into the
market, by associating it with a specific perforation machine in a certain area?
Mark: Right. They break the history of blotter
during this time into about eleven perforating
machines, and then classify all of these different blotter images by associating them with specific perforating machines. Then they also provide the dosage that was on the seized street blotter, and the place and date of the seizure.
Jon: Are there some busted hits in there that had
the same image, but which had been perforated
by two or more different machines?
Mark: Yes, thank God. Whats neat about it is
that you get to see that dosages on the same art
also varytheres some Shields in there that
go down below 20 mics, and there are others that
are around 80 mics. Theres some other minor
classifications in there too. For example, theres
signed blotter, captured in Kings County, from
a friend of mine that has the second-largest blotter collectiona great guy called Magic Mike.
Jon: The interest in collecting blotter art has recently mushroomed into a huge phenomenon.
There are many more people collecting it now
than there were even two or three years ago.
What do you attribute that to? Is the desire to collect primarily driven by people who nostalgically look at a specific sheet,
which reminds them of a certain time in their life when they
were taking those hits? Or is there something else at play?
Mark: Well, preferably there is that association going on,
and people are collecting their favorite hits. I remember being interviewed by a guy once, who works for The Washington Post now, and he was telling me that he had only tripped
once, but it was under the pyramids at a Dead show, and it
was on an Eye of the Pyramid hit. Of course, when he saw a
sheet of that framed up, I could see him flashback a little bit.
So, I think that the beginning blotter collector does look for
the one that did it. And then as one gets into it, the whole
field becomes fascinating. Even the vanity blotter thing that
is going on nowwhich never sees a drop of acid placed on
itfor me, is an incredible achievement.
Jon: It is indeed. On the other hand, there is a practical aspect to the vanity approach. These days we have hundreds
of thousands of blotter images produced solely with the idea
that they are only for arts sake. Yet some people may chip
off bits of this mountain and divert it to the street. In a pinch,
it can be practical as well as alluring.
Mark: Thats the advantage of the time we are living in today. When blotter paper wasnt considered an art form, it
was a death sentence to be caught with a stack of it. And now
it is kind of an honor to have a framed-up piece in your living
room. Its a good way to approach the topic without drawing a big line on a mirror.
Jon: And with your Blotter Barn approach, theres a whole
new angle to the presentation of blotter art, taking it to an
even higher level. Someday the name McCloud will be
spoken in the same breath as Warhol.
Mark: Its true that I am trying to sneak them into the museums, I confess. My dream is to hang one in a museum somewhere, and have it work both ways. Have it be a valid art piece,
and then, Heynudge, nudgethats a four-way.
Jon: A gigantic four-way! [laughs]
Mark: I think thats the next step to take. Thats the way to
go with it and be true to my cause, which is to be an artist,
and also perhaps invoke some penal reform. Im hoping that
I can eventually get one into the Vatican.
Jon: What year did you start collecting?

Mark: In the late 1970s. I was still eating them back then, so
my collection was kept in the freezer. And I had some that I
would never eat, that ended up getting framed. But with most
of them, I was scarfing them. So I kept them in the freezer
for maybe the first five years of the collection. It wasnt until
I found this little old framer up on Noe Street, that I started
framing them. And I only started out framing four-ways, and
like nine hitslittle tiny things. He didnt know what they
were. So I went to pick up a big framing job once and the
shop was closed, and I thought, Oh fuck! I bet this guy licked
his fingers. You know, because they were all loaded back
then. I couldnt find any undipped sheets back at that time. I
was like anyone else.
Jon: When I was dealing with the blotter art that I commissioned Stevee Postman to design for LSDs 60th anniversary, some of which was signed by Albert Hofmann and
created as a fundraiser for Erowid and MAPS, I took a few
of these autographed sheets to Aaron Brothers to have
them framed. Aaron Brothers has a ludicrously low insurance amount per piece of art that you leave with them
something like $200.00that they will pay you if the trained
monkeys they have working at their store mess up your art
while they are framing it. Most of the 60 signed and numbered pieces that are available for sale have now sold, and
the remainder that are available at the moment are going for
$1,500.00 each. And they will no doubt only go up in value.
So I had to leave a few of these that were being framed there
at the store for about a week. The manager had no idea of
their value, right? But she clearly knew what they were used
for on the street, and she thoughtfully suggested that the art
be retained in the stores safe. I think that she was worried
that some hungry monkey might end up eating the art.
Mark: Right. Yeah, it was back when I saw a little hit of that
Hofmann designyou know, 20 hits of that Father of LSD
designthats when I said to myself that I was going to start
framing them. I included that blotter on the cover design for
this issue of The Entheogen Review.
Anyway, I was on the board at the San Francisco Art Institute back then, and they had this show every summer
that was open to the public. As a board member, I suggested,
Since it is the 20th anniversary of the Summer of Love, I
thought that we could show this. I showed them my little
blotter collection, and they said, Cool dude. And thats how
it happened. But you know, it was a fluke, because no one in
115
their right mind would have shown blotter back then. Only
the S.F. Art Institute, of anyplace on the planet, would have
done it. And then Jacaeber Kastor came to that show and
saw it, and asked me to do an exhibit at his gallery, Psychedelic Solution, in New York.
Jon: What ended up happening with that gallery? It was open
in the mid-1980s, and then it closed down in the mid-1990s.
Mark: It just burnt Jacaeber out, and I can see why. He had
half of the gallery dedicated to original art. He was showing
people like Mark Mothersbaugh, and Axelmy favorite
blood painter and silversmith, who used to do lost-wax work
for H.R. Giger and Salvador Dali. But then he had the
other half of his gallery, where they were flipping posters.
And it was the grind of the crowd flipping posters day-in and
day-out that got to Jacaeber. If he had just said, Hey, get
out of here to the poster crowd, or had done that in a separate spot perhaps, he might still be open. But the grind got
him. Ten years of that grind will knock you out of the lottery.
Its really hard to find a good art dealer. These days you can
still call up Jacaeber and buy a Jimi Hendrix watercolor
from him for bjillions, out of his living room. But its too
bad that he couldnt keep the gallery going. It was a perfect
locationit was across from Electric Ladyland Studios.
We all tripped the night of my opening, and then shut down
the gallery to give Peter Max a private viewing. He came in
with this crowd of psychics, who were all telepaths. I dont
know if youve met that crowd yet, the telepaths, but man
they know youre coming. They swept the place before he
came in the building, to make sure that there werent any
narcs in there. One look at you, and they know what you are
thinking; they can see what you think. Peter was funneling
lots of money into Congress at the time, trying to turn on
Congress. Hes had some legal problems recently, but I like
the guy. Peters one of my heroes. And he spends a lot of
money trying to psychedelicize Congress, truly. Hes a weirdo.
I think that the interest in psychedelic art, that has been increasingly growing, is inevitable. Its our time. The few and
the proud have turned into the many. Its left the ghetto.
Slowly people have been able to integrate the psychedelic experience, and develop the psychedelic individual, and thats
what were seeing. Its manifesting itself in the visual art world
more. Of course, it has done this forever in the music scene,
but now the visual arts are just starting to catch up. The phenomenon of blotter art as a collectible is just a reflection of
the psychedelic individuals new status in the 21st century.
116
Jon: Theres many more of us now.

Mark: Exactly. And were all over in different countries. I
was looking at a web page on Erowid today, and there was a
donation up there from some nut in Buenos Aires, a little
Cheshire Cat blotter image. So its really a worldwide phenomenon.
Jon: The 1960s have been traditionally depicted and thought
of by many as the psychedelic heyday. But I believe that there
are way more people taking psychedelics right now than there
ever were in the 1960s. Society in general may not see this; it
doesnt appear as explicit to them, because the radical political change is no longer as strongly associated with it, nor
even the overt and shocking fashion statement. So psychedelic use today doesnt draw nearly as much public attention as it did in the 1960s, but there is a lot more use actually
happening. This is particularly easy to see when considering
Cannabis, and it can be shown statistically via web page hits.
For example, the web site Pot-TV.net gets over 800,000 page
hits per day, and about 125,000 individual users per month.
And even the more general-interest psychoactives web site
Erowid.org recently reached around 500,000 page hits a
day at their site. That is evidence of massive contemporary
interest in this area.
Mark: There are many more people tripping now. I mean,
suppose that there was the same amount of acid being made
now as there was in the 1960sand of course you would have
to multiply this on a per hit basis by at least five times,
considering that the doses back then were 250 to 500 mics,
right? And today they are more like 50 to 100 mics. However, there are many more acid doses being produced now
than can be accounted for by a simple multiplication by five
times. There is much more acid being produced now. Much
more. Its turned into a world phenomenon and a major
manifestation. Its no longer just an American or a Czechoslovakian enterprise. Its being made in many countries.
The idea of Canadian acid in the 1960s was unheard of, for
example.
Jon: And I suspect that the interest will only continue to grow.
Thanks for your contributions to this art scene Mark, and
for taking the time to speak with me for The Entheogen
Review.

by Daniel J. Siebert
Several years ago I began working on a comprehensive book
about Salvia divinorum. The book, tentatively titled Divine
Sage, includes a chapter that describes the history of the plant
in extensive detail. In the course of my research I have spoken and corresponded with many of the people who were
involved in establishing and distributing the plant in the
United States during the early years following its introduction to this country. I have also had the privilege of examining R. Gordon Wassons correspondence and field
notes.
It has been generally assumed that Salvia
divinorum plants were first introduced to the
United States by Wasson. He collected
several specimens of hojas de la Pastora
between June of 1960 and October of
1962. In an effort to get the plant
identified, he sent his specimens to
Carl Epling, who was at that time
the world authority on New World
Salvia species. Dr. Epling had been
teaching at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
since 1924 and became Professor
Emeritus in 1961. Much to Wassons
frustration, the first few specimens that
he obtained were, for various reasons, not
sufficient for species identification. Finally,
in October 1962, after much effort, Wasson
obtained specimens that were sufficient. He secured
these specimens during an expedition that he made
to the Sierra Mazateca with Albert Hofmann.
Epling identified it as a new species and published
his description in December 1962, together with a separate
paper by Wasson in which he described the general role
of the plant in Mazatec culture (Epling & Jtiva-M 1962;
Wasson 1962).
Many people, including myself, have assumed that Epling
propagated a live plant from some of the material that he
received from Wasson. This assumption was partly based
on the knowledge that Epling provided a live Salvia

divinorum plant to the UCLA Botanical Garden in 1963,
just a few months after receiving Wassons final shipment
of specimens. It has been generally assumed that all of the S.
divinorum plants grown in the United States up until 1979
were propagated from cuttings that originated from the
plant established by Epling (additional live specimens
were introduced to the United States in 1979 by
Leander J. Valds III). This original strain has
been distributed all over the world. It is commonly called the Wasson and Hofmann
straina name that identifies its presumed
collectors. This name was first applied to the
strain in 1992 by the now-defunct specialty
botanicals company of the jungle.
They began listing it in their catalog as
the Wasson and Hofmann strain to
differentiate it from another strain that
they introduced that year, the Palatable strain, which was collected by
anthropologist Bret Blosser in December 1991. As it turns out, the
Wasson and Hofmann strain is
misnamed. This strain was not propagated from Wassons specimensit
was propagated from specimens that
were obtained by another remarkable
man, psychiatrist and ecologist Sterling
Bunnell. It is quite clear from Wassons correspondence with Epling and others that he never
brought live specimens of S. divinorum to the United States.
The specimens that he obtained were all dried and pressed
in Mexico.
In June of 1962, Bunnell traveled to the Sierra Mazateca
with poet, playwright, and essayist Michael McClure. The
main purpose of their journey was to collect live cultures of
psilocybin-containing mushrooms for research that they
were involved in at the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research at the University of California
at Berkeley (UCB). Bunnell returned again with his
117
newlywed wife several months later, in the fall of 1962. While

visiting the village of Huautla de Jimnez, he obtained live
specimens of hojas de la Pastora from the Mazatec curandero
Isauro Navewho was, by all accounts, a truly extraordinary individual. Bunnell brought the specimens back with
him to California and planted them at his home. This was
the first time that S. divinorum was grown outside of Mexico.
He also deposited a pressed specimen at the UCB Herbarium. Eplings botanical description of the species had
not yet been published, and so the identity of the species was
at that time still unknown (except to Epling, Wasson, and a
few of their close associates). Bunnells herbarium specimen, which was in full bloom, was collected on November
24, 1962, just six and a half weeks after the holotype specimen collected by Wasson. Eplings description of the species was published together with Wassons ethnographic
paper just a few weeks after Bunnell returned from Mexico.

After seeing Eplings paper, Bunnell traveled to Los Angeles to meet with him and to give him plants to grow at UCLA.
An accession log of the UCLA Botanical Garden (now the
Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden) notes that a living specimen of S. divinorum entered the collection in 1963.
The original accession number is UCLA 63-104. Bunnell
also gave a specimen to Alexander Shulgin, who at that
time was working for Dow Chemical in Walnut Creek, California. Bunnells plants were later propagated and shared
with other botanical gardens and botanists, and those plants
were further propagated. This strain, which should correctly
be called the Bunnell strain, was the first to become available commercially, and it remains the most common.
Certainly it is the most widespread strain in cultivation
today.
Oaxaca, a sun-drenched city cooled by Mexican mountain breezes, is regarded by many as a spiritual center because of the ancient Zapotec
and Mixtec cities that dominate the nearby hills. It is also a multicultural centerpeople from all over the world come to see the arts and crafts
of the 16 different indigenous groups practicing their traditional ways in the region. Iris Denton, Whole Life Times, June 1998
The state of Oaxaca in Mexico is infamous due to the (re)discovery of several powerful entheogens in use by Mazatec healers in the
Sierra Mazatec mountain area, including Psilocybe mushrooms and Salvia divinorum. In particular, the town of Huautla de Jimnez
attracted those interested in discovering more about the native use of these visionary plants. Oaxaca City is the first stopping point
in Mexico for many wishing to take the beautiful 6-hour scenic drive through a multitude of ecosystems to the Sierra Mazateca. In
Oaxaca City, curendera Mara Sabina clearly holds the status of a folk heroone can even find T-shirts with her face on them sold
in the city square! Oaxaca is a great little city, with delicious food, friendly locals, and tons of art, both traditional and contemporary.
It is home to the worlds largest, longest-running open air market, and of course a trip to the amazing Zapotec ruins at Monte Albn
will be part of the adventures during the Mind States Oaxaca seminar. Join us in Oaxaca City! Spend a week in an intimate, relaxed
setting, having stimulating conversations with the following presenters:
Deirdre Barrett Bruce Damer Erik Davis Alex Grey Allyson Grey Jon Hanna Manuel Jimnez (tentative)
Jonathan Ott Daniel Siebert Ann Shulgin Sasha Shulgin Allan Snyder (tentative) Martha Toledo
Each ticket is $900.00 per person (early bird, before July 1), $1,200.00 per person (from July 1 through September 10). Price
includes admission to all lectures and field trips, accommodations (a single space in a double-occupancy room), access to the swimming pool and all other hotel amenities, and delicious Mexican breakfasts and lunches (vegetarian and vegan available). Airfare and
transfer to the hotel (about ten minutes by taxi) are not included. Early registration is suggested, as space is limited. Payment for
ticket(s) should be sent to: Mind States, POB 19820 (Dept. ER), Sacramento, CA 95819, USA. Credit card payment available through
PayPal: send money to mindstates@prodigy.net. For speaker bios and additional information see: www.mindstates.org.
118
Documentary Fundraising
Contact Connie Littlefield at connie@conceptafilm.com
Director Connie Littlefield and cinematographer Kyle
Cameron have been filming with Ann and Sasha Shulgin
over the past two years, making a documentary that will
bring A Chemical Love Story to the world. Connie and Kyle
believe that telling this story is an important step towards
increasing public acceptance of psychedelic use.
The Canadian government
fully funded Connies earlier
effort, Hofmanns Potion: The
Early Years of LSD through
the National Film Board
www.nfb.ca/hofmann. This
film features interviews with
Albert Hofmann, Laura
Huxley, Ram Dass, Ralph
Metzner, Stanislav Grof,
Abram Hoffer, Humphry
Osmond, Duncan Blewett
and Myron Stolaroff, and
it relates the details of the
discovery of LSD, as well as
its subsequent use in psychotherapy and to treat drug and
alcohol addiction, prior to its
eventual ban worldwide. The
film has been broadcast extensively in Canada, Europe and on the Sundance Channel in the USA. It has also been used in university courses
and community groups. Of this film, Mark Achbarcodirector of Manufacturing Consent and The Corporationhas
stated: Hofmanns Potion is an elegant, deftly constructed
piece of filmmaking. Connie Littlefield brings an intelligent and compassionate eye to her ageing, highly engaging
subjects. She brings us this gem of a film on the occasion of
the 60th anniversary of the invention of LSDjust in time
for a widespread revival in interest in the clinical and
spiritual benefits of consciousness-enhancing substances.
Ann & Sasha : A Chemical Love Story is being produced independently. While Connie and Kyle have many of the skills
and much of the equipment necessary to bring this story to
the screen in a cost-efficient manner, they also live in Nova
Scotia, Canada, so their travel expenses are relatively high.
Shot on digital video and 16
mm film, this documentary
will be one hour in length. It
will portray Ann and Sashas
work and lives, as well as the
hypocrisy of a society in
which some drugs are good
and other drugs are bad;
where people like Ann and
Sasha are both idolized and
demonized at the same time.
Timothy Leary called Ann
and Sasha Shulgin two of
the most important scientists
of the 20th century. The implications of the Shulgins
work extends far beyond national boundaries and into
the future. You can help make
this film a reality by making
a tax-deductible donation.
While large donations are tremendous, small donations from
many individuals also add up and will be of great help. Please
consider donating $10.00, $25.00, $50.00, or whatever you
can afford. Those who can make donations of $50.00 or more
will receive a VHS copy of Hofmanns Potion: The Early Years
of LSD. Donations to this project can be made by sending
payment to MAPS, 2105 Robinson Avenue, Sarasota, FL
34232. Payment with a credit card can be made over the
phone at (941) 924-6277, or electronically via www.maps.org.
Please specifically note that your donation is being made for
this film. For more information on A Chemical Love Story and
other productions, please see www.conceptafilm.com.
119
Outdoor Mushroom Cultivation:

