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Hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
contents
Product profile
Physical and chemical properties
28
sythesis
Surface activity
30
Applications
12
Foaming power
31
Dishwashing liquids
15
Rheological properties
31
Detergents
18
pH stability
31
Household cleaners
21
Heat stability
31
Sanitary cleaners
22
Detergent action
31
Cosmetic hair and body care products
23
Solubilization
32
Industrial cleaners
26
Emulsifying action
32
Special technical sectors
27
Stability to hard water
32
Electrolyte stability
32
Chlorine-/oxidation stability
33
Enzyme stability
33
Synergistic interaction with soil release polymers
34
Solubility in water
35
Low-temperature properties
35
hostapur SAS
Toxicological and environmental properties
36
Technical Data
48
Toxicological profile
38
Summary of the properties of Hostapur SAS
49
Ecology
39
Physical/chemical data
50
Life cycle assessment
41
Ecological data
51
Processing
42
C-chain distribution
51
Transport
44
Registration status
51
Storage
44
Analysis
53
Conveying/mixing
46
Literature
53
Dilution
46
product range
55
Handling
47
Hostapur SAS
Product profile
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS A surfactant with

optimum application properties and
less impact on the environment
The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last few
decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance ratio expected,
but safety and impact on the environmental are also prime
considerations.
The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS meets these
requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been
highly successful on the market for many years. To date, over
one million metric tonnes of Hostapur SAS have been produced
in our european facilities.
One of the reasons for this great success is the enhanced
environmental properties as shown by the life cycle assessment.
We are convinced that over the coming decades Hostapur SAS
will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of the
leading principal surfactants.
This brochure describes the specific properties and universal
uses of Hostapur SAS. Further information and individual advice
can be obtained.
Abbreviations
SAS
Secondary alkane sulphonate
LES
Lauryl ether sulphate
LAS
Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate
AES
Alkyl ether sulphate
LS
Lauryl sulphate
SRP
Soil release polymer
Hostapur SAS
Grades
Anionic surfactants for the detergent, chemical-technical and

cosmetic industries, based on secondary alkane sulphonate
sodium salt, starting product: n-paraffins.
Chemical structure
CH3 (CH2)m CH (CH2)n CH3

|

SO3- Na+
m + n = 10 14; the sulphonate group is distributed

over the carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly
the secondary carbon atoms that are substituted.
INCI name
Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

CAS numbers
97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9,

USA: 68608-26-4; 68037-49-0
EINE CS/ELIN CS numbers
307-055-2; 288-331-9; 288-330-3
Commercially available grades

Active content
Appearance (25C)
Hostapur SAS 30
approx. 30%
clear faintly yellowish liquid
Hostapur SAS 60
approx. 60%
yellowish soft paste
Hostapur SAS 93
approx. 93%
yellowish waxy pellets
Hostapur SAS 93 G
approx. 93%
yellowish fine granules
hostapur SAS
The Hostapur SAS grades are noted for the following

specific application properties:
Very good solubility
Increases action of modern detergent additives,
spontaneous dissolving, e.g. when used as dishwashing liquids

good low-temperature properties
e.g. soil release polymers

Very good electrolyte compatibility
High wetting action
manufacture of heavy-duty detergents with high builder content
good drainage properties and rapid drying of dishes

Good skin compatibility
Pronounced foaming power
formulation of mild dishwashing liquids
high yield of the finished products in use

Possibility of combination with anionic,
Excellent grease- and soil-dispersing action
nonionic and amphoteric surfactants
development of finished products with defined and optimum

detergent, cleaning and degreasing action
versatility in formulation
synergistic effects in use
electrically neutral salts can be formed with cationic surfactants
Viscosity-depressing action
permits the formulation of flowable, highly concentrated

detergents and cleaners with low water content and without
solvents and preservatives; saves transport and packaging costs
Cost reduction
Outstanding enzyme compatibility
Surfactant of low aquatic toxicity with less
positive influence on enzyme stability
impact on the environment
possibility of manufacturing highly concentrated liquid cleaners

without hydrotropes
rapid biodegradation
Chemical stability over a wide pH range
formulation of alkaline cleaners with long storage stability

stability to oxidizing agents; intended for chlorine-containing
all-purpose cleaners
Range of grades
Hostapur SAS is available in liquid and paste as well as in pellet

and powder form
permits universal processing in all fields of use
Hostapur SAS
Synthesis
hostapur SAS
The synthesis of Hostapur SAS

by the Hoechst light/water process
yields detergent raw materials
of consistently high quality.
In this process the raw material
and energy consumption
as well as the emissions
are optimized at a minimum.
The secondary alkane

sulphonate Hostapur SAS
is synthesized
by sulphoxidation
of n-paraffins.1-6
Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry,

was discovered as early as 1940 by C. Platz at the Hchst site of
the former IG Farben AG 7, when n-paraffins were treated with
sulphur dioxide and oxygen and simultaneously exposed to
ultraviolet light. Since then the process has been developed into
the present Hoechst light/water process 811, which can be
described summarily by the following equation:
Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the terminal

methyl groups are considerably less reactive. 12 14
Besides the monosulphonates, smaller amounts of di- and
polysulphonates are also formed, see Technical data, page 48.
RH + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O RSO3H + H2SO4
Figure 1: Sulphoxidation process
The flow chart shows in diagrammatic form the industrial-scale production of Hostapur SAS.
SO3
O2
n-paraffin
reaction
n-paraffin
H2O
H2O
SAS-flakes 93%
rectification
H2O
separation
neutralisation
SAS- paste 60%
SO2
10
O2
n-paraffin
NaOH
hostapur SAS
The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins by the

Hoechst light/water process is carried out in a multi-lamp reactor.
The gas mixture of SO2 and O2 is introduced by means of gas
injection equipment and on exposure to UV light produced in highpressure mercury lamps made of quartz glass, sulphoxidation of
the n-paraffins takes place in the presence of water. The reaction
gas is circulated. A compressor is needed for maintaining gas
circulation, as is a cooling system for adjusting the required
temperature. The reaction liquid is removed at the bottom of the
reactor and the product phase the lower phase is separated
in a separating system. The upper phase paraffin phase is cooled
and replenished with water and n-paraffin and then returned to
the reactor. After concentration of the product phase in a vacuum,
separation of the sulphuric acid and neutralization of the concentrate with sodium hydroxide solution, the remaining paraffin is
driven off with superheated steam. The distillate is again separated
in a separator and the paraffin phase is returned to the reaction.
The remaining melt is finally processed into pellets, Hostapur SAS
93, or into aqueous solutions, Hostapur SAS 60 or Hostapur SAS 30.
Very pale reaction products of high quality are obtained.
One characteristic of the process described is that no other
chemical auxiliaries, for example, solid catalysts or solvents, are
required. The n-paraffins used for synthesis are obtained as a
matter of course in the production of kerosene, and so Hostapur
SAS manufacture offers a useful outlet for this material. The
precise material flow and the energy balances are described in
section Life cycle assessment, page 41.
11
Hostapur SAS
ApplicationS
12
hostapur SAS
The Hostapur SAS grades are

principal surfactants with
excellent ecological, toxicological
and economic properties.
Because of their pronounced surface activity and
specific properties, they have a very wide range of uses.
Their major use is in dishwashing liquids, in which
Hostapur SAS has proved highly successful for several
decades. The Hostapur SAS grades are used as principal
surfactants in combination with other surfactants for
the manufacture of virtually all types of detergents and
cleaners for household and industrial use.
13
Most important uses for

Hostapur SAS
Dishwashing liquids
Standard dishwashing liquids

Dishwashing liquid concentrates
Laundry detergents
Liquid detergents
Detergent powders
Detergent pastes
Soaking agents
Household cleaners
All-purpose cleaners
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Sanitary cleaners
Floor cleaners
Glass cleaners
Toilet freshener blocks
14
Cosmetic hair and

body care products
Shampoos
Showergels
Foam baths
Liquid soaps
Toothpastes
Industrial cleaners
Automotive cleaners
Metal degreasing agents
Alkaline rust removers
Hand cleaners
Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride,

polystyrene and polyethylene
Fire extinguishing foams
Emulsion polymerization
Textile and leather auxiliaries
Oilfield chemicals
hostapur SAS
Dishwashing
liquids
Consumers expect modern dishwashing liquids primarily to have

optimum cleaning action and safety in use, in other words good skin
compatibility, coupled with optimum environmental compatibility.
Hostapur SAS 60 is not preserved and, like Hostapur SAS 93, is

suitable for the manufacture of preservative-free preparations.
Another desirable feature is high yield, which can be achieved with

concentrates. Adequate foaming power in the presence of grease
and absence of streaks on dishes are taken for granted.
The low-temperature stability of the dishwashing liquids, for

example, at -5C, can be further improved by small additions of
OH-group-containing substances such as ethanol. An addition of
2% ethanol and 2% urea is recommended for concentrates with
about 40% active detergent.
Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant in combination with amphoteric surfactants such as the alkyl amidobetaines and/or alkyl ether
sulphates and/or nonionic surfactants as co-surfactants enables
dishwashing liquids to be developed that meet the above-mentioned
requirements almost ideally.15 -20
pH adjustment is generally done with sodium hydroxide solution

or citric acid. When alkyl amidobetaines are used, an increase in
viscosity may possibly occur in the acid pH range.
The high solubility of Hostapur SAS enables highly concentrated

dishwashing liquids with good storage stability to be formulated
without the addition of cost-increasing solubilizers. The demand
for this product class is rising steadily.
If necessary, moisturizing agents can additionally be incorporated

in the formulation. Because of the good dermatological properties
of Hostapur SAS this is, however, not necessary in most cases.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS
These concentrates with a low water content offer primarily

economic advantages such as lower transport and packaging costs.
It is often possible to dispense with a preservative for these
concentrates. Guide Formulations are available.
in dishwashing liquids
Very good solubility and thus economizing on solubilizers
Very good rinsing action, rapid drainage, shine and rapid drying
Optimum cleaning and degreasing action with a low concent-
Preservation of formulations containing Hostapur SAS depends

foremost on the composition of the finished product in question.
Hostapur SAS is a rapidly biodegradable surfactant and must therefore be preserved if the finished formulations have a low application
concentration and a high water content. Most of the commercially
available preservatives are suitable for this purpose. A preservative
loading test must however always be carried out. Formulations
with a fairly high active detergent content, for example, over 40%,
usually do not need to be preserved.
Microbiological studies of Hostapur SAS as a function of the
concentration of active detergent showed that an inherently
bacteriostatic effect is displayed with concentrations as low as
about 40%. Therefore the sixty-percent commercial grade
15
ration of active detergent and thus high dishwashing efficiency

