TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No.
1.

Particulars

Voltage Transformer Basics

Page No.
1

1.1 Single Phase Voltage Transformer

1.2 Transformer Construction (single-phase)

1.3 A Transformers Turns Ratio

1.4 Transformer Basics Example No1

1.5 Transformer Basics Example No2

1.6 Transformer Action

1.7 Transformer Basics Example No3

2.

Electrical Power in a Transformer

2.1 Power in a Transformer

2.2 Transformer Basics Efficiency

2.3 Transformer Efficiency

2.4 Transformer Efficiency Triangle

10

2.5 Transformer Basics Summary

10

2.6 Basic Representation of the Transformer

11

3.

11

Transformer Construction

3.1 Transformer Construction of the Core

12

3.2 Transformer Core Construction

13

3.3 Transformer Laminations

13

3.4 Transformer Core Types

14

3.5 Transformer Winding Arrangements

14

3.6 Transformer Dot Orientation

16

3.7 Transformer Construction using Dot Orientation

17

3.8 Transformer Primary Tap Changes

18

3.9 Transformer Core Losses

18

3.9.1 Hysteresis Losses

18

3.9.2 Eddy Current Losses

18

3.9.3 Laminating the Iron Core

19

3.9.4 Copper Losses

19

4.

20

Transformer Loading

4.1 Transformer No-load Condition

21

4.2 Transformer Loading Example No1

21

4.3 Transformer On-load

22

4.4 Transformer Ratio

23

4.5 Transformer Loading Current

25

4.5 Transformer Loading Example No2

26

4.6 Combining Transformer Impedances

27

4.7 Transformer Voltage Regulation

28

5.

Open Circuit Test on Transformer

28

6.

Short Circuit Test on Transformer

30

REFERENCES

32

ABSTRACT
we have assumed that the transformer is ideal, that is one in which there are no core losses or
copper losses in the transformers windings. However, in real world transformers there will
always be losses associated with the transformers loading as the transformer is put on-load.
But what do we mean by: Transformer Loading.
Well first lets look at what happens to a transformer when it is in this no-load condition, that is
with no electrical load connected to its secondary winding and therefore no secondary current
flowing.
A transformer is said to be on no-load when its secondary side winding is open circuited, in
other words, nothing is attached and the transformer loading is zero. When an AC Sinusoidal
Supply is connected to the primary winding of a transformer, a small current, IOPEN will flow
through the primary coil winding due to the presence of the primary supply voltage.
With the secondary circuit open, nothing connected, a back EMF along with the primary winding
resistance acts to limit the flow of this primary current. Obviously, this no-load primary current
(Io ) must be sufficient to maintain enough magnetic field to produce the required back emf.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.

Page No.

Figure 1 A Typical Voltage Transformer

Figure 2 Single Phase Voltage Transformer

Figure 3 Transformer Construction

Figure 4 Transformer Working

Figure 5 Transformer Construction

12

Figure 6 Transformer Core Construction

13

Figure 7 Transformer Core Types

14

Figure 8 Core-type Construction

15

Figure 9 Transformer Cores

16

Figure 10 Transformer Construction using Dot Orientation

17

Figure 11 Laminating the Iron Core

19

Figure 12 Transformer No-load Condition

21

Figure 13 Transformer On-load

23

Figure 14 Open Circuit Test on Transformer

29

Figure 15 Short Circuit Test on Transformer

30