Means and Benefits
by Tyler D. Flyer
In recent years, much attention has been given to indoor
mushroom cultivation employing sterile culture techniques
and a controlled growing environment. Thanks to the
Internets mycological communities and more recently,
The Entheogen Review (Paye 2001; Paye 2003), the PF Tek has
emerged as the method
of choice for those wishing to grow mushrooms
indoors in the privacy
and comfort of their
own homes. While there
is no denying that the
ease and relative productivity of the PF Tek make
it a great method for
beginners, it neednt be
the only method available to home cultivators.
It has been my experience that outdoor cultivation is a far superior
method to indoor cultivation based on cost, simplicity, productivity, and most importantly, potency. I am indebted to the ground-breaking
achievements of mycologist Paul Stamets, who has worked
for the last thirty years to further the development of mushroom culture and who has authored two definitive cultivation manuals, The Mushroom Cultivator (Agarikon Press
1983) and Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms (Ten
Speed Press 2000). Both books can be purchased directly
from Stamets via his web site (www.fungi.com), and both
are highly recommended.
Commercial cultivation has come a long way from when the
French first established outdoor beds inside caves and grew
Agaricus (white button) mushrooms in the 18th century. Although commercial cultivators have refined indoor cultivation, allowing them to grow crops year round, most mushrooms now grown commercially were originally grown using natural culture techniques. People have been successfully
120
growing mushrooms outdoors for personal consumption for

hundreds of years. It is my hope that by sharing my interest
in outdoor culture, others will be inspired to try their
hand at what I have found to be an enjoyable, enriching, and
rewarding undertaking.
Natural culture, by definition, is simply the
natural cultivation of
mushrooms outdoors.
After a suitable mycological area is constructed and inoculated
with mushroom spawn,
the cultivator simply allows Nature to take control. The key to success
is creating an environment where the selected
mushroom mycelium
vigorously expands.
The rate of mycelium
growth, the time from
inoculation until fruiting, the duration of fruiting or time
between flushes, and the quality of the fruit depend largely
upon the quality of the spawn, the location of the cultivation
bed, the selected substrate materials, and the prevailing
weather conditions. Generally, the time of year when mushrooms are known to fruit in the wild is also the same time at
which the inoculated outdoor bed can be expected to fruit.
Although outdoor cultivation does not yield fruiting as often as indoor cultivation, the flushes can be even more prolific as long as the cultivator pays modest attention to the
bed at critical aspects of the mycelium life cycle. For instance,
while the indoor cultivator competes primarily with molds,
wild mushrooms are the major competitors outdoors. If one
uses old, aged wood chips and a low inoculation rate (510%
spawn-to-substrate ratio), one can expect diverse mushroom
species in the cultured beds. The easiest way to overcome
these problems is to start with fresh, clean materials and to
use at least 20% ratio of spawn to substrate.
SITE LOCATION
The first step is to give careful consideration to the location
of the outdoor beds. Some mycologists prefer to grow in beds
located discreetly in their own backyards. But unless one lives
in a fairly secluded area, I think that there is something to be
said for growing and maintaining inconspicuous beds on
landscaped public property such as courthouses, firehouses,
libraries, police stations, schools, universities, and my personal favoritesuburban parks. By placing such mushrooms
in the public domain, it is my hope that individuals educated
enough to identify them can continue to perpetuate the
mushrooms existence.
One location worth specifically commenting on is cemeteries. Although some may feel that cemeteries are suitable locations for mushroom patches due to their extensive sprinkler systems, seclusion, and light foot traffic, I think that the
most important question is whether or not the water on the
cemetery property is potable. If the cemetery receives its
water supply from the city, then one can be fairly certain it is
a safe source for mushroom cultivation. But if the water is
supplied by a well on the property, then chances are good
that it may not be drinkable and, in my opinion, this is
inappropriate for mushroom cultivation.
A suitable site for a garden is easy to choose and worth choosing correctly. The two most beneficial factors in a successful
location are: 1) moisture and, 2) shade. The best indication
of a successful location is simply to take a note of where you
have seen mushrooms growing during the rainy season. By
observing where water traverses after a heavy rain, one may
realize the difference between too much water and not
enough. For example, a gentle slope bordered by shrubs and
other shade-giving plants is ideal. Borders along fences, sidewalks, and parks are great locations to put wood chips, especially underneath hedges or among tall grasses. The foliage
acts as micro-condensers to supply plenty of humidity and
shade to the mycelium. As a general rule, the thicker and
denser the flora around the site, the less likely one will need
a casing layer to ensure a humid micro-climate for the substrate. While I caution against exposure to direct sunlight
because it dries out the wood chips, others have reported
success growing mushrooms in vegetable or flower gardens
(particularly rhododendrons). Gardens are blessed with
plentiful waterings, and the shade provided by plants tends
to keep humidity high near the ground. Always look at the
north side of any wood chip pile or landscaped areas, as this
will have the most shade. One advantage of parks and other
landscaped areas is their use of sprinklers. If the grass is green

nearby, its a good bet the area is watered frequently enough
to support wood chips. If there are no sprinklers nearby, examining the area in the early morning for dampness would
indicate whether or not it receives moisture daily, either as
dew from foliage or condensate from overhead trees.
One last suggestion worth mentioning is that of confining
the site. Any location that has definitive boundaries to prevent sprawl is preferred over an open, undefined area. It has
been my experience that when the substrate is fully colonized
and contained within distinct borders, fruitings tend to be
much more prolific and longer lasting. It is as if the mycelium knows that there is no where else to go and initiates a
massive Fruit Now! primordia formation in response to its
confinement. This is an awesome sight that truly must be
seen to be believed, with the mycelium expanding and pushing the substrate upwards several inches. Under such circumstances, it is rather effortless to harvest several pounds in a
few square feet.
ACQUIRING THE DESIRED SPECIES

This step will actually prove to be the most difficult for many
mycologists. Along the Pacific West Coast where I live, there
can be found several interesting mushroom species within
the genus Psilocybe, such as P. azurescens, P. cyanescens,
P. cyanofibrillosa, and P. stunzii. Though not a complete list,
this demonstrates the diversity and distribution of these temperate, wood-loving Psilocybes. These species are by no means
confined to the West Coast, as I know several acquaintances
who have reported success at naturalizing P. azurescens and
P. cyanescens in the Midwest around the Great Lakes region,
as well as P. caerulipes, which is naturally found in the Midwest. Others have personally encountered P. cyanescens more
so than any other Psilocybe species, but P. cyanofibrillosa is,
for some, the unsung hero in the genus due to its prolific
fruiting, pleasant taste, and above average potency. If one is
unable to locate any wood-loving members of this genus on
ones own, then I suggest joining a local mycological society
or any one of the Pacific West Coast societies that quietly
display members of the Psilocybe genus during their fall
exhibitions. For more information on the identification, distribution, and habitats of those psychoactive members of the
genus Psilocybe, I highly recommend Paul Stamets Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Ten Speed Press 1999). Although this is not a cultivation manual, it is the best work to
date for identification purposes, filled with descriptions and
beautiful color photographs of entheogenic mushrooms.
121
Of course, I would never encourage anyone to grow, possess,

or consume such majestic and notable mushrooms as those
Psilocybes that contain psilocybin/psilocin, as that would
be illegal. Instead, I refer to King Stropharia (Stropharia
rugosoannulata) to demonstrate cultivating these delectable
wood-loving mushrooms.
The obvious advantage of the wood-loving mushrooms is the
ease and simplicity of their growing substrates, which can
be made from readily available materials. Provided that one
selects a wood-loving mushroom species to grow, there simply is no need for manure or even grain substrate. Unless
one insists on working with manure and making their cultivation experience as difficult and smelly as possible, I
strongly encourage people to consider only those mushrooms that grow on woody substrates. For example, while
some prefer to treat their substrates by sterilization or pasteurization, I have always left my materials untreated in their
natural state with good resultsprovided that the substrate
was fully colonized within three months or less.
Mimosa tenuiflora
[= M. hostilis]
root-bark from Brazil
$160.00 per kg, $16.00 per 100 grams, $1.60 per 10 grams.
Anadenanthera peregrina
seeds from Brazil
$200.00 per kg, $20.00 per 100 grams, $2.00 per 10 grams.
With either, any amount you like costs the same per gram!
Shipping by Priority Mail (23 days) with tracking:
$5.00 for 1500 grams, $10.00 for 501 grams to 1 kilogram.
$5.00 more for each additional kilogram.
Please pay with cash, or with a money order
with the pay to space left blank. Send to:
Eric
POB 370541
Milwaukee, WI 53237
mhrb@sbcglobal.net for contact,
or to pay through PayPal.
Quality 100% guaranteed.
122
Mushrooms can be cultivated through a variety of methods,

depending on the growers skill and starting materials. Some
techniques are very simple and involve no technical expertise. Other methods, such as those involving sterile tissue
culture, are much more technically demanding and out of
the range of most home cultivators. The simpler methods
for mushroom cultivation, requiring little or no technical
expertise, are: 1) Spore mass inoculation, 2) Transplantation,
3) Inoculation with pure culture spawn, 4) Cardboard
culture and, 5) The Mushroom Motel.
SPORE MASS INOCULATION

Spore mass inoculation is by far the easiest way to grow mushrooms outdoors, although it lacks the rapid colonization of
other methods and can result in sporadic islands of mycelial growth. Spore mass inoculation is accomplished by
broadcasting spores onto prepared substrates outdoors.
Spores must first be collected from the desired species. This
can be accomplished by taking a mushroom cap that has been
severed from the stem and laid, gills down, inside a plastic
Ziploc bag, or on top of a pane of glass or index card with a
bowl or glass placed over the cap to minimize air movement
and water loss. Within 12 to 24 hours, most mushrooms will
have released thousands of spores in an outline similar to
the radial symmetry of the gills. This outline, called a spore
print, can be saved by simply sealing the template on which
the spore print was taken. If one uses an index card or pane
of glass to take a print, a second index card or glass pane can
be placed upon the print and the edges sealed with masking
tape. Once a spore print has been taken, it may remain viable for years, although viability decreases with time. Spore
prints should be stored in a cool, dark location, free from
moisture and temperature variation. When one is ready to
use the spore print, the spores may be scattered directly onto
the substrate, or first mixed with water before spreading onto
the substrate. If one chooses to start a mushroom patch right
away, one may wish to make a spore-mass slurry. This requires picking mature mushrooms and submerging them in
a large bucket of water. One may opt to add one teaspoon of
salt to inhibit bacteria and one cup of molasses to stimulate
germination. After letting the mixture stand covered for 24
to 48 hours at room temperature, the solution is ready to be
poured over the prepared substrate material. I know of one
individual who uses this method successfully, with a slight
variation in that the mature mushrooms are first placed into
a food processor and made into a puree before adding the
contents to the bucket with water, molasses, and salt.
TRANSPLANTATION
Transplantation is the moving of mycelium from natural
patches to new habitats. Most mushroom patches have a vast
mycelial network emanating from beneath each mushroom.
Not only can one harvest mushrooms, but portions of the
mycelium can be gathered and transferred to a new location.
This method ensures the quick establishment of a new colony
without having to germinate spores or buy commercial
spawn. When transplanting mycelium, I recommend using
a paper or plastic sack with a lightly moistened piece of cardboard or paper towel that will prevent dehydration. As long
as the mycelium is kept in a cool, dark place, the mycelium
will remain viable for months. I have stored mycelium
samples in the refrigerator, wrapped up in damp brown
paper and sealed in plastic Ziploc baggies, for years with
no apparent loss of vitality.
I recommend the gathering of saprophytic mycelium that
grows on woody debris rather than mycorrhizal mycelium
that grows in conjunction with another living organism in a
mutually beneficial relationship. When one gathers wild
mycelium from mycorrhizal mushrooms, it places the parent colony and living tree host in jeopardy. One must be sure
to replace the divot with wood debris and to press it tightly
back into place. Mycelium left exposed is more prone to disease, insect invasion, and dehydration. If properly done,
transplanting saprophytic mycelium does not place the parent colony of wild mushrooms into jeopardy.
Be wary of greed. Just because one discovers a patch, certainly does not give one claim, or ownership. Even though
one may have the ability to harvest an entire desirable patch,
I encourage folks to take only the minimum amount of mycelium needed to get started. Once a patch has been significantly reduced, it loses a great deal of its vitality and may
prove difficult to re-establish itself. One may choose to complete the circle of life by returning to the patch in the springtime and feed the patch by adding fresh wood chips, thus
ensuring the myceliums existence for another year or longer,
depending on the quantity and quality of wood chips.
When collecting wild mycelium, an emphasis should be
made on attempting to collect mycelium that is clean and
relatively free of dirt. The mycelium should ideally be moist,
clean and white with a fresh, invigorating mushroom aroma.
Some mycologists recommend mining mycelium from colonies such as those found two to six inches deep along the
margins of sawdust piles near sawmills, nurseries,
composting sites, or rose and rhododendron gardens. Unlike patches found on soil, mycelium networks found in sawdust tend to be vast, clean, and relatively free of competing
fungi. I would suggest only gathering mycelium from those
colonies where one has previously identified and collected
desirable mushroom species. I have had success with collecting both rope-like strands of mycelium that were relatively
free of dirt and debris, as well as taking several thin (quarter
inch diameter) branches that were covered with mycelium
and then chopped into one inch lengths and added to
prepared substrate material.
INOCULATING WITH
PURE CULTURED SPAWN
The use of pure cultured spawn to inoculate outdoor beds
was revolutionized in 1933 by Dr. James Sindens discovery
(U.S. patent no. 1,869,517) that grain could be used as a substrate for spawn, and then used to inoculate larger cultivation beds. While grain can be used as spawn for outdoor beds,
it is better suited for indoor cultivation. Grain spawn can
quickly attract birds, insects and slugs seeking out the nutritious inoculated seed for food. Because of this, wood-based
substrates such as sawdust, dowel plugs, and wood chips are
preferred for outdoor cultivation. Sawdust has the distinct
advantage over other spawn substrates in that it has a greater
number of particles per pound than any other substrate. Sawdust has the tendency to encourage rapid wispy mycelium
growth at first, but because of the small chip size, cannot
support the dense mycelial network necessary for fruit-bodies and quickly peters out unless introduced to larger particles. When the inoculated sawdust is added to wood chips,
rapid colonization is assured because of the sheer number
of inoculated particles. The sawdust and wood chips form a
matrix in which the distance between the mycelial fragments
is lessened, and allowing complete colonization faster than
any other spawn substrate. The faster the colonization, the
less likely competing fungi will have the opportunity to grow
and establish themselves on the substrate. Care should be
given to only use the sawdust of hardwoods and to entirely
avoid conifers such as Pine, Cedar, and Redwood, as these
woods contain resins that inhibit mycelium growth.
I cannot stress enough the importance of rapid colonization.
If the spawn is too dispersed, the inoculated particles will
not be close enough to form the contiguous mycelial colony
required for fruit-body development. I have had the best
success using at least 2025% spawn to substrate ratio. For
instance, if one has a one gallon jar of sawdust spawn, three
123
to four gallons of prepared substrate can be inoculated with

