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Chemistry Unit 1

Moles Definations
Mole
Avogadros Number
Mass in grams of one mole
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Relative atomic mass
Average atomic mass

isotopes

the amount of substance that


contains avogadros number.
6.022x10^23
average atomic mass
number of protons in the
nucleus
number of protons and
neutrons
mass of an atom relative to
carbon-12
weighted average atomic mass
of the naturally occurring
isotope
same atomic number but
different mass number

Enthalpy
H
The heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
Endothermic reaction
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than
the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in
from the surroundings (H +ve).

Exothermic reaction
A reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than
the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the
surroundings (H -ve).

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking


of bonds.

(standard) enthalpy change of combustion, Hc


The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a
substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard
conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard
states.

(standard) enthalpy change of formation, Hf


The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a
compound is formed from its constituent elements in their
standard states under standard conditions.

(standard) enthalpy change of reaction, Hr


The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar
quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard
conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard
states.

Standard state
The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions
of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere) and 298 K (25 C).

Specific heat capacity


The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance
by 1 C.

Bond enthalpy
The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by
homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a
gaseous species.

Average bond enthalpy


The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by
homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules
of a gaseous species.

Hess's Law
If a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial
and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is
independent of the route taken.

Enthalpy cycle

A diagram showing alternative routes between reactants and


products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy
change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' law.

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