Solutions Manual

for
Digital Communications, 5th Edition
(Chapter 5) 1

Prepared by
Kostas Stamatiou
January 11, 2008

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Problem 5.1

Using the relationship r(t) =

1
N0

PN

n=1 rn fn (t)

and s(t; ) =

PN

n=1 sn ()fn (t)

we have :

i2
(r

s
())f
(t)
dt
n
n
n
n=1

[r(t) s(t; )]2 dt =

1
N0

R hPN

1
N0

R PN

1
N0

PN

1
N0

PN

sn ())(rn sn ())

1
22

PN

sn ()]2

n=1

n=1

PN

m=1 (rn

PN

m=1 (rn

n=1 (rn

n=1 [rn

sn ())(rm sm ())fn (t)fm (t)dt

sn ())(rm sm ())mn

where we have exploited the orthonormality of the basis functions fn (t) :

and 2 = N20 .

T0

fn (t)fm (t)dt = mn

Problem 5.2

A block diagram of a binary PSK receiver that employs match filtering is given in the following
figure :
Received signal

Matched filter
- Xl - h(t) = g(T t)
6

Sampler and
Detector

Output data
-

6
-

Carrier phase
recovery

cos(2fc t + )

Symbol
synchronization

and then fed the matched

As we note, the received signal is, first, multiplied with cos(2fc t + )
filter. This allows us to have the filter matched to the baseband pulse g(t) and not to the passband
signal.
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3
If we want to have the filter matched to the passband signal, then the carrier phase estimate is
fed into the matched filter, which should have an impulse response:

h(t) = s(T t) = g(T t)cos(2fc (T t) + )

+ sin(2fc T )sin(2fc t + )

= g(T t)[cos(2fc T )cos(2fc t + )

= g(T t)cos(2fc t )

= g(T t)cos(2fc t + )

where we have assumed that fc T is an integer so that : cos(2fc T ) = 1, sin(2fc T ) = 0. As we

note, in this case the impulse response of the filter should change according to the carrier phase
estimate, something that is difficult to implement in practise. Hence, the initial realization (shown
in the figure) is preferable.

Problem 5.3

a. The closed loop transfer function is :

H(s) =

G(s)/s
G(s)
1

=
=
2
1 + G(s)/s
s + G(s)
s + 2s + 1

The poles of the system are the roots of the denominator, that is

2 24
1
1
1,2 =
= j
2
2
2
Since the real part of the roots is negative, the poles lie in the left half plane and therefore, the
system is stable.
b. Writing the denominator in the form :
D = s2 + 2n s + n2
we identify the natural frequency of the loop as n = 1 and the damping factor as =

1
2

Problem 5.4

a. The closed loop transfer function is :

H(s) =

G(s)
K
G(s)/s
=
=
= 2
1 + G(s)/s
s + G(s)
1 s 2 + s + K
s +

K
1
1
1 s

K
1

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4
The gain of the system at f = 0 is :
|H(0)| = |H(s)|s=0 = 1
b. The poles of the system are the roots of the denominator, that is
1,2 =

1 4K1
21

In order for the system to be stable the real part of the poles must be negative. Since K is greater
than zero, the latter implies that 1 is positive. If in addition we require that the damping factor
= 21 K is less than 1, then the gain K should satisfy the condition :
1

K>

1
41

Problem 5.5

The transfer function of the RC circuit is :

G(s) =

1
R2 + Cs
1 + 2 s
1 + R2 Cs
1 = 1 + (R + R )Cs = 1 + s
R1 + R2 + Cs
1
2
1

From the last equality we identify the time constants as :

2 = R2 C,

1 = (R1 + R2 )C

Problem 5.6

Assuming that the input resistance of the operational amplifier is high so that no current flows
through it, then the voltage-current equations of the circuit are :
V2 = AV1


1
V1 V2 =
R1 +
i
Cs
V1 V0 = iR
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5
where, V1 , V2 is the input and output voltage of the amplifier respectively, and V0 is the signal at
the input of the filter. Eliminating i and V1 , we obtain :
V2
=
V1
1+

