Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Michael Graetzel
Full Professor,
Director of the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Switzerland
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Nomination of Michael Gratzel for the 2012 AIbert Einstein World Award of Science.
page 2
assume both functions simultaneously, imposing stringent demands on purity and entailing high
materials and production cost. By contrast, in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar celis (DSC) a
sensitizer absorbs sunlight, generating electric charges that are transported separately through
electron and hole conducting interpenetrating networks. This opens up a whole reaim of new
opportunities for realizing low cost photovoltaic devices such as electric power generating windows.
The DSC has made phenomenal progress since Prof. GritzePs first report in the scientific journal
Nature in 1991 (B. ORegan and M. Gritzel, Nature 1991, 335, 737). Over the last 15 years,
conversion efficiencies have reached 12.5 % and excellent stability has been attained, rendering the
DSC a credible alternative to conventional p-n junction photovoltaic converters. For tandem devices,
(i.e., DSC coupled to thin film solid-state PV ceils), efficiencies exceeding 16 % have been
achieved. The industrial development of the solar ceil is advancing rapidly. Several companies are
currently producing modules and flexible ceils on a pilot scale, and the commercial manufacturing of
the DSC has recently been announced. On the basis of cost, efficiency, stability and availability, as
well as environmental compatibility, the DSC has become a viable contender for large-scale future
solar energy conversion systems.
Developing the understanding of the processes taking place in molecular photovoltaic devices has
resulted in the development of a very broad area of science, with DSC providing a key test bed for
many new scientific areas, such as interfacial electron transfer dynamics, interfacing molecules and
electrodes, charge transport in nanostructured materials, materials and dye synthesis, etc. It is a
classic example of a nanosystem developed even before the word nano became popular. The
nanocrystalline semiconductor junctions developed first for dye sensitized solar ceils have thus
found a reaim of other applications ranging from electrochromic and electroluminescent displays to
high power lithium insertion batteries.
The impact of Professor Gritze1s work on the scientific literature and the orientation of research on
a global scale is considerable. Michael Gratzel appears amongst the most cited scientists in
chemistry and material sciences. In 2005, the Scientific American magazine selected him as one of
the 50 prominent scientists in the world. During the last international congress devoted to the
photochemical conversion of solar energy, more than two thirds of several hundreds of scientific
contributions were actually related to dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (Grtzel celis). As
from last year, the 7th European research framework has devoted an entire part of its Energy
theme precisely to this type of photovoltaic celis (Energy.2007.2. 1.2). Several university institutes,
national research centers and private companies, specifically dedicated to the research and
development on Gritze1 celis, were created these last years. In addition, many laboratories in
physics, in chemistry and photonics in the world have reoriented their research to study the
fundamental processes occurring in the systems invented in Lausanne.
A tremendous increase of the world-wide energy consumption and fading resources of fossil energy
drives the research for alternative energy sources and conversion pathways. Dye-sensitized
nanocrystaline solar celis (DSC) are presently believed to be cheap, sustainable, yet very efficient
alternatives to silicon and thin-fiim photovoltaics, whose energy pay-back time may exceed several
page 3
years. Chemistry for energy is currently one the most important research topics for the future of our
developed society and for the mankind on a global scale.
The great originality of Professor Michael Grtze1s scientific work and the profound positive impact
that his innovative ideas and discoveries had on fundamental and applied chemical research in this
field naturally designate this eminent scientist as a candidate of value for the 2012 Albert Einstein
World Award of Science. I thank you in advance for giving my nomination of Prof. Gratzel your
most serious consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Thomas Rizzo
Professor and Dean,
School of Basic Sciences, EPFL
Vo
Figure 1. Citation record for publications of Michael Grtzel according to ISI-Web of Science as of
November 6, 2011. The yearly citations of his publications are plotted against time. The total number of
citations has reached 82661 and his h-index is currently 133.
9. Scientific Accomplishments and Leadership Profile
Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne, Michael Grtzel directs there the laboratory of photonics
and interfaces. He pioneered studies of electron and energy transfer reactions in mesoscopic systems, a field
where he has an outstanding track record and has maintained leadership on the global scale through several
decades. His ground breaking investigations have opened up entirely new research fronts providing the basis
for a whole set of important fundamental scientific discoveries. They have also revolutionized the field of
solar production of fuels as well as the solar generation and the storage of electricity. Grtzel is the inventor
of mesoscopic injection solar cell and was the first to introduce nanostructured electrodes for the photogeneration of hydrogen by solar photolysis of water and in lithium ion batteries. His over 900 publications
have earned him an outstanding reputation and widespread international recognition. Today, with 820661
citations and an h-index of 133, he is one of the 10 most highly cited chemists in the world.
Grtzels infatuation with the mesoscopic dimension started early on in his carrier when he was a postdoctoral
fellow at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana USA. Investigating photo-induced energy and electron
transfer reactions in micellar systems, he discovered the unique quenching kinetics of solubilized
fluorophores and used the local electrostatic field present at the micellar surface to control the dynamics of
photo induced electron transfer reactions.
