Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Orientation
Record of Events
Collecting The
Data-Understanding
Implementation of
Data-Categorizing
Teaching Recount
DataThe model
(done in
of temporal
teaching
Data Analysis
sequence)
recount writing
Interpreting
in Data-Synthesizing
SMPN 8 Bandung Data
Re-orientation
(closure)
Artikel
oleh
Dodi Mulyadi, S.Pd, M.Pd
INTRODUCTION
The Background of the Problem
Writing, which is important for a literate society can be an act of
purpose,
audience,
vocabulary,
punctuation,
spelling,
and
C.
2.
3.
D.
Rationale
All four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing are taught
communicatively and comprehensively. Writing skills are significant to transfer
messages and ideas in the form of texts. Therefore, the students are directed to be
able to express their own ideas and feeling freely.
According to Leo (2007:01), writing as a process of expressing ideas or
thoughts in words should be done at leisure time. It does not mean that writing is
the most difficult subject to be learned. He says that all students can be taught to
express their ideas clearly and correctly. One worth noting is that students can
learn writing effectively when teachers give them encouragement to express their
ideas, thoughts, experience and feeling into written language. In addition, he
states that writing actually encourages thinking and learning when students view
writing as a recursive process of their experience. In this case, a teacher is
important factor in education that is encouraged developing the teaching learning
process.
Furthermore, Brown (1994: 160) states that a good teacher has to be able
to make the classroom livelier. He has to conduct some efforts to employ various
methods and techniques, utilize some media and motivate his students in learning
English including writing skills effectively and efficiently.
There are many kinds of writing types, such as descriptive, recount,
narrative, exposition, procedure, anecdote, news item, and discussion. One of
them is recount. Recount is the text telling the reader what happened. It retells a
past event. It begins by telling the reader who was involved, what happened,
where this event took place and when it happened (Pardiyono, 2007: 63). At an
Online Education Journal, writing recount is said that it may be a reorientation at
the end. It summarizes the event. Writing recount has a purpose to list and
describe past experiences by retelling events in the order of phases (chronological
order). Recount is written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or
entertaining their audience (or both). Therefore, recount text is one of the writing
forms, which the students feel difficult in learning this form. The students
sometimes get trouble when they express their idea s in writing this form. It needs
the ability of teacher in solving the problem.
Thus, the following diagram shows that the research would analyze the
model of teaching recount writing related to the implementation of teaching
recount in SMPN 8 Bandung.
TEACHING RECOUNT
The material
Approach or method
Evaluation
E.
Research Steps
1.
Source of data
a. Primary Data
1)
Documentation
Operationally, the research will use documentation to know
about implementation of the teaching recount toward students
Observation
The researcher also uses the observation technique. This
technique is to collect data by observing field study directly and
accurately. It is used to know the implementation of teaching
recount well and the ways of using media, facilities and the
documents of students achievement in writing.
3)
Interview
The researcher applies interview technique. This technique is
used to collecting data directly from respondents/ participant. The
delivers some designed questions to be answered. Interview is a
common and effective way to get representative information. It
takes important questions globally from things related to situation
of teaching recount. It refers to that important role of the school
circumstance such as students, the teacher, and the headmaster.
F.
Limitation of Research
In order to avoid extensive impact resulted from this the study, the
researcher will emphasize on implementation of teaching recount in building the
model of teaching writing, with specific reference of recount.
II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Writing
1.
10
sharing knowledge to other persons. Writing cannot be separated from human life.
It involves the encoding of message of some kinds that is people translate their
thoughts into language.
On personal level, most of people writing have function to make note of
something, to keep record of things they to remember, to send the message and
write a letter to someone and a view of them keep diaries.
Most of people have to fill in the form from time to time (especially
application and insurance for example). A part from this the amount of writing
they do regularly will relate to their professional life. Some might spend a good
deal of time writing letters, instruction, report etc. For others this will only be
occasionally activity.
3.
Form of Writing
11
According to KTSP 2007, based on Genre-Based Approach there are five forms of
writing. They are as follows: Narrative, Descriptive, Recount, Report, and
Procedure.
a.
Narrative
A narrative is a story. Mostly narrative are imaginary stories but
sometimes narrative can be factual too. Narrative includes fairy stories, fables,
mystery, stories, science fictions, romance, horror, etc.
