Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction

1.
2.
3.

There is energy changes when a chemical reaction takes place.

The energy is in the form of heat, could be released or absorbed during the
chemical reaction.
There are 2 types of reaction with change in heat energy:

a.

a. Exothermic reaction

b.

b. Endothermic reaction

4.

The chart below shows the difference between this 2 reactions.

Exothermic Reaction
1.

Exothermic reaction is the chemical reaction that releases heat to the

surrounding.

2.

When energy is given off during a chemical reaction, the temperature of the
surrounding will increase.

Example of Exothermic Reaction

Reaction

Equation

Neutralization

Diluted sulphuric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide

aqueous
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Acid + carbonate

Reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium

carbonate
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Calcium oxide + water

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Water + dehydrated
copper(II) sulphate
Dissolve NaOH and
KOH in water

CuSO4 + xH2O CuSO4xH2O

NaOH + water Na+ + OHKOH + water K+ + OH-

Reaction between alkali Sodium + Water

metal (Li/Na/K)and
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
water
Reaction between
reactive
metal(Mg/Al/Zn/Fe) an
d diluted acid

Magnesium + Nitric acid

Combustion

Combustion of methane

Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

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Others

Rusting

Dilution of concentrated sulphuric acid/ concentrated nitric acid or others acid

in water.

Crystallization of sodium tiosulphate.

Change of state from gaseous state to liquid state and liquid state to solid state.

Energy Level Diagram

1.

When a chemical reaction occurs, certain amount of heat is given off or

absorb.

2.

The energy change in the chemical reaction can be presented by an energy

level diagram.

3.

An energy level diagram it is a graph that shows the energy change in a

chemical reaction.

Exothermic Reaction
1.
Figure below shows the general energy level diagram for exothermic
reaction.
2.

We can see that the energy decreases after reaction. This is because energy
is given off during an exothermic reaction

Example
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
H = 126 kJ mol-1
The energy level diagram of the reaction above is as below:

Relationship between Energy Change and

Breaking/Formation of Bonds
Breaking and Formation of Chemical Bond
1.
During a reaction, energy must be supplied to break bonds in the reactants,
and energy is give out when the bonds in the products form.
2.

The amount of energy that absorbed or released depends on the strength of

the bond.

3.

If the amount of energy released during the process of creating bond is

higher than the amount of energy that taken in during process of breaking bond,
the reaction is an exothermic reaction.

4.

If the amount of energy been absorbed to break the bond is higher than the
amount of energy been released during the formation of chemical bond, the
reaction is an endothermic reaction.

Heat of Reaction
1.

The Heat of Reaction is the heat absorbed in a reaction at standard state

condition between the numbers of moles of reactants shown in the equation for
the reaction.

2.

The Heat of reaction is represented by the symbol H.

3.

The unit of H is kJmol-1.

4.
5.

If the reaction is exothernic, H shows a value of negative. If the reaction is

endothernic, H shows a value of positive.
The 4 heat of reaction that you need to know in the syllabus

a.

Heat of Precipitation
The heat of precipitation of a substance is the heat change when 1 mole of
precipitate formed from its solution of ion under standard state condition.

b.

Heat of Displacement
The Heat of Displacement of an element is the heat change when 1 mole of the
element was displaced from its compound under standard state condition.

c.

Heat of Neutralisation
Heat of neutralisation is the heat change when 1 mol of water is formed by the
neutralisation of hydrogen ions by hydroxide ions with measurements made
under standard conditions.

d.

Heat of Combustion
The Heat of Combustion of a substance is the heat energy evolved when 1 mole
of the substance is completely burnt in oxygen.

Calculating Heat Change

Heat change in a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the
number of mole of reactant that take part in a reaction or number
of mole of product been produced.
Example 1:
N(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) H = +66 kj mol-1
Calculate the heat change when 0.1 mole of nitrogen dioxide is formed in the
reaction that shown above.
Answer:
Heat change = 0.1 x 66kJ = 6.6 kJ

Example 2:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) H= 393.5kJ mol-1
How much energy is released when 4g of carbon combust completely in excess
oxygen. (Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12 )
Answer:
Number of mole of carbon = 4g12gmol1=13mol
Total heat been released =13393.5kJ=131.2kJ
Example 3:
CH3OH(l) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) H = 560 kJ mol-1
Find the mass of alcohol that need to be combusted, in excess of oxygen, to release
140 kJ of heat energy.
[Relative atomic mass: H=1; C=12; 0=16]
Answer:
Number of mole of alcohol = 140kJ560kJmol1=0.25mol
Relative molecular mass of CH3OH = 12 + 3(1) + 16 + 1 = 32
Mass of alcohol = 0.25mol x 32g/mol = 8g
Example 4:
Calculate the heat change when excess zinc powder is added into 50cm of
copper(II) sulphate solution 0.2 mol dm-3
CuSO4(ak) + Zn(p) ZnSO4(ak) + Cu(p)
H = 190 kJ mol-1
Answer:
Number of mole of copper(II) sulphate solution
n=MV1000n=(0.2)(50)1000=0.01mol

Heat change = 0.01 x 190kJ = 1.9kJ

Example 5:
The heat of combustion of carbon to CO2 is -393.5kJ/mol. Calculate the heat
released upon formation of 35.2g of CO2 from carbon and oxygen gas.
Answer:
Relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide = 12 + 2(16) = 44
Number of mole of carbon dioxide = 35.2/44 = 0.8 mol
C + O2 CO2
Number of mole of carbon = 0.8 mol
Heat released = 0.8 x 393.5kJ = 314.8 kJ

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