Attracted by the unique properties of finely divided photoactive inorganic materials and envisaging that these
small particles could be used in solar energy conversion, he was the first to produce nanocrystalline
semiconductors and to study light induced charge carrier reactions in these systems by time resolved laser
photolysis. He also discovered that metal oxide nanoparticles, such as RuO2 and IrO2 act as very effective
redox catalysts promoting the oxidation of water to oxygen in analogy to the water splitting enzyme in photosystem II of green plants. One of his key findings during this period was that tiny wide band gap
semiconductor oxide particles, such as colloidal TiO2, can be very effectively sensitized to visible light by
covering them with a monolayer of a ruthenium dye endowed with carboxylate anchoring groups. Performing
time resolved laser photolysis studies, he noticed that the rate of photo-induced electron injection from the
excited state of the sensitizer into the conduction band of the oxide nanoparticle was found to be many orders
of magnitude faster than the dark back reaction, i.e. the recapture of the electron by the oxidized dye. This
later turned out to be of crucial importance for his success in developing mesoscopic solar cells.
His fundamental studies laid also the ground for the development of semiconductor quantum dots showing
size quantization effects in their absorption and emission properties. Research in this field was soon booming
and continues to attract enormous attention by scientists from physics, chemistry and material science alike.
Realizing the potential of his findings for solar energy conversion Grtzel was the first to conceive solar cells
based on mesoscopic semiconductor films. The results of this research were announced first in two
publications that appeared in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1985 and 1988 and in a
landmark paper in Nature in year 1991. According to the SI Web of Science index from June 25, 2011, this
paper has been cited 7336 times since then, the number of citations growing every year reaching the number
of 1129 in 2010 alone. The enormous attention that has been paid to this discovery is explained by the fact
that the solar cell described in the Nature paper presented an entirely new paradigm in photovoltaic
technology. In the mesoscopic solar cells the electron and hole conducting material form an interpenetrating
network in contrast to conventional p-n solar cells, which employ flat junctions. These cells are presently
being investigated worldwide by a very large number of scientists. The prototype of this new photovoltaic
family is the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), named "Grtzel cell" after its inventor, which employs dye
molecules or semiconductor quantum dots to sensitize a nanocrystalline wide band gap semiconductor film.
His revolutionary approach has allowed for the first time to reach very high efficiencies in a photovoltaic
conversion process that separates solar light harvesting and charge carrier transport. It is the only photovoltaic
cell that uses a molecular sensitizer to absorb light and generate charge carriers. In this fashion it is the first
system that mimics successfully the process that the green plants and algae use in natural photosynthesis.
Through his highly innovative and painstaking research Professor Grtzel has maintained a leading position in
the domain of mesoscopic solar cells since the inception of the new solar cells. His group conceived and
molecularly engineered transition metal sensitizers showing panchromatic light absorption and very high
quantum yields of charge carrier generation. Performing in depth kinetic studies, he discovered that the
electron injection from the excited sensitizer into the conduction band of titanium dioxide occurs on a
femtosecond time scale, involving often vibrationally hot states, while the electron back reaction takes place
at a much slower rate. He also found that rapid cross-surface charge transport can occur within the self assembled mono-layers of surface adsorbed dye molecules. These striking findings have stimulated extensive
theoretical and experimental investigations of such ultra-fast interfacial electron transfer reactions. Using
timer esolved DFT theory, Grtzel and colleagues have performed theoretical studies to provide a rationale
for the unique light absorption and ultra-fast charge separation features of the sensitizer molecules. Due to
their excellent stability and unmatched performance these ruthenium complexes remain the state of the art
sensitizers in todays mesoscopic injection solar cells. Meanwhile Grtzels group continues to develop new
organic dyes that show near infrared response enhancing the efficiency of power generation from sunlight by
these molecular photovoltaic systems. In a paper published recently in Science (see reference 10 below) his
group in collaboration with 2 Taiwanese laboratories described a breakthrough in this field by the molecular
engineering of new green porphyrin sensitizer substituted by an electron donor and acceptor group that
achieves power conversion efficiencies of 12.4 percent when used in conjunction with Co(bipy)3 - complex as
redox mediator.
Grtzel also pioneered the use of organic hole conductors and ionic liquids to replace the redox electrolytes in
the DSSC which were initially based on volatile solvents. His publications on the solid state hole conductor
cell (Nature 1998) and a fundamental paper on new hydrophobic ionic liquids displaying low viscosity
(Inorganic Chemistry 1996) have been cited 1400 and 2298 times respectively, revealing the large impact of
this work. The new hydrophobic low viscosity ionic liquids that his team discovered have found widespread
applications and are produced commercially. Further substantial advances in performance were achieved
recently by introducing eutectic mixtures of imidazolium salts as redox active ionic liquids (see reference 9
below). The breakthroughs made by his team in this area have dramatically increased the stability of the dye
sensitized solar cells under prolonged light soaking or heat stress, fostering their practical development for
outside use.
During his fundamental studies of charge transfer reactions in mesoscopic systems, Grtzel discovered that a
rapid cross surface charge transport can take place in self assembled monomolecular layers of redox active
molecules which are adsorbed at the surface of electrically insulating materials. This intriguing surface
conduction process which occurs by charge percolation via hopping between adjacent electro-active
molecules within the monolayer has meanwhile been exploited for molecular wiring of insulator nanocrystals
and redox targeting of lithium ion battery cathode materials having very low electronic conductivity.
His ground braking work on nanocrystalline junctions prompted important new discoveries in areas well
beyond the solar cell field. Thus, Grtzel was the first to employ mesoscopic materials in rechargeable
batteries which lead to the realization of high power lithium ion batteries based on cathode compounds such
as LiMnPO4. The work on these films was extended to electrochromic and electroluminescent displays as
well as biosensors. Last not least, Grtzel has made ground-breaking discoveries in the field of solar
production of hydrogen. His recent work on water photolysis using mesocopic iron oxide films sets a new
benchmark in this important field of fuel generation from sunlight.
