Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INDEX
04
07
04
06
EMITTER
REMOVER
07
08
10
12
14
BOXES
BELT CONVEYOR
BELT CONVEYOR GATE
STRAIGHT SPUR CONVEYOR
CONVEYOR SCALE
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
ALIGNERS
WHEEL ALIGNER
BRACKET
CHUTE CONVEYOR
PIVOT ARM SORTER
POP UP WHEEL SORTER
PUSHER
STOP BLADE
16
28
30
32
34
36
38
PALLETS
ROLLER CONVEYOR
LOADING CONVEYOR
CHAIN TRANSFER
TURNTABLE
ROLLER STOP
40
42
44
46
48
CAPACITIVE SENSOR
INDUCTIVE SENSOR
DIFFUSE SENSOR
RETROREFLECTIVE SENSOR
+ REFLECTOR
LIGHT ARRAY
50
52
54
56
58
EMERGENCY STOP
PUSH BUTTON
POTENTIOMETER
LIGHT INDICATOR
EMERGENCY STOP
28
40
50
58
60
62
WARNING LIGHT
ALARM SIREN
VISUAL STATUS INDICATOR
64
67
70
72
ELEVATOR
PICK & PLACE
RACK
STACKER CRANE
76
77
78
80
PLATFORMS
STAIRS
HANDRAILS
SAFEGUARD
58
64
76
EMITTER
DESCRIPTION
Emits an item to be used in scene (e.g. cardboard box, pallet). While an item is still within the emitter
volume, no more items are emitted. It is possible to select which part(s) or base(s) to emit, the time
between emissions, the amount of items to emit and a random item position and/or orientation.
A binary value starts the emit cycle.
CHARACTERISTICS
04
Base to Emit:
Part to Emit:
The base to emit (Pallet, Square Pallet or None). If more than one option
is selected the emitter will emit randomly. If, at least, one base is selected,
None allow to randomly emit a part without a base.
The part to emit (Box (S), Box (M), Box (L) or None). If more than one option
is selected the emitter will emit randomly. If, at least, one part is selected,
None allow to randomly emit a base without a part.
The emission time interval. The emitter will randomly emit between the Min and Max time limits.
If Max and Min time limits are set to zero, the emitter will emit as soon as no item is within its volume.
Up to:
The number of items to emit. If this value it set to zero, the emitter will emit up to the maximum
number of items allowed in scene (500).
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Emitter # (Emit)
Output
Bit
Start emitting
0.5
1.125
0.875
(Unit: meters)
05
REMOVER
DESCRIPTION
Removes one or more items from the scene (e.g. cardboard box, pallet) when they intersect its volume.
A binary value enables the remover.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Remover # (Remove)
Output
Bit
Start removing
0.5
1.125
(Unit: meters)
06
0.875
BOXES
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Cardboard box, used for packaging dry materials and goods. Easy to handle and commonly found in
industrial plants.
L
0.36
0.24
0.6
0.24
0.6
0.24
0.36
0.36
(Unit: meters)
07
BELT
CONVEYOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Medium duty slider bed straight belt conveyor, suited for transportation of low load units (e.g.
cardboard boxes). The conveyor can be controlled by binary and analog values, according to the
selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Output
Bit
Discrete (+/-)
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Float
08
0.875
0.875
(Unit: meters)
09
BELT CONVEYOR
GATE
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Powered slider bed belt conveyor gate, suited for transportation of low load units (e.g. cardboard
boxes). Specially designed to provide a passageway to personnel. Equipped with a proximity sensor
able to recognize its rest position. The conveyor can be controlled by binary and analog values,
according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Output
Input
Bit
Bit
Discrete (+/-)
Output
Output
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Input
Float
Bit
10
1.125
1.375
0.125
(Unit: meters)
11
STRAIGHT SPUR
CONVEYOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Infeed/Outfeed multi belt conveyor, commonly used for accurate merging of small load (such as
cardboard boxes) into belt conveyors. The conveyor can be controlled by binary and analog values,
according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete (+/-)
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Float
12
1.
