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ABSTRACT
South Beach development was conceived as a response to Singapores aspiration to be a city
in a garden. In keeping with this aspiration to be a garden city development, the project takes
its primary cue from nature and its ability to provide natural filters and regulators that act in
harmony with the local climate. As a tree provides shelter from the sun combined with
beautiful dappled light, shelter from rain and an open natural environment beneath its boughs
the development is covered with a similar environmental filter inspired by the protection
offered by a tree canopy. The basement/podium forms a green spine with interlinked
courtyards. The sunken garden entry plaza at the entrance to South Beach with connectivity
to the Esplanade MRT Station is an example of open and public space within a private
development. The towers are shaped to allow enhanced views towards the Central Business
District. The Tower Bases gracefully cut back to allow the Green Spine to stretch through the
site. Sky-terraces are cut from two towers and climb vertically as a cascade of green spaces.
The South Beach development is intended as an iconic landmark and a showcase of
sustainability strategies. A key feature of the design is the environmental filter canopy that
covers the open space, linking the two towers, covering the podiums and heritage buildings.
The microclimate within this canopy is designed so that it caters to the specific activities that
are envisaged on the site. The development represents a considerable challenge to the
planning and design skills of engineers. Sophisticated software is mated with technical knowhow to solve complex engineering problems from concept to design to construction. This
paper summarises some of the engineering challenges faced during the design of the
development; from deep excavation in poor soil condition to two high-rise towers with
sloping faces to an undulating, unsymmetrical large-span canopy.
KEYWORDS
Circular Diaphragm Wall, strut-less excavation, top-down construction, shear walls, sloping
structure, high-strength concrete, prestressed structure, large-span canopy.
INTRODUCTION
The South Beach Development site is approximately 3.5 hectares on plan. The site is
bounded by Beach Road at the north, Nicoll Highway at the south, at the east of the site
Middle Road and at the west of the site Bras Basah Road. The development comprises two
mixed-use towers, podium retail and office structures up to 5 storeys above ground, 3 levels
of basement and interface with the MRT exit at the south end of the site.
In addition to the new development, there are four conservation buildings within the
development which will be refurbished to new design functions.
The development is sitting on reclaimed land, comprising deep soft clay marine deposits
above the underlying Old Alluvium (OA) layer. Proximity to the MRT station and the
existing conservation buildings pose challenge to the design and construction of the earth
retaining structural system as the deflection limit becomes critical.
Some of the innovations include using 85m and 89m diameter circular diaphragm walls and
T-shaped walls with combination of top down and bottom up construction sequence to
minimize the need for temporary support system and also to control deflections.
Both mixed-use towers feature a sloping faces as shown in Figure 1. The North Tower
sloping face is oriented towards the East and the South Tower sloping face is oriented
towards the West. The sloping faces induces lateral loads to the floor plates at some the floors
where the column inclination changes. The two towers make extensive use of Grade 80 HighStrength Concrete in the cores and columns.
SITE GEOLOGY
The geology map showing proposed site location is presented in Figure 2. The geological
map was produced prior to reclamation of the Singapore Marina area. The approximate South
Beach project area has been highlighted for clarity. From the geological information, the
project area is in an area of Kallang Formation overlying Old Alluvium.
In choosing the type of earth retaining system for the South Beach, the following factors have
to be considered:
Water tightness
The location of the ground water table is about 14m above the final excavation level.
The water tightness has to be controlled to prevent excessive ground movement to the
adjacent structures.
Circular diaphragm wall is preferred as it allows the zones with towers to be constructed first.
It is also chosen due to its self-retaining property. It minimizes the use of internal struts to
retain the earth as it transforms the lateral earth pressure into circumferential compressive
stress, or hoop stress, within the diaphragm wall panels. As the result, the wall thickness can
be minimized and also, because of the minimal internal struts, it creates unobstructed
working space to facilitate the excavation works. In terms of ease of quality control, the
verticality of the panel can be assessed by the Koden test.
Owing to the layout of the existing conservation buildings, fully circular diaphragm walls
cannot be utilized. As the result, a fully circular, a dual-circular diaphragm wall, along with
two stretches of T-shaped panels are used.
The excavation plan has been divided into four zones, namely Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3 and
Zone 4 as shown in Figure 3.
c.
d.
T-shaped Panels
T-shaped panels are used due to its large bending and shear capacity. This is
especially important for the long-spanned wall at Zone 3 where deflection limit is
more stringent due to the existing conservation building Block 9. The flange and
web of the panel is 1.5m thick.
In the final stage of the basement construction, the diaphragm walls between the four zones
will be removed to form a long basement more than 270m long as shown in Figure 5.
265
thk
265~375
thk
SOUTH TOWER
The South Tower superstructure comprises 18 levels for hotel and 22 for residential plus
three, 9 meters high, Sky Garden levels located respectively 66, 88 and 132 meters above
ground (see Figure 9). The height of the concrete structure is 190m; the overall height,
including a structural steel crown, is 218m.
There are three different floor typologies: hotel, residential lower stack and residential upper
stack (levels 3 to 21, 23 to 31 and 33 to 45 respectively). There is basically no typical floor as
the sloping faade and several architectural solutions produce different layouts at every level.
A centrally located core, 16 perimeter walls and inclined columns on the west elevation resist
gravity and lateral loads. The core can be perceived as 5 macro-beams; at level 23, where the
floor plate is subdivided into two separate areas, the central macro-beam is terminated and
two macro-beams per side continue to the top.
As it is influenced by the profile and member arrangements, the canopy structure is equally
affected by the support conditions. The long span nature of the canopy means that any
measure to reduce the span will benefit the structural elements. The shape of the support
column can assist in this aspect by, for instance, using a flared column (see Figure 16) as
opposed to be single straight column. The studies also indicate the flared column shapes are
more beneficial to the lateral deflection performance of the canopy.
Figure 18: Wind Tunnel Test Result and Wind Load comparison with CP3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful for the contributions of Ms Zhou Zhi Qin, Mr Mauro Pellegrini, Ms
Le Hang, Ms Berlina Winata and Ms Fiona Yuen in the preparation of the paper.
Russell has a background in faade and structural engineering and specialises in the design,
assessment and construction of all types of faade systems for a broad range of buildings. He
also has a strong interest in Building Physics and its application in hot climates. The projects
that he has undertaken cover a wide range and scope, from conceptual design and building
physics studies, to providing sub-contractor's details. The areas of investigations and
resolution of failing facades also form a large part of his work.
Russell founded the facade team in Singapore and ran it for many years before moving into
the leadership of the Buildings group. His projects are located in Singapore, Southeast Asia,
India and the Middle East, and past assignments in other markets where he had previously
worked, have given him the breadth and depth of experience in building engineering
throughout various markets.Russell has also contributed to technical papers on facades in the
UK, Hong Kong and Singapore.
In the specialist consultancy service to BCA, he was involved in the underpinning of 30storey building providing geotechnical and structural assessments.
An engineer since 1989, Edwin has been leading teams to plan and design the structural
framework for buildings, preparation of tender and construction drawings and supervision of
works carried out on the construction site. His experiences include coordinate design
information between owners, other consultants and contractors for Design and Build
Development, preparing tender document and contract administration for repair/retrofitting
works and Civil Engineering projects for the Public Utilities Board and development of
educational institute projects. He has also served as Resident Engineer at a major project at
Changi Airport. Recent projects include the Sportshub, Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort
and City Square Mall.