The practical impact of his solar cell inventions is illustrated by the recent launch of the commercial
production of his solar cells by several industrial corporations. In particular the company G24Innovation
(www.G24I.com) in Cardiff, Wales (UK) has started on October 12, 2009 commercial shipment of mass
produced flexible modules of dye sensitized solar cells based on Professor Grtzels invention. The yearly
production capacity of this plant is up to 120 Megawatt.
Grtzel was fortunate to be assisted in his efforts by many excellent coworkers. He supervised more than 50
graduate students. His former students and postdocs have undertaken meanwhile successful careers in
academia and industry or government laboratories. He is proud of their accomplishments many having
continued their research in the solar cell area and have themselves created very active and highly respected
research teams. Grtzel is particularly keen to disseminate his experience and knowledge to the younger
generation, e.g. by teaching university high school students how to make their own DSSC using natural dyes
extracted from berries. His former coworker Greg Smestad offers educational kits for the public (
www.solideas.com ), which have stimulated wide-spread interest.
10. Civil Status: Swiss Citizen, married to Dr. Carole C. Graetzel (Clark), 3 children: Chauncey, Amie-Lynn
and Liliane. Hobbies: Classical music (piano), hiking and skiing.
11. Selected List of 10 publications
1)
B. ORegan and M. Grtzel A Low Cost, High Efficiency Solar Cell based on tbe Sensitization of
Colloidal Titanium Dioxide "
Nature, 1991, 353, 7377. (7336 citations)
2)
3)
4)
U.Bach, D.Lupo, P.Comte, J.E.Moser, F.Weissrtel, J.Salbeck, H.Spreitzert and M.Grtzel, Solidstate dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion
efficiencies.
Nature 1998, 395, 550.
5]
6)
7)
P. Wang, S.M. Zakeeruddin, J.-E. Moser, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, T. Sekiguchi and M. Grtzel "A
stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with an amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer and
polymer gel electrolyte"
Nature Materials 2003, 2, 402.
The last paper was highlighted in an article by R. F.Service that appeared in Science entitled Solar
Cells, Beating the Heat Help Panels See the Light
Science, 2003, 300, 1219.
8)
Y. Bai, Y. Cao, J. Zhang, M. Wang, R. Li, P. Wang, S.M. Zakeeruddin and M.Grtzel
"High-performance dye-sensitized solar cells based on solvent-free electrolytes produced from
eutectic melts"
Nature Materials, 2008, 7, 626-630 .
9)
10)
A.Yella, H.-W. Lee, H. N. Tsao,1 C. Yi, A.Kumar Chandiran,Md.K. Nazeeruddin,1 E. W-G Diau,
C.-Y Yeh,2 S. M. Zakeeruddin and M. Grtzel Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency Based
Redox - Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III), Science 2011, 334, 629 634.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Prof. Michael Grtzel
821)
A. Yella, H.-W. Lee, H.N. Tsao, C. Yi. A.K. Chandiran, Md.K. Nazeeruddin,
E.W.-G. Diau, C.-Y. Yeh, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)-Based Redox Electrolyte
Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency"
SCIENCE 334, 629-634 (2011)
820)
819)
D.H. Lee, J.L. Lee, H.M. Song, B.J. Song, K.D. Seo, M. Pastore, C. Anselmi, S.
Fantacci, F. De Angelis, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel, J.K. Kim
"Organic dyes incorporating low-band-gap chromophores based on piextended benzothiadiazole for dye-sensitized solar cells"
Dyes and Pigments 91, 192-198 (2011)
818)
C.-Y. Chen, N. Pootrakulchote, T.-H. Hung, C.-J. Tan, H.-H. Tsai, S.M.
Zakeeruddin, C.-G. Wu, M. Graetzel
"Ruthenium Sensitizer with Thienothiophene-Linked Carbazole Antennas in
Conjunction with Liquid Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, 20043-20050 (2011)
817)
M. Graetzel
"Future Development of Technology in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
Electrochemistry 79, 10, 760 (2011)
816)
815)
M. Barroso, A.J. Cowan, S.R. Pendlebury, M. Graetzel, D.R. Klug, J.R. Durrant
"The Role of Cobalt Phosphate in Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of
alpha-Fe(2)O(3) toward Water Oxidation"
Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, 38, 14868-14871 (2011)
814)
813)
K.D. Seo, H.M. Song, M.J. Lee, M. Pastore, C. Anselmi, F. De Angelis, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel,
"Coumarin dyes containing low-band-gap chromophores for dye-sensitised
solar cells"
Dyes and Pigments 90, 3, 304-310 (2011)
812)
811)
810)
M. Graetzel
"Molecular photovoltaics mimic photosynthesis"
European Physics Journal with Biophysics Letters 40, 1, 37-37 (2011)
809)
808)
D.A,R, Barkhouse, R. Debnath, I.J. Kramer, D. Zhitomirsky, A.G. PattantyusAbraham, L. Levina, L. Etgar, M. Graetzel, E.H. Sargent
"Depleted Bulk Heterojunction Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics"
Advanced Materials 23, 28, 3134 (2011)
807)
806)
805)
"Cathodic shift in onset potential of solar oxygen evolution on hematite by 13group oxide overlayers"
Energy & Environmental Science 4, 7, 2512-2515 (2011)
804)
803)
802)
801)
800)
D.B. Kuang, P. Comte, S.M. Zakeeruddin, D.P. Hagberg, K.M. Karlsson, L.C.
