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Agenda
What is Power Quality?
Importance of Power Quality to Industrial Users
Power Quality Events & Voltage Sags
Voltage Sag Protection
Power Quality
Frequency is regional
Determined by HV & EHV network generators
Problems are rare
Voltage is area-wide
Determined by MV distribution network
Problems occur randomly, but with regularity
Current is local
Determined by facility loads
Problem loads can be identified and resolved
Source: NPR: Power Hungry: Reinventing The U.S. Electric Grid May 1, 2009
Agenda
What is Power Quality?
Importance of Power Quality to Industrial Users
Power Quality Events & Voltage Sags
Voltage Sag Protection
High-voltage transients
Current inrush following voltage sag
High-voltage transients
Current inrush following voltage sag
Overheating due to current harmonics
Copyright 2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Agenda
What is Power Quality?
Importance of Power Quality to Industrial Users
Power Quality Events & Voltage Sags
Voltage Sag Protection
11
Voltage notching
Uncommon issues in the U.S. and high-tech. parks:
brownout
voltage swell
frequency variation
Poor grounding
Copyright 2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Duration: 4 Cycles
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-1
13
Voltage Sag
90%
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1
10
100
1000
Duration (ms)
Copyright 2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Radial Distribution
69 kV
Reclosing breakers
F1
" C"
20 MVA
F2
V = Vs Zline*I
Fault results in short voltage
sags and interruptions for
most customers, affecting
up to 200 mile radius
" B"
1500kVA
480 VOLTS
THREE PHASE FAULT
" A"
F3
VOLTAGE
1. 0
0. 5
VOLTAGE AT "C"
AND ON F1 & F3
VOLTAGE AT "B"
0. 0
0 BEGIN F2
FAULT OPENS
TIME
V=0.67 p.u.
V=0.40 p.u.
F2
F2
CLOSES OPENS
FAULT
F2
CLEARS CLOSES
15
Typical Minimum
Number of Retries
Clearing Device
Expulsion Fuse
0.5
0.5 to 60
None
0.25 or less
0.25 to 6
None
Electronic Recloser
1 to 30
0 to 4
1 to 60
0 to 4
35
1 to 60
0 to 4
16
18
% of Nominal Voltage
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Average
Lower Range
19
Data Corruption
Source: Djokic
22
Normal Inrush
Volts
Amps
Volts
Amps
5
10
0
20
40
Note the scale change necessary to get the sagged results on the same page!
23
Machine 1
Machine 2
Machine 3
Machine 4
Machine 5
Machine 6
480-a
:Y
Tranf.
Controls
Power
L2
Rect.
Controls
Power
L1
Tranf.
Rect.
Tranf.
Controls
Power
Tranf.
Rect.
Controls
Power
L3
L1
Tranf.
Rect.
Rect.
Controls
Power
L3
N
Rect.
Controls
Power
L2
N
Tranf.
L2
L3
Controls
Power
L1
Tranf.
Rect.
Copyright 2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright 2012 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
What is Power Quality?
Importance of Power Quality to Industrial Users
Power Quality Events & Voltage Sags
Voltage Sag Protection
27
Stand-by UPS
Protection
CVT
Protection
On-Line UPS
Protection
28
28
29
30
31
Auto
By-Pass
Utility
Load
Static
Switch
CrossCoupling
Transformer
Power Conversion
Rectifier
Inverter
Core
Component
Activity
DSP Controller
Cross-Coupling Transformer
Idle
Idle
Automatic By-Pass
Idle
32
Auto
By-Pass
Utility
Load
Static
Switch
CrossCoupling
Transformer
Component
Power Conversion
Rectifier
Inverter
Core
Activity
DSP Controller
Open
Cross-Coupling Transformer
Automatic By-Pass
Idle
33
DySC Operation
Normal Operation (Monitoring)
Static Switch ON, Highly efficient
Power electronics OFF
Capacitors charged & ready
No thermal cycling, long life
Low maintenance
Voltage Sag Correction
1-2 millisec. detection
Static switch OFF
Power Electronics ON, to produce
corrected sinusoidal load voltage
Energy from capacitors needed only
for sags below 50%
Example: voltage sag to 60%, full load
We keep load voltage at 100%,
so load power remains 100%
Input Current rises briefly
to (100% / 60%) = 167%
Load energy comes from ac input,
not from capacitors!
V = 100%
V = 60%
V = 100%
167%
(V = 40%)
100%
LOAD
67%
167%
100%
100%
patented
34
input
waveforms
output
waveforms
35
input
rms voltage
output
rms voltage
36