1
R1 + Cs
R
1
R1 + Cs
1
A AR

If we let A (ideal amplifier), then :

V2
1 + R1 Cs
1 + 2 s
=
=
V1
RCs
1 s
Hence, the constants 1 , 2 of the active filter are given by :
1 = RC,

2 = R1 C

Problem 5.7

In the non decision-directed timing recovery method we maximize the function :

X
2
L ( ) =
ym
( )
m

with respect to . Thus, we obtain the condition :

X
dL ( )
dym ( )
=2
ym ( )
=0
d
d
m
Suppose now that we approximate the derivative of the log-likelihood L ( ) by the finite difference
:
L ( + ) L ( )
dL ( )

d
2
Then, if we substitute the expression of L ( ) in the previous approximation, we obtain :
P 2
P 2
dL ( )
m ym ( + )
m ym ( )
=
d
2
"Z
2 #
2 Z
X
1
r(t)g(t mT + )dt
r(t)g(t mT )dt
=
2 m
where g(t) is the impulse response of the matched filter in the receiver. However, this is the
expression of the early-late gate synchronizer, where the lowpass filter has been substituted by the
summation operator. Thus, the early-late gate synchronizer is a close approximation to the timing
recovery system.

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6
Problem 5.8

An on-off keying signal is represented as :

s1 (t) = A cos(2fc t + c ), 0 t T (binary 1)

s2 (t) = 0,

0 t T (binary 0)

Let r(t) be the received signal, that is r(t) = s(t; c ) + n(t) where s(t; c ) is either s1 (t) or s2 (t) and
n(t) is white Gaussian noise with variance N20 . The likelihood function, that is to be maximized
with respect to c over the inteval [0, T ], is proportional to :


Z T
2
(c ) = exp
[r(t) s(t; c )]2 dt
N0 0
Maximization of (c ) is equivalent to the maximization of the log-likelihood function :
Z T
2
L (c ) =
[r(t) s(t; c )]2 dt
N0 0
Z T
Z T
Z T
4
2
2
r 2 (t)dt +
r(t)s(t; c )dt
s2 (t; c )dt
=
N0 0
N0 0
N0 0
Since the first term does not involve the parameter of interest c and the last term is simply a
constant equal to the signal energy of the signal over [0, T ] which is independent of the carrier
phase, we can carry the maximization over the function :
V (c ) =

r(t)s(t; c )dt
0

Note that s(t; c ) can take two different values, s1 (t) and s2 (t), depending on the transmission of
a binary 1 or 0. Thus, a more appropriate function to maximize is the average log-likelihood
1
V (c ) =
2

1
r(t)s1 (t)dt +
2

r(t)s2 (t)dt
0

Since s2 (t) = 0, the function V (c ) takes the form :

1
V (c ) =
2

r(t)A cos(2fc t + c )dt

Setting the derivative of V (c ) with respect to c equal to zero, we obtain :

V (c )
=0 =
c

1
2

r(t)A sin(2fc t + c )dt

Z
Z
1 T
1 T
r(t)A sin(2fc t)dt + sin c
r(t)A cos(2fc t)dt
= cos c
2 0
2 0
0

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7
Thus, the maximum likelihood estimate of the carrier phase is :
"RT
#
t)dt
r(t)
sin(2f
c
0
c,M L = arctan R T
0 r(t) cos(2fc t)dt

Problem 5.9

a. The wavelength is :
=

3 108
3
m =
m
109
10

Hence, the Doppler frequency shift is :

fD =

100 Km/hr
u
100 103 10
=
Hz = 92.5926 Hz
=

3 3600
10 m

The plus sign holds when the vehicle travels towards the transmitter whereas the minus sign holds
when the vehicle moves away from the transmitter.
b. The maximum difference in the Doppler frequency shift, when the vehicle travels at speed 100
km/hr and f = 1 GHz, is :
fD max = 2fD = 185.1852 Hz
This should be the bandwith of the Doppler frequency tracking loop.
c. The maximum Doppler frequency shift is obtained when f = 1 GHz + 1 MHz and the vehicle
moves towards the transmitter. In this case :
min =