Creamy, fine-bubble foam, which can act as a soil- and
fat-suspending agent
Compatibility with anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants.
As a result synergistic effects are often achieved
Faint inherent colour and therefore only small amounts of dye
are required if coloration is needed
Good skin compatibility, especially in combination with
other surfactants
Dishwashing
liquids
The skin compatibility and the foaming power can be optimized

by combining Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate, for example,
Genapol LRO or ZRO. In practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts
Hostapur SAS and about one part alkyl ether sulphate, relative to
100% active substance (ratio 3:1 or 4:1), has proved successful.
Figure 2: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures

with the addition of ethanol and urea
100000
viscosity [mPas]
Of the numerous possibilities for combining Hostapur SAS with

surfactants that have a different chemical structure two-, threeand four-component combinations are described below by way of
example; these mixtures enable dishwashing liquids with tailormade properties to be developed.
10000
1000
100
10
This combination also enables liquid concentrates with about 40%

active detergent content to be formulated without the additional
use of a solubilizer. Moreover, with this concentration the mixture
of Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate is better and more rapidly
soluble in the dishwashing water than the individual components
separately.
The stability to hard water and the foaming power in hard water
are also optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate content. By adding
magnesium ions or other divalent metal ions to the Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixture the foaming power can be further
improved, especially in the extremely low water hardness range.
10
40
A n 4 parts SAS: 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% urea

B n 4 parts LAS: 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% urea
Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20C as a function of the concentration of Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with the
addition of ethanol and urea. This means that a 40% formulation
consisting of 32% Hostapur SAS and 8% lauryl ether sulphate
contains 4% ethanol and 4% urea.
A crucial parameter for the processing and use of dishwashing

liquids is rheology. The viscosity of the commercially available
products is about 400 to 700 mPas/20C. This viscosity can be
achieved easily with 5 to 7% sodium chloride in Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70:30, relative to 100%
active detergent, and a content of 12 to 15% active detergent in
the final formulation.
More highly concentrated Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate
mixtures with a 40% active detergent content can be adjusted
easily to viscosities suitable for practical purposes by incorporating
viscosity-depressing additives such as ethanol and/or urea,
as shown in fig. 2.
16
20
30
concentration c [%]
hostapur SAS
Figure 3: Mini-plate test of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate (4:1 mixtures)
as a function of magnesium ion addition
water hardness: 0ppm CaCO3 (0d)
number of plates
15
When betaines are used, not only the dermatological properties but
also the rheological properties are improved. As a result additional
moisturizing agents and viscosifiers are often not required. 21
A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether content, as a function of the fatty
alcohol radical and the degree of ethoxylation, can produce an
increase in solubilizing and emulsifying action as well as better
wetting. These influence the cleaning effect to a marked degree
when the product is used. The pronounced solubilizing action of
Hostapur SAS can also obviate the need for special solubilizers
for slightly soluble perfume oils, and thus cut costs.
10
0
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
Mg++-concentration [%]
1.2
1.5
Finally, there is the possibility of combining the four surfactant

classes: alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate, betaine and fatty
alcohol polyglycol ether.
n concentration: 0.33 g a.s./L
The cleaning action can be tested in the mini-plate test on glass

plates soiled with grease or in the plate test. An example is given
in fig. 3.
Three-component mixtures can be formulated
with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and betaine
(alkyl dimethyl betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for example,
mixed in the ratio 5:2:1 or 7:1:1, or
with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and nonionic fatty
alcohol polyglycol ethers.
17
In the aforementioned numerous possible combinations the

economical principal surfactant Hostapur SAS is used as the
main component. Depending on the mixing ratio, the application
properties of these combinations such as degreasing, low-temperature properties, foaming power, feel on the skin, rheology and
dermatology can be optimized. 22, 23
Detergents
Liquid detergents
Liquid detergents are a major field of application for Hostapur SAS

on account of its pronounced detergent properties.
The liquid detergents are divided below into light-duty liquids for
delicate wash and heavy-duty liquid detergents.
The market for heavy-duty liquid detergents is still fairly young
in Europe. In the USA the importance of these heavy-duty liquid
detergents is much greater. These liquid detergents contain an
average between 35 and 50% surfactants. In the USA the builders used are, for example, potassium tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate and sodium citrate. In Europe, by contrast, phosphates
are largely notused. Moreover, in the USA, washing machines are
designed differently from those in Europe and the average washing temperatures are lower than 30C. The US formulations also
do not contain any bleaching agents because these are mostly used
separately.
As with the dishwashing liquids, when Hostapur SAS is used as the

principal surfactant, for example, instead of linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate, considerable savings of solubilizer such as ethanol
can be achieved. Optimum liquid detergents without builders and
having very good detergent action, solubility and stability contain
as principal components Hostapur SAS, readily water-soluble
higher-ethoxylated fatty alcohols and potassium or triethanolamine
coconut soap; the anionic surfactant content of the total active
detergent is generally one-third.25
In Europe the liquid detergents used have a different structure.

They generally consist of a mixture of anionic and nonionic
surfactants with soap in approximately the same ratio. In addition
they contain solubilizers such as ethanol, propylene glycol and/
or xylene sulphonate, possibly enzymes, optical brighteners and
chelating agents. 15 24
If enzymes are used in the formulations, Hostapur SAS offers better
enzyme compatibility than most of the anionic surfactants such as
linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.
18
hostapur SAS
If builders are also incorporated in the liquid detergents, it is advantageous to use freely soluble surfactants such as Hostapur SAS.
A further beneficial property of Hostapur SAS is its good electrolyte
compatibility, in other words good compatibility with the builders.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in heavy-duty
The liquid light-duty detergents are used at temperatures up to

a maximum of 60C. Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant can
be combined in amounts of up to 40% with alkyl ether sulphates,
nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and/or soap.
manufactured
and light-duty liquid detergents

Better solubility in water than linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
High solubility, enabling highly concentrated detergents to be
Hydrotropes can be reduced in quantity or omitted
Good detergent action
Good dispersion and solubilization of the soil,
oil and fat particles

Another possibility of formulating with Hostapur SAS is to develop
highly viscous to gel-like detergents with special rheological
properties in use. Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant
concentration and rapid dissolving in use. Hostapur SAS permits
a high surfactant concentration and rapid dissolving in use.
Pronounced foaming power in the presence of soil and fat

Good compatibility with electrolytes, which enables the
hydrotropes to be reduced or even eliminated
Good calcium ion tolerance
Saving on enzymes
Synergistic effects with soil release polymers
Looking ahead, the demand for liquid detergents will undoubtedly

continue to increase within the detergent market in Europe. This
applies particularly to products that have an active detergent
content of 50 percent and above. They thus meet the requirements
for low-energy manufacture, high efficiency coupled with easy low
metering and less impact on the environment. Detergents with high
active substance concentrations can be developed without difficulty
with Hostapur SAS.
19
Good dermatological properties
Detergents
detergent
powders
Hostapur SAS can also be used to manufacture the various powder

detergent types. The excellent solubility and the solubilizing
properties lower the viscosity of the slurry. This brings a number
of major advantages, especially substantial energy savings and
capacity increases in the manufacture of detergent powders by the
hot spraying process.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in
Fig. 4 shows an example of typical viscosity/solids content curves,

determined on rehydrated tower powders. The powders each contained 9% Hostapur SAS (100%) or linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
(100%). The substantially lower viscosity of the Hostapur SAS
containing slurry is clearly discernible; measured in the Brabender
Plastograph, model PI 3S. 26
Energy and time saving
Powder-type light-duty detergents contain 10 to 15% Hostapur

SAS, relative to 100% active detergent, in combination with small
amounts of soap and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.
Lower slurry viscosity

Higher solid content
Increase of spraying capacity

Reduction of hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphate
due to less water content
Figure 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a function

of the solids content and the type of sulphonate
600
rel. viscosity [scales*]
Powder-type heavy-duty detergents can contain between 6 and