Sun, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel
"Stable dye-sensitized solar cells based on organic chromophores and ionic
liquid electrolyte"
Solar Energy 85, 6, 1189-1194 (2011)
799)
S. Ito, I.M. Dharmadasa, G.J. Tolan, J.S. Roberts, G. Hill, H. Miura, J.-H. Yum,
P. Pechy, P. Liska, P. Comte, M. Graetzel
"High-voltage (1.8 V) tandem solar cell system using a GaAs/Al(X)Ga((1X))As graded solar cell and dye-sensitised solar cells with organic dyes having
different absorption spectra"
Solar Energy 85, 6, SI, 1220-1225
798)
797)
796)
H.N. Tsao, C. Yi, T. Moehl, J.-H. Yum, S.M. Zakeeruddin, Md.K. Nazeeruddin,
M. Grtzel
794)
793)
792)
791)
790)
789)
788)
787)
786)
785)
K.D. Seo, H.M. Song, M.J. Lee, M. Pastore, C. Anselmi, F. De Angelis, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel, H.K. Kim
"Coumarin dyes containing low-band-gap chromophores for dye-sensitized
solar cells"
Dyes and Pigments 90, 304-310 (2011)
784)
G.D. Barber, P.G. Hoertz, S.-H. Anna Lee, N.M. Abrams, J. Mikulca, T.E.
Mallouk, P. Liska, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel, A. Ho-Baillie, M.A. Green
"Utilization of Direct and Diffuse Sunlight in a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Silicon Photovoltaic Hybrid Concentrator System"
J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 581-585, (2011)
783)
782)
781)
780)
J.-H. Yum, B.E. Hardin, E.T. Hoke, E. Baranoff, S.M. Zakeeruddin, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin, T. Torres, M.D. McGehee, M. Grtzel
"Incorporation Multiple Energy Relay Dyes in Liquid Dye-Sensitized Solar
Cells"
ChemPhysChem 12, 657-661 (2011)
779)
778)
777)
776)
775)
774)
773)
772)
771)
770)
769)
H.J. Lee, H.C. Leventis, S.A. Haque, T. Torres, M. Grtzel, Md.K. Nazeeruddin
"Panchromatic response composed of hybrid visible-light absorbing polymers
and near-IR absorbing dyes for nanocrystalline TiO2-based solid-state solar
cells"
Journal of Power Sources 196, 596-599 (2011)
768)
766)
765)
H.J. Lee, D.W. Chang, S.M. Park, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin
"CdSequantum dot (QD) and molecular dye hybrid sensitizers for TiO2
mesoporous solar cells: working together with a common hole carrier of
cobalt complexes"
Chem. Commun. 46, 8788-8790 (2010)
764)
763)
762)
H.J. Lee, D.W. Chang, S.-M. Park, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin
"CdSe quantum dot (QD) and molecular dye hybrid sensitizers for TiO2
mesoporous solar cells: working together with a common hole carrier of
cobald complexes"
Chem.Commun. 46, 8788-8790 (2010)
761)
760)
759)
758)
757)
756)
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754)
753)
752)
751)
750)
749)
748)
B.E. Hardin, J.-H. Yum, E.T. Hoke, Y.C. Jun, P. Pchy, T. Torres, M.L.
Brongersma, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel, M.D. McGehee
"High Excitation Transfer Efficiency from Energy Relay Dyes in DyeSensitized Solar Cells"
Nano Lett. 10, 3077-3083 (2010)
747)
746)
745)
744)
743)
J.A. Chang, J.H. Rhee, S.H. Im, Y.H. Lee, H.-J. Kim, S.I. Seok, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel
"High-Performance Nanostructured Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar
Cells"
Nano Lett. 10, 2609-2612 (2010)
742)
741)
739)
M. Wang, S.-J. Moon, D. Zhou, F. Le Formal, N.-L. Cevey-Ha, R. HumphryBaker, C. Grtzel, P. Wang, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"Enhanced-Light-Harvesting Amphiphilic Ruthenium Dye for Efficent SolidState Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 1821-1826 (2010)
738)
737)
736)
735)
734)
733)
K. Kalyanasundaram, M. Graetzel
"Artificial photosynthesis: biomimetic approaches to solar energy conversion
and storage"
Current Opinion in Biotechnology 21, 298-310 (2010)
732)
731)
730)
729)
728)
727)
726)
725)
724)
723)
722)
Oligothiophenes"
Chem. Mater 22, 1836-1845 (2010)
721)
720)
H. Choi, I. Raabe, D. Kim, F. Teocoli, C. Kim, K. Song, J.-H. Yum, J. Ko, Md.K.
Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"High Molar Extinction Coefficient Organic Sensitizers for Efficient DyeSensitized Solar Cells"
Chem. Eur. J. 16, 1193-1201 (2010)
719)
718)
717)
716)
715)
714)
713)
712)
711)
710)
709)
J.-H. Yum, B.E. Hardin, S.-J. Moon, E. Baranoff, F. Nesch, M.D. McGehee, M.
Grtzel, Md.K. Nazeeruddin
"Panchromatic Response in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Containing
Phosphorescent Energy Relay Dyes"
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 9277-9280 (2009)
708)
C.-Y. Chen, N. Pootrakulchote, S.-J. Wu, M. Wang, J.-Y. Li, J.-H. Tsai. C.-G.