3 108
m = 0.2997 m
109 + 106

and therefore :

100 103
= 92.6853 Hz
0.2997 3600
Thus, the Doppler frequency spread is Bd = 2fD max = 185.3706 Hz.
fD max =

Problem 5.10

The maximum likelihood phase estimate given by (6-2-38) is :

hP
i
K1
Im
y
I
n=0 n n
i
hP
M L = tan 1
K1
Re
I
y
n
n=0 n

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8
R (n+1)T
where yn = nT
r(t)g (tnT )dt. The Re(yn ), Im(yn ) are statistically independent components
P
of yn . Since r(t) = ej n In g(t nT ) + z(t) it follows that yn = In ej + zn , where the pulse
energy is normalized to unity. Then :
K1
X

In yn

n=0

n=0

Hence :
E
and
E
h

Im

"K1
Xh
n=0

Re

"K1
Xh
n=0

K1
Xh

|In |2 ej + In zn

2 j

2 j

+ In zn

|In | e

|In | e

In zn

#)

#)

 2
= K In  sin
 2
= K In  cos

sin

Consequently : E M L = tan 1 cos

= , and hence, M L is an unbiased estimate of the true
phase .

Problem 5.11

The procedure that is used in Sec. 5-2-7 to derive the pdf p(r ) for the phase of a PSK signal may
be used to determine the pdf p(M L ). Specifically, we have :
hP
i
K1
Im
I
y
n
n=0 n
hP
i
M L = tan 1
K1
Re
n=0 In yn

R (n+1)T
P
where yn = nT
r(t)g (t nT )dt and r(t) = ej n In g(t nT ) + z(t). Substitution of r(t)
into yn yields : yn = In ej + zn . Hence :
K1
X

In yn = ej

K1
X
n=0

n=0

|In |2 +

K1
X

In zn

n=0

U + jV = Ce
+ z = C cos + x + j(y C sin )
P

where C = n=0 |In |2 and z = K1

n=0 In zn = x + jy. The random variables (x,y) are zero-mean,
Gaussian random variables with variances 2 .Hence :
1 [(U C cos )2 (V C sin )2 ]
e
p(U, V ) =
2 2

By defining R = U 2 + V 2 and M L = tan 1 VU and making the change in variables, we obtain

R
p(R, M L ) and finally, p(M L ) =
p(r, M L )dr. Upon performing the integration over R, as in
PK1

Sec. 5-2-7, we obtain :

p(M L ) =

1 2 sin 2 M L
e
2

re(r

4 cos M L ) /2

dr

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9
where = C 2 /2 2 . The graph of p(M L ) is identical to that given on page 271, Fig. 5-2-9. We
observe that E(M L ) = , so that the estimate is unbiased.

Problem 5.12

We begin with the log-likelihood function given in (6-2-35), namely :

 

Z
1

r(t)sl (t)dt ej
L () = Re
N0 T0
P
P
where sl (t) is given as : sl (t) =
n In g(t RnT ) + j
n Jn u(t nT T /2). Again we define
R (n+1)T
(n+3/2)T

yn = nT
r(t)sl (t nT )dt. Also, let : xn = (n+1/2)T r(t)sl (t nT T /2)dt. Then :
L () = Re

ej
N0

hP

K1
n=0 In yn

= Re [A cos + jA sin ]
where A =

PK1
n=0

In yn j

PK1
n=0

PK1
n=0

Jn xn

io

Jn xn . Thus : L () = Re(A) cos Im(A) sin and :

dL ()
= Re(A) sin Im(A) cos = 0
d
hP
PK1 i
K1
Im
I
y

j
n
n=0 n
n=0 Jn xn
hP
M L = tan 1
PK1 i
K1
Re
I
y

j
n
n
n=0
n=0 Jn xn

Problem 5.13

Assume that the signal um (t) is the input to the Costas loop. Then um (t) is multiplied by
and sin(2fc t + ),
where cos(2fc t + )
is the output of the VCO. Hence :
cos(2fc t + )
umc (t)
Am gT (t) sin(2fc t) cos(2fc t + )

