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Communication
Subject :Digital
Page 1 of 24
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Page 2 of 24
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
While converting the signal value from analog to digital, quantization is performed. The
analog value is assigned to the nearest digital level. This is called quantization. The
quantized value is then converted to equivalent binary value. The quantization levels are
fixed depending upon the number of bits.
6. What is meant by prediction error?
The difference between the actual sample of the process at the time of interest and the
predictor output is called a prediction error.
7. Define delta modulation.
Delta modulation transmits only one bit per sample. That is the present sample value
is compared with the previous sample value and the indication, whether the amplitude is
increased or decreased is sent.
8. Define adaptive delta modulation.
The performance of a delta modulator can be improved significantly by making the step
size of the modulator assume a time- varying form. In particular, during a steep segment of
the input signal the step size is increased. Conversely,when the input signal is varying
slowly, the step is reduced , In this way, the step size is adapting to the level of the signal.
The resulting method is called adaptive delta modulation (ADM).
9. Name the types of uniform quantizer?
1. Mid tread type quantizer.
2. Mid riser type quantizer.
3. Biased type quantizer.
10. Define mid tread quantizer.
Origin of the signal lies in the middle of a tread of the staircase.
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
PCM
It can use 4, 8, or 16 bits/sample
DPCM
Bits can be more than
One but are less than
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
PCM
2. BW
Highest BW is required
BW required is lower
than PCM
3. Feedback
Feedback exists.
4. Application
PART B
1. Draw the block diagram of PCM transmitter and receiver and explain functions of
each.
2. Explain delta modulation system with block diagram and discuss the noise in delta
modulation.
3. Explain Adaptive delta modulation system with block diagram and discuss the
advantage of adaptive delta modulation.
4. Draw the block diagram of differential PCM transmitter and receiver and explain
functions of each.
5. With neat diagram explain Time Division Multiplexer.
6. Draw and explain the different methods of pulse modulation.(16)
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
pulse.
Binary 1 first half bit duration positive pulse and the second half Bit duration negative
pulse.
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
(L 1)
It defines the time interval over which the received waveform can be sampled without
error from inter symbol interference.
9. What is sensitivity of an eye?
(L 1)
The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of closure of the eye
as the sampling time is varied.
10. What is margin over noise?
(L 1)
The height of the eye opening at a specified sampling time defines the margin over noise.
11. What is Inter symbol interference?
(L 1)
The transmitted signal will undergo dispersion and gets broadened during its transmission
through the channel. So they happen to collide or overlap with the adjacent symbols in the
transmission. This overlapping is called Inter Symbol Interference.
12. How eye pattern is obtained?
(L 1)
The eye pattern is obtained by applying the received wave to the vertical deflection plates
of an oscilloscope and to apply a saw tooth wave at the transmitted symbol rate to the
horizontal deflection plate.
13. Draw the waveform for NRZ Unipolar waveform for binary data 01101001
14. Draw the waveform for Polar NRZ signaling for binary data 01101001
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
15. Draw the waveform for Unipolar RZ signaling for binary data 01101001
16. Draw the waveform for Bipolar RZ signaling for binary data 01101001
17. Draw the waveform for Split-phase or Manchester code for binary data 01101001
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
PART B
1. Discuss the principles of correlative coding.
2.Describe the data communications modems and explain where they are used in data
communications circuits(16)
3.Explain Inter symbol Interference (ISI). How it is avoided?
4.What is eye pattern? Explain the measurement of different parameters using eye
pattern. Explain the various data formats and compare them.
5. Explain the following
N0
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
2
Subject :Digital
N0
FSK
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
b. BW=4fb
BW=1.5fb
h= Tb(f1-f2)
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Page 15 of 24
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
PART - B
1. With block diagram explain the principle of Coherent FSK transmitter and
receiver.
2. Explain the operation of QPSK transmitter and receiver.
3. Explain the generation and detection of DPSK signal
4. Explain in detail about BPSK. State merits and demerits of BPSK.
5. Draw the block diagram for generation and detection of QAM signal and explain it
with signal space diagram.
6. Explain the principle of non-coherent ASK receiver and derive an expression for
the probability error.
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
UNIT 4 ERRORCONTROLCODING
PART - A
1. What is linear code?
2. What is code rate?
3. Define code efficiency.
4. What is hamming distance?
5. What is meant by systematic & non-systematic code?
6. How syndrome is calculated in Hamming codes and cyclic codes?
7. What is BCH Code?
8. What are the conditions to satisfy the hamming code?
9. Define code word & block length.
10. Give the parameters of RS codes.
11. Why RS codes are called maximum distance separable codes?
12. What are Go lay codes?
13. What are the advantages of cyclic codes?
PART B
1. a) Explain the principle of Linear block codes using its functional block diagram?
b) The generator matrix for a (6,3) block code is given below. Find all code vectors of
this code
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
In direct sequence spread spectrum there is single frequency band in which communication
takes place. If noise or jamming signal is transmitted in this frequency band, then it is
difficult to isolate noise and signal at the receiver. This is called near far problem. In FH
spread spectrum, the transmission takes place in multiple interference is present in one
frequency band, it does not affect signal in other frequency bands. Hence near-far problem
does not exist in FH spread spectrum.
5. What is meant by Spread spectrum?
The spread spectrum modulation can be defined in two parts as follows.
1. The transmitted data sequence occupies a much more bandwidth than the minimum
required bandwidth and,
2. The spectrum spreading (i.e. increase of signal bandwidth) at the transmitter and
dispreading at the receiver is obtained by special code which is independent of the data
sequence (message signal).
The first part of definition given above is satisfied by other modulation techniques like
frequency modulation, PCM etc. but they do not satisfy second part. That is they do not use
frequency spectrum spreading and dispreading. The bandwidth requirement of spread
spectrum modulation techniques is thus very high.
Spread spectrum modulation is used for secured communication like military applications.
Noise interference has minimum effect on transmission. Unwanted receivers
cannot detect the message.
6. What is frequency hop spreading?
In frequency hop spread spectrum, the frequency of the carrier hops randomly from one
frequency to another frequency.
7. What are the types of FH-SS?
Slow frequency hopping
Fast Frequency Hopping
8. What is slow frequency hopping?
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
If the symbol rate of MFSK is an integer multiple of hop rate (multiple symbols per hop)
then it is called slow frequency hopping.
9. What is Fast Frequency Hopping?
If the hop rate is an integer multiple of symbol rate (multiple hops per symbol) then it is
called fast frequency hopping.
10. What are the two function of fast frequency hopping?
1. Spread Jammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of Txed signal.
2. Retuning the Jamming signal over the frequency band of Txed signal.
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
PART B
1. Explain in detail the transmitter and receiver of DS SS technique.
2. Explain in detail the transmitter and receiver of FH SS technique.
3. Explain in detail the characteristics of PN sequence
4. Write notes on
1. Cell splitting
2. Cell sectorisation
3. Frequency Reuse
5. Describe the data communications modems and explain where they are used in data
communications circuits(16)
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Subject Code:EC1629
Communication
Subject :Digital
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