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p p
x
where p
n
p(1 p )
n
p1 p 2
p (1 p ) p (1 p )
n1
n2
where p
x1 x2
n1 n2
(O E) 2 , where
E
E ij
df = (columns 1) (rows 1)
rp
N X
N XY X Y
2
X N Y 2 Y
2
rs 1
N(N2 1)
- for inferences, a significant relationship between the two variables exist if the null hypothesis (r = 0.00) is rejected.
Ho: no significant relationship
Ha: has significant relationship
CHI-SQUARE: TEST OF ASSOCIATION (TEST OF INDEPENDENCE)
- may take the role of Pearson r for dichotomous data (nominal), or Spearmans role for ordinal data, but less powerful.
- for raw data, Data Analysis Plus Contingency Table (Raw Data)
- for cross tabs or Contingency Table, Data Analysis Contingency Table
- a procedure that tests whether frequencies are according to categories.
Ho means equal frequencies.
Thus, not associated, independent, or do not differ.
(O E)2 ;
O observed frequencies
2
E expected frequencies
E
Ha means not equal frequencies.
Thus, associated, dependent, or differ.
df = (no. of columns 1) (no. of rows 1)
-
If situation occurs that when the expected frequency is so small (less than 5), it is recommended to apply any of the following:
a) Collapse some rows. Meaning, combine it with the other row with the same characteristic(s). You may also disregard the row
or column with frequencies that are relatively very small (most especially if zero).
or the Fishers exact, where
b) For df = 1, use Yates correction, where
O E 0 .5
x2
A B !C D ! A C !B D !
A! B!C! D! N !
Written by: Asst. Prof. Xandro Alexi A. Nieto of UST Faculty of Pharmacy
EXAMPLES
1. In a random sample of 150 pirated DVDs at Quiapo, it was found that 25 are defective. On the basis of this sample
(dvd.xls; 1 defective, 0 - nondefective), have we any reason to believe that more than 8% of all the pirated DVDs at
Quiapo have defects?
Hypotheses:
Ho:
________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:
________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Test to Use: _____________________ Test Statistic: __________ Critical Value: __________
2.
p-value:
___________
Conclusion:
Decision:
___________
___________________________________________________
In a random survey done at UST, 70 Commerce students and 60 Pharmacy students were asked. Results are in
breakpharcom.xls (1-enjoying; 0-not enjoying). Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance that the rates of enjoying
during summer break are the same on both colleges.
Hypotheses:
Ho:
________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:
________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Test to Use: _____________________ Test Statistic: __________ Critical Value: __________
3.
p-value:
___________
Conclusion:
Decision:
___________
___________________________________________________
A researcher wants to determine if there is a significant difference on the proportion of customers who take the three different
brands of vitamins. The data are in vitaminsabc.xls, in which 1 Taker, 2 Non-Taker; 1 Brand A, 2 Brand B,
3 Brand C) . Test the hypothesis at 10% level of significance..
Hypotheses:
Ho:
________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:
________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Test to Use: _____________________ Test Statistic: __________ Critical Value: __________
4.
p-value:
___________
Conclusion:
Decision:
___________
___________________________________________________
A researcher wants to determine if the hangout mall of Manila students depend on the school where they study. The results
are in the contingency table of hangout1.xls. Test the hypothesis at 5% significance level.
Hypotheses:
Ho:
________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:
________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Test to Use: _____________________ Test Statistic: __________ Critical Value: __________
5.
p-value:
___________
Conclusion:
Decision:
___________
___________________________________________________
___________
Conclusion:
Decision:
___________
___________________________________________________
Written by: Asst. Prof. Xandro Alexi A. Nieto of UST Faculty of Pharmacy