a high probability of success. Although this may seem like a
high ratio, rapid colonization is assured, taking as short as
one week or as long as several months. Once the beds have
been fully colonized, the grower may choose to expand the
beds by adding more substrate material or induce fruiting if
environmental conditions allow.
CARDBOARD CULTURE
This use of cardboard is especially suited for the woodloving Stropharias and Psilocybes because of their fondness
for paper products and woody debris. The cardboard also
seems to inhibit the growth of competing molds and fungi
due to their substrate selectivity. The effectiveness of cardboard is due in part to the corrugated grooves that allow
mycelial growth to rapidly channel through in search of food,
and also to the increased surface area that allows for greater
water absorption, and hence higher humidity for mycelium
development. The mycelium likes its environment to be
damp, not overly soaking wet and the corrugation permits
greater water retention per square area than flat paper.
In order to use cardboard to jump-start mycelial growth, the
cardboard must first be soaked so that an outer layer of cardboard can be peeled away, revealing the corrugated middle
layer. Care must be given to soak the cardboard only long
enough to wet the glue that binds the paper layer together.
Soaking the cardboard for longer than 12 hours only softens
the paper layers to the point where they tear, rather then peel
apart. I have had best results laying the cardboard vertically
in a plastic bin so that the corrugated channels are facing
straight up and then slowly watering the cardboard so that
water penetrates the middle layer. When I have laid the cardboard to soak horizontally, I have noticed that air can be
trapped in the middle layer, making it difficult to wet the
glue and peel the paper layers apart.
Rivers Source
Botanicals
HCR 74 21614
El Prado, NM 87529
http://RiversSource.yage.net
Some of the lowest prices on ethnobotanicals
youll find anywhere. Catalog $2.00.
124
While some may prefer to recycle their cardboard boxes in

this manner, all the soaking and peeling proved to be too
much work for me, and I began to look for a better alternative. I soon learned that a 100 yard roll of 18-inch wide, onesided corrugated cardboard could be acquired from any packaging store for around fifteen dollars. This proved to be a
very wise purchase that I have not since regretted. The presoaking and peeling steps are completely unnecessary and
corrugated cardboard is simply unrolled, cut to the desired
length, and lightly hosed with water. After wetting both sides
of the corrugated cardboard, it is allowed to hang vertically
for a moment or two to let the excess water run off. Then,
stands of mycelium, inoculated wood chips, or even the fuzzy
tissue base of the stem of fresh mushrooms can be sandwiched between layers of the wetted corrugated cardboard
(like lasagna). I noticed that the top-most cardboard layers
tend to dry out the fastest, inhibiting mycelium growth, and
the bottom-most layers can easily become too wet for mycelium growth; hence, the middle area seems to be the most
productive environment for mycelium development. This is
worth keeping in mind, so that one can either expect to lose
a portion of the starting pile, or one may wish to pad the top
and bottom of the pile with extra cardboard, further insulating the middle layer. Since the corrugated cardboard can be
prone to over-watering, I have had best results with directly
watering the cardboard conservatively and draping wet cardboard on top of the cardboard and mycelium matrix. This
allows a humid environment that is favorable to mycelium
development without creating a soaking wet one that is detrimental to mycelial growth. If one prefers to place the cardboard and mycelium layered upon one another into a plastic
bin, I recommend using one that has holes in the bottom,
such as a recycling bin, to allow excess water to drain.
Stamets recommends that once the mycelium spreads and
covers a sizeable portion of the corrugated cardboard, the
myceliated cardboard can be positioned in an ideal location
and wood chips may be placed on top of the cardboard to
create a cultivated bed. However, I have experienced the chips
failing to colonize due the corrugated cardboard collecting
standing water, thereby destroying the mycelium. I deal with
this problem once the cardboard is suitably myceliated by
cutting the cardboard into small sections (one to three inch
square) prior to mixing with suitable wood chips. This is similar in theory to sawdust spawn in that by increasing the number of mycelium particles, the colonization time is reduced
and subsequently the window for substrate competitors is
lessened.
THE MUSHROOM MOTEL

One productive method that has been
developed over the last several seasons
by my colleagues and myself is referred
to as the Mushroom Motel. This
method is ideal where space is a limiting factor. Instead of preparing and
inoculating cultivated beds on the
ground, plastic trays of inoculated
wood chips are vertically stacked upon
one another. Previous to the Motels
conception, I was quite fond of using
plastic recycling containers for Cardboard Culture, due to the holes in the
bottom of the bins that allowed for excess water to drain. The problem I soon
noticed with using 18-inch deep containers was the difficulty in maintaining uniform moisture throughout the
many layers of cardboard and wood
chips. I solved this dilemma by using
stackable plastic trays that beverage distributors use to deliver soft drinks to
convenience stores and that are often
found out back behind the dumpsters.
The trays are four inches deep, have
handles on the sides, and feature plastic grid bottoms for even greater draining capability. The trays are simply
filled with fresh, clean wood chips
mixed with myceliated cardboard or
wood chip spawn, and covered with several layers of wet corrugated cardboard
before the next tray is stacked upon the
first and the process repeated. The cardboard layer on top of the wood chips
serves to maintain a humid environment for the inoculated substrate in addition to acting as a contaminant barrier. Because the mycelium grows on the
cardboard covering as well as the substrate, I rotate the coverings frequently
1. The chips are in the tray, covered with cardboard. There is nice mycelium growth on the wood as well as the cardboard. 2. Two
sections of cardboard are measured and cut for the breadth of the motel. 3. One section of the cardboard is measured and cut for
the length of the motel. 4. The three sections of cardboard are watered and soaked with a garden hose. 5. The damp
cardboard is reapplied to the motel and secured with bungee cords. 6. Here are two stacks of trays. Notice the ample use of
cardboard around the top and sides of the motel. The top trays should always have a brick weight on them.
125
either to use the myceliated cardboard as spawn or discard at the first sign of
undesirable contaminants. I have noticed that oftentimes the inoculated substrate
benefits from having weight, such as a brick or two, placed on top of it. This seems
to hold the wood chips together and in close contact with one another until the
mycelium network is better established. By using stackable trays, one can add or
remove material to ensure a nice, tight fit from one tray to the next, thus only the
top tray requires a weight. In order to provide a high-humidity environment without over-watering the substrate, one may choose to drape wet cardboard over the
stacked trays and secure with bungee cords.
The advantages of this method are obvious. The Motel is especially suited to expanding and one is only limited by the number of trays one wishes to borrow
from the beverage distribution company. The stackable trays take up a minimum
amount of space, yet can be quickly and easily taken apart to examine each tray
for mycelium growth, and adequate substrate moisture. Because each tray is a
quarantined level with cardboard above and below, the spread of contaminants is
greatly reduced. Should competing fungi be identified on the cardboard or substrate, it is a relatively simple matter to remove the offending tray from the Motel,
thereby isolating the contaminants. In addition, each tray may be individually
watered as needed without fear of over-watering the other levels. Once the substrate has been fully colonized and inclement weather nears, one may wish to
transfer a tray to a suitable site. A quick flip of the tray pops the fully colonized
substrate out like a hot baked cupcake from a muffin tin. The substrate can then
be adequately covered with straw, Douglas Fir boughs, leaves, or damp sphagnum moss. Although the colonized substrate can fruit within the Motel during
favorable conditions, the substrate really seems to benefit from going from a confined area with minimal air exchange to maximum air exchange in an ideal, inconspicuous location. Provided that the weather is conducive to fruiting, one can
expect to see fruiting commence within a week or so.
As one can see, there are quite a number of different options for the home
cultivator to utilize. One may wish to try several different methods or to adapt
techniques to find what works best for them.
10
7. The same two stacks of trays shown previously in #6, but now draped over with
wet cardboard. 8. An example of dieback. The white mycelium has a brown center, possibly due to contamination of competing yellow fungus seen on cardboard in
right side of the photo. 9. The contamination is spreading, as seen by growing
brown area inside the white mycelium.
The tray should be separated and dumped
12
if necessary. 10. A chunk of one tray
was placed in a flower pot, where it
fruited. 11. As soon as the first cool
weather of fall sets in, the contents of several trays can be spread out under these
shrubs and covered with Douglas Fir
boughs. 12. A nice selection of mushrooming chunks, that were produced
using the Mushroom Motel method.
11
126
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: PREPARING THE BEDS

Once one has chosen an appropriate site and acquired the desired mushroom
starting material, it is time to prepare the appropriate substrate, and if necessary,
the beds. Timing plays a key role in this step, and the cultivator may have to experiment on their part in order to find the right methodology that best suits ones
technique and environmental conditions. Bear in mind that maximum fruiting is
achieved when the beds are given enough time to fully colonize before cold and
rainy weather begins, triggering primordia formation.
For instance, outdoor beds may be inoculated from early spring to early fall. Although sufficient time is necessary to allow for full colonization, so are favorable
temperatures, ranging from 4570 F (721 C). Once temperatures deviate from
this range, mycelium production essentially stops until advantageous conditions
return. With this in mind, I have known mycologists in warmer climates to put
off constructing and inoculating their beds until early fall when temperatures are
more favorable to mycelial production. Thus, if one likewise puts off developing
and inoculating the substrate until early fall, a more modestly sized bed and a
correspondingly higher rate of inoculation (> 30 % spawn to substrate ratio) may
be required for faster growth to provide the dense mycelial mat required for
fruit-body production. For most wood-loving mushrooms, at least four weeks are
required to establish mycelium density sufficient to survive the winter.
The spring is the best time to acquire clean, freshly cut wood chips for larger cultivated beds in temperate climates. The ideal substrate is composed of wood chips
one-eighth inch in diameter to four inches length, with a minimum of leafy matter. If one acquires wood chips from February through April when the sap is running and before trees develop their foliage, one is assured of having the highest
possible sugar, nutrient, and water content in the chips with an absolute minimum leafy material. I think that it is worth emphasizing the importance of having clean wood chips. In my experience, clean wood chips colonize much more
quickly than dirty or muddy chips and I believe that this is because the dirt seals
the pores of the wood chip and actually limits the amount of wood that is exposed
and made available to the mycelium.
It is my understanding that irregular one- to four-inch size wood chips provide an
ideal compromise between the smaller chips that provide greater surface area for
rapid colonization and the larger chips that support dense mycelium growth necessary for maximum fruiting. As previously explained, sawdust allows for rapid,
wispy mycelium development, but unless added to larger wood chip pieces, it
quickly loses its vitality. If fresh, hardwood sawdust is available, it can be added
in a 50:50 ratio (by volume) to larger, one- to four-inch size chips, to form an
optimized substrate matrix.
Yage.Net specializes in
the development and hosting
of entheogen-related web sites
with an emphasis
on ethnobotanical suppliers.
Were also home
to the largest collection
of ayahuasca resources
on the web.
Hosting for ethnobotanical web sites.

Web site development and design.
On-line shopping cart solutions.
www.yage.net
Currently hosting sites for

Trouts Notes
Pablo Amaringo
Luis Eduardo Luna
James Arthur
Ayahuasca.Com
While Paul Stamets has reported good results utilizing wood chips and bark
from some conifers, such as Douglas Fir, I have seen slow, reluctant mycelium
growth when such Fir chips were used, and even this was only when other hardwood chips were supplemented into the substrate. For best results, I recommended
using only broadleaf hardwoods rather than softwood pines. Fast-growing hardwoods such as Alder, Birch, Cottonwood, Eucalyptus, and Poplars have a greater
EntheogenUK
and many more at
www.yage.net/hosted
127
amount of sapwood than heartwood, and thus possess a relatively higher amount of sugars conducive to rapid colonization. The trade-off is that such species will also decompose
more quickly than denser hardwood species, such as Oak,
which will support saprophytic mushrooms longer. The two
species that I have seen the most voracious and rapid mycelium development with are Alder and Eucalyptus, and I
would recommend refreshing the cultivated beds with fresh,
clean wood chips once a year to ensure a healthy fall crop.
If one has access to a shredder or chipper to reduce woody
debris and miscellaneous materials to mulch, one could experiment with a variety of different hardwoods and various
organic refuse such as grape vines, corn cobs, corn and vegetable stalks as suitable substrate material. One advantage
to shredding your own chips would be to design custom substrate blends, such as Alder and Oak, so that the rapid colonization of Alder is combined with the longevity of Oak.
If one would prefer to let someone else do the work, there
are numerous local sources for fresh, clean hardwood chips.
I have received fresh wood chips from the local utility company, the city parks and recreation forestry division, and
neighborhood arborists without having to go through the
hassle of acquiring a chipper and doing the manual labor
myself. Both sources were more than happy to place my name
on a list to receive a truckload full of chips. The only problem with this is the chance of receiving wood chips from
multiple species of trees. I recommend using an excuse such
as mulching the flower beds, laying sod, or planting rhodo-
NATURES
MIND
www.natures-mind.com
Supplier of strange, sacred, and rare botanical products
SUCH AS
Amanita muscaria, Anadenanthera peregrina, Argyreia
nervosa, Dioscorea dregeana, Mucuna pruriens, Salvia
divinorum, Sceletium tortuosum, Trichocereus
peruvianus, Virola theiodora, and many other exotic
seeds, herbs, and extracts. We also carry ceremonial
incense, shamanic tools and artifacts, books, and more.
CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE FOR A COMPLETE LISTING.
Weve got entheogens for the whole family!
128
dendrons, in order to justify insisting on getting hardwood

chips. In my opinion, it is worth going to the extra trouble
and expense to ensure that one is receiving only broadleaf
hardwoods. My landlord was only too willing to oblige reimbursing me for the expense of a truckload full of fresh,
clean wood chips once I did a little landscaping around the
property with the mulch.
Should one be unable to acquire Alder or Eucalyptus wood
chips for a garden, fear not, for there are quite a few choices
for the home cultivator. I have heard of amateur mycologists
using Hickory and Mesquite wood chips that were located
in the grilling section at the local hardware store. Although I
have not tried such wood chips on my cultivated Stropharia
beds, I suspect that this could be a convenient and reasonable source for many individuals who are unable or unwilling to locate fresh wood chips in bulk. Although this is by no
means a comprehensive list, I encourage experimentation
with the following woods:
Scientific Name
Acer species
Alnus species
Arbutus species
Betula species
Carpinus species
Carya species
Castanea species
Castanopsis species
Cornus species
Corylus species
Larix species
Liquidambar species
Lithocarpus species
Ostyra species
Populus species
Prosopis species
Quercus species
Rhus species
Robinia species
Salix species
Fagus species
Taxus species
Fraxinus species
Ulmus species
Juglans species
Common Name
Maples
Alders
Madrones
Birches
Hornbeams
Hickories
Chestnuts
Chinkapins
Dogwoods
Filberts
Larches
Sweetgums
Tanoaks
Ironwoods
Cottonwoods and Poplars
Mesquite
Oaks
Sumac
Black Locust
Willows
Beechs
Yews
Ashes
Elms
Walnut
Before the wood chips are used, Stamets recommends moistening them to near saturation. The drier the chips, the more
necessary this step becomes, and if one is using store-bought