Wu, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"New Ruthenium Sensitizer with Carbazole Antennas for Efficient and Stable
Thin-Film Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 20752-20757 (2009)
707)
706)
705)
Michael Grtzel
"Recent Advances in Sensitized Mesoscopic Solar Cells"
Accounts of Chemical Research Vol. 42, No. 11, 1788-1798 (2009)
704)
"CoS Supersedes Pt as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Triiodide Reduction in DyeSensitized Solar Cells"
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (15976-15977) (2009)
703)
C.-Y. Chen, M. Wang, J.-Y. Li, N. Pootrakulchote, L. Alibabaei, N.-L. Ceveyha, J.-D. Decoppet, J.-H. Tsai, C. Grtzel, C.-G. Wu, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M.
Grtzel
"Highly Efficient Light-Harvesting Ruthenium Sensitizer for Thin-Film DyeSensitized Solar Cells"
ACS-Nano 3, 10, 3103-3109 (2009)
702)
701)
700)
699)
698)
697)
696)
R. Janssen, M. Grtzel
"Themed issue: solar cells"
J. Mater. Chem. 19, 5276-5278 (2009)
695)
694)
I.-K. Ding, N. Ttreault, J. Brillet, B.E. Hardin, E.H. Smith, S.J. Rosenthal, F.
Sauvage, M. Grtzel, M.D. McGehee
692)
N.S. Baek, J.-H. Yum, X. Zhang, K.K. Hwan, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel
"Functionalized alkyne bridged dendron based chromophores for dyesensitized solar cell applications"
Energy Environ. Sci. 2, 1082 (2009)
691)
690)
689)
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687)
686)
F. Silvestri, M. Garcia-Iglesias, J.-H. Yum, P. Vazquez, M. Victoria MartinezDiaz, M. Graetzel, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, T. Torres
"Carboxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene- and carboxy-2, 6-naphthylene-vinylene
unsymmetrical substituted zinc phthalocyanines for dye-sensitized solar cells"
J. of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 13(3), 369-375 (2009)
685)
683)
682)
681)
680)
B. Hardin, E.T. Hoke, P.B. Armstrong, J.-H. Yum, P. Comte, T. Torres, J.M.J.
Frechet, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M Graetzel, M.D. McGehee
"Increased light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with energy relay
dyes"
Nature Photonics 3(7), 406-411 (2009)
677)
676)
675)
H. Choi, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, G. Gao, H.S. Kang, M.-S. Kang, Md.K. Nazeeruddin,
M. Graetzel
"An Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with an Organic Sensitizer
Encapsulated in a Cyclodextrin Cavity"
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 48(32) 5938-5941 (2009)
674)
H.J. Lee, H.C. Leventis, S.-J. Moon, P. Chen, S. Ito, S.A. Haque, T. Torres, F.
Nueesch, T. Geiger, S.M. Zakeeruddin, M. Graetzel, Md.K. Nazeeruddin
PbS and CdS Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solid-State Solar Cells:
"Old Concepts, New Results".
Adv. Funct. Materials 19(17), 2735-2742 (2009)
673)
672)
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670)
669)
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H.J. Lee, P. Chen, S.-J. Moon, F. Sauvage, K. Sivula, T. Bessho, D.R. Gamelin,
P. Comte, S.M. Zakeeruddin, S. I. Seok, M. Grtzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin
"Regenerative PbS and CdS Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells with a Cobalt
Complex as Hole Mediator"
Langmuir 25 (13) 7602-7608 (2009)
657)
J-H. Yum, D.P. Hagberg, S-J. Moon, K.M. Karlsson, T. Marinado, L. Sun, A.
Hagfeldt, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
A Light-Resistant Organic Sensitizer for Solar-Cell Applications
Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 1576-1580 (2009)
656)
655)
654)
653)
652)
651)
S-R. Jang, J-H. Yum, C. Klein, K-J. Kim, P. Wagner, D. Officer, M. Grtzel,
Md.K. Nazeeruddin
High Molar Extinction Coefficient Ruthenium Sensitizers for Thin Film DyeSensitized Solar Cells
J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 1998-2003 (2009)
650)
649)
C. Baik, D. Kim, M-S. Kang, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
Organic dyes with a novel anchoring group for dye-sensitized solar cell
applications
J. of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 201, 168-174 (2009)
648)
647)
646)
645)
644)
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637)
H. Choi, C. Baik, S. Kim, M-S. Kang. X. Xu, H.S. Kang, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, Md. K.
Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
Molecular engineering of hybrid sensitizers incorporating an organic
antenna into ruthenium complex and their application in solar cells
New J. Chem. 32, 2233-2237 (2008)
636)
635)
634)
633)
632)
631)
630)
H. Choi, S. Kim, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, M-S. Kang, J.N. Clifford, A. Forneli, E.
Palomares, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
Stepwise Cosensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films Utilizing AI2O3
Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 8259-8263 (2008)
629)
628)
627)
626)
625)
624)
623)
622)
621)
620)
"Application of Highly Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in Flexible DyeSensitized Solar Cells"
ACS-Nano 2, No. 6, 1113-1116 (2008)
619)
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617)
616)
M. Graetzel
"Transition Metal Complexes as Sensitizers for Efficient Mesoscopic Solar
Cells"
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Coord. Chem. 51, 3-12 (2008)
615)
614)
613)
612)
611)
J.-H. Yum, S.-R. Jang, R. Humphry-Baker, M. Grtzel, J.-J. Cid, T. Torres, Md.