10% Hostapur SAS, relative to 100% active detergent, in combination with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap as surfactant
components.
detergent powders
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
55
60
solid content [%]
n SAS
n LAS
* measured with Brabender Plastograph
20
hostapur SAS
65
Household cleaners
Liquid all-purpose
cleaners and
Liquid metal/
ceramic cleaner
Liquid all-purpose cleaners
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Liquid all-purpose cleaners are the predominant household

cleaners because of their ease of metering and wide range of uses.
In general they are adjusted to a fairly low concentration of active
detergent. Owing to the electrolyte content, for example, sodium
chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility problems and thus cloudiness may occur. Hostapur SAS, on the other hand, has specific
advantages for the formulation of all-purpose cleaners because of
itsexcellent solubility and electrolyte compatibility. 27, 28
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually contains a high abrasive

content. The insoluble components are dispersed in the aqueous
surfactant phase. To prevent the solid particles from settling,
firstly abrasives with as small a particle size as possible are used
and secondly a fairly high viscosity is employed.
This also applies to the incorporation of fairly large amounts of

water-soluble active detergents or to the formulation of fairly highly
concentrated finished products. The latter can be produced with
Hostapur SAS without any great problems; an addition of solvent
such as butyl diglycol is often advantageous here. Abrasives such
as calcium carbonate can also be combined in high amounts with
Hostapur SAS. For the effective use of liquid all-purpose cleaners,
high fat-dissolving power and soil-dispersing power are of crucial
importance. Hostapur SAS brings these advantages in combination
with other components.
In addition the product has an excellent wetting action even at low
temperatures. This is particularly important for rapid cleaning; and
equally for a largely streakfree and residue-free removal of dirt.
By combining Hostapur SAS with other surfactants, for example,

with Genapol UD 030, it is often possible without adding
viscosifiers to increase the viscosity to a level where settling of
the abrasive particles is prevented or reduced.
The usually thixotropic formulations display advantageous
properties in use: during storage the viscosity is high and when
subject to shear stress during application the metal cleaner
becomes less viscous, in other words it flows readily from the
bottle and can be spread easily over the surface to be treated.
Depending on its composition, the liquid metal cleaner can be
applied to stainless steel, chromium, copper and brass surfaces.
Besides a mild and gentle cleaning action, consumers expect
above all a shiny finish and a water-repellent effect. The finished
products are, however, intended to be suitable as widely as possible
for the cleaning of glass ceramics. Here, too, rapid wetting of
the surface to be cleaned, as made possible by Hostapur SAS,
is important.

liquid all-purpose cleaners
Excellent wetting action: Rapid distribution over the dirty,
liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
greasy surfaces to be cleaned

Electrolyte compatibility: Reduction in or elimination
Advantageous rheological properties when applied
of hydrotropes
Stabilization of the abrasives
Strong degreasing and cleaning action: Largely
Good wetting action increases efficiency
streak-free surfaces
Good grease-dissolving power
Good solubility Manufacture of highly concentrated
all-purpose cleaners
21
Household cleaners
Sanitary cleaners
Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly for the easy and economical
cleaning of bathrooms and toilets. They are intended to remove all
traces of lime, dirt and soap rapidly. Furthermore, it is often desired
to remove dark mould patches on joints, tiles and shower curtains.
The current sanitary cleaners are adjusted either to an acid or an
alkaline pH. In general these products are expected to have an
antimicrobial or disinfectant action as well, which can be achieved
by special additives such as active chlorine (hypochlorite) hydrogen
peroxide or by acids.
Surfactants with good wetting action provide the cleaning action.
Owing to its chemical structure (C-S bond to the sulphonate group),
Hostapur SAS has good stability to oxidizing agents and is stable in
both the acid and the alkaline pH ranges. This stability to reducing
and oxidizing agents makes Hostapur SAS a preferred surfactant
for sanitary cleaners.
Of special importance is the stability of the oxidizing agents used in

the individual surfactant systems.
The allround cleaners for baths are intended to be effective at
fairly low surfactant concentrations. As a result of the pronounced
wetting and cleaning action of Hostapur SAS, this is also achieved
according to the EC recommendation at anionic surfactant concentrations between 5 and 15% in the finished product.
The chemical stability of Hostapur SAS also enables it to be used
in toilet freshener blocks.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in sanitary cleaners

Chemical stability to oxidizing agents
Stability in the acid and alkaline pH ranges
Good wetting power and thus increase in effectiveness
Better chlorine stability than other surfactants
22
hostapur SAS
Cosmetic
hair and body care

products
In cosmetic preparations Hostapur SAS has proved successful

particularly as a co-surfactant on account of its productspecific
properties. This applies especially to the combination with alkyl
ether sulphates in the manufacture of hair and body care products.29
Compared to alkyl ether sulphates, Hostapur SAS has a stronger
cleaning and degreasing action. The viscosity depressing property
of the secondary alkane sulphonate also limits the concentration
used in the fairly high-viscosity cosmetic hair and body care
products. Apart from exceptions, mixtures with a higher content
of alkyl ether sulphate are therefore used.
Guide values for the mixing ratios are as follows:
For finished products with a content over 12% active detergent:
70 parts ether sulphate to 30 parts Hostapur SAS.
For finished products with less than 12% active detergent
the mixing ratio should be: 80 parts ether sulphate to 20 parts
Hostapur SAS.
The mixing ratios are calculated on 100% active substance.
The viscosity can be adjusted with sodium chloride and/or

ammonium chloride and/or magnesium chloride very economically. Similarly, fatty acid alkanolamides and fatty alcohol polyglycol
ethers with a low degree of ethoxylation such as Genapol L-3 in
combination with the above-mentioned electrolytes can be used.
Fatty acid polyglycol esters or special cellulose ethers can also
be used to increase viscosity.
Fig. 5 shows the viscosity curves of Hostapur SAS (SAS): alkyl ether
sulphate (AES) mixtures with the addition of different electrolytes;
magnesium chloride performs particularly well. The viscosity rises
parallel to an increasing amount of alkyl ether sulphate.
A combination of alkyl ether sulphate, alkyl amidobetaine and
Hostapur SAS, for example, in the mixing ratio 6:2:2, can
bring advantages in respect of rheology, foaming properties
and dermatological properties.
Figure 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Hostapur SAS mixtures
as a result of additions of electrolytes (5%)

7000
viscosity [mPas]
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
7:3
6:4
5:5
SAS: AES mixture
n NaCl 10% a.s.

n KCl 15% a.s.
n NaCl 15% a.s.
n MgCl2 10% a.s.
n NH4OH 15% a.s. n MgCl2 15% a.s.
23
4:6
3:7
Cosmetic
hair and body care

products
By adding Hostapur SAS to liquid hair and body care products the
low-temperature cloud point as a function of the active detergent
content and the mixing ratio can be lowered by about 4 to 7C.
This is a particular advantage also for preparations containing
pearlizing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates the good influence of Hostapur
SAS on the low-temperature properties of the surfactant mixtures.
of the mixing ratio

+15
temperature [C]
The addition of Hostapur SAS enables hair shampoos with special

effects to be developed. The stronger degreasing action of Hostapur
SAS makes it possible to increase the cleaning action, for example,
in mixtures with alkyl ether sulphates. This is an advantage in
formulating low-cost effective shampoos for greasy hair.
The possibility is also afforded of manufacturing singleapplication
shampoos, which can obviate the need for washing a second time.
Figure 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points as a function
Shampoo concentrates with a high active detergent content can

also be formulated with Hostapur SAS in combination with
other surfactants. Here, the viscosity-depressing property of
Hostapur SAS is an advantage in formulation; in other words,
viscosity depressing additives such as ethanol and glycols can
largely be omitted.
+10
+5
0
-5
-1
Hair shampoos
0:10
2:8
4:6
6:4
8:2
10:0
SAS: AES mixture

n cloud point
n clear point
Special emulsifiers or solubilizers are needed to solubilize slightly

soluble perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced solubilizing action
of Hostapur SAS, the use of these auxiliaries is often unnecessary.
The flash foam required for use, especially in the presence of dirt
and grease, can also be increased by the Hostapur SAS content in
the formulations.
Last but not least, Hostapur is suitable for the manufacture of

special clean shampoos, which enable hair setting products or
highly substantive cationic polymers to be washed out of hair.
Shower gels
The universally usable shower gels are generally used for

cleaning the skin and hair at the same time. Flash foam formation
is particularly important in this application. With the partly use
of Hostapur SAS a fine-bubble foam and rapid spread of the shower
gel over the skin and hair can be achieved, as a function of the
concentration used.
The numerous uses of Hostapur SAS in cosmetic preparations are

described briefly as follows:
24
hostapur SAS
Foam baths
Foam baths are used in extremely diluted concentrations in the

bath water; the active detergent content in the bath water is
0.002%. The finished products are therefore often adjusted to an
active detergent content of, for example, 50%. When the usual
surfactants such as alkyl ether sulphates and alkyl amidobetaines
are used, a gel that is slightly soluble in the bath water is usually
produced in this concentration range. By adding Hostapur SAS,
the solubility in water is improved dramatically. At the same time
beneficial rheological properties such as flowability at room
temperature are achieved. Moreover, it is not necessary to add
the commonly used solubilizers.
cosmetic preparations
Liquid soaps
Liquid soaps have become established as an alternative to

conventional bar soaps in the body care product sector, above
all because of their ease of use. Since the hands are, generally
speaking, fairly dirty, a strong cleaning action is required.
By using Hostapur SAS, this effect can be achieved easily.
Soaps
By adding, for example, 1 to 3% Hostapur SAS to the soap

formulation, processing can be facilitated and dispersion of the
dyes used can be improved. To a certain extent the amount
of the expensive C12 fatty acid can be reduced.
Emulsions
By adding small amounts of Hostapur SAS to emulsions, especially

oil-in-water emulsions, the spontaneity of emulsion formation can
be improved during manufacture. Moreover, finer distribution of
the emulsified droplets is achieved.
Toothpastes
Hostapur SAS can also be used in toothpastes as an alternative to

the lauryl sulphate sodium salt often employed as a foamer in dental
care products. Advantages are the good cleaning action as well as
the good electrolyte compatibility and dispersing action
25
Lowering of the raw material costs by partial replacement
of other principal surfactants