chips, then one might consider soaking the chips overnight.
However, no matter how clean these wood chips may appear,
hit them with a blast from the garden hose before putting
them on the beds. This really makes a difference with growth;
I am not sure if this is due to rinsing off dirt, dust, or plant
residue, or if the damp chips just provide better kindling for
the mycelium. The point here is to wash or rinse the chips
just prior to putting them on the beds. You want the chips to
be damp, but not dripping wet. If you are going to give the
chips a good rinsing, make sure to do it away from the beds,
so as not to flood them.
When constructing the
beds, one may wish to
start by sprinkling one
to two inches of moistened wood chips on the
bed location. This forms
the lower stratum of substrate, and serves to elevate the spawn and promote drainage. Then
spawn, either in the
form of transplanted
mycelium, inoculated
cultured spawn, or
myceliated cardboard,
should be evenly sprinkled on top of the first
layer of wood chips. Finally, a second layer of moistened wood
chips should be added on top of the spawn and mixed thoroughly by hand or rake with care not to further muddy the
chips. The finished beds should now be four to six inches
high and approximately two feet wide. Once inoculated, one
may wish to water the beds again, but care should be given
not to flood them. To ensure a humid environment for mushroom development, Stamets recommends covering the substrate with cardboard, plastic shade cloth, or scrap wood to
protect the mycelium from direct sun and dehydration. Aside
from a weekly inspection and watering only when necessary,
the beds are left alone to the natural forces of the mycelium.
MYCELIUM RUNNING
As previously explained, several factors will determine the
rate of colonization and mycelial expansion. I cannot stress
enough the importance of rapid colonization. It is better to
start out with a smaller bed and a higher inoculation ratio to
ensure rapid colonization than to have a larger bed with scat-
tered and dispersed spawn that may not fully colonize. If the
spawn is too dispersed, the inoculated particles will not be
close enough to form the contiguous mycelial colony required
for fruit-body development. Again, use the 2025% spawnto-substrate ratio. Once the beds have been fully colonized,
the grower may choose to induce fruiting if environmental
conditions allow. If the environmental conditions are not favorable to fruiting, yet the temperature is above freezing, then
one may choose to continue to expand the beds by adding
more substrate material. Keep in mind that if one does not
expect that additional substrate material can be fully colonized before the arrival of winter, then no more new substrate material should be added to the beds, and fruiting
should be encouraged.
Mushroom patches are
transitory communities
and as the mycelium decomposes organic material, it must continue to
move in order to retain
its vitality. Thus, it is far
better to keep the mycelium running by adding
new substrate material
until environmental
conditions are advantageous to fruiting. Only
very cold temperatures
(below 40 F) will keep
the mycelium viable for a prolonged period. If the window
for fruiting has passed, then unless new material is added to
the patch, the mycelium will exhibit what Stamets calls dieback. This is seen as an obvious decline in the vigor of the
mycelium. Where the colony was once a thick mat of mycelium, it begins to represent small islands. The patch can be
salvaged either by re-introducing more organic material, or
by raking what is left of the bed into a suitable mound.
This past summer I raked the remains of one bed into a heap
six to eight inches deep at the base of a tree. I wasnt expecting much in the way of a fall fruiting and was expecting having to start over in the spring. Come fall, I was pleasantly
surprised to see that the heap of mycelium and debris had
congealed into a solid mass and soon began to fruit with an
intensity I had never seen before at that location. It remains
unavoidable that the location will need further work in the
spring, but I was delighted by the crop where I was not
expecting one, and I promptly named the patch Serendipity.
129
CASING
AND FRUITING
Generally speaking, primordia formation requires shade and
increased waterings to keep the moisture content high, as
well as cool temperatures between 45 and 55 F (713 C).
In the fall, the bed is uncovered and given a heavy watering
twice a week, but with care not to flood it. This is the prime
time to consider a substrate topping to aid in primordia formation and fruit-body development.
Some may argue that this topping is actually a casing layer,
fulfilling the basic functions and requirements of a casing
structure. First, a casing
serves to protect the
colonized substrate
from drying out. As I
have previously mentioned, mycelium requires a humid environment and is extremely
sensitive to dry air.
Should the outer mycelium surface dry out, the
exposed cells die and
form a tough, leathery
layer. While this hardened layer slows any further moisture loss from
the substrate, it also significantly reduces gaseous air exchange and limits further, if any at all, fruit-body
formation. Thus, the casing layer must remain open and
porous and maintain its structure after repeated waterings
to allow metabolic gases to diffuse from the substrate into
the air.
Second, the casing layer provides a humid microclimate that
is conducive to primordia formation and development. This
is an important point, as the casing layer should be made of
material that will allow the mushroom mycelium to develop
an extensive, healthy network throughout the casing layer
that will support the formation of primordia and their subsequent growth into mushrooms. In other words, although
the casing should have low nutritional value compared to
the substrate, if the mycelium cannot grow through the casing layer, then it is not a suitable casing material.
130
Third, the casing layer must be able to both absorb and release considerable quantities of water to support both vegetative growth and mushroom development. Remember that
mushrooms are 90% water, and that the growth of mushrooms from pinheads to mature fruit-bodies is largely dependent on the amount of moisture available. Without sufficient water, mushrooms remain small and stunted, as they
are forced to compete with one another for moisture. With
the casing functioning as a water reservoir, the mushrooms
are supplied with adequate moisture and are able to reach
full size even during heavy flushes.
Fourth, the casing supports the growth of beneficial microorganisms
that influence mushroom primordia formation. While the casing
should be relatively free
of pests and pathogens,
it is not necessary to sterilize the casing in order
to promote the stimulation of these beneficial
microbes.
CASING
MATERIALS
Although there are a
number of materials that
can be used for casing, including straw, Douglas Fir boughs,
fallen leaves, and even shredded paper, I have found sphagnum moss to be the tops (tee hee). After experimenting with
numerous biodegradable casing materials, the best results I
have seen used sphagnum moss as soon as the substrate was
inoculated to aid in rapid colonization, in addition to promoting heavy mushroom fruiting in the fall.
Even though horticultural grade sphagnum can be a little
pricey (the best comes from Chile and New Zealand), those
in the know swear by the stuff and will cover their beds with
nothing less. The moss has antibacterial properties that inhibit the growth of competing organisms while acting as the
perfect humidity blanket. Due to its high moisture retention,
sphagnum moss excels at providing the perfect humid microclimate for mycelium growth without risking over-watering the substrate material. Since the moss is usually shipped
dried and compressed, I prefer to soak the sphagnum moss
overnight prior to applying on top of the beds. After lightly

squeezing the moss so that it is damp, but not soaking wet, it
can carefully be applied in a one- to two-inch thick layer
across the beds. One only needs to lightly water the
sphagnum moss topping whenever the moss feels dry to the
touch, about once a week or so, to rehydrate the moss. Because of mosss hydrophilic properties, it is more forgiving
to over-watering and actually disperses water uniformly
across the casing layer. An additional bonus to using this
material is that due to the long ropey characteristics of the
sphagnum moss, when colonized, it creates a wonderful
spongy mycelium that can be easily re-used as inoculum. The
mycelium cake can be easily cut with a knife and removed as
necessary. After extensive experiments with various organic
casing materials, I can tell you that nothing compares to sphagnum moss. Douglas Fir boughs and straw hold their structure after repeated waterings, and have a large amount of
surface area that acts as a micro-condenser, but cannot absorb and retain moisture as well as sphagnum moss. Shredded brown paper can retain more moisture than Fir boughs
or straw, but it can lose its structure after several waterings
and has the tendency to plaster itself on top of the beds, closing the pores of the mycelium and limiting air
exchange. The easiest way to correct this problem is to use
a fork or wire brush to gently scratch the surface of the
mycelium, and then re-cover with the casing of choice.
help to extend the cropping season during the winter. Some

growers may have difficulty naturalizing a certain mushroom
species to the local environment; in such cases, it may prove
necessary to use a local strain already adapted to local conditions. In climates unsuited for natural culture, the chips
may be filled into trays and preferably topped with moss (although layers of damp cardboard will work), and taken indoors. Even though most temperate mushrooms have
evolved to survive cold temperatures, I have known people
to either cover their beds in the winter or to bring them indoors on trays to protect them from the cold and to allow
the mycelium to continue running.
Once the primary bed has been established outdoors, it can
considered a perennial plant that will flourish as long as its
needs of moisture, shade, and substrate are being met. With
each successive year, chips can be drawn from the original
bed and used as inoculum. If one maintains a 2025% spawnto-substrate ratio, then this theoretically means that under
optimum circumstances, the beds can be expanded up to four
or five times their original size on an annual basis! Due to
the prolific nature of the mycelium, once one becomes comfortable with the local conditions that the mycelium requires,
one can easily seed mulch beds in public locations so that
others may become educated in these fantastic wood-loving
mushrooms. After all, mom always said to share.
Fruit-body development is basically a continuation of primordia formation. Humidity is kept as high as possible (90
95%) with slightly warmer daytime temperatures of 5065
F (1018 C). When the mushrooms begin to fruit, watering
should be gauged to environmental conditions and natural
precipitation. As long as the temperature stays above freezing, the mushrooms will continue to produce, usually for
several months. Extended freezing weather ends outdoor
cropping until the following year.
Throughout the winter the beds can be protected by a layer
of straw, plastic, or new wood chips topped with plastic. This
is particularly important for harsh climates. While certain
regions of the country are better suited to outdoor culture
than others, I encourage experimentation and resourcefulness. For instance, if one lived in an area with an exceedingly
dry climate, in addition to the liberal use of damp sphagnum moss topping, one may consider making the cultivated
bed inside a cold frame or plastic greenhouse. Even a simple
lean-to made out of plastic sheeting for the covering could
easily be constructed and fitted up against a fence or wall to
provide adequate coverage. Any similar structure would also
131
Network Feedback
Memantine hydrochloride is chemically related
to the anti-influenza drug amantadine hydrochloride (brand name SYMMETREL). It has
been marketed (under the brand name
AXURA) in Germany since 1989 to treat dementia syndrome and Parkinsons disease, as
well as to speed the recovery of comatose
patients. It has also been suggested as a treatment for neuropathic pain due to diabetic neuropathy, Huntingtons disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis, and AIDS dementia. In the
U.S., memantine (under the brand name
NAMENDA) was approved for use on October 17, 2003. It has been shown to reverse
existing tolerance to morphine in mice (POPIK
et al. 2000), and it has been speculated that
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (such as memantine) may be useful
in the treatment of alcohol and substance
abuse disorders (BISAGA et al. 2000). It has
been cautioned that there may be adverse
interactions between memantine and MAOI
or antidepressant drugs.
According to the site www.memantine.com:
Memantine is used to treat Alzheimers disease, and it may be useful in treating mild
to moderate cases of vascular dementia.
Memantine is the first representative of a new
class of Alzheimers drugsa moderate affinity NMDA-receptor antagonist. It has been
touted as improving cognitive and psychomotor functioning, providing benefits in the activities of daily living, reducing the dependance
on outside care, and is said to have a good
tolerability. It is also believe to have neuroprotective effects (by preventing the influx of
calcium due to blocking the NMDA receptor
in the presence of sustained release of low
glutamate concentrations) at the dosages used
in treating Alzheimers disease (which could
slow the progression of the disease). The maximum daily amount recommended to treat
Alzheimers is 20 mg. Reported side effects
more frequent than with placebo (listed second) were: hallucinations (2.0 vs. 0.7%), confusion (1.3 vs. 0.3%), dizziness (1.7 vs. 1.0%),
headache (1.7 vs. 1.4%), and tiredness (1.0
vs. 0.3%). [Interestingly, the FDAs press release at www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/
NEW00961.html provides higher incidences of
adverse reactions, listing dizziness at 7%,
headache at 6%, andnot noted above
constipation at 6%.] EDS.
132
MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE:
A FEW WORDS OF CAUTION
In the interest of harm reduction, I feel compelled to write this report. I have
determined that memantine is indeed a psychoactive substance. I have also
discovered that there are some potential dangers involved when experimenting with this chemical. I would not want anyone else to unintentionally induce
the undesirable effects of taking multiple doses of this drug. There are some
potentially serious complications that could occur when experimenting with
high doses of memantine. This is how it has since been explained to me by a
more knowledgable soul than I:
The problem with memantine is its slow absorption and excretion. It is largely
not metabolized, 5782% is slowly excreted with urine. In clinical applications there is a large accumulation of memantine with only one dose per day.
If you are taking a large dose it will take some time until it hits you, and the
effect is prolonged, because it remains in the body for a very long time (the
half-life is 60 to 80 hours). Taking large doses daily is probably a bad idea.
Needless to say I learned this lesson the hard way. Plain and simple, I am at 48+
hours and still feeling the compounded effects of multiple doses.
But for now, on to the good stuff...
I have found that 50100 mg taken orally is an acceptable dose for a pleasant
evening if you can wait one to three hours for the full effects to manifest. One of
my first single-dose experiences was at this level, and I noticed very few lingering effects 24 hours later. This leads me to believe that single doses via oral
administration may prove to be the best way to experience this substance.
On the other hand, 50100 mg taken by intramuscular injection (50 mg per
ml) provided me with a stinging, itchy, burning sensation in my flesh/muscle,
which eventually gave way to a very pleasant, comfortable feeling in mind and
body. For five to six hours, I noticed similarities to both ketamine and
methylone. Reluctantly, but at the insistence of my tripping partner, I decided
to attempt multiple dosing. My friend C and I have had incompatible schedules lately, which do not allow us the luxury of shared tripping time. Seeing as
how we might not have the opportunity to explore this molecule together again
for some timebut against my intuition and better judgementwe re-dosed
four times over the course of the next seven or eight hours, at levels ranging
from 50 to 100 mg taken by intramuscular injection.
This turned out to be a bad idea. C had obligations yesterday that she was
unable to fulfill, due to lingering effects and her inability to drive a car. She was
reluctantly able to perform some of her obligations today,

although she re-dosed with much smaller amounts than I.
On the other hand, I am still feeling pretty warbled out at
48+ hours, with pending obligations myself, later this
evening.
While definite similarities were noted to low doses of ketamine, at no point did I ever experience anything that I would
even remotely compare to a breakthrough ketamine experience. Other than the fact they are both NMDA-antagonists,
similarities would be that they share the same type of body
signature, driving energy, and create an inability to sleep. I
find that when a single oral dose of 50100 mg is taken,
memantine provides a very comfortable, desirable effect, that
resonates nicely in my body and mind.
I would not recommend intramuscular injection of this
chemical for two reasons. First, the vast majority of this substance commonly available is in a pre-packaged pill form that
likely contains binders or other impurities which you would
not want to inject into your body. Second, there is a definite
stinging sensation present when injecting memantine intramuscularly. It irritates the tissue at the injection point, leaving an itchy red bump, similar to a bee-sting, that eventually
subsides over the course of a few hours, although the pain

should be gone within 1020 minutes.
Additionally, it does not seem that this chemical is readily
soluble in water. I was able to mix 50 mg of memantine hydrochloride into 1 ml of distilled water only after applying
light heat to increase solubility. If one does not mind waiting a few hours for the effects to be felt, and due to the pain
involved with intramuscular injection, I believe oral administration would be the preferred method at 50100 mg. Id
also like to add that I tried insufflating a 10 mg line at one
point during one of my original experiments. I only managed to snort about 5 mg before I realized it burned. A lot.
I thoroughly regretted even attempting such a thing. It was
very uncomfortable, to say the least.

It is now 66+ hours, and C and myself are both still feeling
pretty warbly, although improving. Multiple doses are definitely not recommended unless you have a lot of spare time
on your hands. The overall experience from a single administration could be considered rather subtle by some standards, and one might feel compelled to take multiple doses.
133
Beware of the possible consequences if you choose to do so.

And the experience, although highly enjoyable, doesnt
really break into uncharted territory. So is the ride worth
the ticket price? The jury is still out on that one.
It has come to my attention that one may be able to clear his
or her body of memantine faster, by acidifying ones urine.
Apparently, drinking cranberry juice can aid in this process.
Here is what I have been told by someone more knowledgable
than I:
This is how you can get the memantine out of your system quickly. Try to acidify your urine. That way,
memantine is eliminated 710 times faster. There are
over-the-counter medications available to acidify the
urine too; for example, pills containing methionine,
which is used to prevent bladder infections.