K. Nazeeruddin
Performance
of
Zinc
610)
609)
608)
607)
H. Choi, C. Baik, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, M.-S. Kang, M.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Graetzel
"Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Sensitizers for Solvent Free
Electrolyte Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells""
Angewandte Chemie, 47, 327-330 (2008)
"
606)
605)
604)
"
603)
"
602)
601)
600)
599)
598)
J.-H. Yum, S.-R. Jang, P. Walter, T. Geiger, F. Nesch, S. Kim, J. Ko, M. Grtzel,
Md. K. Nazeeeruddin
"Efficient co-sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by organic sensitizers"
Chem. Commun. 4680-4682 (2007)
597)
596)
595)
594)
593)
592)
591)
590)
by
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588)
587)
L. Giribabu, Ch.V. Kumar, V.G. Reddy, P.Y. Reddy, Ch.S. Rao, S.-R. Jang, J.-H.
Yum, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"Unsymmetrical alkoxy zinc phthalocyanine for sensitization of
nanocrystalline TiO2 films"
Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 91, 1611-1617 (2007)
586)
585)
584)
W.M. Campbell, K.W. Jolley, P. Wagner, K. Wagner, P.J. Walsh, K.C. Gordon,
L. Schmidt-Mende, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Q. Wang, M. Graetzel, D.L. Officer
"Highly efficient Porhpyrin Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
J. of Phys. Chem. C 111 (32), 11760-11762 (2007)
583)
582)
M. Grtzel
"Photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy"
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 365, 993-2005 (2007)
581)
J. Holly Poplin, R.P. Swatloski, J.D. Holbrey, S.K. Spear, A. Metlen, M. Grtzel,
Md. K. Nazeeruddin, R.D. Rogers
"Sensor technologies based on a cellulose supported platform"
Chem. Commun. 2025-2027 (2007)
580)
579)
578)
577)
576)
575)
J.M. Kroon, N.J. Bakker, H.J.P. Smit, P. Liska, K.R. Thampi, P. Wang, S.M.
Zakeeruddin, M. Grtzel, A. Hinsch, S. Hore, U. Wrfel, R. Sastrawan, J.R.
Durrant, E. Palomares, H. Pettersson, T. Gruszecki, J. Walter, K. Skupien, G.E.
Tulloch
"Nanocrystalline Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Having Maximum Performance"
Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 15, 1-18 (2007)
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569)
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567)
566)
S. Kim, J.K. Lee, S.O. Kang, J. Ko, J.-H. Yum, S. Fantacci, F. De Angelis, D. Di
Censo, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"Molecular Engineering of Organic Sensitizers for Solar Cell Applications"
J. AM.CHEM. SOC. 128, 16701-16707 (2006)
565)
564)
563)
562)
561)
560)
559)
558)
557)
556)
555)
554)
553)
552)
551)
550)
549)
548)
547)
546)
545)
543)
542)
541)
M. Grtzel
"The Advent of Mesoscopic Injection Solar Cells"
Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 14, 429-442 (2006)
540)
M. Grtzel
"Photovoltaic performance and
mesoscopic solar cells"
C.R. Chimie 9, 578-583 (2006)
long-term
stability
of
dye-sensitized
539)
538)
L. Schmidt-Mende, M. Grtzel
"TiO2 pore-filling and its effect on the efficiency of solid-state dye-sensitized
solar cells"
Thin Solid Films 500, 296-301 (2006)
537)
536)
535)
534)
533)
532)
531)
530)
529)
528)
527)
526)
525)
524)
Q. Wang, W.M. Campbell, E.E. Bonfantini, K.W. Jolley, D.L. Officer, P.J.
Walsh, K. Gordon, R. Humphry-Baker, Md.K. Nazeeruddin, M. Grtzel
"Efficient Light Harvesting by Using Green Zn-Porphyrin-Sensitized
Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films"
J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 15397-15409 (2005)
523)
522)
521)
520)
519)
518)
517)
516)
515)
514)
513)
M. Grtzel
Dye-Sensitized Solid-State Heterojunction Solar Cells
MRS Bulletin, Vol. 30. 23-27 (2005)
512)
511)
510)
509)
M. Grtzel
"Mesoscopic Solar Cells for Electricity and Hydrogen Production from
Sunlight"
Chemistry Letters Vol. 34, No 1, 8-13 (2005)
508)
507)
505)
504)
503)
502)
501)
500)
499)
498)
497)
495)
494)
M. Grtzel
"Conversion of sunlight to electric power by nanocrystalline dye-sensitized
solar cells"
J. of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 164, 3-14 (2004)
493)
492)
491)
490)
489)
488)
487)
486)
485)
484)
483)
482)
481)
480)
479)
M. Grtzel
"Dye-sensitized solar cells"
J. of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 4, 145-153
(2003)
478)
477)
476)
475)
474)
473)
472)
471)
470)
469)
468)
M. Grtzel
"Solar cells to dye for"
Nature 421, 586-587 (2003)
467)
466)
465)
464)
463)
462)
461)
460)
459)
458)
457)
456)
455)
454)
453)
452)
451)
450)
(4,4'-Dicarboxy-2,2'-
449)
448)
447)
446)
445)
444)
443)
M. Grtzel
"Ultrafast colour displays"
Nature, 409, 575-576 (2001)
442)
Jessica Krger, Robert Plass, Le Cevey, Marco Piccirelli, and Michael Grtzel
"High efficiency solid-state photovoltaic device due to inhibition of interface
charge recombination"
Applied Physics Letter, 79, No. 1, 2085-2087 (2001)
441)
440)
M. Grtzel
"Photoelectrochemical Cells"
Nature 414, 332-344 (2001)
439)
Michael Grtzel
"Sol-Gel Processed TiO2 Films for Photovoltaic Applications"
J. of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 22, 7-13 (2001)
438)
T. Renouard, M. Grtzel
"Functionalized tetradentate ligands for Ru-sensitized solar cells"
Tetrahedron, 57, 8145-8150 (2001)
437)
M. Grtzel
"Molecular photovoltaics that mimic photosynthesis"
Pure Appl. Chem., 73, No. 3, 459-467 (2001)
436)
M.K. Nazeeruddin, P. Pchy, T. Renouard, S.M. Zakeeruddin, R. HumphryBaker, P. Comte, P. Liska, L. Cevey, E. Costa, V. Shklover, L. Spiccia, G.B.