Improvement in low-temperature stability
Manufacture of highly concentrated formulations
Improvement in spontaneous solubility in water
Reduction in solubilizers, especially with concentrates
Foam stabilization
Increased cleaning action by varying the Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate mixing ratio
Industrial
cleaners
High-pressure cleaners
These cleaners are in many cases adjusted to an alkaline pH with

sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate. Hostapur SAS has
optimum foaming and cleaning action in this pH range as well.
Industrial cleaners
Automotive cleaners
Good compatibility with all types of electrolytes
Hostapur SAS is used as a principal surfactant in car shampoos

for private use and for commercial car washes. Equally, acid,
alkaline or neutral cleaners can be formulated with Hostapur SAS
for buses, railway trucks and lorries. The high cleaning action
of the secondary alkane sulphonate in particular is of great
importance here. Furthermore, the foaming properties and the
associated soil-and oil-suspending power play a major role in
effective use. The concentration of Hostapur SAS used, calculated
on 100%, is generally between 2 and 5%. Hostapur SAS can
however also be used with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers in an
approximate mixing ratio of 3:1.
Excellent wetting power
High stability in a broad pH range (acid and alcaline)
and oxidation agents
Strong degreasing and cleaning effects

Good dispersion and solubilization of fat, soil, and pigments
High solubility and a good cold stability
Alkaline rust removers
The pH stability in the presence of potassium hydroxide solution

makes Hostapur SAS in amounts of 1 to 2% ideal for use in these
products.
Hand cleaners
Hand cleaners are used in industrial plants and workshops

for cleaning very dirty hands. To increase the cleaning action,
mechanically effective substances such as wood flour, soda,
sodium sulphate or polymer powder are used. Hostapur SAS
in amounts of 10 to 50% can be used as the active detergent.
The dispersion action and degreasing power of this surfactant
is an advantage for this application.
Cleaners for dairies and butchers shops
Hostapur SAS can be used for manufacture of cleaners for butchers

shops and milking machines because of its excellent cleaning and
degreasing power.
26
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS has many uses

in the technical sector.
Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene Plastics mostly have the undesirable property of
accumulating a static charge. Surfactants such as Hostapur SAS
form on the surface of the polymers a mono- or multi-molecular
film, which increases the conductivity with atmospheric moisture.
It is often possible to incorporate Hostapur SAS in the polymer
compound, for example, in the case of polyvinyl chloride.
This also applies to polystyrene and styrene copolymers and to
polyethylene.
Fire extinguishing foams
The pronounced flash foaming power of Hostapur SAS can be

used in combination with other surfactants very effectively to
formulate fire extinguishing agents.
Emulsion polymerization
Secondary alkane sulphonates have been used successfully for

decades in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride.
Hostapur SAS has proved successful both as an emulsifier in
continuous and discontinuous processes and for the stabilization
of the latex following polymerization by the nucleation process;
in the latter process polymerization is carried out with only a
low emulsifier concentration and the dispersion is stabilized
subsequently by adding suitable emulsifiers. Hostapur SAS is
noted for its good dispersibility, which is evidenced by good
stability of the latex to mechanical stress and good process control
(little tendency for deposits to form in the reaction vessel).
Owing to the absence of double bonds, the emulsifier does not
act as a radical interceptor. This ensures a readily reproducible
reaction course and results in end products with good heat
stability because of the lower demand for persulphate (radical
forming agent) and the lower tendency to block polymerization
(no reaction between the emulsifier and the reaction partners).
The low salt content of Hostapur SAS also has a positive influence
on the heat stability of the end product.
are generally used. The soaps have the advantage over the
synthetic anionic emulsifiers that the polymer can be precipitated
by acidification or addition of salt and the fatty or resin acid
remaining in the product serves as a plasticizer at the same time.
One evident disadvantage of the soaps is the instability of the latex
(coagulation on slight change in pH and contamination, low
resistance to fillers) and poorer chemical and heat stability.
For these reasons the synthetic emulsifiers are increasingly gaining
ground, particularly for special products, for example, the carboxylated butadiene copolymers (for carpet backcoating, for papermaking, adhesives etc). Because of its constant quality and low salt
content, Hostapur SAS is highly suitable for this application.
Textile and leather auxiliaries
Owing to its chemical stability and very good wetting action,

Hostapur SAS can be used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres
and in the finishing of textile fibres, for example, as an antistatic
agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary alkane sulphonate are cotton
scouring, mercerizing and carbonization and the preparation of
leather fatliquors.
Oilfield chemicals
Hostapur SAS is also used successfully in the tertiary recovery of oil.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS for

special technical sectors
Excellent antistatic effect for polyethylene, polystyrene
and polyvinyl chloride

High foam stability and flash foaming power in combination
with co-surfactants
Good emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization in continuous
and discontinuous processes
High wetting action in textile and leather auxiliaries
for manufacture and finishing of textile fibres

In the manufacture of butadiene copolymers, butadienestyrene
and butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps (fatty soaps, resin soaps)
27
Special additive with high heat and electrolyte stability
for the tertiary recovery of oil
Hostapur SAS
Physical and
chemical properties
28
hostapur SAS
The secondary alkane sulphonates

have a number of specific physical
and chemical properties
because of their structure.31 51
These properties are dependent
on the chain length of the paraffin
used. Hostapur SAS with paraffin
radicals between 14 and 17 carbon
atoms has optimum surface-active
and chemical properties, which
are described below.
29
Hostapur SAS
surface activity
pH ranges. The excellent wetting power in low concentrations

at low temperatures is a noteworthy feature.
Micelle formation
There are extensive studies of the surface-active properties of

secondary alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting to note that
surfactants with a central functional group form micelles from
comparatively few surfactant molecules.54 For Hostapur SAS the
critical micelle concentration CM is about 2 x 10-3 molL -1 or
0.6 gL-1 at 20C. The structure of the micelles is spherical.
Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of Hostapur SAS as a function of

the concentration and temperature.
The superior wetting power of Hostapur SAS compared with linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl ether sulphate (LE S) and
lauryl sulphate (LS) is shown in fig. 9.
Interfacial tension
The interfacial tension with decane as the other phase is about

4.6 mNm-1, measured on a 1% aqueous Hostapur SAS solution.
Figure 8: Wetting power of Hostapur SAS in accordance with DIN 53901

100
Surface tension
The surface tension of Hostapur SAS (100% active substance),

measured by the du Noy method at 25C, as a function of
the concentration, is shown in fig. 7.
Wetting action
Hostapur SAS is a rapidly wetting surfactant. This gives rise to

advantages in practical use in all cleaners. This applies particularly
to use in dishwashing liquids and all-purpose cleaners. The
excellent wetting action extends over a wide temperature range,
not only in a neutral medium but also in the alkaline and acid
wetting time [s]
80
60
40
20
0
0.25
0.75
concentration c [g/L]
n 20C
Figure 7: Surface tension of Hostapur SAS (25 C)
0.5
n 50C
n 70C
Figure 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance with DIN 53901
80
60
wetting time [s]
surface tension [mN/m]
90
70
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001
30
0.01
0.1
concentration [g/L]
10
SAS
LAS
C surfactant 0.1% a.s., temperature 37C,
water hardness: 268ppm CaCO3 (15d), pH 7
hostapur SAS
AES
LS
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties
Foaming power
Hostapur SAS has good foaming power, which is very pronounced,

especially in soft water. Flash foam is a characteristic property
of the secondary alkane sulphonates. An increase in foaming
properties, especially in hard water, can be achieved, for example,
by a combination of Hostapur SAS with an alkyl ether sulphate in
the ratio 4:1. Figs. 10 and 11 below demonstrate the foaming power
of Hostapur SAS in soft and hard water.
The flow properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and pastegrade Hostapur

SAS 60 are of importance particularly for transport and conveying.
The flow diagrams are given in section Conveying/mixing.
pH stability
The Hostapur SAS grades are stable in the acid and in the alkaline
pH range.
Heat stability
The good foaming properties of the Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether

sulphate mixtures are clearly discernible.
Aqueous solutions of Hostapur SAS are stable up to temperatures

of about 100C. The Hostapur SAS 93 pellets have a softening point
of about 40C and become liquid when the temperature rises to
about 140C. At temperatures above 140C, the surface of the
Hostapur SAS 93 melt should be covered with an inert gas blanket
such as nitrogen.
Rheological properties
The viscosity of the aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions rises only

slightly up to about 30% active detergent. Above 30%, however,
a rapid rise in the inhomogeneous paste region can be observed.
The low-concentration aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions exhibit
Newtonian flow.
Detergent action
The good soil removal power of Hostapur SAS is not appreciably

reduced by water hardness salts. The builders used in practice
increase the cleaning effect.
Figure 10: Foaming power of Hostapur SAS in distilled water
Figure 11: Foaming properties of Hostapur SAS in hard water
by the ROSS-MILES method
300
300
250
250
foam height [mm]
foam height [mm]
by the ROSS-MILES method
200
150
100
50
0
150
100
50
0
0.002
n AES
n SAS
0.006
0.03
0.1
concentration c [%]
n AES: SAS 7:3 n SAS: AES 4:1
water hardness 0ppm CaCO3 (0d), temperature 37C