I have just awoken at 90+ hours, and I think Im finally pretty
much back to baseline. I feel it is inevitable that someone
else is going to attempt experiments with this compound in
the future, due to the fact that its potential recreational value
has begun to be discussed on the Internet, coupled with the
fact that it has recently been approved as a prescription medication by governments worldwide. It would be a real shame
for someone to experiment with multiple and/or high doses
of this chemical, without realizing the potential dangers involved. For example, if it was crucial that one should drive a
car or perform other obligations 2472 hours into the experience, I would not want anyone else to be unknowingly
forced into such a situation.
Let this also be a lesson to other intrepid psychonauts
who attempt experiments with high doses of relatively
unresearched substances. I have definitely learned my lesson. It may be possible for some people to reasonably predict the actions of unknown chemicals with a bit of foresight,
but the ability to do this is unfortunately not one that I possess. I feel pretty irresponsible at this point in time. Although
I dedicated a lot of time to researching the properties of this
drug before I consumed it, I was unable to foresee this unexpected turn of events. I sincerely hope this report helps someone else avoid a potentially hazardous situation in the
future, and I share this information only because I feel it is
inevitable that it will soon be noticed that memantine has
potential recreational value. Peace. Go Vegan. Lazyvegan
134
ENZYMES, METABOLISM,
AND BIOAVAILABILITY
Bioperine is a purified form of piperine extracted from the
fruit of the black pepper plant. It has been patented for use
in increasing the bioavailabily of nutrients. It enhances the
absorption of a wide range of fat- and water-soluble substances, often by 3060%. It is currently marketed in combination with medicinal shiitake mushrooms, as well as with
kava kava, which leads me to believe that it might be useful
in increasing absorption when combined with more interesting mushrooms and plant species as well. It has been clinically proven to increase the absorption of barbiturates, theophylline, and phenytoin. Because piperine influences the
metabolizing enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP1B2, CYP2E1,
and CYP3A4, it can be assumed that it would affect those
substances that are metabolized and/or transported by these
enzymes, keeping them around longer for absorption. These
drugs include benzodiazepines, caffeine, cocaine, codeine,
dextromethorphan, methadone, DHEA, and Viagra, to
name a few. In fact, one web site suggests that expensive doses
of Viagra can be cut in half when used with Bioperine.
When Bioperine is combined with curcurmin, it increases
its bioavailability by 154%!
The usual recommended dose of piperine is 515 mg per day.
It is recommended that one take it 30 minutes before the
substance whose bioavailability is to be enhanced is taken.
Because Bioperine has a significant effect on the bodys
metabolism, daily use is not advised. The enzymes that are
inhibited by Bioperine serve an important purpose in the
body; some break down toxins, and toxins need to be
broken down!
Bioperine is easily available as a supplement on the Internet. It is available at a very good price from the company
www.beyond-a-century.com, which sells it as a loose powder: 1 gram (200 doses) for $2.50. This company also sells
loose BHT crystals, which were mentioned in the last issue
of The Entheogen Review as being potentially useful as an antioxidant to reduce side effects from MDMA, and possibly
offer neuroprotective effects. I have found www.beyond-acentury.com to be an excellent company to deal with. Of
course, anyone who conducts any experiments with
Bioperine should report on them in a future issue of The
Entheogen Review. A.Q., TX
BUTORPHANOL
More than you need to know?
I had access to butorphanol some years ago. Expecting an

opiate experience I was surprised to find it mildly psychedelic. The downside of butorphanol (nausea, dissociative effects, difficulty of access) eventually led to my abandonment
of use of this chemical, and I cant say I missed it much. Some
years later, I tried Salvia divinorum. I was surprised again that
the Salvia experience very much reminded me of my
butorphanol experiences. Later still I learned butor-phanol
and salvinorin A are both theorized to be agonists of the same
kappa opioid receptor. If memory serves me, this is not considered a receptor site that produces euphoria.
Butorphanol is supposed to be an analgesic, and it is used as
such in veterinary medicine. However, I found it to lack analgesic effects. Of course, the correlation of my experience to
animal medicine is unknownif animals could only talk, eh?
Butorphanol was most interesting in combination with ketamine. With this combination I experienced true hallucinations, with vines growing indoors extending in real-time
across the wall, and fields being harvested by crowds of phantom scythers. Nothing too scary. I must warn the potential
traveller that with this combination, I also experienced extreme urination; it seemed like every few minutes I had to go
again. This is one reason I kept the number of journeys to
under five or so. D.H., CA
It is interesting that a compound other than salvinorin A that works

on the kappa opioid receptor appears to have dissociative effects.
Below are some musings from the DEA on butorphanol. EDS.
While butorphanol can be made from thebaine, it is usually manufactured synthetically. It was initially available
in injectable formulations for human (Stadol) and veterinary (Torbugesic and Torbutrol) use. More recently,
a nasal spray (Stadol NS) became available, and significant diversion and abuse of this product led to the 1997
control of butorphanol in Schedule IV of the CSA.
Butorphanol is a clear example of a drug gaining favor
as a drug of abuse only after it became available in a form
that facilitated its mode of administration (nasal spray
v. injection).
From: www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/butorphanol.html.
SPECIAL WINTER
CLOSE-OUT SALE!
A-4
Acacia Species Reported to Contain

Tryptamines and/or Beta-carbolines $22
A-5
Ayahuasca & Ayahuasca Alkaloids $33
C-2
The Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti $13
C-10A Cactus Chemistry by Species $16

D-1
Cultivation of Desmanthus by Case & Trout $12
FS-X7
Some Simple Tryptamines $40

New, 180 photos and over two dozen diagrams.
Send a self-addressed stamped envelope for details of a special advance offer for our latest work: San Pedro (Trichocereus pachanoi) and
related Trichocereus species. Approx. 250 pages; hundreds of photos
& color cover; Spring 2004.
Preview a work in progress: Trout's Notes on Some other Succulents,
chapter 5 in the forthcoming third edition of Sacred Cacti. Download a
PDF with 72 dpi resolution color images from http://trout.yage.net/sc/
page2.html.
Prices include postage within the U.S. (Foreign orders please inquire
for shipping costs.) Note that some items are limited. We will gladly
hold any item for 14 days to await payment if you send us an e-mail
request to do so. Payment by check, cash, or money order payable to
Trouts Notes. California residents please add 7.25% sales tax.
TROUTS NOTES
POB 12 (Dept. ER)
Boonville, CA 95415, USA
trout@yage.net www.troutsnotes.com
135
Events Calendar
SOCIETY FOR THE
ANTHROPOLOGY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS MEETING
MARCH 2428, 2004
The Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness
annual meeting will be held March 2428, 2004 at the
Berkeley Faculty Club in California. This years theme is:
Altered Bodies/Altered Minds. Presenters include: Adele
Getty, Stanley Krippner, Ralph Metzner, Benny
Shanon, Annie Sprinkle, and many others. On-site
registration is $120 (general), $65 (student). Single-day
registration is available for $35 (general), $15 (student) per
day. See www.sacaaa.org for more information.
TOWARD A SCIENCE
OF CONSCIOUSNESS
APRIL 711, 2004
Toward a Science of Consciousness will be held April 7
11, 2004 at the Tucson Convention Center in Arizona.
Presenters include: Susan Blackmore, Jon Hanna,
Stanley Krippner, Stephen LaBerge, Roger Penrose,
Thomas Ray, Alexander Shulgin, Charles T. Tart,
Franz Vollenweider, and many others. Admission is $230
(general) and $130 (students). For more information, see
http://consciousness.arizona.edu/tucson2004.
INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE
AND CONSCIOUSNESS
APRIL 2328, 2004
The International Conference on Science and Consciousness will be held April 2328, 2004 in Albuquerque,
New Mexico. Presenters include: Don Campbell, Donna
Eden, Raymond Moody, Judith Orloff, Candace Pert,
136
Peter Russell, Huston Smith, Carlos Warter, Stephen

Wolinsky, Danah Zohar, and over forty others. Activities
include yoga, drumming, and dancing. Admission is $745.
For more information, see www.bizspirit.com.
ALTERED STATES
AND THE
SPIRITUAL AWAKENING
MAY 1416, 2004
Altered States and the Spiritual Awakening will be held
May 1416, 2004 in San Francisco, California. One of the
primary goals of this conference is to bring together experts
in multiple forms of altered states. We seek to cover three
main spheres of knowledge: transpersonal and para-psychology, entheogens, and consciousness exploration through
external (technological) means. Presenters include: John
Perry Barlow, Ram Dass, Erik Davis, Delvin, Gaia,
Leslie Gray, Shabda Kahn, Stephen LaBerge, Dennis
McKenna, Jean Millay, Naasko, Beverly Rubik, Ann
Shulgin, Sasha Shulgin, Sijay, Stuart Sovatsky, and Myron Stolaroff. Early registration before April 1 is $90 (general), $40 (student); after April 1, registration is $110 (general), $60 (student). Single-day passes are also available. For
more information, see www.assacon.com.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
ON CANNABIS
MAY 2922, 2004
The Third National Clinical Conference on Cannabis
Therapeutics will be held May 2022, 2004 in
Charlottesville, Virginia. The conference is designed for physicians, nurses, healthcare professionals, legal professionals
and patients. Presenters include: Donald Abrams, Valerie
Corral, Raphael Mechoulam, Ethan Russo, and many
others. Registration is $295 (physicians), $195 (nurses,
health care professionals), $145 (general). For more information, see www.medicalcannabis.com.
Sources
by Jon Hanna
AWAY TO CANADA!
I spent the first week of February in Vancouver, British
Columbia. I was giving a presentation on the topic of contemporary psychedelic art at the first annual Entheogenesis
conference, as well as another presentation on the topic of
psychedelic culture and drug-inspired metaphysical beliefs
at a smaller gathering up the Sunshine Coast in the
Elphinstone Rainforest. I was quite surprised at how this journey affected me, renewing my enthusiasmboth for my
interest in psychedelia and for life in general.
The people in Canada seem to have a pervasive optimism
that, living in the United States, I have not seen in some time.
Hell, I dont remember ever seeing it. An example is in order.
While we were waiting for the ferry to cross up the coast,
one of my compatriots ran into a woman who worked on the
ferry and seemed to know who he was. The woman, who was
perhaps in her late forties, started waxing rhapsodic about
the good work that my buddy was doing in harm reduction:
Well, I am just so thankful to think that my young nephew
and niece will be able to make intelligent, well-informed
choices with regard to the drugs they choose to use or not
use, due to your efforts, she gushed. The world is certainly
going to be a much better place in the future because of
people like you, and I am happy that they will be growing up

in that world.
My jaw dropped. I can not conceive of, in my wildest imagination, running into someone on the streets of America who
would rave about how great it is going to be in the near future. Perhaps such an attitude toward life is something that
is easier to cultivate when ones government actually takes
care of its citizens, and isnt spending its time, energy, and
funds on aggressive and hostile actions directed both externally and internally? As I spent more time in Canada, it
seemed as though the people I met were generally happier
than those in the U.S., as well as being more productive. I
suspect that this exemplified the fact that living under the
oppressive and ever-watchful eye of the U.S. government
saps a lot of energy which could be better directed in more
positive ways, if one isnt constantly worried about a knock
on the door.
ENTHEOGENESIS
www.entheogenesis.ca
Organized by Chris Bennett, author of Green Gold the

Tree of Life: Marijuana in Magic & Religion and Sex, Drugs,
Violence and the Bible (www.forbiddenfruitpublishing.com),
and produced by Marc Emery of Cannabis seed-sales fame
(www.emeryseeds.com), the Entheogenesis conference
took place over two days in the basement of the B.C. Marijuana Party headquarters. The basement was so filled with
Cannabis smoke during the presentations, that several
friends who were not actively smoking actually had to leave
the building for some fresh air, because they had inadvertently gotten much higher than they expected from just hanging out, and could see that their highs kept climbing. Upstairs, various vaporizers cluttered counters, beckoning to
anyone who wished to partake. The quality of bud that I was
repeatedly gifted with (the Canadians were not only happy,
but generous) rivaled anything that is available in California. While Cannabis still isnt across-the-board legal in
Canada, clearly it is tolerated to a much greater extent than
in the U.S. While a coffeeshop near the conference digs wasnt
137
selling bud, they didnt have any problem with their customers toking up in their establishment. Several Cannabis seed
stores were open for business on the same block as the conference was being held on. When I asked about which strains
were best for commercial purposes, providing the highest
yield, a salesman in the shop I visited pointed out that yield
isnt everything, and gently suggested several strains that
were of greater potency or better taste as options. He also
discouraged purchasing the higher-priced feminized seeds,
expressing his concern that these might not be as vigorous
as normal females. It was clear that this seed seller, at least,
was concerned more with providing quality than making
money.
In the B.C. Marijuana Party headquarters itself, the general feel was one of a headshop, with countless topical books,
hemp clothing, and paraphernalia. And of course there was
Marc Emerys gargantuan seed collection for sale. Emery
acted as host for the conference as well, and a more gracious
host could not be imaginedfrom taking us to dinner in the
evenings and pouring the wine, to even providing sundry
crowd-pleasing party favorsMarc knows how to produce
an event in style. In the back of the store, was a store-withina-store:
URBAN SHAMAN
307 West Hastings Street
Vancouver, British Columbia,V6B 1H6
CANADA
shaman@urbanshaman.ca
www.urbanshaman.ca
Run by ex-patriot Renee Boje, the Urban Shaman had everything you might expect from a well-stocked entheobotanical vendor. Beautiful Huichol yarn paintings covered the
walls, and their mini-greenhouse specimen cases contained
various live plants, including peyote cactus. (The peyote plant
is specifically mentioned in Canadian drug law as being
138
entirely legal; I have often thought that someone should start

up a large-scale peyote farm in Canadaa decade or so from
now such a visionary might be able to supply the Native
American Church, when natural supplies run low, potentially helping to slow the possible death of this religious practice, which is increasingly using symbolic amounts of
peyote, rather than active doses, in their rituals.)
Other items for sale both at their store and on-line at their
web site include assorted incenses, smoking and tea blends,
liquid extracts, dried herbs, roots, flowers, seed pods, and
seeds for plants such as Areca catechu, Anadenanthera colubrina, A. peregrina, Artemisia absinthium, Banisteriopsis caapi,
Calea zacatechichi, Ephedra major, Eriodictyon californicum,
Erythroxylum catuaba, Ilex paraguariensis, Ipomoea violacea,
Lactuca virosa, Leonotus leonorus, Mimosa tenuiflora, Nicotiana rustica, Nymphae caerulea, Papaver somniferum, Paullinia
cupana, Pausinystalia johimbe, Peganum harmala, Phalaris
arundinacea, Piper methysticum, Salvia divinorum, Sceletium
tortuosum, Trichocereus peruvianus, Turnera aphrodisiaca, and
more.
I was impressed that not only did their free information handouts present good information about the plants that they
sold, as well as references for additional information on-line,
but they actually even provided citation credits for both the
text quoted and images used in these brochures; nicely done.
Downstairs, below the Urban Shaman, was the heart of the
broadcasting center for the building:
POT-TV
info@pot-tv.net
www.pot-tv.net
Managed by Chris Bennett, Pot-TV, quite simply, blew me

away. The entire Entheogenesis conference was live broadcast over the Internet in real-time, and I was told after giving
my presentation on psychedelic art that there were 6,000
people tuned in worldwide. Pot-TV now has archives of all
of the talks presented at Entheogenesis, and they have also
kindly archived the Mind States Highzzz DVD (broken into
sections, for easier download) reviewed in the last issue of
The Entheogen Review, which provides highlights from the
Mind States IV conference. The idea has been tossed out
by Bennett to the editors of The Entheogen Review to create a
twice-monthly video version of the rag; if it ever comes to
fruition, I am sure that you will read about it here first.
The Pot-TV web site is a bit overwhelming, with so much

content to choose from! They do an incredible job of keeping on top of the latest relevant news and entertainment. For
example, they posted an entire recent episode of the TV show
CSI: A murder of a clown in Las Vegas reveals a sinister intrigue of prostitution and heroin addiction and the use of
ibogaine to escape it in this prime-time crime drama. And,
speaking of ibogaine:
Book Review
IBOGA THERAPY HOUSE

(604) 916-2311
(604) 216-0007
www.ibogatherapyhouse
Sandra Karpetas, project coordinator for the Iboga

Therapy House treatment center was kind enough to put
myself and fellow presenter Rick Doblin up at the Therapy
House during our stay in Vancouver. During this time, we
learned more from her about this project, which treats drug
addictsat the rate of about one per weekat no charge,
provided they are suitable candidates for ibogaine therapy.
The Therapy House was conceived of and is funded by
Marc Emery, who related the story of how two people very
close to him kicked their drug addictions through ibogaine
treatments.
My most sincere thanks go out to Sandra, gracious host.
And low bows, as well, to my extraordinary tour guide
Delvin Majere (creator of the bold psychopticon of art: The
Galactik Trading Card Oracle Complex; available from
www.elfintome.com); without his encouragement and financial support, I may not have made the trip in the first place.
Thanks too, to other new friends and anonymous acquaintances, who kept me nicely toasted for the entire seven days
of my voyageI cant recall there ever being a whole week of
my life previously that was spent in a non-stop stoned state.
In closing this column, I want to encourage anyone and everyone in the U.S. to take off to the great white north. It is
indeed, a beauty-way to go. And, considering that my plane
ticket was under $200.00, it is an inexpensive vacation to
boot. Next stop, Vansterdam, eh?
Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Religious Significance of Entheogenic Plants and Chemicals by Huston Smith. 2003. (Sentient
Publications: www.sentientpublications.com.) Trade paperback
1-59181-008-6. $14.95. [6" x 9"], 173 pp.
With Cleansing the Doors of Perception, Huston Smith

philosopher, religious scholar, author, and teacherpresents
a collection of his essays written over the past forty years.
Although these essays were originally published in various
other places, they have recently been edited liberally for inclusion in this volume, making the collection a unique offering. The book wrestles with Smiths essential question: Do
drugs have a religious/spiritual importance? I think we all
know the answer to this query. Smith quotes Aldous
Huxley (who was indirectly responsible for introducing
Smith to entheogens, via Timothy Leary) as stating that
nothing was more curious, and to his way of thinking more
important, than the role that mind-altering plants and chemicals have played in human history. Later, at the end of the
Preface, Smith offers another relevant Huxley paraphrase:
chemicals [dont] cause visionary experiences, they occasion
them.
139
In the Introduction, Smith succinctly presents his personal

history, as well as the events and thoughts that lead up to his
entheogenic initiation on January 1, 1961. In the essays that
follow, he talks of soma, the Eleusinian mysteries, the Native American Church, empirical metaphysics, the case of
Cardinal J.H. Newman, the sacred unconscious, and more.
In discussing Walter Pahnkes Good Friday Experiment,
Smith provides details of a significant incident that occurred during the experiment [which] had not appeared in
the reports So as not to spoil the suspense, I wont relate
the specifics in this review, other to mention that it involved
one of the participants who managed to escape the church
setting! Pahnke conducted this experiment on the Boston
University campus as part of his Ph.D. dissertation, and
Smith dedicated Cleansing the Doors of Perception book to
Pahnkes memory.
Smiths essay Historical Evidence: Indias Sacred Soma
provides the reader with just enough detail about R. Gordon Wassons research to not drag on and bore. It is good
reading for the uninitiated:
When fragments of the white veil of the fly-agaric still
cling to, the cap, though night has taken over all else,
from afar you may still see Soma, silver white; resting in
his well-appointed birth-place close by some birch or
pine tree. Here is how three thousand years ago a priestpoet of the Indo-Aryans gave voice to this impression:
By day he appears the color of fire, by night, silver white
(IX 979d). Somas scarlet coat dominates by day; by night
the redness sinks out of sight, and the white patches,
silvery by moon and starlight, take over (4:4142).
Two appendices finish off the book: Secularization and the