Deacon, C.A. Bignozzi, and M. Grtzel
"Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2Based Solar Cells"
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, No. 8, 1613-1624 (2001)
434)
433)
432)
431)
430)
429)
428)
Michael Grtzel
"Sol-Gel Processed TiO2 Films for Photovoltaic Applications"
J. of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 22, 7-13 (2001)
427)
T. Renouard, M. Grtzel
"Functionalized tetradentate ligands for Ru-sensitized solar cells"
M. Grtzel
"Molecular photovoltaics that mimic photosynthesis"
Pure Appl. Chem., 73, No. 3, 459-467 (2001)
425)
424)
M.K. Nazeeruddin, P. Pchy, T. Renouard, S.M. Zakeeruddin, R. HumphryBaker, P. Comte, P. Liska, L. Cevey, E. Costa, V. Shklover, L. Spiccia, G.B.
Deacon, C.A. Bignozzi, and M. Grtzel
"Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2Based Solar Cells"
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, No. 8, 1613-1624 (2001)
423)
422)
421)
420)
419)
418)
"Synthesis, spectroscopic and a ZINDO study of cis- and trans(X2)bis(4,4'dicarboxylic acid-2,2'bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes (X = C1-,
H2O, NCS-)"
Coord. Chem. Reviews, 208, 213-225 (2000)
417)
416)
415)
414)
413)
412)
M. Grtzel
"Powering the planet"
Nature, 403, 363 (2000) *
411)
410)
409)
408)
407)
406)
405)
404)
403)
S.A. Haque, Y. Tachibana, R.L. Willis, J.-E. Moser, M. Grtzel, D.R. Klug, and
J.R. Durrant
"Parameters Influencing Charge Recombination Kinetics in Dye-Sensitized
Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Films"
J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, No. 3, 538-547 (2000)
402)
M. Grtzel
"Perspectives for Dye-sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells"
MILLENIUM SPECIAL ISSUE
400)
399)
M.Amirnasr,
K.G.Brooks,
A.J.McEvoy,
M.K.Nazeeruddin,
P.Pechy,
K.R.Thampi and M.Grtzel, Dye and materials development forsensitised
electrochemical photovoltaics, Proc. 10th. European Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference, Glasgow,Scotland, 2000; page28.
398)
J.R. Durrant, Y. Tachibana, I. Mercer, J.-E. Moser, M. Grtzel and D.R. Klug
"The Excitation Wavelength and Solvent Dependance of the Kinetics of
Electron Injection in Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Film"
Zeitschrift fr Phys. Chem., 212, 93-98 (1999)
397)
M. Grtzel
"Mesoporous oxide junctions and nanostructured solar cells"
Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4, 314-321 (1999)
396)
395)
394)
393)
392)
391)
390)
389)
387)
386)
385)
384)
U. Bach, Y. Tachibana, J.-E. Moser, S.A. Haque, J.R. Durrant, M. Grtzel, and
D.R. Klug
"Charge Separation in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Heterojunction Solar Cells"
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, No. 32, 7445-7446 (1999)
383)
M. Grtzel
"The artificial leaf, bio-mimetic photocatalysis"
Cattech, 3, No. 1, 4-17 (Aug. 1999)
382)
381)
380)
379)
378)
377)
376)
375)
374)
373)
372)
371)
369)
368)
367)
366)
365)
364)
363)
362)
361)
ferritin
as
360)
of
the
photovoltage
359)
358)
357)
S.M. Zakeeruddin, M.K. Nazeeruddin, P. Pchy, F.P. Rotzinger, R. HumphryBaker, K. Kalyanasundaram, and M. Grtzel
V. Shklover, and T. Haibach
"Molecular Engineering of Photosensitizers for Nanocrystalline Solar Cells:
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru Dyes Based on Phosphonated
Terpyridines"
Inorganic Chemistry, 36, No. 25, 5937-5946 (1997)
356)
355)
354)
353)
352)
351)
349)
348)
347)
346)
M. Grtzel
"Research at the Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces"
Chimia, 50, 583-588 (1996)
345)
344)
343)
342)
341)
340)
339)
338)
337)
M. Grtzel
"Research at the Laboratory for Photonics and Interfaces"
Chimia, 50, 583-588 (1996)
336)
335)
M. Grtzel
"Nanocrystalline electronic junctions"
Semiconductor Nanoclusters, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 103, 353375 (1996)
334)
333)
332)
331)
TiO2-Film
330)
329)
328)
327)
326)
V.S. Kamble, V.P. Londhe, N.M. Gupta, K.R. Thampi and M. Grtzel
"Studies on the Sulfur Poisoning of Ru-RuOx/TiO2 Catalyst for the
Adsorption and Methanation of Carbon Monoxide"
J. of Catalysis, 158, Art. No. 0044, 427-438 (1996)
325)
324)
323)
322)
321)
Surface
Morphology,
320)
319)
318)
317)
316)
315)
314)
313)
312)
311)
M. Grtzel
309)
308)
307)
306)
305)
304)
303)
302)
301)
300)
299)