= Am gT (t) cos(2fc t) cos(2fc t + )

h
i
h
i
Am gT (t)
+ cos()
Am gT (t) sin(22fc t + )
sin()

cos(22fc t + )
=
2
2
ums (t)
Am gT (t) sin(2fc t) sin(2fc t + )

= Am gT (t) cos(2fc t) sin(2fc t + )

h
i
h
i
Am gT (t)
+ sin()
Am gT (t) cos()
cos(22fc t + )

=
sin(22fc t + )
2
2
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10
The lowpass filters of the Costas loop will reject the double frequency components, so that :
ymc (t) =
yms (t) =

Am gT (t)
+ Am gT (t) sin()

cos()
2
2
Am gT (t)
Am gT (t) cos()

sin()
2
2

Note that when the carrier phase has been extracted correctly, = 0 and therefore :
ymc (t) =

Am gT (t)
,
2

yms (t) =

Am gT (t)
2

If the second signal, yms (t) is passed through a Hilbert transformer, then :
yms (t) =

Am gT (t)
Am gT (t)
=
2
2

and by adding this signal to ymc (t) we obtain the original unmodulated signal.

Problem 5.14

a. The signal r(t) can be written as :

p
p
r(t) = 2Ps cos(2fc t + ) + 2Pc sin(2fc t + )
r !!
p
Ps
=
2(Pc + Ps ) sin 2fc t + + an tan1
Pc
r !!
p
Pc
2PT sin 2fc t + + an cos1
=
PT
where an = 1 are the information symbols and PT is the total transmitted power. As it is observed
the signal has the form of a PM signal where :
r !
Pc
n = an cos1
PT
Any method used to extract the carrier phase from the received signal can be employed at the
receiver. The following figure shows the structure of a receiver that employs a decision-feedback
PLL. The operation of the PLL is described in the next part.

v(t)
-

DFPLL


R
-
- Tb ()dt
0

6

t = Tb

\
\

- Threshold -

cos(2fc t + )

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11
b. At the receiver (DFPLL) the signal is demodulated by crosscorrelating the received signal :
r !!
p
Pc
r(t) = 2PT sin 2fc t + + an cos1
+ n(t)
PT
and sin(2fc t + ).
The sampled values at the ouput of the correlators are :
with cos(2fc t + )
i
1
1 hp
2PT ns (t) sin( + n ) + nc (t) cos( + n )
r1 =
2
2
i
1
1 hp
2PT ns (t) cos( + n ) + nc (t) sin( n )
r2 =
2
2

where nc (t), ns (t) are the in-phase and quadrature components of the noise n(t). If the detector
has made the correct decision on the transmitted point, then by multiplying r1 by cos(n ) and r2
by sin(n ) and subtracting the results, we obtain (after ignoring the noise) :
h
i
1p
cos2 (n ) + cos( )
sin(n ) cos(n )
2PT sin( )
r1 cos(n ) =
2
h
i
1p
cos(n ) sin(n ) sin( )
sin2 (n )
r2 sin(n ) =
2PT cos( )
2
1p

e(t) = r1 cos(n ) r2 sin(n ) =

2PT sin( )
2

The error e(t) is passed to the loop filter of the DFPLL that drives the VCO. As it is seen only the
phase n is used to estimate the carrier phase.
c. Having a correct carrier phase estimate, the output of the lowpass filter sampled at t = Tb is :
r !
1p
Pc
1
r =
2PT sin cos
+n
2
PT
r
Pc
1p
2PT 1
=
+n
2
PT
s