Sacred: The Contemporary Scene and Thinking Allowed
with Jeffrey Mishlove: A Televised Interview.
This edition of Cleansing the Doors of Perception is well produced, with an easy-to-read layout and font, on a creamtoned paper, and an adequate index. You will be well served
with the purchase of this fascinating volume. Jay Yasgur
R.Ph, M.Sc. www.yasgur.net.
LOOK HERE
Bibliography
Bisaga, A. et al. 2000. Therapeutic Potential of NMDA
Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Alcohol and
Substance Abuse Disorders, Expert Opin Investig Drugs
9(10): 22332248.
Epling, C. & C.D. Jtiva-M 1962. A new species of Salvia
from Mexico, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University
20(3): 7576.
Erowid, E. & F. Erowid 2003. LSD Analysis: Do We Know
Whats In Street Acid? Erowid Extracts 5: 1217.
Franzosa, E.S. et al. 1987. The LSD Blotter Index, Microgram 10(7). Published by the U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration.
Popik, P. et al. 2000. Clinically Available NMDA Receptor
Antagonists Memantine and Dextromethorphan Reverse
Existing Tolerance to the Antinociceptive Effects of Morphine
in Mice, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 361(4): 425
432.
Wasson, R.G. 1962. A new Mexican psychotropic drug
from the mint family, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard
University 20(3): 7784.
Paye, Y. 2001. Mushroom Cultivation: From Falconer to
Fanaticus and Beyond, The Entheogen Review 10(4): 127139.
Paye, Y. 2003. Introducing the Moksha Method, The
Entheogen Review 12(3): 8288.
Congratulations to MAPS and Dr. Rick Doblin
for the historic approval on February 24, 2004
of their MDMA / PTSD study!
Readers of The Entheogen Review, please consider donating to this
incredibly important project, to help MAPS pull off the first study
of MDMA psychotherapy ever approved in the USA.
MAPS needs to raise an additional $200,000 to complete the study.
If ever there was a time to make a special donation to MAPS,
now is that time.
DONATE OR LEARN MORE AT WWW.MAPS.ORG
140
Index
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 51
1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanone 95
1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-butanamine 94
1-methyl-THBCs 66
1,2-dimethyl-6-methoxytetrahydro--carboline 53
12-OH-ibogamine (noribogaine) 30, 99
2-aminoethanol phosphate 73
2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1propanone 95
2-methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butane 95
2,amino-Indan 18
2C-B 18, 39, 43, 49, 51
2C-C 18
2C-E 18
2C-H 18
2C-I 18
2C-T-2 18, 97
2C-T-4 18, 105
2C-T-7 18, 89, 97, 104
3-CPP 51
3-dehydromitragynine 28
3,4-methylenedioxy-2-butanone 95
4-AcO-DET 18, 20
4-AcO-DIPT 20
4-AcO-DMT 18
4-AcO-DPT 18
4-AcO-EIPT 18
4-AcO-EPT 18
4-AcO-MET 18
4-fluoro-amphetamine 105
4-FMP 18
4-HO-DIPT 18, 105
4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine 105
4C-DOB 94
5-HT 67
5-HTP 95, 96
5-hydroxytryptophan 72, 73, 95
5-MeO-AMT 18, 57, 63
5-MeO-DET 18
5-MeO-DIPT 18, 19, 20, 21, 61, 89, 91, 104
5-MeO-DMT 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 54, 56, 57, 61, 99, 100
5-MeO-DPT 18
5-MeO-EIPT 18
5-MeO-MET 18
5-MeO-MIPT 18
5-MeO-MMT 53
5-OH-DMT-N-oxide 53
7-hydroxymitragynine 28
9-methoxymitral-actonine 28
A
A Psychonaut 43
A.C. 26
A.Q., TX 134
A.S., CA 23
Aardvark, David 25, 63, 66, 96
Aaron, David 101
Abraham, Ralph 31
Abrams, Donald 136
Acacia species 25, 58
Acacia catechu 13
Acer species 128
acetaldehyde 71, 72
acetone 87
acetylcholine 64
Achbar, Mark 119
Acorus calamus 15, 16, 98
Acosta 11
addiction 3, 4, 29, 30, 31, 92, 98, 102, 103
Adelaars, Arno 88
adrenaline 17
adrenochrome 17, 18
Adyashanti 101
agar 63, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87
Agaricus species 120
Aghajanian, G.K. 80, 108
AIDS 96, 132
ALC-kit Sober Up 71, 72
Alchemy Works Seeds & Herbs 66
alcohol 2, 4, 5, 29, 71, 72, 87, 96, 98, 132
alcohol abuse 1
alcohol, isoproyl 87
Alder 127, 128
Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants 59
Allen, John W. 43
Alles ber Psilos: Handbuch der Zauberpilze 88
Alnus species 128
Alper, Kenneth R. 31
Alpert, Richard 39
Altered States and the Spiritual Awakening 136
Altvater, L.J. 43, 103, 104
Alzheimers disease 132
amantadine 132
Amaringo, Pablo 6, 31
Amazon.com 102
American Association for the Advan. of Science 77
American Visionary Art Museum 1, 3, 4, 6, 7
ammonia 30, 95, 99
amnesia 11, 64
amphetamine 52, 73
AMT 18, 19, 61, 63
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 132
141
Anadenanthera species 21, 22

Anadenanthera colubrina 53, 54, 55, 138
Anadenanthera peregrina 53, 54, 138
analgesic 59, 60, 135
Anderson, Carl M. 31
Androgynoid 101
Anonymous 17, 50, 75
anti-emetic 16
anticholinergic syndrome 11
antidepressant(s) 21, 132
a,O-DMS 19, 20, 21, 61
aphrodisiac 11
Apin Chemicals 26
aporphines 22
Arabeth 7
Arbutus species 128
Architectural Digest 92
Ardagh, Arjuna 101
ARDAGH, CHAMELI 101
Areca catechu 12, 138
areca nut 13, 14
arecaidine 13
arecoline 13, 14
Arjuna 41, 42
Aromazap 32, 33, 36
Arrien, Angeles 101
Artemisia absinthium 138
Ash 128
asthma 10, 83, 96
Atropa belladonna 10
atropine 11, 65
Atta-Ur-Rahman 99, 108
Australian Emu Association 97
Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration 28
Avena sativa 61
Avicenna 11
Axel 116
Axura 132
ayahuasca 6, 24, 29, 35, 39, 43, 44, 55, 66, 67, 70, 101, 102
Ayahuasca SpiritQuest 62
B
B. Green 55
B.C. Marijuana Party (also British Columbia) 137, 138
B.C. Vaporizer 33, 34
B.H., IL 62
B.K. 26, 28
Baca, Joe 38
Bach 94
Back from the Void 89
Bacopa monniera 60
Baggott, M.J. 108
Baker, J. 40
Bandow, Christine 49
Banisteriopsis caapi 48, 54, 67, 138
Barbeau, Anton 31
barbiturate 134
Barlow, Perry John 136
Barnaby, C.J. 43
142
Basement Shaman, The 28, 32, 62

BDB 95
Beal, Dana 29, 31
Bear, S. 15
Beck, Don 31
Bee, J. 9, 12, 13, 40
Beech 128
beer 4, 71, 84
Beifuss, Will 27, 28
belladonna 10
Benjamin, Walter 39
Bennet, S.S.R. 11, 40
Bennett, Chris 101, 137, 138
benzodiazepine 29, 134
benzylpiperazine 50, 51, 52
Berger, Markus 49
Bernhard-Smith, A. 11, 40
betacarbolines 22
betel 9, 12, 13, 53
Betula species 128
Beyerlein, Fred 71
Bhagvad Gita 41, 42
BHT 95, 96, 134
Big Brother 41
Biochemistry of Alkaloids, The 59
Bioperine 134
biotin 72
Birch 127, 128
Bisaga, A. 140
Black Locust 128
Blackmore, Susan 31, 136
Blewett, Duncan 119
Blosser, Bret 117
blotter art 34, 38, 44, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116
Blotter Barn 109, 115
blue lotus 59
Bob 56, 57
Boire, Richard Glen 31, 88
Boje, Renee 101, 138
Booth-Clibborn, Edward 113
Bosch, Hieronymus 103
Bouncing Bear Botanicals 62
Bouso, Jose Carlos 80
Braden, Gregg 31
brain 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 81, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 100
Braun, Michael A. 52
Breaking Open the Head: A Psychedelic Journey 39
British Columbia Marijuana Party (also B.C.) 101
bronchodilator/bronchodilation 10, 11
Brotherhood of Eternal Love, The 112
Brown, Luke 101, 106
Brown, Trevor 38
Browne-Miller, Angela 31
Buchert, R. 78, 108
Buddha/Buddhism/Buddhist 2, 11, 38
bufotenine 53, 54, 55
Bunnell, Sterling 117, 118
Bunnell (Salvia divinorum strain) 118
Burning Man 24, 39, 95, 97
Burroughs, William S. 1, 2, 6
Bush administration 77, 79

Bush, Noelle 30
Bust Book, The 114
butanamines 94
butorphanol 135
butylhydroxytoluene 95
BZP 18, 50, 51, 52
C
C.E.G., ID 61
cactahuasca 59
caffeine 1, 29, 134
Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum) 14
calcium 72, 95, 96
calcium hydroxide 13
calcium oxide 68
calcium sulfate 69
Calea zacatechichi 138
California NORML 74
Callaway, Jace 66, 67, 75
Calliandra augustifolia 66
Calliandra pentandra 66, 67
Cameron, Kyle 119
Campbell, Don 31, 136
cancer 80, 96
Cannabis 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 29, 32, 33, 38, 57, 60, 61,
73, 74, 96, 98, 101, 116, 136, 137, 138
Cannabis sativa 9, 13, 45
Cannapee 27
Caracciolo, Lou 101
Carpinus species 128
Carya species 128
Case, Justin 25, 58
Castanea species 128
Castaneda, Carlos 39
Castanopsis species 128
caterpillar fungus 83
cebl (Anadenanthera colubrina variety) 53, 54, 55
Center for Spirituality and Healing 101
Chang, L. 79, 108
chanoclavine 67
Charpentier, C. 12, 40
Chaste tree 60
Cheap Vaporizer 34
Chemical Resale of Santa Barbara 49
Cheshire Cat (blotter art) 116
CHESS GmbH 51
Chestnut 128
Chinkapin 128
chlorella 72
choline 72
cholinergic agonist 14
Chopin 94
chromium 72
chrysanthemum flower 72
Church of the Divine Sage 35
Clayton, Clydette 70
Cleansing the Doors of Perception 139
Clinical Conference on Cannabis Therapeutics 136
Clinton administration 79
cobalt chloride 68
coca leaf 22, 93
cocaine 18, 29, 73, 92, 111, 134
Cocilovo, Tony 31
codeine 55, 59, 134
coffee 4, 93, 94
coffee filter 69, 99
coffee grinder 64
Cole, Jack A. 102
Combo 52
Comerci, Nelson 29
Companion Plants 62
Conference and Telecast on Iboga and Ibogaine 31
Conference on GHB, First National 31
Conference on Science and Consciousness 31
Confessions of a Dope Dealer 107
Conrad, Chris 29
contact high/contact tripping 57
Controlled Substance Analog 51
Cooper, Jason 38
Cooper, Samuel 11, 40
Cordyceps 83
Cornus species 128
Corporation, The 119
Corral, Valerie 136
Corydalis 22, 59, 60
Corylus species 128
corynantheidaline 28
cottonmouth 16
Cottonwood 127, 128
Craig 28
cranberry juice 134
Cross, Matthew 31
cross-tolerance 19, 20, 61
crotono-GBL 18
Crowley, Aleister 39
CSI 139
Cumes, David 31
curcumin 71, 72
curcurmin 134
Cutch (Acacia catechu) 13
CYP1A1 134
CYP1B1 134
CYP1B2 134
CYP2E1 134
CYP3A4 134
cysteine 72
D
D.H., CA 135
D.M. 43
Dacoit bandits of Phoolan Devi 11
daidzin 72
Dali, Salvador 116
Dancing Condoms (blotter art) 114
dandelion root 71, 72
Darling, Kathryn 31
Datura 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 64, 65
143
Datura ferox 10
Datura metel 10, 11
Datura stramonium 11
Davis, Erik 31, 136
Davis, Wade 9, 11, 40
DEA 18, 19, 30, 32, 51, 52, 66, 75, 77, 81, 104, 109, 114, 135
deadly nightshade 10
death 31, 51, 78, 89, 103
Declaration of Independence 82
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 41
DeKorne, Jim 39, 61
DeLuca, John 31
Demartini, John 31
dementia, vascular 132
desiccants 68
desmethyl-ibogaine 30, 99
devils weed 10
dextromethorphan 134
DHEA 134
diarrhea 49, 73, 92
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMBA) 67
Dioscorides 11
Diplopterys cabrerana 62, 66
DIPT 18
Disney, Walt 113
dissociative 135
distillation, steam 64
Divine Sage 117
dizziness/dizzy 11, 13
DMAE 72
DMBA-spray 67
DMSO 23, 97
DMT 7, 20, 24, 25, 37, 39, 44, 53, 55, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 103
DMT-N-oxide 53
DMT: The Spirit Molecule 37
DNA 64
Doblin, Rick 31, 77, 101, 108, 139, 140
docosahexaenoic acid 72
dogs, drug-sniffing 16
Dogwood 128
dopamine 60, 77, 78
Dossey, Larry 31
Douglas Fir 126, 127, 130, 131
Douglas, Michael 5
Downey, Robert (Jr.) 2
DPT 18, 20, 39, 59
Drachman 14
dream/dreaming 20, 21, 59, 60, 61, 81, 93, 101
Drierite 69
Drink as Much as You Want and Live Longer 71
drug abuse 1, 103
DXM 18
Dyer, Jo Ellen 31
E
E-Bay 32, 38
E-Chemical Supplier 18
e-Kit 72, 73, 96
EastWest Teachings 70
144
Ebotashop 26, 28
Ecstasy 51, 52, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 89, 104
Eden, Donna 31, 136
Edgar, Robin 42, 75
Einstein, Albert 1
EIPT 18
EKG 91
Electric Buddha, The 113
Electric Ladyland Studios 116
elemicin 17
Eleusinian mysteries 140
Eliade, Mircea 39
Elm 128
elymoclavine 67
Emboden, W.A. 9, 10, 40
Emery, Marc 101, 137, 138, 139
emetic 15
emu oil 97
enema 64
entactogen 49, 50
Entheogene Bltter 49
Entheogenesis 137, 138
entities 43, 56
Ephedra major 138
epinephrine 17
Epling, Carl 117, 118
ergine 110
ergoline alkaloids 67
ergometrine 67
ergotamine tartrate 110
Eric 38
Eriodictyon californicum 138
Erlichs reagent 26, 27
Erowid 17, 22, 63, 104, 105, 115, 116
Erowid, Earth 31, 73, 75, 140
Erowid Extracts 69
Erowid, Fire 31, 68, 140
Erythroxylum catuaba 138
Escher, M.C. 103
Eterra 32, 33, 36
Ethnogarden 27
Eucalyptus 127, 128
euphoria/euphoriant 15, 16, 26, 50, 93, 98, 135
EverClear 87
Exodus 52
Explorers Club, The 14
eye, disembodied 41, 42, 43
eye, flying 42, 43
eye of God 42
Eye of Horus 114
Eye of the Pyramid 115
eye, winged 42
eyes, bloodshot 16
eyes, disembodied 41, 43, 44
F
F.B., CA 96, 97
Fagus species 128
Farmer Hank 26, 28
Farrelly, Liz 113