15
0.53
45
2.83
(Unit: meters)
13
CONVEYOR
SCALE
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
High speed conveyor scale, used for weight control of light load cargo (e.g. cardboard
boxes). It can have different capacities according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
20 kg Max.
Output
Output
Input
Bit
Bit
Float
Output
Output
Input
Bit
Bit
Float
100 kg Max.
14
Description
Rotate in both directions
[0, 10]V: current weight
Rotate in both directions
[0, 10]V: current weight
1.125
1.125
1.25
(Unit: meters)
15
ALIGNERS
DESCRIPTION
Thin metal structures ready to be attached to a conveyor and guide the transported cargo. They are commonly used to
align misplaced loads and prevent them from falling while transported at high speed. There are three models available
(Aligners 1, 2 and 3).
1.75
1.875
0.1
(Unit: meters)
16
3.375
WHEEL
ALIGNER
DESCRIPTION
Disk shaped aligner used when moving items between belt conveyors.
0.114
(Unit: meters)
= 0.245
17
BRACKET
DESCRIPTION
Metal structure mainly used to attach items and as a height barrier.
0.125
1.25
1.125
(Unit: meters)
18
CHUTE
CONVEYOR
DESCRIPTION
Straight chute conveyor, suitable for light load sortation. Normally used to link two handling devices
(e.g. belt conveyors), provide accumulation or to convey items between floors.
Difficult to control position of the items on the chute conveyor.
1.125
1.93
(Unit: meters)
19
PIVOT ARM
SORTER
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
The Pivot Arm Sorter is a 45o power face arm diverter, powered by a gearmotor. Equipped with a belt
that helps with the sortation by easing the slide of the conveyed items (mainly light load items) on to
the next conveyor. The arm can rotate left or right according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Output
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Bit
Turn left
Turn Left
Output
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Bit
Turn right
Turn Right
20
0.625
45
0.125
1.375
(Unit: meters)
21
POP UP WHEEL
SORTER
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
The 45O double-sided pop up wheel sorter is used to divert material that should maintain its travel
direction, via pivoted rollers. It is pneumatically actuated and its wheels are driven by urethane belts.
Wheel radius: 50 mm
Conveying speed: 2.5 m/s
Normally centered
Wheels stroke: 3 mm
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Output
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Bit
22
0.375
0.875
0.436
(Unit: meters)
23
PUSHER
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Pneumatic driven pusher sorter, often used for sortation of light weight cargo (e.g.
cardboard boxes). Equipped with two reed sensors, indicating the front and back
limits, and an incorporated LVDT which measures the rod position.
The pusher can be controlled by binary and analog values, according to the selected
configuration. When the Analog configuration is selected the pusher speed can be
set and the rod position measured.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Monostable
Pusher #
Pusher # (Front Limit)
Pusher # (Back Limit)
Output
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Move forward
At front limit
At back limit
Monostable (Fast)
Pusher #
Pusher # (Front Limit)
Pusher # (Back Limit)
Output
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Move forward
At front limit
At back limit
24
Configuration
Bistable
Analog
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Pusher # (+)
Pusher # (-)
Pusher # (Front Limit)
Pusher # (Back Limit)
Output
Output
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Move forward
Move backward
At front limit
At back limit
Output
Input
Float
Float
0.375
0.5
1.125
(Unit: meters)
25
STOP
BLADE
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
The stop blade is a pneumatically actuated device, rised in order to stop or accumulate material.
Mostly used with light cargo (e.g. cardboard boxes), stops are often used in conjunction with
conveying components such as transfers and pushers for aligning products or policing processes.
Normally down
Stroke: 120 mm
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Stop Blade #
Output
Bit
Rise stopper
26
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.83
(Unit: meters)
27
PALLETS
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
0.775
0.12
1
(Unit: meters)
28
0.775
29
ROLLER
CONVEYOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Heavy duty roller conveyor, normally used for heavy cargo transportation (e.g. pallets). The conveyor
can be controlled by binary and analog values, according to the selected configuration.