298)
297)
N.M. Gupta, K.R. Thampi, V.S. Kamble, V.P. Londhet, H. z and M. Grtzel
Methanation and adsorption of CO, CO2 + H2, CO2 and CO2 + H2 over RuRuOx/TiO2 catalyst: TDS and FTIR studies
Ind. Jl Chem. Vol. 33A, 365-373 (1994)
296)
295)
294)
293)
292)
291)
290)
289)
288)
M. Grtzel
Charge of the light brigade
Nature, Biocatalysis, 366, Iss. 6452, 206-207 (1993)
287)
286)
285)
284)
283)
282)
Bardeen-Friedel
281)
280)
279)
278)
277)
N.M. Gupta, V.S. Kamble, R.M. Eyer; K.R. Thampi and M. Grtzel
FTIR studies on the CO, CO2 and H2 co-adsorption over Ru-RuOx/TiO2
catalyst
Cat. Lett. 21, 245-255 (1993)
276)
275)
274)
273)
272)
271)
reusability
of
piezoelectric
270)
269)
268)
267)
266)
265)
264)
263)
262)
260)
259)
258)
257)
D. Avnir, J.J. Carberry, O. Citri and D. Farin, M. Grtzel and A.J. McEvoy
Fractal Analysis of Size Effects and Surface Morphology Effects in Catalysis
and Electrocatalysis
Chaos 1 (4), 397-410 (1991)
256)
255)
254)
253)
252)
251)
M. Grtzel
All surface and no bulk
Nature 349, 740-741 (1991)
250)
249)
248)
247)
246)
245)
244)
243)
242)
241)
240)
239)
238)
237)
236)
235)
234)
233)
232)
231)
230)
229)
228)
227)
226)
225)
223)
222)
221)
220)
219)
218)
217)
M. Grtzel
"Getting smaller by design"
Nature 338, 540-541 (1989)
216)
215)
214)
J.P. Bucher, J. Buttet, J.J. Van der Klink, M. Grtzel, E. Newson and T.B.
Truong
"195Pt NMR Studies of Supported Catalysts"
Colloids & Surfaces 36, 155-167 (1989)
213)
212)
211)
210)
209)
208)
207)
206)
M. Grtzel
"Umwandlung von CO2 in Methan bei Zimmertemperatur"
Naturwissen. Rundschau 41, 5, 201 (1988)
205)
"Visible Light Sensitization of Platinized TiO2 Photocatalyst by SurfaceCoated Polymers Derivatized with Ruthenium tris (bipyridyl)"
Macromol.Chem. Rapid Commun. 9, 13-17 (1988)
204)
203)
202)
201)
200)
199)
198)
197)
196)
195)
194)
193)
192)
J.P. Bucher, J. Buttet, J.J. van der Klink, M. Grtzel, E. Newson and T.B.
Truong
"Preparation, Characterization and NMR Spectra of Platinum on Alumina
Catalysts in Relation to their Activity and Stability"
J.Mol.Cat. 43, 213-220 (1987)
191)
M. Grtzel
"Effects of Spatial Confinement on the Reactivity in Organized Liquid Media"
Tetrahedron 43, No 7, 1679-1688 (1987)
190)
189)
188)
187)
186)
Dioxide
184)
183)
M. Grtzel
"Characterisation and Properties of Semiconductor Colloids"
Ann. di Chim. 77, 411-435 (1987)
182)
181)
180)
179)
178)
177)
176)
175)
F.P. Rotzinger, S. Munavalli, P. Comte, J.K. Hurst, M. Grtzel, F.J. Pern and
A. Frank
"A Molecular Water-Oxidation Catalyst Derived from Ruthe
nium Diaqua Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid)"
J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109, 6619-6626 (1987)
174)
173)
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169)
168)
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164)
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157)
156)
155)
154)
153)
152)
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150)
149)
148)
147)
146)
145)
144)
143)
142)
141)
140)
139)
138)
137)
136)
135)
134)
133)
132)
131)
130)
129)
128)
126)
125)
124)
123)
the
Oxidation
Reactions
of
122)
121)
120)
119)
118)
116)
115)
114)
113)
Reactions
in
Colloidal
Semiconductor
112)
111)
M. Grtzel
Generation of Hydrogen by Artificial Photosynthesis; Principles and Future
Strategies
Chimia, 36, 1 (1982)
110)
109)
108)
106)
105)
104)
103)
102)
101)
100)
99)
Processes
in
Colloidal
Redox-Chromophores
on
98)
97)
M. Grtzel
Artificial Photosynthesis; Water Cleavage into Hydrogen and Oxygen by
Visible Light
Accounts of Chem. Research, 14, 376 (1981)
96)
95)
94)
93)
92)
91)
90)
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81)
80)
79)
78)
77)
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M. Grtzel
Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Simple and Functional Surfactant
Systems and their Relevance to Energy Conversion Problems
Israel Jl. of Chem., 18, 364 (1979)
65)
64)
63)
62)
61)
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M. Grtzel
Steuerung lichtinduzierter Elektronentransferreaktionen durch Mizellen
Nachr. Chem. Tech., 26, 515 (1978)
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Pulsradiolytische Untersuchungen der NO-Oxydation und des Gleichgewichtes N2O3 NO + NO2 in wssriger Lsung
Ber. Bunsenges., Phys.Chem., 74, 488 (1970)
2)
1)