Father of LSD (blotter art) 115
FDA 28, 30, 32, 68, 70, 77, 79, 80, 95, 105, 132
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas 17
Feinstein, David 31
Feinthel, Nancy 101
Fenner, Gary 109
Ferdinand, Roy 2, 3
fever 11, 51, 60
fibromyalgia 2
field of consciousness 57
Filbert 128
First Unitarian Universalist Church & Center 29
Fischer, R. 43, 75
Fiske, Teresa 12
Flashback 38
Fluckiger, F.A. 10, 40
flushing 11
fly agaric 140
Flyer, Tyler D. 120
folic acid 72
Forester 113
Fork 55
foxy methoxy (5-MeO-DIPT) 18
Franzosa, E.S. 114, 140
Fraxinus species 128
Frederick the Great 4
Friedman, Robert 31
Fruin, Tom 3
FungalKEL 88
G
G.N., Hokkaido, Japan 18
GABA 72
Gaia 136
Galactik Trading Card Oracle Complex, The 139
Galerina autumnalis 22
gamma linolenic acid 72
gamma-2C-T-4 105
Gardner, Kay 31
gas chromatography 46
Gas-X 64
Gass, Judith 101
Gass, Robert 101
gastrodiae root 72
Gaynor, Dana 31
GCMS 66
Genest, K. 67
Getty, Adele 136
GHB 52
GHB overdose 31
Giger, H.R. 116
Gijsman, H.J. 80, 108
Gilman, A. 14, 40
Gilmore, John 31
ginger 15, 16
ginkgo biloba extract 73
Giorno, John 112
Glatt, Sara 31
Glennon, R.A. 49, 75

Glick, Stanley 31
God 41, 43
Golden Gate Park 23
Goldsmith, Neal M. 70
Gomez, Danny 38
Good Friday Experiment 140
Good-vision 43
Goodman, L.S. 14, 40
Gorbachev, Mikhail 113
Gorman, Peter 31
Goswami, Amit 31
Gottlieb, A. 17, 40
Gould, Stephen Jay 4
Grateful Dead 115
Grauds, Connie 101
gravel root 72
Gray, Leslie 136
Gray, Spaulding 109
Great Seal of the United States 41
Green Earth 62
Green Gold the Tree of Life 137
Green Rhino Botanicals 61
Grey, Alex 1, 6, 7, 31, 43
Grey, Allyson 7, 31, 106, 107
Grey, Zena Lotus 7
Griffin, Rick 42
Grob, Charles 79
Grof, Stanislav 31, 70, 101, 106, 119
Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms 120
Gruetzmann 59
Gurdjieff, George Ivanovitch 39
Gwar 42
gypsum 69
Gysin, Brion 2
H
Hagelin, John 31
Hagerty, Lorenzo 31
Hagerty, N. 42, 75
Hahn, Robert Rio 9, 14
Half.Com 32
Hallucinogen Rating Scale 37
Hanbury, D. 10, 40
Hangover Formula 72
Hanna, Jon 26, 41, 71, 101, 102, 109, 114, 136, 137
Hansen, H.A. 9, 11, 40
harm reduction 5, 71, 72, 73, 74, 81, 132, 137
harmala alkaloids 63
harmaline 18, 55
Harmalist 94
harmine 18, 48, 67
Harner, Michael 9, 39, 40
Harrison, Kathleen 101
hashish 51
Hattori, Naoto 38, 43
Head Hunter (DEA operation) 32, 104
Healing Visions 29
heavenly blue 64
145
Heffter technique 28
henbane 10
Hendricks, Gay 101
Hendricks, Kathlyn 101
Hendrix, Jimi 116
Hennessy cognac bottle 25
Henson, Mark 31, 106, 107
Herbal-Shaman 28
Hericium (lions mane mushroom) 83
Hernandez, Vic 31
heroin 1, 4, 16, 29, 92, 139
herpes 96
hesperidin 72
Hickory 128
Higgins, Charley 101
high performance thin-layer chromatography 46
High Times 20
Highflyers 113
Hoffer, Abram 111, 112, 119
Hoffmann, Martina 31, 43, 101, 106, 107
Hofmann, Albert 9, 10, 11, 37, 39, 40, 44, 53, 75, 106, 115,
117, 119
Hofmanns Potion 31, 119
hojas de la Pastora 117
Holden, Maura 6
Holotropic Breathwork 101
Homestead Books 32
Hornbeam 128
Horus 10
Howard, Kenny Von Dutch 42
HPLC analysis 27, 66
Hughes, Aidan Brute 38
Hulsik, D.L. 49, 75
Huntingtons disease 132
Huxley, Aldous 39, 82, 139
Huxley, Laura 119
Hydergine 72
hydrogen peroxide 83, 84, 86, 87
hyoscine 11
hyoscyamine 11
Hyoscyamus niger 10
hypertension 11
hyperthermia 49, 51, 81
I
Iboga Therapy House 139
ibogaine 29, 30, 98, 99, 139
idebenone 73
Idid, S.Z. 28, 40
Ilex paraguariensis 138
Inavap vaporizer 36, 102
indoles 22, 67
Indra extract (Tabernanthe iboga) 30, 99
Information Awareness Office 41
inositol 72
Institute of Personality Assessment and Research 117
International Conference on Science and Con 136
Into The Void 89
Ipomoea violacea 138
146
Iravani, M.M. 78, 108

Ironwood 128
Isaacs, Julian 29
Island 82
isoquinolines 22, 59, 60
J
J.B. 27
J.D., IL 67
J.E., AZ 99
J.H., CA 95
Jackson, Aaron 34
jaguar 44, 54
James, Mat 2
Jansen, Karl 28, 40, 42, 43, 75
Jtiva-M, C.D. 117, 140
jaw clenching 95
Jenks, Christopher W. 30, 99
Jennings, Peter 79
Jerome, L. 108
Jimi Hendrix Experience, The 42
Jimson weed 10, 64
Johnson, Awolowo 31
Jones, R.T. 108
Journal of Chromatography 67
Journal of Nuclear Medicine 78
Juglans species 128
jujube dates 59
Jung, Carl 39
K
Kahn, Shabda 136
Kaku, Michio 31
Kali 11
Karpetas, Sandra 139
Kasper, Tom 50, 75
Kastor, Jacaeber 116
Kater, Charles 31
Katha (Acacia catechu) 13
kava kava 13, 134
ketamine 23, 42, 52, 58, 132
ketoprofen 97
kidney 96
Kinderlehrer, Daniel 31
Kish, S.J. 78, 108
Kitzu Botanicals 28
Klarwein, Mati 43
Kleefeld, Carolyn 43
Klodzinska, A. 49, 75
Klver, H. 43, 75
kombucha 83
Kornfield, Jack 70
Kozik, Frank 38
kratom 16, 26, 28, 46, 47, 92, 93
kratom acetate 26, 27
kratom-like 26, 27
Kreig, M. 10, 40
Krippner, Stanley 136
Krishna 41
Krishna-murthy, Uma 31
Kroupa, Patrick 29, 31
kudzu 71, 72
Kunstbar 36
L
L-cysteine 71, 72
L-Dopa 78
L.E.G., NH 66
L.E.R. 61
LaBerge, Stephen 136
Lactuca virosa 138
Lad, Vasant 31
Lancet Neurology 77, 78, 79
Larch 128
Larix species 128
laudanum 4
Laurelia novae-zelandiae 60
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP) 102, 103
Lawson, John 2
Lazyvegan 134
Leary, Timothy 39, 113, 119, 139
LeBeau, Marc 31
lecithin 72
Lee 62
Lees, M.D. 26, 40
Legal Highs 17
Legendary Ethnobotanical Resources 61
Lemberger, L. 20, 40
Lennon, John 113
Leonotus leonorus 138
Leshner, Alan 77, 79
Levin, H.S. 14, 40
Levine, Peter 101
Liebermann, J.A. 80, 108
Life Extension: a Practical Approach 71
Life Services Supplements 95
Lil Shop of Spores 97
lime (CaO) 13, 22, 53
Linnaeus 11
Liquid Crystal Vision 106
Liquidambar species 128
Lithocarpus species 128
Littlefield, Connie 119
liver 17, 59, 72, 96, 98
LM Chemical Trade & Consulting GmbH 51
locoweed 10
Lotsof, Howard 30, 31
LSD (book by Otto Snow) 111
LSD 1, 7, 19, 20, 31, 38, 39, 49, 50, 51, 63, 64, 65, 73, 98,
102, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 140
LSD-like 98
Lucas, Phil 101
Luna, Luis Eduardo 70
Lwydd, Gwyllm 54, 106
Lyttle, Thomas 110
M
mace 17
Machine, The (DMT pipe) 24, 25

MAD Magazine 110
Madrone 128
Magic Mike 114
Magics Soul Food Machine 97
magnesium 72, 95, 96
magnolia bark 72
Magritte, Ren 103
Mahaney, Teri 31
Mahesvara 11
Majere, Delvin 136, 139
Majupuria, T.C. 11, 40
Malaysian National Narcotics Agency 28
Mandragora officinarum 10
mandrake 10
manganese 72
Manufacturing Consent 119
MAOI 54, 67, 132
Maple 128
MAPS (also Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies) 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 115, 119, 140
Marendi 31
marijuana 50, 101
Marmite 84, 86, 87
Marquis reagent 73
marshmallow root 72
Mash, Deborah 29, 30, 31
Materson, Melanie 4
Materson, Ray 3, 4
Mavrides, Paul 113
Max, Peter 116
Maxwell, Suzanne 31
MBDB 18, 95
MBE Tech 18
McAlpines Medium 82, 83
McCann, Una 77, 78, 80, 108
McCloud, Mark 31, 106, 109116
McCloy, John 10, 11, 13, 40
McCluhan, Marshall 113
McClure, Michael 117
McCormick, Carlo 113
McCusker, Anna 70
McKenna, Dennis 26, 28, 101, 136
McKenna, Terence 6, 64, 82, 103, 106, 109
McPherson, Robert 65, 88
mCPP 18
MDA 51, 81
MDMA 18, 38, 39, 43, 49, 5052, 72, 73, 7781, 89, 95, 96
MDMA-like 15, 50, 52, 95
Mechoulam, Raphael 136
Mecke reagent 73
Medicine Eagle, Brooke 101
meditated/meditation 20, 21, 56, 61, 70, 82
melatonin 27, 73
Mellow Gold (new name for bogus kratom extract) 27
memantine 132, 133, 134
memory disturbances 11
Mencken, H.L. 6
Mendes, Mireille 70
Merck KgaA 51
147
mescaline 18, 49, 65, 94

Mesquite 128
MET 18
metabolism 20
methadone 30, 134
methamphetamine 52, 77, 92
methanol 87
methionine 134
Methyl-J 95
methylamine 95
methylone 95, 132
Metropolis 94
Metzner, Ralph 31, 70, 106, 119, 136
Meyer, P. 44, 75
Mickey Mouse 113
Miguez, Joe 101
Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden 118
milk thistle seed extract 71
Millay, Jean 101, 136
Miller, Ralph 70
Mimosa hostilis 38
Mimosa tenuiflora 38, 62, 138
Mind States Highzzz 106, 107, 138
Mind States IV conference 31, 53, 59, 106, 138
Mindell, Arnold 31
mint 72
Miotto, Karen 31
Mishlove, Jeffrey 140
mistletoe 17
Mithoefer, M. 78, 81, 108
Mitragyna speciosa 27, 28, 46, 47, 60, 65
mitragynaline 28
mitragynine 26, 27, 28, 47
mitragynine ethane disulphonate 26, 27
mitragynine picrate 26, 27, 46
mitralactonal 28
mitralactonine 28
mitrasulgyline 28
MJB Botanicals 27, 28
mMPP 18
MoDu 21, 56, 58, 61, 100
Moksha Method 82, 83, 87
Molliver, Mark 30
Molly (TFMPP) 49, 51
Mondo 2000 37
Moody, Raymond 136
Morales, Frank 31
Moran, K. 9, 40
morels 83
Moriarty, Brian 43
morning glory seeds 41, 64
morphine 1, 4, 21, 22, 23, 59, 60, 132
morphogenetic fields 58
Moss, Richard 101
Mothersbaugh, Mark 116
Mothes, K. 59
Mountain Girl 106
MTV 79
mullein 24
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
148
(also MAPS) 77
Munro, Thomas 37, 38
muriatic acid 17
Musgrave, Story 31
Mushroom Cultivator, The 63, 120
Mushroom Motel 122, 125, 126
mushrooms, entheogenic 41
mushrooms, psilocybian 15, 18, 38
mycelium 63, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125,
126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131
mycro-tech 65
Myristica fragrans 16, 17
myristicin 17
N
N-acetyl cysteine 71, 72, 73
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 132
N2O 56
Naasko(w) 31, 136
Nader, Ralph 50
nalexone 60
naltrexone 60
Namenda 132
narcotic 93, 100, 135
Nash, Ogden 5
Nathan 56, 57
National Film Board 119
National Institute on Drug Abuse 77
Native American Church 138, 140
Native Habitat 27, 28, 62
Natural Products Letters 30, 99
Nature 77
Naturwissenschaften 59
nausea/nauseated 15, 22, 49, 63, 98, 112, 135
Nave, Isauro 118
near death 22
Nelumbo nucifera 22
nervous system 11, 72, 98
Neuroguard 73
neuropathy, diabetic 132
neuroprotective 96
Neuropsychopharmacology 80
neurotoxic/neurotoxicity 30, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81
New York Times 77
Newman, Alfred E. 110
Newman, J.H. 140
niacin 53, 72
niacinamide 72
Nichols, David E. 31
Nicotiana 22
Nicotiana allata 59
Nicotiana rustica 138
nicotine 1, 2, 5, 14, 22, 59
nicotine-like 13
NIDA 30, 70, 77, 78, 79
Nils 101
Nisker, Wes 70
nitrous oxide 74
Nixon, Richard M. 16
NMDA 132, 133

Norberg, Sheldon 31, 107
norhyoscyamine 11
noribogaine 30
Nowack, Edmund K. 59
nutmeg 16, 17
nutritional supplements 71
Nymphae caerulea 138
nystagmus 51
O
O.M.U. 62
Oak 128
of the jungle 117
Olchevski, Slava 38
Om-Chi Herbs 22
ONDCP 77
Onyemaechi, Onye 31, 101
Operation X-Out (DEA operation) 52
opiates 29, 55, 60, 61, 66, 73
opium 4, 15, 55, 66, 92
Orloff, Judith 136
Osbourne, Ozzy 90
Osmond, Humphry 119
Oster, G. 43, 75
Ostyra species 128
Ott, Jonathan 17, 41, 55, 66, 75, 98
Otto Snow 111
Owsley, Stanley 111
Oxy (book by Otto Snow) 66
oxycodone 55, 66
P
P.E.S. 62
P.J.T. Botanicals 62
Pachycereus pringlei 59
Pahnke, Walter 140
Palatable (Salvia divinorum strain) 117
Panaeolus cyanescens 88
Panaeolus subbalteatus 82
pantothenic acid 72
Papaver bracteatum 21, 22, 59, 66
Papaver orientale var. bracteatum 66
Papaver somniferum 66, 138
Paradigm Shift 50, 76
Paramycelius, B. 88
paraphernalia 32, 65, 82, 88, 104
Pardo, Frederic 43
Parkinsons disease 77, 78, 80, 132
Partnership for a Drug-Free America 77, 79
Party Pill II 72
Party Pill 71
Patterson, Tom 7
Paullinia cupana 138
Pausinystalia johimbe 138
Paye, Yachaj 65, 66, 82, 88, 120, 140
paynantheine 28
PBS 79
peach leaf 72
Pearson, Durk 71, 72

Peganum harmala 55, 62, 138
pemiclavine 67
Penrose, Roger 136
Perfect Fungi Europe 88
Perry, Wendy 22
Pert, Candace 136
Pesce, Mark 31, 106, 107
Peters, B.H. 14, 40
peyote 6, 15, 35, 39, 102, 138
PF TEK 65, 82, 83, 87, 88
Phalaris arundinacea 138
Pharmacotheon (book by Jonathan Ott) 17, 66
phenethylamines 22, 49, 59
phenytoin 134
Phillips, Bruno 26, 27, 28
Phoenix 7
Photomosaic 110
Physostigma venenosum 14
physostigmine 14
Picraulima nitida 60
Pinchbeck, Daniel 31, 39
pineal gland 7, 64
Pipe Dreams (DEA operation) 32, 104
Piper betle 13
Piper methysticum 13, 138
Piper nigrum 13
piperazines 49, 52
piperine 134
PIPT 18, 20
Plants of the Gods (book by Hofmann and Schultes) 53
Playa Surfer Dave 39
Pluronic Lecithin Organogel 23
pMPP 18
Pogo 1
Polivoy, Silvia 24, 70, 101
Polo, Marco 9
Popik, P. 132, 140
Poplars 127, 128
poppy seeds 59, 66
Populus species 128
Porrata, Trinka 31
Porter, Sharon 31
post-traumatic stress disorder 2, 78
Postman, Stevee 31, 43, 106, 115
Pot-TV.net 116, 138
potassium 72
Practical LSD Manufacture (book by Uncle Fester) 98
Prast, C.J. 28, 40
predatory drugs 52
primordia 121, 127, 130, 131
prohibition 1, 77, 79, 102, 103
Prosopis species 128
Proto Pipe 74
Prozac 67
psi-2C-T-4 105
psilocin 23, 32, 122
Psilocybe 22, 23, 63, 64, 121, 124
Psilocybe azurescens 88, 121
Psilocybe caerulipes 121
149
Psilocybe cubensis 21, 83, 86, 87, 88