Structure of the text:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
: Develop a conflict.
3. Resolution
4. Coda : (if any) shows the change that happens to the characters and
the moral value of story.
b.
Description
A description is a text describes the person things or place, even of units,
1.
Definition / Classification
2.
Description
Recount
Recount is a report of even or activity in the past. It is to inform or to
12
2.
d.
1.
Report
Report is a text describes the way of things are, with reference, to arrange
Procedure
Procedure is a text describes how something is accomplished through a
Writing Evaluation
13
Concerning his abilities, Brown (1994; 342) gives wider description about
element of writing as follow:
a. Content. It included thesis statement, related ideas development of
ideas through personal experience, illustration, facts opinions,
using of description, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, and
consistent focus.
b. Organization. It concluded effectiveness of introduction, logical
sequence of ideas, conclusion, and appropriate of length.
c. Discourse. It concluded topic sentences, paragraph unity,
transitions, discourse markers, cohesion, rhetorical conventions,
reference, fluency, economy, and variation.
d. Syntax
e. Vocabulary
f. Mechanics. It concluded spelling, punctuation, citation of reference
(if applicable), neatness, and appearance.
5. Characteristics of Written Language
According to Brown (1994:278-288) students already literate in their
native languages will of course be familiar with the broad, basic characteristics of
written language; however, some characteristics of English writing, especially
certain rhetorical conventions, may be so different from their native language that
reading efforts are blocked. The characteristics listed below will also be of some
helps:
a. To diagnose certain reading difficulties arising from the idiosyncrasies
of written language.
b. To point your techniques toward specific objectives
c. To remind students of some the advantages of the written language
over spoken.
Furthermore, Brown (1994:325-327) states in detail some characteristic of
written language of a writer's view:
a. Permanence
14
One something is written down and delivered in its final from to its
intended audience, the writer abdicates a certain power: power to emend, to
clarify, and to withdraw.
15
g. Formality
Writing is quit frequently more formal than speech. Formality refers to
prescribed forms that certain written message must adhere to. We have
rhetorical, or organizational formality in essay writing that demands a writer's
conformity to conventions like paragraph topics, logical order for, say,
comparing and contrasting something, opening and closings, preference for
non-redundancy and subordination of clauses, etc. for ESL students, the most
difficult and complex conventions occur in academic writing where students
have to learn how to describe, explain, compare, contrast, illustrate, defend,
criticize, and argue.
6. Types of Classroom Writing Performance
While various genres of written texts around, classroom writing
performance is, by comparison, limited. Brown (1994:327-330) states about types
of classroom writing performance as follow:
a. Imitative, or writing down.
At the beginning level of learning to write, students will simply "write
down" English letters, words, and possibly sentences in order to learn the
conventions of the orthographic code. Dictation can serve to teach and test
higher order processing as well. Dictation typically involves the following
steps:
1) Teacher reads a short paragraph one or twice at normal speed.
2) A teacher reads a short paragraph in short phrase units of three or
four words each and each unit is followed by a pause.
3) During the pause, students write exactly what they hear.
4) Teacher reads the whole paragraph one more at normal speed, so
students can check their writing.
5) Scoring of students' written work can utilize a number of rubrics
for assigning points. Usually spelling and punctuation errors are
not considered as serve as grammatical errors.
b. Intensive or controlled
16
17
of the process principles does not detract from a careful focus on the
product as well.
c.
18
The technique does not assume that the students know English
rhetorical conventions.
d.
can gain important insight both about how they should write and about
subject matter that may become the topic of their writing.
e.
stages
Process writing approaches tend to be farmed in three stages of
writing. According to Brown (1994:334), the prewriting stage encourages
the generation of ideas, which can happen in numerous ways:
1) Reading (extensively) a passage
2) Skimming and/or scanning passage
3) Conducting some outside research
4) Brainstorming
5) Listening (in writing-individually)
6) Discussing a topic or question
7) Instructor-initiated questions and probes
8) Free-writing
9) Clustering (begin with a key word then add other words,
uses three association)
Furthermore, he states several strategies and skill that apply to the
drafting/revising process in writing:
1) Getting started (adapting the free-writing technique)
2) "Optimal" monitoring of one's writing (without premature editing
and diverted attention to wording, grammar, etc.)