1
Pc
+n
2PT 1
=
2
PT

where n is a zero-mean Gaussian random variable with variance :

Z Tb Z Tb

2
n = E
n(t)n( ) cos(2fc t + ) cos(2fc + )dtd
0

=
=

N0
2
N0
4

Tb

cos2 (2fc t + )dt

Note that Tb has been normalized to 1 since the problem has been stated in terms of the power of
the involved signals. The probability of error is given by :
"s

#
2PT
Pc
1
P (error) = Q
N0
PT
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12
The loss due to the allocation of power to the pilot signal is :


Pc
SNRloss = 10 log 10 1
PT
When Pc /PT = 0.1, then SNRloss = 10 log 10 (0.9) = 0.4576 dB. The negative sign indicates that
the SNR is decreased by 0.4576 dB.

Problem 5.15

The received signal-plus-noise vector at the output of the matched filter may be represented as (see
(5-2-63) for example) :
p
rn = Es ej(n ) + Nn

where n = 0, /2, , 3/2 for QPSK, and is the carrier phase. By raising rn to the fourth power
and neglecting all products of noise terms, we obtain :

4 j4(n )

3
rn4
+ 4 Es Nn
Es e


3  j4
Es
Es e
+ 4Nn


If the estimate is formed by averaging the received vectors rn4 over K signal intervals, we have

P
the resultant vector U = K Es ej + 4 K
n=1 Nn . Let 4 4. Then, the estimate of 4 is :
Im(U )
4 = tan 1
Re(U )

Nn is a complex-valued Gaussian noise component with zero mean and variance 2 = N0 /2. Hence,
the pdf of 4 is given by (5-2-55) where :

2
K Es
K 2 Es
KEs
=
=
s =
2
16 (2K )
16KN0
16N0
To a first approximation, the variance of the estimate is :
2
4

1
16
=
s
KEs /N0

Problem 5.16

The PDF of the carrier phase error e , is given by :

2

e2
1
2
e
p(e ) =
2
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13
Thus the average probability of error is :
Z

P2 (e )p(e )de
P2 =

#
Z "r
2Eb
2
Q
=
cos e p(e )de
N0

"
!#
Z Z
2e
1
1
2
r
x + 2
exp
dxde
=
2Eb
2
2
2

cos
e

N
0

Problem 5.17

The log-likelihood function of the symbol timing may be expressed in terms of the equivalent
low-pass signals as
h R
i
L ( ) = Re N10 T0 r(t)sl (t; )dt
i
h R
P
= Re N10 T0 r(t) n In g (t nT )dt
h P
i
= Re N10 n In yn ( )
R
where yn ( ) = T0 r(t)g (t nT )dt.
A necessary condition for to be the ML estimate of is
dL ( )

= 0
P
P

[ n In yn ( ) + n In yn ( )] = 0
P
P
d
d

n In d yn ( ) = 0
n In d yn ( ) +
d
d

If we express yn ( ) into its real and imaginary parts : yn ( ) = an ( ) + jbn ( ), the above
expression simplifies to the following condition for the ML estimate of the timing
X
X
d
d
Re[In ] an ( ) +
Im[In ] bn ( ) = 0
d
d
n
n

Problem 5.18

We follow the exact same steps of the derivation found in Sec. 6.4. For a PAM signal In = In
and Jn = 0. Since the pulse g(t) is real, it follows that B( ) in expression (6.4-6) is zero, therefore
(6.4-7) can be rewritten as
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14

L (, ) = A( ) cos
where
A( ) =

1 X
In yn ( )
N0

Then the necessary conditions for the estimates of and to be the ML estimates (6.4-8) and
(6.4-9) give
M L = 0
and
X
n

In

d
[yn ( )] =M L = 0
d

Problem 5.19

The derivation for the ML estimates of and for an offset QPSK signal follow the derivation
found in Sec. 6.4, with the added simplification that, since w(t) = g(t T /2), we have that
xn ( ) = yn ( + T /2).

c
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