31
200
0.3
1.0
0.002
n AES
n SAS
0.006
0.03
0.1
concentration c [%]
n AES: SAS 7:3 n SAS: AES 4:1
0.3
1.0
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties
Solubilization
Stability to hard water
The good solubilizing power of Hostapur SAS towards hydrophobic

oils and fats is characteristic of this type of surfactant. In practical
use in cleaners, this means increased degreasing and often a saving
of solubilizers, for example, for perfumes. The solubilizing effect
rises with the surfactant concentration, the temperature and often
also with the electrolyte content of the solution. Solubilization in
the Hostapur SAS solution can also be increased and speeded up by
mechanical means and lengthy stirring.
Hostapur SAS has a stability number of 3 in accordance with the

DIN 53905 test. Accordingly, Hostapur SAS is a surfactant with
moderate stability to hard water.
Using the solubilization of isopropyl myristate as an example, fig. 12

illustrates that Hostapur SAS has greater solubilizing power than
alkyl ether sulphate.
Electrolyte stability
The stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS can be improved

markedly by combining it with alkyl ether sulphates. As fig. 13
shows, a mixture of 4 parts Hostapur SAS (SAS) and 1 part lauryl
ether sulphate (LE S) reaches an optimum value of 75.
Hostapur SAS has only slight sensitivity to electrolytes. The viscosity of the aqueous solutions is increased only slightly by additions of
electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate.
Emulsifying action
Secondary alkane sulphonates also display good emulsifying action.

As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for the manufacture of liquid
and cream oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations as low as under
1% bring spontaneous emulsion formation in manufacture and an
improvement in emulsion stability. Moreover, finer distribution of
the emulsified droplets is possible. The emulsifying action
as a dishwashing liquid test is described by D. Miller. 55
Figure 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Hostapur SAS :
Figure 13: Stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS and of mixtures with lauryl
ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905
alkyl ether sulphate (LES ) as a function of the mixing ratio

5
80
wetting time [s]
wetting time [s]
4
3
2
1
0
60
40
20
0
0:10
2:8
4:6
6:4
8:2
10:0
SAS
SAS:LES mixture
n 15% a.s.
32
n 10% a.s.
n 5% a.s.
hostapur SAS
LES
SAS:LES 4:1
Hostapur SAS has excellent chlorine stability compared with many

other surfactants. In combination with amine oxides, a synergistic
effect is observed; in other words, the mixture has a higher stability
than the individual surfactants alone. Hostapur SAS is therefore the
ideal surfactant for formulating hypochlorite-containing cleaners,
whether used alone or in combination with amine oxides.
As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine content falls fairly little in the
presence of Hostapur SAS as a function of the storage time. The
stability was determined on a solution with 2.5% active detergent
in each case.
Enzyme stability
The stability of enzymes such as protease (e.g. Savinase, manufactured by Novozymes) in the presence of Hostapur SAS is shown
in fig. 15 as a function of the storage time. It is clearly evident
that after 7 days only a slight fall in enzyme activity (80%) can
be observed in the case of Hostapur SAS. Hostapur SAS is a more
enzyme compatible anionic surfactant than most anionic surfactants commonly used in liquid laundry detergent applications
(e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate).
Figure 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Hostapur SAS, amine oxide and
a mixture of Hostapur SAS/amine oxide
The residual activities after 7 days storage at 25C are shown in

fig. 16. Here too the good effect of Hostapur SAS on the stability
of the enzymes is confirmed both in the case of proteases and of
lipases.
Figure 15: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease

100
residual activity [%]
Chlorine-/ oxidation stability
80
60
40
20
0
0
time [days]
n LAS
n SAS
c savinase 0.3%, c surfactant 3.0g/L,
Figure 16: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease and lipase

100
100
80
60
40
80
60
40
20
20
0
0
SAS
2.5% SAS
2.5% amine oxide
after n 6 weeks, n after 12 weeks, n after 20 weeks

starting value: 6.5% active chlorine
33
1.5% SAS + 1% amine oxide
LAS
n Savinase 16L, c = 0.3%

n Lipolase 100L, c = 1.0%
c surfactant 3.0g/L, water hardness 179ppm CaCO3 (10d),
temperature 25C
Hostapur SAS
chemical properties
In modern detergent formulations the use of soil release polymers

(SRP) is gaining increasing importance. Soilrelease polymers
improve the detachment of oily and fatty soil from fabrics containing synthetic fibres, especially polyester and polyester blended
fabrics. They are now included in the top brands of most detergent
manufacturers.
However, it is known that the effectiveness of these polymers is
dependent substantially on the type of surfactants in the detergent.
The literature describes, how the soil release effect is generally
reduced in combination with anionic surfactants.56 However, these
studies are restricted to the major anionic surfactants in detergents,
e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate.
Fig. 17 shows that in combination with Hostapur SAS, unlike

combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl
sulphate, a significant improvement in the soil release effect is
achieved.
As is evident from fig. 18, the builder system as well as the
surfactant influences the performance of soil release polymers.
The soil release polymer reaches its greatest effectiveness with
the combination of Hostapur SAS plus the zeolite/soda system.
The combination of the polymer with Hostapur SAS plus sodium
tripolyphosphate (STPP) is more effective than the combination
with linear alkyl benzenesulphonate plus STPP.
The soil release effect of a commercial soil release polymer in

combination with Hostapur SAS was therefore investigated in
comparison with combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-known dirty motor
oil test.
Figure 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Hostapur SAS
Figure 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance

of soil release polymers
40
35
remission R [%]
remission R [%]
30
30
20
10
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
SRP
LAS
n 0.06 g/L SRP

n 1.0 g/L surfactant without SRP
n 1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP
34
AS
SAS
LAS
+ 2.0 g NTPP
LAS
+ 1.5 g zeolite
+ 0.7 g soda
SAS
+ 2.0 g NTPP
n 0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRP

n 1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP
hostapur SAS
SAS
+ 1.5 g zeolite
+ 0.7 g soda
Hostapur SAS shows less tendency than other surfactants to form

liquid crystalline phases or gels. Hostapur SAS is therefore very
suitable for concentrates and liquid formulations.
Solubility in water
The very good solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in water is

illustrated in fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate increases
sharply as the temperature of the water rises.
Low-temperature properties
Hostapur SAS has good low-temperature properties, especially

in high application concentrations. This applies particularly in
comparison with linear alkylbenzene sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows
in graph form the low-temperature clear and cloud points of the
individual Hostapur SAS (SAS)/alkyl ether sulphate (LES) mixtures.
Figure 19:
Solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in distilled water
concentration c [g/100g]
80
70
The low-temperature cloud points of Hostapur SAS as a function

of the concentration are shown in fig. 21.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
10
20
30
40
temperature [C]
n SAS 30
n SAS 60
n SAS 93
Figure 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30%

Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures
Figure 21: Low-temperature properties of Hostapur SAS as a function
of the concentration
35
temperature [C]
35
temperature [C]
30
25
20
15
10
25
20
15
10
5
-5
-5
-10
-10
10
15
20
concentration c [%]
n SAS
35
30
n LAS
25
30
10
15
20
concentration c [%]
n SAS:AES 4:1
n LAS:AES 4:1
25
30
Hostapur SAS
Toxicological
and environmental
properties
36
hostapur SAS
A modern surfactant must not present

any risk to humans, animals,
plants and the environment during
manufacture, storage, transport,
processing, use and in the waste water.
As the following data show, Hostapur SAS is an environmentally
friendly surfactant with very good biodegradability, good
ecotoxicological values and good dermatological and toxicological
compatibility that has been successful for decades. It is safe to
use and poses no risk to the environment.
Detailed reports on the toxicology and environmental properties of
secondary alkane sulphonate are available in the literature. 57 74
37
Hostapur SAS
toxicological
profile
To confirm the favorable toxicological profile of Hostapur SAS,

extensive toxico-logical and dermatological investigations were carried
out over many years. The most important test results are given below:
Chronic toxicity
LD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60%)

LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60%)
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 1900 mg/kg (93%)
Hostapur SAS (60%) was tested for chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity in two longterm studies on rats and mice. No toxicologically significant effects were observed after oral administration to
rats of up to 2% in the feed over a period of two years. In addition,
no signs of toxicity, either macroscopic or microscopic, were observed afterdermal application (three times per week for 80 weeks)
to mice.
Skin and mucous membrane irritation
Toxicokinetics
Animal studies conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 405

lead to the assumption that Hostapur SAS as well as other basic
surfactants, e.g. LAS, irritates both the skin and the eyes. Below a
threshold concentration (of 15% active detergent), however, no significant irritant effects are observed. Furthermore, well-documented human studies showed no indications of skin irritation caused by
diluted Hostapur SAS solutions.
The toxicokinetic properties of radioactively labelled Hostapur SAS

were investigated on rats. After oral adminis-tration, a dose-independent two-phase elimination with half-lives of 11 and 65 hours
was observed. Over 90% of the dose administered was excreted
within 24 hours.
Acute oral toxicity
Comparable toxicokinetic properties were also observed after dermal application to rats.
Sensitization
Hostapur SAS (60%) was tested in the Magnusson and Kligman

maximization test and proved not to be skin-sensitizing.
Mutagenicity
Hostapur SAS was tested in the AmesTest (S9) with Salmonella

typhimurium and for chromosome mutations in the micronucleus
test in vivo. In both test systems Hostapur SAS was not mutagenic.
Reproduction toxicity
Hostapur SAS (60%) was tested in a two-generation trial for possible reproduction toxicity properties. Up to a dose of 10,000ppm in
the feed, no maternotoxic, embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects
of any kind were observed.
Conclusion: Hostapur SAS
is not sensitizing to skin.