Psilocybe cyanescens 23, 121
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa 22, 23, 121
Psilocybe mexicana 86
Psilocybe semilanceata 86, 88
Psilocybe stunzii 121
Psilocybe tampanensis 63, 86
psilocybin 20, 22, 32, 64, 83, 87, 88, 105, 121, 122
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (book by P. Stamets) 121
psilocybin-containing mushrooms 44, 64, 65, 82, 83, 88,
94, 117
Psychedelic Resource List (book by Jon Hanna) 74
Psychedelic Solution 116
psychotherapy 70, 77, 80, 81
Psychotria viridis 47, 62, 66, 67
Psylocybe Fanaticus 32, 65, 82, 88
PTSD 78, 80
Pueraria lobata 72
pukatea 60
pukateine 60
pupils, dialated 50
Pure Land Ethnobotanicals 28
Q
Quality Health 62
quercetin 72
Quercus species 128
R
R-lipoic acid 71, 73
Rabbin, Robert 101
RAD Test 73
Rael, Joseph 31
Ralphsters Spores 97
Ram Dass 119, 136
Ramachandran, V.S. 31, 107
rape 31, 52
Rasmussen, Phil 60
Rtsch, C. 40, 53
raves 19, 51, 104
Ray, Thomas 136
Reagan, Nancy 5
receptors, muscarinic cholinergic 11
receptors, opioid 60, 135
receptors, serotonin 49
Recovery Essentials 71, 72, 73, 95, 96
redgar 83, 84, 85, 86, 87
Reich, Lori Jae 2, 6
Reisfield, Aaron 37
Release the Reality 37
Rendn 55
Reneman, L. 78, 108
Repke, D.B. 55, 76
research chemicals 17, 18, 49, 89, 95, 104, 105
Resinovik, Marco 31
Resonance Project, The 100
Rhus species 128
riboflavin 71, 72
Ricaurte, George 77, 78, 80, 81, 108
150
Richardson, Peter 70
Rick 28
Ripinsky-Naxon, M. 11, 40
Rivers Source Botanicals 62
Roberts, Thomas B. 101
Robinia species 128
Robinson, Trevor 59
Rooney, D.F. 9, 13, 40
Rosas, Debbie 31
Rosenthal, Ed 29
Royal Geographical Society 14
Rubenfeld, Ilana 31
Rubik, Beverly 136
Ruck, Carl 101
Rudgley, R. 13, 40
Russell, Peter 31, 136
Russo, Ethan 101, 136
Ryman, James 38
S
Sacred Succulents 59
Safford, W. 11, 40
saliva 15
Salix species 128
salutaridine 59
Salvia divinorum 24, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, 48, 101, 102,
117, 128, 135, 138
Salvia Divinorum (magazine) 37
Salvia Divinorum Corps 37
salvinorin A 37, 38, 48, 135
salvinorin crystals 18
Samuel, Rev. 38
San Francisco Art Institute 115
San Francisco Ibogaine Forum 29
Sand, Nicholas 31, 107, 109
Santana, Carlos 49, 50
Sazy, Laurent 31
Scanners 90
Sceletium tortuosum 138
Schechter, M.D. 49, 76
schizophrenia 17
Schmoke, Kurt 5
Schoenfeld, Eugene 29
Schultes, R.E. 9, 10, 11, 39, 40, 53
Science 77, 78, 80
Scientist, The 77
sclerotia 63, 86
scopolamine 9, 11, 14, 23, 65
sedation/sedative 11, 59, 92, 93
selenium 72, 73
Semple, D.M. 108
Sensarma, P. 11, 40
Sense of Being Stared At and Other Aspects 58
Sententia, Wrye 31, 107
serotonin 77, 78, 81, 95
serotonin reuptake inhibitor 66
serotonin syndrome 95
Seven, Zoe 24, 31, 70, 89, 101
Sex, Drugs, Violence and the Bible 137
Shaman Australis 26, 27, 28, 40

Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines 55, 66
Shankaran, M. 73, 76
Shanon, Benny 101, 136
Shapiro, Isaac 101
Shaw, Sandy 71, 72
Sheldrake, Rupert 58
Shellard, E.J. 26, 40
Sherman, John 101
Shields (blotter art) 114
shiitake 83, 134
Shiva 9, 11
Shlain, Leonard 101
Shroeterr 59
Shuar 67
Shulgin, Alexander T. 22, 26, 28, 31, 39, 40, 59, 66, 67,
95, 118, 136
Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann 66, 91, 106, 119
Shulgin, Ann 31, 136
Siebert, Daniel 26, 28, 37, 40, 117
Sijay 136
silica gel 68
silver oxide 17
Silvers, Robert 110
silymarin 71, 72
Simon reagent 73
Simple Plant Isoquinolines, The 22, 59
Sinden, James 123
Sirius, R.U. 31, 106
Sisko, Bob 31
Sitaram, N. 14, 40
slippery elm 72
Smith, Huston 136, 139
Smith, Stephen W. 31
Snow, Otto 66, 111
snuff 22, 53, 54, 55
Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness 136
Solaria 32
soma 140
Source Naturals 72
de Souza, Tina 101
Sovatsky, Stuart 136
Sparks, Tav 101
speciociliatine 28
speciogynine 28
sphagnum moss 126, 130, 131
Spitzkegulus, F. 88
spore print(s) 82, 83, 84, 122
spore syringe(s) 32, 65, 82, 83, 88, 97
Spore Trading Post 97
Sprinkle, Annie 136
SSRI 67
Staack, R. F. 49, 76
Stadol NS 135
Stadol 135
Stains on Paper 113
Stamets, Paul 22, 63, 120, 121, 124, 127, 128, 129
Stanhope, Adam 114
Staples, Blaise 101
Stark, Ronnie 112
steel wool 25
stereogram 110
Stevens, Jay 17
Stevens, Jos 101
stimulant/stimulation 15, 17, 50, 93, 112
Stolaroff, Myron 31, 107, 119, 136
Storming Heaven 17
Storz & Bickel 73, 74
Strassman, Rick 37
Stropharia 124, 128
Stropharia rugosoannulata 122
Stuart, R. 29, 99
SubGenius 113
substance abuse treatment 29
Sudberg, Elan M. 45
Sudberg, Sidney 45
sugar 5, 29, 50, 127
sugar, malt 84, 86, 87, 88
Sumac 128
Summer of Love 115
Sundance Channel 119
Sunnyvale Library 22
Swami Dharmjyoti 12, 13, 14
Sweetgum 128
Symmetrel 132
SynChem OHG 51
T
T.F., IL 64
tabernaemontanine 99
Tabernanthe iboga 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 99
tachycardia 11, 49, 51
Takayama, Hitomitsu 26
Talby 16, 98
Tamblyn, Greg 31
Tanoak 128
Tart, Charles 14, 40, 42, 76, 136
Taub, Eric 31
taurine 72
Taxus species 128
Taylor, N. 11, 40
tea 93
techno-shaman 18
tetrahydroharmine 66
tetrahydromitragynine 28
TFMPP 18, 49, 50, 51, 52
Tham Krabok 29
THC 20
Theatrum Botanicum 28
thebaine 21, 22, 59, 66, 135
theophylline 134
theta 64
THH 66, 67
thiamine 71, 72
thin layer chromatography 26, 67
Thirwell, J.G. 38
Thompson and Morgan 66
thorn apple 10
Thugees 11
151
TIHKAL 17, 66, 67, 91

Tiller, William 31
Timberwolf Gardens 18
TMA 98
TMA-2 18
tobacco 2, 4, 10, 13, 21, 22, 29, 33, 55, 59, 72, 73, 92
tolerance 20, 61, 97, 132
toloache 11
Tomaselli, Fred 31, 106
Torbugesic 135
Torbutrol 135
Torres, C.M. 55, 76
Torres, Sebastian 28
Tourettes Syndrome-like 89
Toward a Science of Consciousness 136
Trachelospermum jasminoides 99
Traffic 5
Trametes sanguinea 59
trance 21
transdermal 23, 97
Trichocereus peruvianus 138
trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine 49
Trip 37, 100
Tripatourium 38
tropine 11
Trout, K. 20, 43, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67
tryptamine(s) 49, 59, 61, 63, 135
Tum Krabok 29
tumor 96
Tunneshende, Merilyn 101
turmeric rhizome extract 71
Turnera aphrodisiaca 138
Tuth-Shena, Lady 10
Twain, Mark 18
Visionary Garden, NH 97
Vissell, Barry 101
vitamin(s) 71, 72, 73, 86, 95, 96
Voacanga africana 30, 60, 61, 99
voacangine-7-hydroxyindolenine 99
vobasine 99
Volcano Inhalator 73, 74
Volkow, Nora 77
Vollenweider, F.X. 80, 108, 136
vomit 15, 49, 71, 90, 91, 98
Von Reis, S. 9, 10, 40
UCLA Botanical Garden 118

ueraria flower 72
Ulmus species 128
Uncle Fester 98
Unio do Vegetal 67
Urban Shaman 138
urination 135
Waizmann, Samuel 31
Walker, George R. 59
Walnut 128
War on Drugs 1, 5, 102, 103
Warhol, Andy 115
Warter, Carlos 136
Washington Post, The 115
Wasson and Hofmann (Salvia divinorum strain) 117
Wasson, R.G. 41, 42, 44, 76, 117, 118, 140
Watt, Darcy J. 38
Webb, Craig 31
Wesselman, Hank 101
White, Eric 5
White, William E. 38
Whitehouse, Steve 36
Wilde, Oscar 1
Willow 128
Willy 55
Wilson, Pamela 101
Winfrey, Oprah 79
winged disk 42
Winnie the Pooh 113
Winters, Wallace 31
witchcraft 9, 101
Withania somnifera 60
withdrawal 29, 60
Wogg, P.E. 28, 40
Wolinsky, Stephen 136
Womens Christian Temperance Union 4
Woodring, Jim 103
V.G., NH 61, 65
Valds, Leander 37, 117
Vamana Purana 11
vaporizer 32, 33, 34, 36, 73, 74, 102
Venosa, Robert 31, 101
vermiculite 83
Verordnung (EWG) 49, 76
vertigo 11, 13
Viagra 134
vicodin 60
Vietnam War 5
vinegar 30, 99
vinpocetine 73
Virola 53
yaa baa (methamphetamine) 92

Yahya, R.A. 40
Yasgur, Jay 140
Yew 128
yoga 7, 70
Yoga of Herbs, The 15
yohimbe 27
yopo (Anadenanthera perigrina) 22, 53
152
Z
Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese dates) 22
Zohar, Danah 136
Zvosec, Deborah L. 31
CONTENTS

The Journal of Unauthorized Research
on Visionary Plants and Drugs
Editor: David Aardvark

Technical Editor: K. Trout
Copy Editor: E.V. Love
Contributors
Mark McCloud
Jon Hanna
Daniel J. Siebert
Connie Littlefield
Tyler D. Flyer
Lazyvegan
A.Q., TX
D.H., CA
Jay Yasgur, R.Ph, M.Sc.
The King of Blotter Art: Mark McCloud Speaks
109

117
Documentary Fundraising:
119
Outdoor Mushroom Cultivation: Means and Benefits
120
Network Feedback
132
Memantine Hydrochloride: A Few Words of Caution
132
Enzymes, Metabolism, and Bioavailability
134
Butorphanol
135
Events Calendar
136
Sources
137
Book Review
139
Bibliography
140
Index
141
Disclaimer: Information presented in The Entheogen Review comes from

Design & Layout
Soma Graphics
Address
POB 19820
Sacramento, CA 95819
USA
Web
www.entheogenreview.com
Front Cover
Blotter Collage
by Mark McCloud
Back Cover
Mayan Blotter
by Mark McCloud
many different sources and represents the opinions and beliefs of a highly diverse
group of individuals. The Entheogen Reviews editors assume no responsibility for
the accuracy of any claims or representations presented in the text, illustrations, or
advertisements of this journal, nor do they encourage illegal activities of any type.
Manufacture, possession, or sale of a controlled substance is a crime that can result
in a lengthy prison term and significant fines.
Statement of Purpose: This journal is a clearinghouse for current data

about the use of visionary plants and drugs. Think of it as a community of subscribers seeking and sharing information on the cultivation, extraction, and ritual use of
entheogens. All communications are kept in strictest confidencepublished
material is identified by the authors initials and state of residence (pseudonym or
name printed on request only). The mailing list (kept encrypted) is not for sale,
rent, or loan to anyone for any reason.
Submissions: Your input is what keeps this journal alive. Dont hesitate to
share your experiences, inspirations, and questions. Confidentiality respected; after transcription, all correspondence is shredded and recycled or incinerated. Although we may edit for brevity or clarity, keep those fascinating letters coming in!
Subscriptions: $25.00 (USA), $35.00 (foreign) for one year (four issues). Cash,
check or money order made out to The Entheogen Review should be sent to The Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819. Please notify us if your address
changes.
ETHNOGARDEN
BOTANICALS
Offering you rare and sacred plants,
herbs, seeds, and extracts
from around the globe!
Tabernanthe iboga products
Lophophora williamsii cacti
Sceletium tortuosum
Ayahuasca herbs
Resin Extracts
Dry extracts
Erythroxylum novogranatense seeds
and many other rare and hard to find plants.
Payment accepted includes
VISA, MasterCard, American Express, and money order by mail.
Wholesale inquiries welcome and encouraged.
Please call for catalog: (705) 735-0540.
Sources also welcome to contact us offering supply.
ETHNOGARDEN BOTANICALS
POB 27048
Barrie, ON L4M-6K4
CANADA
ethnogarden@sympatico.ca
Back-issues: A limited supply of back-issues of The Entheogen Review are

available. See www.entheogenreview.com for descriptions and prices.
Copyright 20032004 by The Entheogen Review. Nothing in this journal may be reproduced
in any manner, either in whole or in part, without written permission of the editors. All rights
reserved. All advertising and advertised products void where prohibited.
http://ethnogarden.com
THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW

The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs
Volume XII, Number 4
Winter Solstice 2003
ISSN 1066-1913

24) W03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

24) W03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW

The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs

Volume XII, Number 4

Winter Solstice 2003

The Entheogen Review

Editor: David Aardvark

The King of Blotter Art: Mark McCloud Speaks

The History of the First Salvia divinorum Plants

Outdoor Mushroom Cultivation: Means and Benefits

Memantine Hydrochloride: A Few Words of Caution

Enzymes, Metabolism, and Bioavailability

Disclaimer: Information presented in The Entheogen Review comes from

Statement of Purpose: This journal is a clearinghouse for current data

Back-issues: A limited supply of back-issues of The Entheogen Review are

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

TIHKAL 17, 66, 67, 91

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

UCLA Botanical Garden 118

yaa baa (methamphetamine) 92

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

The King of Blotter Art:

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

Jon: The other computer software that might be exploited

ALSO COME TO INTERHANF! SEPTEMBER 1012, 2004

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

just dont comprehend what they are saying, because if I take

Mark: The time it takes to come on to the effects from the

Jon: So perhaps the stage that it is in is causing some

Jon: So if you take a golden oldie on one day, and enough

Mark: That may be possible, and that could also be why

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

Hoffer said: At 75 mcg some subjects react with a strong

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

Jon: Was it maybe a different chemical altogether?

Jon: And thats never been reported as having been found,

Jon: [laughs] So it wasnt necessarily a change for the good?

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

the body. I bet they let him walk.

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

Mark: Sure, thats my dream book, which I am still working

My copyright attorney tells me that there is a realm of found

Jon: It seems as though, from an art historical perspective,

Mark: But thats not my focus. Im trying to get it out there

Jon: Are you aware of artists whose singular contribution

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

Jon: You have another book project, however,

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003

Jon: What year did you start collecting?

THE ENTHEOGEN REVIEW, POB 19820, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819-0820, USA

VOLUME XII, NUMBER 4

WINTER SOLSTICE 2003