19
(such as letters, forms, memos, directions, short report) are also subject to
the
principles
of
interactive
classroom.
Group
collaboration,
students' writing
In the case of writing, error correction must be approached in a
different manner, because writing, unlike speaking, often includes an
extensive planning stage, error treatment can begin in the drafting and
revising stages, during which time it is more appropriate to consider errors
among several features of the whole process of responding to students
writing.
i.
writing
According to Brown (1994:338), some of the features of English
rhetorical discourse for academic writing that writers use to explain,
propose solutions, debate, and argue are as follow:
1) A clear statement of the thesis, topic, or purpose
2) Use of main ideas to develop or clarify the thesis
3) Use of supporting ideas
4) Supporting by "telling:" describing
5) Supporting by "showing:" giving evidence, facts statistics, etc
20
Recount
1. The Meaning of Recount
Recount is the text telling the reader what happened. It retells a past event. It
begins by telling the reader who was involved, what happened, where this event
took place and when it happened (Pardiyono, 2007: 63). At an Online Education
Journal, writing recount is said that it may be a reorientation at the end. It
summarizes the event in the order in which they happened (chronological order).
Recount is written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or
entertaining their audience (or both).
2. Purpose
Derewianka (2004: 18) states that the purpose of a recount is to list and
describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened
(chronological order). To achieve its purpose, the text will move through a
different set of stages: a) an orientation letting the reader knows who is involved,
where, when, etc. b) the retelling of a series of events in chronological sequence.
Recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing
or entertaining their audience (or both). Frequent use is made of words, which link
events in time, such us next, after, when then, after, before, first, at the same time.
It describes events, so plenty of use is made of verbs (action words), and
of adverbs (which describe or add more details are often chosen to add interest or
humor to the recount).
3. Types of Recount
a.
Personal Recount
21
Factual Recount
Recording an incident, e.g. a science experiment, police report.
c.
Imaginative Recount
Writing an imaginary role and giving details of events, e.g. A day
in the life of a pirate.
22
23
The study showed that generally, the teacher used methods in teaching
recount are Audio Lingual Method, Direct Method and Community Language
Learning with communicative approach. Technically, the teacher's preparation,
at the first step, are the preparation of the teacher before teaching in the
classroom, making lesson plans, deciding methods, a handbook, and
supporting media. Furthermore, the teacher carried out and reinforced the
materials with several exercises and task for homework, gave the factual
examples and drills in order to make lesson easier and more understandable,
developed students' capacity to write their experiences and elicit their
knowledge. And he also used media in comprehending grammar and tenses
when they compose recount, besides the teacher helped students to provide
creating attractive process in learning English. The teacher evaluated the
students' comprehension in writing recount.
2. Moreover, students' responses to the implementation of teaching recount
shows that teaching recount runs more joyful and helps the students to dig
their ideas and construct the text more easily both in-group and individually.
B. Suggestion
24
writing recount
b. The most important thing is students should throw away their thinking
that English is difficult. Students should be aware that English is
knowledge, which is as fun as what they learn at junior high school.
c. Students should practice to write recount by writing their, experience in
diary or making journals.
2. Generally review for teachers:
a. It is better for English teachers to make their students realize that
English materials related to recount is much easy to be learned. The
teachers can use some media and factual examples in order to make
situation of learning more attractive and understandable.
b.
In teaching recount, the teacher should explain more about recount writing
such as the types of recount including personal recount, factual recount, and
imaginative recount and explain about text elements of recount.
REFERENCES
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 1996. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Brown, H. Douglas. (1994). Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to
Language Pedagogy. New Jersey/United State of America: Prentice
Hall Regents, Inc.
Derewianka, Beverly. (2004). Exploring How Texts Work. Australia: Primary
English Teaching Association.
Donn, Byrne. 1988. Teaching writing skill. London: Longman group ltd.
25
New York:
McGraw-Hill
Sudjana, Nana. 2005. Dasar-dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: Sinar
Baru Algesindo.
Sugiyono, 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Surahmad, winarno. 1985. Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah. Bandung: Tarsito.
Tompkins and Hoskisson. 1991. Language Arts Content and Teaching Strategies.
Canada: Macmillan Publishing Company.
www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/2_recount.html
http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?
topic=/com.sybase.dc35892_1500/html/instalibm/BA