Professional Documents
Culture Documents
YUSRON SUGIARTO
PEMILIHAN BAHAN
Sifat teknis bahan yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
pemilihan bahan
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
FERRO
LOGAM
NON-FERRO
BAHAN TEKNIK
ORGANIK
NON-LOGAM
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM FERRO
Bahan logam ferro mengandung karbon antara 0 sampai
4,5%, dan dibagi atas tiga golongan yaitu:
Besi dengan kadar karbon; 0 sampai 0,008%
Baja dengan kadar karbon; 0,008% sampai 2,0%
Besi cor dengan kadar karbon; 2,0 sampai 4,5%
Iron
Pure iron rarely exists outside of the laboratory.
Iron is produced by reducing iron ore to pig iron
through the use of a blast furnace. From pig iron
many other types of iron and steel are produced
by the addition or deletion of carbon and alloys.
The following paragraphs discuss the different
types of iron and steel that can be made from iron
ore.
CAST IRON.-
Steel
Carbon Steel
Carbon steel is a term applied to a broad range of steel
that falls between the commercially pure ingot iron and
the cast irons. This range of carbon steel may be classified
into four groups:
Medium-Carbon Steel
0.30% to 0.45% carbon
LOW-CARBON STEEL
Steel in this classification is tough and
ductile, easily
machined, formed, and
welded. It does not
respond to any form of
heat treating, except
case hardening.
MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL
These steels are strong
and hard but cannot
be welded or worked
as
easily as the lowcarbon steels. They are
used for crane
HIGH-CARBON
STEEL
Steel in these classes
respond well to heat
treatment and can be
welded. When welding,
special electrodes must be
used along with preheating
and stress-relieving
procedures to prevent
cracks in the weld areas.
These steels are used for
dies, cutting tools, mill tools,
railroad car wheels,
chisels, knives, and so on.
STAINLESS STEEL
This type of steel is classified by the American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI) into two general series named the 200-300
series and 400 series. Each series includes several types of
steel with different characteristics.
The 200-300 series of stainless steel is known as
AUSTENITIC. This type of steel is very tough and ductile in
the as"welded condition; therefore, it is ideal for welding
and requires no annealing under normal atmospheric
conditions. The most well-known types of steel in this series
are the 302 and 304. They are commonly called 18-8
because they are composed of 18% chromium and 8%
nickel. The chromium nickel steels are the most widely used
and are normally nonmagnetic.
Alloy Steel
Other elements (besides carbon) can be added to
iron to improve mechanical property,
manufacturing, or environmental property.
Example: sulfur, phosphorous, or lead can be
added to improve machine ability.
Generally want to use for screw machine parts or parts
with high production rates!
Examples: 11xx, 12xx and 12Lxx
Alloy Steel
Again, elements added to steel can dissolve in iron
(solid solution strengthening):
Increase strength, hardenability, toughness, creep, high
temp resistance.
Alloy Steel
> 1.65%Mn, > 0.60% Si, or >0.60% Cu
Most common alloy elements:
Chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium,
tungsten, cobalt, boron, and copper.
Manganese (Mn)
combines with sulfur to prevent brittleness
>1%
increases hardenability
11% to 14%
increases hardness
good ductility
high strain hardening capacity
excellent wear resistance
Imparts brittleness
Improves machineability
Okay if combined with Mn
Some free-machining steels contain
0.08% to 0.15% S
Examples of S alloys:
11xx sulfurized (free-cutting)
Nickel (Ni)
Provides strength, stability and toughness,
Examples of Ni alloys:
Molybdenum (Mo)
Usually < 0.3%
increase hardenability and strength
Mo-carbides help increase creep resistance at elevated temps
typical application is hot working tools
Tungsten (W)
helps to form stable carbides
increases hot hardness
used in tool steels
0.10% to 0.50%
increase corrosion resistance
Reduced surface quality and hot-working ability
used in low carbon sheet steel and structural steels
Silicon (Si)
About 2%
increase strength without loss of ductility
enhances magnetic properties
Boron (B)
for low carbon steels, can drastically
increase hardenability
improves machinablity and cold
forming capacity
Aluminum (Al)
deoxidizer
0.95% to 1.30%
produce Al-nitrides during nitriding
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM FERRO
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM FERRO
Klasifikasi
Besi Cor
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
Ada beberapa ciri-ciri sifat bukan logam (non-ferro),
diantaranya adalah
Tahan terhadap korosi (pengkaratan)
Mempunyai daya hantar listrik yang baik
Mudah dibentuk
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
TEMBAGA
Tembaga adalah suatu unsur
kimiadalam tabel periodic memiliki
lambang Cu (Cuprum) dan nomor
atom29.
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
TEMBAGA
Tembaga murni dibagi dalam tiga jenis yang didasarkan
kepada cara pemurniannya.
tembaga tangguh yang dibuat dengan
mencairkan kembali tembaga hasil elektrolisa.
tembaga bebas oksigen yang dibuat dengan
mendeoksidasi tembaga hasil elektrolisa
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
TEMBAGA
Sebagai unsur paduan pada tembaga umumnya
digunakan adalah Zn, Si, Sn, Al, Ni dan lain-lainya.
Paduan antara Cu-Zn disebut brass atau kuningan
paduan antara Cu-Sn disebut brons atau perunggu.
paduan yang mengandung fosfor disebut brons fosfor,
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
ALUMUNIUM
Aluminium adalah unsur kimia yang mempunyai simbol
Al dan nomor atom 13.
berdasarkan pembuatan dengan klasifikasi
paduan cor dan paduan tempa
Paduan aluminium
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
TIMBAL (Pb)
Timbal adalah suatu unsur kimiadalam tabel periodic yang
memiliki lambang Pb (Plumbum) dan nomor atom 82.
Timbal mempunyai warna biru kelabu.
Sifatnya dapat ditempa
Sangat liat
PENGELOMPOKAN BAHAN
LOGAM NON- FERRO
TIMAH (Sn)
Timah adalah sebuah unsur kimia dalam tabel periodic yang
memiliki simbol Sn (bahasa Latin: stannum) dan nomor atom 50.
Warna aluminium bening keperak-perakan,
sifatnya dapat ditempa, liat dan tahan
korosi.
Timah digunakan sebagai pelapis lembaran
baja lunak (pelat timah) dan untuk
pembuatan peralatan di industri pengawetan
dan pelapis/ bungkus makanan