is not mutagenic and/or genotoxic.
presents no risk in respect of reproduction toxicity.
exhibited no systemic toxicity in two long-term studies and
was not carcinogenic.
shows no signs of bio-accumulative potential and is eliminated
very rapidly.
In accordance with the CESIO classification Hostapur SAS

with an active detergent content of over 15% must be labelled as
irritant (Xi) whereas up to an active detergent content of 15%,
Hostapur SAS does not require a hazard warning label.
For detailed information see Safety data sheet.
Hostapur SAS does not present a health risk
under conditions of use.
38
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
Ecology
Biodegradability
Secondary alkane sulphonates are readily and rapidly biodegradable. The primary degradability is considerably in excess of 90%.
In the OECD Confirmatory Test (sewage sludge simulation test)
the rate of degradation is 99% (decrease in MBAS). In the modified
OECD Screening Test (OECD 301 E), a test for total degradability,
SAS has a DOC removal of 95%. The Ten-days-window criterion
is thus met, i.e. SAS is readily biodegradable.
Compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS), secondary
alkane sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly biodegradable. This applies especially at low temperatures. The degradation properties of
secondary alkane sulphonates are shown on page 51.
In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A, sewage treatment plant
simulation test), the biodegradation/elimination is 96% +/-3%.
In a modified Coupled Units Test, in which the sewage treatment
plant simulation was better matched to the conditions in a modern
municipal sewage treatment plant, 99% +/- 1% secondary alkane
sulphonates were degraded/eliminated (DOC decrease).
39
Hostapur SAS
Ecology
Aquatic toxicity
Simplified risk assessment
Current data on the acute and chronic ecotoxicity and water

biocenosis toxicity are given in tabular form in Technical data:
A simplified qualitative risk assessment for Hostapur SAS shows

that there is a sufficiently large safety margin between exposure
concentration and effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-ratio is
far below 1.
Possible toxic effects of surfactant as well as decomposition and

cleavage products of the secondary alkane sulphonate were
investigated in five pilot plants, in which the route taken by the
anionic surfactant from the consumer via the sewage treatment
plant to the surface water is simulated. Flora and fauna of the
-mesosaprobic zone were used as indicators of the effect on living
organisms. In addition, the embryolarval test was used to determine
the toxic substances in the water.
The results can be summarized as follows: High COD, BOD and
MBAS degradation rates of 90% were measured.
The data used for the qualitative risk assessment are given in the
table in Technical data.
Conclusion:
Based on data risk assessment Hostapur SAS there is only slight

anaerobic degradability of secondary alkane sulphonates, like
surfactants with a C-S bond, has no adverse effect on the environmental properties on the basis of the available data.
A slightly toxic effect (toxic is defined as an adverse effect on

health, growth and reproduction) on the green algae species
Spirogyra as a typical representative of the -mesosaprobic zone
was observed at 40ppm secondary alkane sulphonate in the water.
Conclusion
The surfactant has no significant effect on golden orfes and zebra

fish. Surfactant residues and cleavage products have no significant
toxic effect on the development of Cichlasome nigrofasciatum
larvae into the fully grown organism.
Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on
Planorbis corneus.
Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on
Daphnia magna. On the basis of the EU labelling criteria in
accordance with the 12th harmonization of Directive 91/325/EEC
no environmental labelling is required for alkane sulphonates.
40
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
Life cycle assessment
A balance sheet on the production of the most important surfactants

at present used in detergents in Europe was drawn up by the
European LCI Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/ECOSOL)
and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside Surfactants Detergents 32
(1995) 2, 84 ff.).
In particular the surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS),
alkyl sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES), soap, secondary
alkane sulphonate (SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and
alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied. These are obtained
from petrochemical and oleochemical intermediates. The balance
sheet is extremely comprehensive and includes the energy and
material requirements as well as the emissions into the environment and the production of waste, which are associated with all
stages of surfactant manufacture. In accordance with the principles
recommended by the SETAC, a Peer Review Panel has assessed
the study.
The study shows that each system has effects on the environment
through the consumption of many different raw material sources
such as oil, natural gas, oleochemical/agricultural products and
of minerals as starting materials as well as through energy production and transport. On the basis of the results, there is no clear
scientific justification for singling out one of the systems as having
a fundamental environmental advantage, either for the production
of individual surfactants or for the various raw material sources,
which range from petrochemical and oleochemical/agricultural
raw materials to minerals.
The raw material consumption and the emissions into the environment in the manufacture of secondary alkane sulphonate (SAS)
by sulphoxidation of n-paraffin can be summarized as follows:
734kg oil, 105kg sulphur (for SO2) 138kg salt (for NaOH), 36kg
oxygen (for sulphoxidation) are required for the production of
1000kg SAS.
41
The total raw material consumption including the required energy

is 797kg oil, 154kg natural gas, 180kg coal.
Of the total energy consumption of 51.9 GJ, process energy accounts
for 36%; of the process energy 48% is apportioned to the SAS
stage. 68% of the total energy requirement is covered by oil.
The production of 1,000kg SAS gives rise to 64.2kg solid waste,
of which 84% comes from the oil; the emissions into the environment amount to 38kg. They stem mainly from the production
and incineration of the oil.
Conclusion:
Hostapur SAS has a favourable energy balance sheet, especially

when compared with alkyl ether sulphates. Furthermore it has
good values in respect of the solid waste occurring in production.
Hostapur SAS
Processing
42
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS can be supplied

in the following forms
liquid
= Hostapur SAS 30
paste
= Hostapur SAS 60
pellets
= Hostapur SAS 93
fine granules = Hostapur SAS 93 G
The homogenous Hostapur SAS 30, which is a clear liquid at

room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store.
Hostapur SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20C
but that separates out into two phases of different composition
if left to stand for a lengthy period of time. For this reason
Hostapur SAS 60 must be homogenized before use by stirring
and, if necessary, by heating. This measure is not necessary
if full drums are completelyprocessed.
43
Hostapur SAS
Transport and storage
Transport
Storage
The loading temperature ex works for delivery by road tanker is for
Containers made from the following materials have proved

successful for storing the Hostapur SAS grades:
fibre-glass-reinforced polyester resin, especially for storage
tanks with a capacity of 3070 m3,
steel containers with suitable hard rubber lining or with
tried and tested internal coatings, for example, epoxy resin
or phenol-formaldehyde resin,
stainless steel, for example, material no. 1.4541 (V2A)
or 1.4571 (V4A).
Hostapur SAS 30 5060C and for

Hostapur SAS 60 7090C.
Although Hostapur SAS 60 is still pumpable at room temperature
with the pumps mentioned in section Conveying/mixing, the
temperature during transport should not fall below 65C so as to
facilitate handling and conveying. The road tankers intended for
transporting Hostapur SAS 60 have standard R 3 connections or
conventional hose couplings.
The last-mentioned materials are also recommended for

pipelines.
An example of the installation of a storage tank is shown
diagrammatically in fig. 22.
Before storage tanks are installed, a guarantee of compatibility
with Hostapur SAS at the intended storage temperatures should
be obtained from the manufacturer in question.
44
hostapur SAS

Fig. 22: 60-t storage tank
for Hostapur SAS 60
floating
distribution
system
stainless steel
carbon steel rubber lined
fibre-glass reinforced polyester
stainless steel
carbon steel rubber lined
fibre-glass reinforced polyester
insulation
steam 2-5 bar
feed
hose
Heat Exchanger
condensate
Production
T > 65 C
Filter
sampling
Tank
Hostapur SAS 30 should be stored at temperatures above 20C,

because cloudiness may occur at lower temperatures. This
cloudiness has no effect on the quality of the product. Before use,
however, the product must be homogenized.
As already mentioned, Hostapur SAS 60 separates out in storage
into two phases, one containing more surfactant than the other.
In addition, sodium sulphate can separate out at fairly low
temperatures. It is therefore necessary to stir or pump round the
tank contents constantly and at the same time to maintain a storage
temperature of 6590C. If a circulating pump is used, entrainment
of air must be prevented by suitable design of the return pipe.
Our experts will gladly provide technical advice on planning and
installing storage tanks for Hostapur SAS grades.
45
Pump
Hostapur SAS 93 presents no problems in transport and processing.

