Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gauges
Theory:
The dynamics of hydraulic jump is governed by the flow continuity and the
momentum equation. As we shall see, one of the major characteristic of a hydraulic
jump is its large energy dissipation. Therefore, energy equation cannot be used at this
point because the head loss is unknown (and not negligible). Using a control volume
enclosing the jump as shown in Figure 1, the continuity equation is expressed as
=11=22
Where Q is the discharge, V represents the averaged velocity and h is the water depth.
The subscript 1 and 2 represent flow information upstream and downstream of
the hydraulic jump, respectively. The momentum equation which takes into account
the hydrostatic forces and the momentum fluxes, but ignores the friction at the
channel bottom and at the side walls, can be shown as
1/2121/222= (21)
in which is the fluid density and g is the gravitational acceleration. If we define a
momentum function as
=2/2+2/2
Then, using equation (1) we can show that equation (2) suggest
1=2
From equation (1) and (2), it can be shown that the upstream and downstream flow
depths are related by
Where Fr1 is the Froude number of the upstream flow and is defined as
For a hydraulic jump, the upstream flow is supercritical and Fr1>1. On the other
hand, the Froude number Fr2 of the downstream subcritical flow needs to satisfy
It can be further applied to conservation of energy for this open channel flow
problem as
And show that the head loss hL for hydraulic jump is calculated as
Procedure
1. First of all it was ensured that fume was leveled. The undershot weir assembly
was then clamped securely to the sides of the channel at mid-way along the
flume with the sharp edge on the bottom of the gate.
2. The level gauges were adjusted, one upstream of the weir and other
downstream, to coincide with the bed of the flume and the datum readings
were recorded.
3. The knob on top of weir was adjusted to position the sharp edge of the weir
0.010 m above the flume bed.
4. The flow control valve was gradually opened and water was allowed to flow in
the channel until y0 measured 0.2 m. With y0 at this height, Q was measured
and recorded using direct reading flow meter. Y1 was also measured and
recorded using the downstream level gauge.
5. The weir was raised in increments of 0.01 m, allowing the upstream and
downstream levels to stabilize. Y0 and y1 were measured and recorded.
6. The flow rate was increased slightly. Q was measured and recorded. Above
measurements were repeated by gradually raising the weir.
Hydraulic Jump
7. The undershot weir was repositioned so that assembly was securely clamped to
the sides of the channel.
8. The knob on top of the weir was adjusted to position the sharp edge of the weir
0.020 m above the bed of the flume.
9. The flow control valve was gradually opened. A hydraulic jump was produced
decaying towards the discharge end of the flume.
10.Values of y1, y3, yg and Q were measure and recorded. The procedure was
repeated for four other flow rates Q and heights of the gate, yg.
Broad Crested Weir
11.The broad crested weir was installed in the flume with the rounded corner
upstream.
12.The level gauges were adjusted to coincide with the bed of the flume and the
datum readings were recorded.
13.The height of the weir was measured above the bed P.
14.The flow of water was adjusted into the flume to obtain. For each trial the
flowrate Q, the upstream depth of flow y0 and the depth of flow over the weir
yc were measured.
21.
y0
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
47.
y0
51.
55.
59.
63.
67.
93.
94.
95.
96.
73.
y0
77.
81.
85.
89.
19.Q =0.002
20.Emin = 0.0747 m
22.
23.E0
24.E1
y1
(m
(m
26.
27.0.1
28.0.1
30.
31.0.1
32.0.1
34.
35.0.1
36.0.1
38.
39.0.1
40.0.1
42.
43.
44.
45.Q =0.0018
46.Emin = 0.068 m
48.
49.E0
50.E1
y1
(m
(m
52.
53.0.1
54.0.1
56.
57.0.1
58.0.1
60.
61.0.1
62.0.1
64.
65.0.1
66.0.1
68.
69.
70.
71.Q =0.0016
72.Emin = 0.063
74.
75.E0
76.E1
y1
(m
(m
78.
79.0.1
80.0.1
82.
83.0.1
84.0.1
86.