Roll radius: 46 mm
Conveying speed: 0.45 m/s (Discrete); 0.8 m/s (Analog)
The spacing between rolls grants the possibility to attach other parts (e.g. stoppers, sensors) for better
cargo flow control.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Output
Bit
Discrete (+/-)
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Float
30
0.625
1.125
(Unit: meters)
31
LOADING
CONVEYOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Heavy duty roller conveyor, normally used to load/unload heavy cargo (e.g. pallets). Specially designed
to ease the stacker crane forks passage. The conveyor can be controlled by binary and analog values,
according to the selected configuration.
Roll radius: 46 mm
Conveying speed: 0.45 m/s (Discrete); 0.8 m/s (Analog)
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Loading Conveyor #
Output
Bit
Discrete (+/-)
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Float
32
1.125
0.625
1.375
0.625
(Unit: meters)
33
CHAIN
TRANSFER
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Used to transfer products 90o on to an adjacent conveyor. Ideal for pallets sortation.
It is composed by a heavy duty welded construction, rolls and three pneumatic actuated
chain tracks with a conveying chain each.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Default
Output
Output
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
34
Description
Roll in both directions
Rise platform and rotate chain left
Rise platform and rotate chain right
0.875
0.625
1.25
(Unit: meters)
35
TURNTABLE
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Powered heavy duty turntable, normally used for heavy cargo sortation (e.g. pallets).
Equipped with free spin periphery rolls and pre-installed sensors (table rotation limits
and item position). The turning direction can be reversed, according to the selected
configuration.
Roll radius: 45 mm
Conveying speed: 0.45 m/s
Table turning speed: 0.7 rad/s
Capacitive sensors range: 0 - 100 mm
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Monostable
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
36
Description
Roll in both directions
Turn in the arrows direction
Detecting
Detecting
Table at minimum limit
Table at maximum limit
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Bistable
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Description
Roll in both directions
Turn in both directions
Detecting
Detecting
Table at minimum limit
Table at maximum limit
0.625
1.875
1.875
(Unit: meters)
37
ROLLER
STOP
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
The roller stop is a pneumatically actuated device, rised in order to stop or accumulate material,
mostly used with heavy cargo (e.g. pallets). Stops are often used in conjunction with conveying
components such as transfers to prevent collisions between parts. Its small width allows it to be
attached to a roller conveyor in between rolls.
Normally down
Stroke: 100 mm
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Roller Stop #
Output
Bit
Rise stopper
38
0.12
0.1
0.35
0.873
(Unit: meters)
39
CAPACITIVE
SENSOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Proximity sensor used for close detection of any material. It is equipped with a LED which indicates
the presence of an object within range. The output value can be of the binary or analog type,
according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Capacitive Sensor #
Input
Bit
Detecting
Analog
Input
Float
40
0.095
0.115
0.085
(Unit: meters)
41
INDUCTIVE
SENSOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Proximity sensor used for close detection of conductive materials. It is equipped with a LED which
indicates the presence of an object within range. The output value can be of the binary or analog
type, according to the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Discrete
Inductive Sensor #
Input
Bit
Detecting
Analog
Input
Float
42
0.09
0.115
0.07
(Unit: meters)
43
DIFFUSE
SENSOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Diffuse photoelectric sensor. Due to its long range can be used in many applications. It can detect all
sorts of objects. It is equipped with a LED which indicates an object within range.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Diffuse Sensor #
Input
Bit
Detecting
44
0.06
0.03
0.075
0.08
0.093
(Unit: meters)
45
RETROREFLECTIVE
SENSOR + REFLECTOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Retroreflective Sensor #
Input
Bit
46
0.06
0.035
0.042
0.05
0.1
0.085
0.1
0.093
(Unit: meters)
47
LIGHT
ARRAY
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
A set of light beams arranged in parallel that can detect the presence of objects.
It is composed by an emitter and a receiver. To ensure the synchronism between the two
devices, both must be properly aligned and facing each other.