When processing Hostapur SAS 93 G, fine dust formation caused
by abrasion can be expected. Hostapur SAS 93 and 93 G can be
kept almost indefinitely under normal conditions but, since they
are hygroscopic, must be kept away from contact with water and
atmospheric moisture.
Hostapur SAS
Conveying/mixing,
Dilution, Handling
Conveying/mixing
Dilution of Hostapur SAS 60 to 30% or less
The rheological properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and Hostapur SAS

60 that are important for conveying are shown in figs. 2325 below.
Hostapur SAS 30 and 60 can be conveyed by displacement pumps
such as
gear pumps, supplied by e.g. Hermetic,
79194 Gundelfingen, Germany
Mohno pumps, supplied by e.g. Netzsch,
84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany
helical blade pumps or twin-screw displacement pumps made
of stainless steel, supplied by e.g. Bornemann,
31676 Obernkirchen, Germany.
than 30% active detergent
For homogenization, current models of low-speed stirrers can

be used. It is important to eliminate eddying so as to prevent
entrainment of air = foam formation. The stirrer blade should
therefore rotate below the surface of the liquid. Good results
have been obtained with low-speed interference-multistageimpulse-counterflow stirrers (INTERMIG), supplied by Ekato,
79650 Schopfheim, Germany.
The storage of Hostapur SAS 60 can be simplified by adjusting the

product on delivery to 30% or less active detergent by diluting it
with water.
Any stirred vessel made of suitable material, see section Storage,
with low-speed stirrers can be used. The soft and preserved water
intended for dilution (hot water accelerates the dilution operation)
is run into the vessel and the Hostapur SAS 60 is added and dissolved with slow stirring (eddying should be avoided because
of foam development). The product can also be homogenized by
being pumped round.
Another possibility consists of running Hostapur SAS 60 into
the storage tank and at the same time slowly adding hot water.
The amount of water is governed by the efficiency of the pumps
and should be no more than one-fifth of the amount pumped r
ound per hour.
An example will illustrate this: Delivery of 20 t Hostapur SAS 60;
tank size 50 m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5 of 5 m3 =
1 m3/h. In this case it takes about 20 hours to produce 40 t
Hostapur SAS 30 from 20 t Hostapur SAS 60.
Figure 23: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield

viscometer RVT , spindle 1, speed 20 min-1
Figure 24: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the shear rate,

measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
300
10000
viscosity [mPas]
viscosity [mPas]
5000
200
100
0
20
1000
500
200
100
30
40
50
temperature [C]
46
2000
60
10
15
70
20
25
30
shear rate D [s-1]

n 50C n 20C
hostapur SAS
35
40
45
50
Dissolving of Hostapur SAS 93
The solid Hostapur SAS 93 can be dissolved in water in any vessel

made of suitable material and equipped with a low speed stirrer.
The solution is produced by running soft water or condensate
(5060C) into the vessel and slowly stirring in Hostapur SAS 93.
Stirring is continued until the Hostapur SAS 93 has completely
dissolved. Experience shows that this takes about 1530 minutes.
If a preservative has not already been added to the water used for
dissolving the solid matter, the resulting diluted Hostapur SAS
solution must be protected against bacterial attack by the addition
of suitable preservatives.
Water, which is used for dissolving, is one of the most likely
sources of contamination. Hygienic condtions are an indispensable
prerequisite for achieving a good commercial product. This applies
to the ion exchange resins, storage tanks, valves and ventilation
ducts as well as to the pipelines. A high standard in plant hygiene
is always crucial to the manufacture of finished products containing a low and harmless level of bacteria. Additional preservation
ensures that the end product reaches the consumer in a perfect
condition.
Figure 25: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the temperature
viscosity [mPas]
at D=10 s-1, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20

8000
Handling
7000
Because of the strong wetting and degreasing action, appropriate

protective measures should be taken, particularly where lengthy
exposure is involved. Therefore protective gloves and safety goggles
should be worn when handling these raw materials.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
20
30
40
50
temperature [C]
47
The choice of the most effective preservative or frequently also

of combinations of several preservatives is dependent on the composition of the formulations and often also on national legislation.
Consequently, no universally effective type of preservative can be
recommended here. Hostapur SAS is however fully compatible
with most of the preservatives used in detergents and cosmetic
cleaners. Experience shows that the bacteriostatic effect improves
with increasing content of Hostapur SAS and the corresponding
co-surfactants. This means that the amount of preservative can
usually be reduced. In extreme cases it is even possible to dispense
with preservatives altogether. Adjustment of the pH to a weakly
acid value can also bring an improvement in preservative action.
Whereas Hostapur SAS is stable in the acid pH range, the susceptibility of surfactants with ester groups to hydrolysis must be borne
in mind. Generally speaking, it is advisable to conduct storage tests
with compatibility studies and to test compatibility with the packaging.
60
70
Hostapur SAS
Technical Data
and Literature
48
hostapur SAS
Summary of the properties

of Hostapur SAS:
Good solubility
the low viscosity of more highly concentrated solutions thus permits:

easy manufacture of liquid detergents and cleaners
saving of packaging costs
reduction in the use of hydrotropes
Excellent electrolyte compatibility
Chemical stability over the entire pH range
Excellent stability in the presence of oxidizing agents,
for example, hypochlorite
Saving of enzymes
Good cleaning and degreasing properties
Good foaming power
Pale inherent colour
Good detergent action
Rapid biodegradability
49
Hostapur SAS
Physical/chemical data
Guide product data

Feature
Hostapur SAS 30
Hostapur SAS 60
Hostapur SAS 93
Hostapur SAS 93 G
Appearance at 20C
Average molecular weight
328gmol-1
328gmol-1
328gmol-1
328gmol-1
Active detergent content
approx. 30%
approx. 60%
approx. 93%
approx. 93%
Sodium sulphate content
max. 2.1%
max. 4.2%
max. 6.5%
max. 7.0%
Paraffin content
max. 0.4%
max. 0.7%
max. 1.0%
max. 1.0%
pH 5% as is in water
7.08.5
7.08.5
about 7.08.5
about 7.08.5
Bulk density
about
Particle size (average fineness)
Density (gcm-3)
600gL-1
about 570gL-1
< 1mm (75%)
Calorific data
Temperature
Hostapur SAS 30
Hostapur SAS 60
20C
1.048
1.087
Specific heat
30C
1.042
1.081
40C
1.036
1.075
50C
1.031
1.068
60C
1.025
1.062
Thermal conductivity
70C
1.017
1.055
W m-1 K-1
0.47
0.28
80C
1.049
(kcal m-1 h-1 C-1)
(0.40)
(0.25)
50
Hostapur SAS 30
Hostapur SAS 60
kJ kg-1 K-1
3.56
2.76
(kcal kg-1 C-1)
(0.85)
(0.66)
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
Ecological data
Biodegradability
% biodegradation
OECD Confirmatory Test
99
Mineralization (DOC)
SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E)
87
Radiolabelled experiments
SAS (U-14C) after 6 days
45
Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plant

SAS degradation at +1C air temperature (+8C in trickling filter)
85
Biodegradation in the OE CD Coupled Units Test (OE CD 303 A)
> 90
C-chain distribution
< C13 n-Paraffin
max. 1%
C13-C15-n-Paraffin
about 58%
C16-C17-n-Paraffin
about 39%
> C17 n-Paraffin
max. 2%
Monosulphonate*
about 90%
Disulphonate*
about 10%
* calculated on 100% active detergent
Registration status
Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC

INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate
Registered in Japan (MITI)
Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia
Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive
91/325/EWG: no environmental hazard labelling required
51
Hostapur SAS
Ecological data
Aquatic Toxicity
Acute toxicity
Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203)
LC0
7.1mg L-1
LC50
8.4mgL -1
LC100
9.9mgL -1
Guppy
LC50
3.6mgL -1
Trout
LC50
2.8mg 0L-1
Carp
LC50
2.8mgL -1
Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202)
EC50
12.5mgL -1
Fish toxicity
Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge)
> 1000mgL -1
Chronic toxicity
EC10
58 mgL -1
Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Khn)
EC50
95.5 mgL -1
Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201)
LOEC
3.0 mgL -1
Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202)
NOEC
0.37mgL -1
Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the modified
OECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia)
no toxic effect
Water biocenosis toxicity
LOEC
3.5 (MBAS)
NOEC
1.4 (MBAS)
Risk Assessment of Hostapur SAS

1. Effects (NOEC) 1)
Fish
1.2mgL-1
Daphnia
0.6mgL-1
Algae
6.1mgL-1
2. Exposure (D, NL)
STP intake2)
0.5mgL -1
STP discharge
2gL -1
STP removal
99.6%
River water
< 1gL -1
3. PEC/PNEC3)4)
Fish/river water
> 1200
Daphnia/river water
> 600
Algae/river water
> 6100
0.03
3. Safety factors
1)
NOE C: no observed effect concentration,
2)
STP : sewage treatment plant, PE C: predicted environment concentration 4) PNE C: predicted no effect concentration
3)
Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data
52
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
Analysis,
Further information,
literature
Analysis
Further information
For literature on the analysis of secondary alkane sulphonates see