87.0.0
88.0.0
90.
91.0.0
92.0.0
Q=0.002
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
Axis Title
y1 (m)
E1 (m)
Q=0.002
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
2
y0 (m)
3
E0 (m)
For Q=0.0018
Q=0.0018
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
2
y1 (m)
E1 (m)
102.
Q=0.0018
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
2
y0 (m)
3
E0 (m)
For Q=0.0016
Q=0.0016
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
y0 (m)
E0 (m)
Q=0.0016
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
2
y1 (m)
104.
105.
106.
107.
3
E1 (m)
111.
112.
yg
120.
128.
136.
144.
113.
y1
121.
129.
137.
145.
114.
y3
122.
130.
138.
146.
115.
Q
123.
131.
139.
147.
116.
H
124.
132.
140.
148.
117.
V1(
125.
133.
141.
149.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
168.
176.
184.
161.
169.
177.
185.
162.
170.
178.
186.
163.
171.
179.
187.
164.
172.
180.
188.
165.
173.
181.
189.
166.
174.
182.
190.
167.
175.
183.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
208.
0.0
3
2
216.
0.0
3
5
224.
0.0
3
7
201.
209.
0.028
202.
210.
0.059
204.
212.
0.005
205.
213.
1.64
6
206.
214.
9.869
207.
215.
2.
217.
0.027
218.
0.063
220.
0.007
221.
1.70
7
222.
11.00
6
223.
2.
225.
0.027
226.
0.063
203.
211.
0.0
0
2
219.
0.0
0
2
227.
0.0
0
2
228.
0.007
229.
1.70
7
230.
11.00
6
231.
2.
232.
233.
V1
^2
126.
134.
142.
150.
118.
119.
y3
127.
135.
143.
151.
Breadth of Weir
237.
238.
yc
Q
244.
245.
251.
252.
258.
259.
265.
266.
Graphs:
272.
273.
At Q= 0.002
274.
Q=0.002
Emin
0.15=
0.074 m
0.1
Depth (m)
0.05
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
275.
276.
At Q=0.0018
Graph-2
0.2
Q=0.0018
Emin =
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
depth (m) 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
278.
279.
At Q=0.0016
Graph-3
0.16
0.18
Q=0.0016 m3/s
Emin =
0.12
0.1
0.08
Depth (m) 0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
281.
282.
283.
12.000
10.000
8.000
V1^2/gy1
6.000
Q=0.002
Q=0.0018
4.000
Q=0.0016
2.000
0.000
1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400
Y3/Y1
285.
286.
y3/y1 (x-axis) vs H
Graph-5
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
H (m) 0.004
0.003
Q=0.002
Q=0.0018
Q=0.0016
0.002
0.001
0.000
1.4001.5001.6001.7001.8001.9002.0002.1002.2002.3002.400
Y3/Y1
288.
290.
Graph-6
292.
293.
Graph-7
log Q Vs log H
-0.79
-0.79
-0.78
-0.78
-0.77
-0.77
-0.76
log Q
Log H
295.
296.
Graph-8
-0.76
-0.75
Total Head Vs Cd
0.420
0.400
0.380
Cd
0.360
0.340
0.320
0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18
Total Head (m)
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
head for water flowing over overshot weir, properties of hydraulic jump and
discharge-relationship for broad crested weir.
303.
The shapes of curves are similar to the theoretical curve. It was observed
Graphs between y3/y1 versus H and V12/gy1 were plotted. Both graphs show
that with increase in y3/y1, H and V12/gy1 increases.
305.
the flow of water was parallel to the weir, that point showed that critical
depth has been achieved. Coefficient of discharge changed with the flow
rate. It increased with the increasing flow rate. As water passed through the
weir the depth of flow deceased and the profile of water was observed to
change.
306.
307.
depends on the breadth and height of the weir. There is a very little increase
in the values of Cv with increasing flow rate. The common values of
coefficient are less than the theoretical values. Possible sources of error may
be in handling the apparatus. There may be error in noting the reading and in
predicting the accurate point of critical depth.
309.
310.
311.