Once this alignment is guaranteed (indicated by a green LED) all beams can be interrupted
without breaking the synchronism between the emitter and receiver. The light array detection
values are provided in the form of binary, numerical or analog values, according to the selected
configuration.
Number of beams: 8
Range: 1.5 m
Analog value = ( 10 / number of beams ) * number of interrupted beams
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Numerical
Input
Integer
Interrupted Beams
Discrete
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
Detecting
48
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Analog
Output
Float
1.25
0.07
0.05
(Unit: meters)
49
EMERGENCY
STOP
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Two position red trigger action, twist-to-release and non-illuminated push button.
Mushroom head. Usually used in emergency events.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Emergency Stop #
Input
Bit
50
0.125
0.125
0.125
(Unit: meters)
51
PUSH
BUTTON
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Illuminated push button. Three different types available (Start, Reset and Stop). The
push button can be used as momentary or alternate action, according to the selected
configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Momentary Action
Input
Output
Bit
Bit
Alternate Action
Input
Output
Bit
Bit
52
0.125
0.125
0.125
(Unit: meters)
53
POTENTIOMETER
DESCRIPTION
Used to generate an analog value proportional to the potentiometer knob rotation.
The value range can be defined by the selected configuration.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
[0, 10] V
Potentiometer # (V)
Input
Float
Current value
[-10, 10] V
Potentiometer # (V)
Input
Float
Current value
[-5, 5] V
Potentiometer # (V)
Input
Float
Current value
54
0.125
0.125
0.125
(Unit: meters)
55
LIGHT
INDICATOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Panel mount light indicator. Commonly used on instrument panels, for safety
applications or status indication.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Output
Bit
Light lamp
56
0.125
0.125
0.125
(Unit: meters)
57
WARNING
LIGHT
DESCRIPTION
Rotating lamp. Mainly used for areas where caution should be exercised, such as process control,
start-up, overhead door movement, or where action or movement requires attention.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Warning Light #
Output
Bit
58
0.25
0.125
0.125
(Unit: meters)
59
ALARM
SIREN
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Audible alarm. The alarm siren is used as alarm, warning or signalling device. Due to the high volume
and penetrating wail of the siren, the signal is also audible in noisy surroundings. On the back, a LED
indicates whether the siren is active.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Alarm Siren #
Output
Bit
Activate siren
60
0.188
0.188
(Unit: meters)
0.219
61
VISUAL STATUS
INDICATOR
DESCRIPTION
Signalling tower comprising three lamps. It can be used in almost all fields where clear identification
of, for example, machine statuses is vital.
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Default
Output
Output
Output
Bit
Bit
Bit
62
1.75
0.085
(Unit: meters)
63
ELEVATOR
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Heavy duty chain driven elevator, used for transportation of all sorts of cargo between floors.
Equipped with two retroreflective sensors, placed at the ends of the conveyor. Sensors may be
attached to the elevator structure to detect the platform height. The elevator can be controlled by
binary and analog values, according to the selected configuration.
Roll radius: 45 mm
Platform stroke: 7 m
Platform speed: 0.68 m/s
Conveying speed: 0.45 m/s (Discrete); 0.8 m/s (Analog)
Retroreflective sensor LED: green (detecting reflector), yellow (beam not interrupted)
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Discrete
Elevator # (Up)
Elevator # (Down)
Elevator # (Slow)
Elevator # (+)
Elevator # (-)
Elevator # (Left Limit)
Elevator # (Right Limit)
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
64
Description
Move platform in both direction
Slow platform (20% of default speed)
Roll in both directions
Item detected
Item detected
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Analog
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Float
Float
Float
Bit
Bit
65
1.875
3.125
8.375
3.125
(Unit: meters)
66
1.875
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Gantry Pick & Place station with three axes controlled by servomotors. Often used to
move light load cargo (e.g. cardboard boxes) on to other conveyors or pallets, or even
for palletizing purposes. The Pick & Place has four degrees of freedom, three
corresponding to the linear beams movement and one to the angular grabbing device
rotation. The grabbing device (gripper) is enabled by suction cups and includes a
proximity sensor.
The Pick & Place can be controlled by binary and analog values, according to the
selected configuration. If ruled by the Discrete configuration the Pick & Place beams
move step by step. Each binary rising edge makes the desired beam move a step in
the selected direction.
When the selected configuration is Analog, each axis can be controlled by setting
the target position.
67
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Discrete
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Float
Float
Float
Bit
Bit
Float
Float
Float
Bit
Bit
68
Description
Take a step along X-axis
Take a step along Y-axis
Take a step along Z-axis
Rotate gripper
Supply air to suction cups
Moving along Z-axis
Moving along XY-plane
Detecting
Gripper at angular limit
[0, 10]V: set the target position along X-axis
[0, 10]V: set the target position along Y-axis
[0, 10]V: set the target position along Z-axis
Rotate gripper
Supply air to suction cups
[0, 10]V: current position along X-axis
[0, 10]V: current position along Y-axis
[0, 10]V: current position along Z-axis
Detecting
Gripper at angular limit
2.125
3.625
2.375
3.625
(Unit: meters)
69
RACK
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Upright steel frames connected by horizontal steel beams with the only purpose to
store loads, usually heavy loads such as pallets.
Number of cells: 18
The available rack is single-deep rack type, also known as selective rack, it only allows
loads to be stored one pallet deep.
Pallets can be stored from both sides of the rack.
70
1.125
1.25
7.625
1.125
0.875
3.375
(Unit: meters)
71
STACKER
CRANE
DESCRIPTION
CHARACTERISTICS
Rail mounted stacker crane, normally used to stock heavy cargo (e.g. pallets).
Composed by a cart, a platform that moves vertically and two forks that can slide to
both sides.
Two laser rangefinders, placed on the cart and platform, measure the horizontal and
vertical position of the platform. Two guide rails indicate the correct positioning of
racks. Each rack must be aligned with one of the rail ends, thus they will be correctly
placed allowing the stacker crane to stop at the correct cell position. The stacker
crane can be controlled by binary, byte and analog values, according to the selected
configuration.
Each stacker crane can have a maximum of 54 cells. If the Numerical
configuration is selected, the target cell can be defined by an integer value between 1
and 54. When that value is zero, the stacker crane is locked, however if it
is greater than 54, the stacker crane will move to its rest position. If the
Analog configuration is selected, the target position along the desired axis is set,
and the current position of each axis measured. When Discrete configuration is
selected, each cell number is encoded by five binary values (see the following table).
72
Position
Actuators
Bit0
Bit1
Bit2
Bit3
Bit4
Bit5
...
...
...
...
...
...
Locked
1
2
3
...
55 (Rest)
CONTROL
Configuration
Tag
I/O
Type
Description
Numerical
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Integer
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Analog
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Float
Float
Bit
Bit
Float
Float
Bit
Bit
Bit
Discrete
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
Bit
73
1.375
8.25
14.625
(Unit: meters)
74
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
55
75
PLATFORMS
DESCRIPTION
Metal structures used to create floors at the desired height. This feature allows to build systems in a vertical way,
saving shop floor space. There are three models available (Small, Medium and Large sizes).
L
0.25
3.5
1.125
1.125
(Unit: meters)
76
3.5
STAIRS
DESCRIPTION
Metal structures available to provide operators access to higher floors.
2.5
1.625
2.25
1.125
77
HANDRAILS
DESCRIPTION
Metal tube structures used to provide safety to operators in a industrial plant.
They can define danger perimeters and isolate caution zones or guarantee safe paths in higher floors.
There are four models available (Small, Medium, Large lengths and Corner Handrail designed to define
corner fits).
78
1.125
CORNER HANDRAIL
M
1.125
2
0.05
1.125
0.875
3.5
(Unit: meters)
79
SAFEGUARD
DESCRIPTION
Grid metal structures commonly used to define danger perimeters arround machines or working
areas. Its main purpose is to provide safety to operators of an industrial plant.
80
0.125
1.5
(Unit: meters)
81