Literature. 75 92
Safety Data Sheet

Guide Formulations
Detergent Raw Materials Product Range
Synthesis
20 Hauthal, H.G., in: Anionic Surfactants, Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York,
1 Asinger, F. and Saus, A.: Beitrag zur Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasser-
Basel, Hong Kong, (1995), 143-220
stoffen in Gegenwart von Gammastrahlen bzw. von ultraviolettem Licht, Arbeit
21 Crass, G.: Tenside Surf. Det. 30, (1993), 408
der TH Aachen (Techn. Chemie & Petrochemie), (1968)
22 Turowski, A., Antwerpen, W. and Jrges, P.: Vortrag beim Sepawa-
2 Berthold, H. and Lipfert, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB
Kongress, Bad Drkheim, (1994)
Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 13-50
23 Tischer, H., Wedler, C., Knofe, E. and Haage, K.: 6. Internationale Tagung
3 Commichau, A.: Zur Kenntnis der Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasserstof-
ber grenzflchenaktive Stoffe. Abh. Akad. Wiss. DDR, NI (D. Vollhardt, ed.),
fen und zur Sulfoxidation bzw. Sulfochlorierung von Fettsuren. Doktorarbeit der
Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, (1987), 583-587
Universitt Aachen, (1965)
24 Grey, S., in: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: Global
4 Beermann, C.: ber die Sulfoxidation von Paraffinen und die verbesserte
Perspectives (A. Cahn, ed.), AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, (1994), 82-87.
biologische Abbaubarkeit der Alkansulfonate, Symposium ber n-Paraffine in
25 Hauthal, H. G., Seichter, E., Sowada, R. and Trautmann, P., in:
Manchester, (1966)
Alkansulfonate (H.G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deutscher, Verlag fr
5 Schneider, G.: Neue Waschrohstoffe auf petrochemischer Basis, SFW, 26
Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 143-178.
(1969)
26 Hoffmann, H., Hohlfeld, G., Quack, J. M.: Untersuchungen ber das
6 Hoechst AG: Hostapur SAS: The raw material with a sure future, (1987)
Viskosittsverhalten von Waschmittelslurries unter besonderer Bercksichtigung
7 Platz, C. and Schimmelschmidt, K.: Pionierpatent: DRP 735 096, (1940)
des Einflusses der Tenside, SFW 8, (1978), 209-212
8 Ramloch, H. and Tuber, G.: Moderne Verfahren der Grochemie: Die Sulfoxi-
27 Trautmann, M. and Jrges, P.: Tenside Detergents 21, (1984), 57-61
dation, Chemie in unserer Zeit. 13, (1979), 157-162
28 Trautmann, M.: New test method for assessing the cleaning action of all
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10 Graf, R.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 578, (1952), 50
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Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffen, Tenside Detergents 10, 3, (1973), 113-119
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14 Hauthal, H. G.: Alkansulfonate VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie,
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32 Hauthal, H. G. and Kretzschmar, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H.G. Hauthal, ed.),
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33 Hauthal, H. G., Mhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K.: Lecture to the 2nd
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Spanischer Detergentienkongress, Barcelona, (1978)
34 Hauthal, H.G., Mhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K., in: 4. Internationale
17 Mller, M., Quack, J. M. and Vitores, L.: Entfettung und deren Bewertung,
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18 Krings, Andree, H.: Anwendungstechnische Eigenschaften der wichtigsten
35 Mhle, L., Hauthal, H. G. and. Quitzsch, K.: Z. Physik. Chem. 264, (1983), 281
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36 Mhle, L., Opitz, S. and Ohlerich, U.: Tenside Surf. Detergents. 30, (1993),
19 Trautmann, M.: Tenside Detergents 18, (1981), 73-78
104-109
53
Hostapur SAS
literature
37 Ekwall, P. Mandell, L. and Fontell, K.: Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. 8, (1969), 157
67 Ltzsch, K., Neufahrt, A and Tuber, G.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 155-155
38 Frumkin, A.: Z. Phys. Chem., Leipzig 116, (1925), 466
68 Neufahrt, A., Ltzsch, K. and Weimer, K.: Radiometric studies of the
39 Kunieda, H. and Arai, T.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, (1984), 281
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40 L in, I. J. and Somasundaran, P. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 37, (1971), 731
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41 Lunkenheimer K. and Miller, R.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 312
69 Satake, I. and Matuura, R.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 36, (1963), 813-817
42 Lunkenheimer, K. and Kretzschmar, G.: Z. Physik. Chem. 256, (1975), 593
70 Schberl, P.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 6
43 Lunkenheimer, K., Miller, R. and Becht, J.: Colloid Polymer Sci. 260, (1982),
71 Scholz, N. and Mller, F. J.: Chemosphere 25, (1992), 563
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72 Scholz, N.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 277
44 Rosen, M. J. and Murphy, D. S. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 110, (1986), 224
73 Schwuger, M. J.: Chem.-Ing. Techn. 42, (1970), 433-438
45 Saito, M., Moroi, Y., and Matura, R. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 88, (1982), 578
74 Stalmans, M. and Berenbold, H. et al: European Life-Cycle Inventory for
46 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 323, (1981), 93
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47 Sowada, R. J.: Zur Berechnung des HLB-Wertes isomerer und substituierter

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75 Arens, M., Waldhoff, H. and Pfeiffer, H.: Fat Sci. Technol. 96, (1994), 107-112
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406-408
83 Hummel, D. O.: GIT Fachz. Lab. 38, (1994), 439-447
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eds.), Vol. 40 of Surfactant Science Series, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1992),
61 Brndel, S. and Dietzsch, K., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB
37-40
Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985)
91 Schoester, M., Kloster, G. and Fresenius, J.: Anal. Chem. 345, (1993), 767-772
62 Giesser, R.: Tenside Detergents 20, (1983), 25-527
92 Zhou, D. and Pietrzyk, D. J.: Anal. Chem. 64, (1992), 1003-1008
63 Gilbert, A. and Pettigrew, R.: Surfactants and the Environment, lnter. Journal of Cos. Science 6, (1984), 149-158
64 Gloxhuber, C.: Arch. Toxicol. 32, (1974), 245-270
65 Hrsak, D., Bosnjak, M. and Johanides, V.: Kinetics of linear Alkylbenzene
Sulfonate and sec. alkane sulfonate biodegradation, Tenside Detergents 18, (1981)
66 Krone, M. and Schneider, G.: Biochemische Abbaubarkeit von sek. Alkansulfonat unter Labor- und Praxisbedingungen, Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel 70,
(1968), 10
54
hostapur SAS
Hostapur SAS
Product range
type
Hostapur SAS 30
Hostapur SAS 60
INCI Name
Hostapur SAS 93
Hostapur SAS 93 G
Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate
CAS Numbers
97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9; 68608-26-4; 68037-49-0
EINECS/ELINCS Numbers
307-055-2; 288-331; 288-330-3
Active Content [%]
29.230.8
59.061.0
91.594.5
90.593.5
Appearance
Sodium sulphate [%]
max. 2.1
max. 4.2
max. 6.5
max. 6.5
Paraffin [%]
max. 0.4
max. 0.7
max. 1.0
max. 1.0
Viscosity [nPas, 20C]
approx. 300
approx. 7500
Density [gcm-3]
approx. 1.048
approx. 1.087
approx. 600
550650
3.56
2.76
Thermal conductivitiy [Wm-1 K-1] 0.47
0.28
Bulk density
[gl-1]
Specific heat [kJkg-1 K]
55
Clariant International Ltd
Rothausstrasse 61
4132 Muttenz
Switzerland
Emulsions, Detergents and
Intermediates
Email detergents@clariant.com
www.Detergents.clariant.com
This information corresponds to the present state of our knowledge and is intended as a general
description of our products and their possible applications. Clariant makes no warranties, express or
implied, as to the informations accuracy, adequacy, sufficiency or freedom from defect and assumes
no liability in connection with any use of this information. Any user of this product is responsible for
determining the suitability of Clariants products for its particular application. * Nothing included in this
information waives any of Clariants General Terms and Conditions of Sale, which control unless it agrees
otherwise in writing. Any existing intellectual/industrial property rights must be observed. Due to possible
changes in our products and applicable national and international regulations and laws, the status of our
products could change. Material Safety Data Sheets providing safety precautions, that should be observed
when handling or storing Clariant products, are available upon request and are provided in compliance
with applicable law. You should obtain and review the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet information
before handling any of these products. For additional information, please contact Clariant.
*For sales to customers located within the United States and Canada the following applies in addition:
NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY IS MADE OF THE MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE OF ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE.
Trademark of Clariant registered in many countries.
2013 Clariant International Ltd
05.2013
www.clariant.com

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DetergentsIntermediates Newsroom Brochures HostapurSAS

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A traditional specialty

for innovative cleaners

Physical and chemical properties

Cosmetic hair and body care products

Special technical sectors

Stability to hard water

Synergistic interaction with soil release polymers

Toxicological and environmental properties

Summary of the properties of Hostapur SAS

Life cycle assessment

Hostapur SAS A surfactant with

Secondary alkane sulphonate

Lauryl ether sulphate

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate

Alkyl ether sulphate

Soil release polymer

Anionic surfactants for the detergent, chemical-technical and

CH3 (CH2)m CH (CH2)n CH3

m + n = 10 14; the sulphonate group is distributed

Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9,

307-055-2; 288-331-9; 288-330-3

Commercially available grades

clear faintly yellowish liquid

yellowish soft paste

yellowish waxy pellets

yellowish fine granules

The Hostapur SAS grades are noted for the following

Increases action of modern detergent additives,

spontaneous dissolving, e.g. when used as dishwashing liquids

e.g. soil release polymers

High wetting action

manufacture of heavy-duty detergents with high builder content

good drainage properties and rapid drying of dishes

formulation of mild dishwashing liquids

high yield of the finished products in use

nonionic and amphoteric surfactants

development of finished products with defined and optimum

permits the formulation of flowable, highly concentrated

Outstanding enzyme compatibility

Surfactant of low aquatic toxicity with less

positive influence on enzyme stability

impact on the environment

possibility of manufacturing highly concentrated liquid cleaners

formulation of alkaline cleaners with long storage stability

Hostapur SAS is available in liquid and paste as well as in pellet

The synthesis of Hostapur SAS

The secondary alkane

Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry,

Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the terminal

RH + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O RSO3H + H2SO4

Figure 1: Sulphoxidation process

SAS- paste 60%

The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins by the

The Hostapur SAS grades are

Most important uses for

Standard dishwashing liquids

Cosmetic hair and

Special technical sectors

Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride,

Consumers expect modern dishwashing liquids primarily to have

Hostapur SAS 60 is not preserved and, like Hostapur SAS 93, is

Another desirable feature is high yield, which can be achieved with

The low-temperature stability of the dishwashing liquids, for

development of finished products with defined and optimum

permits the formulation of flowable, highly concentrated

possibility of manufacturing highly concentrated liquid cleaners

Hostapur SAS is available in liquid and paste as well as in pellet

Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride,