Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMPUTERS IN
DIFFERENT FIELDS
-SARJOON
AHAMED-
INTRODUCTION
Computer are used in so many fields in our daily
life. From engineers to doctor, student,
government organization they all use computers
to performed particular tasks.
Computer have made our life easier. Computer
can do many task in a short time, which if done
manually would take a long period.
In general:
Computer are mainly used in the fields
mentioned below.
Business Industry
Publication field
Government organization
Science field
Entertainment field
Medical fields
Marketing
An organization can use computers for marketing
their products. Marketing application provides
information about the product to customer.
Computer is also used to advertising and selling
activities.
Stock exchange
Most stock exchange use computers to conduct
bids. Stockbrokers perform all trading activities
electronically.
CAD/ CAM
Publication field
Now many authors tend to write their books in
their pc rather than on paper so it is easier to
print them too.
Ebooks
Most publishers upload electronic versions of
books because online reading is very popular
nowadays
ISBN
International standard book number is a unique
numeric commercial book identifier based upon
the nine digit code which contain detail about
publisher title etc.
Government organisations
The
government
now
display
essential
information online to be viewed by public
We can read the parliament hanzards in the
parliament.
Websites
We can read news in various government
websites.
Institutions
such
as
department
of
immigration and emigration and registration
of modern week old have fully computerized
system.
Now people can e-mail organisation to get
information rather than visiting them.
Field of science
Geographical imaging system
Satellite images which allow weather forecasting
department to identify approach of monsoon or
other environmental changes
Space exploration
Scientific system
Scientists all around the world use advanced IT to
help them in their investigations. They conduct
experiments with the help of computers sensors
actuators etc.
Entertainment field
Computer games
GTA, IGI and online games like candy crush are
extremely popular among people. Now most of
the people use computer and Internet to play
game as it is very relaxing.
Medical field
CT scanning
Computer axial tomography are used to identify
tumours and other medical problems
MRI scanner
expert system
Generations
Of
Computers
-SARJOON AHAMED-
FIRST GENARATION
Computer designed using vacuum tubes
Were known as first generation computers.
A vacuum tube is a sealed glass tube
Contain a near vacuum which allow the
SECOND GENERATION
The
period
of
second
generation was 1959-1965.
In
this
generation
transistors were used that
were cheaper, consumed
less power, more compact
in size, more reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In
this generation, magnetic cores were used as
primary memory and magnetic tape and
magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In
this generation assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL
were used. The computers used batch processing
and multiprogramming operating system.
THIRD GENERATIONS
FORTH GENERATION
The period of fourth generation was 19711980. The computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI
circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
FIFTH GENERATION
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In
the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became
ULSI
(Ultra
Scale
Integration)
technology,
resulting
in
the
production of
Large
microprocessor
chips
having
ten
million
electronic components. This generation is based
on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch
in computer science, which interprets means and
method of making computers think like human
beings. All the high-level languages like C and C+
+, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation. AI
includes: Robotics Game Playing Development of
expert systems to make decisions in real life
situations. Natural language understanding and
generation.
The Computer
Timeline
STORAGE
DEVICES
Application
Any use where small files such as word
processing, small spreadsheets and databases
need to be moved from one computer to another.
Useful to backup small data files.
games
PS3.
Hard disk drives are used to store operating
systems, software and working data.
These are suitable for any application which
requires very fast access to data for both reading
and writing to. However, Hard disk drives may
not be suitable for applications which need
portability.
Almost all computers used a fixed hard disc. Used
for on-line and real time processes requiring
direct access. Used in file servers for computer
networks to store large amount of data.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Application
Portable disc discs are used to store very large
files which need transporting from one computer
to another and price is not an issue.
Magnetic tapes
Magnetic tape has
been used for data
storage for over 50
years. When storing
large amounts of
data, tape can be
substantially less expensive than disk or other
data storage options. Tape storage has always
been used with large computer systems. Modern
usage is primarily as a high capacity medium
for backups and archives.
Drawbacks
Writing and retrieving data is
slow. It uses serial access for
reading and writing.
Application
Magnetic tapes are used for
application which requires extremely large
storage capacity where speed of access is not an
issue.
It is commonly used for backups of file servers for
computer networks, in a variety of batch
processing applications such as reading of bank
cheques, payroll processing and general stock
control.
Operating
systems
ii.
iii.
iv.
Mac OS
Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based graphical
interface systems developed and marketed
by Apple Inc. It is designed to run
on Macintosh computers, having been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. It was the
successor to Mac OS 9, released in 1999, the final
release of the "classic" Mac OS, which had been
Apple's primary operating system since 1984.
The first version released was Mac OS X Server
1.0 in 1999, and a desktop version, Mac OS X
v10.0 "Cheetah" followed on March 24, 2001.
Previous releases of OS X were named after big
cats; for example, OS X v10.8 was referred to as
"Mountain Lion". However, with the
announcement of OS X Mavericks in June 2013,
this was dropped in favour of Californian
landmarks. Within the market of desktop, laptop
and home computers, and by web usage, OS X is
the second most widely used OS after Windows.
OS X, whose X is the Roman numeral for 10 and
is a prominent part of its brand identity, is built
Ubuntu Linux
Ubuntu is a complete desktop Linux operating
system, freely available with both community
and professional support. The Ubuntu
community, backed by Canonical, is built on the
ideas enshrined in the Ubuntu Manifesto: that
software should be available free of charge, that
software tools should be usable by people in their
local language and despite any disabilities, and
that people should have the freedom to
customise and alter their software in whatever
way they see fit. "Ubuntu" is an ancient African
word, meaning "humanity to others". The Ubuntu
distribution brings the spirit of Ubuntu to the
software world. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS is the current
long term support version, released in April 2012,
codenamed Precise Pangolin.