laws-loss

homograph- same writing letters

homophones same phones
homonyms same names / same spelling, same sounds multi-meanings

stream used as a noun that means a small or narrow body of water just like a small river
stream used as a verb to move freely or flowing

Two Kinds of Affixes

1. prefix- added before a word to make a new word
Examples: read- reread
2. suffix

When we study about grammar, we should be develop knowledge and understanding about the different parts of
speech: noun, pronoun, adverb, verb, adjective, conjunctions, interjections, preposition, articles
Noun: name words for persons, places, things, animals, events and ideas
Kinds of Nouns
1. Common Nounsgeneral or common names; begins with small letters

2. Proper Nouns specific or special names; begins with a capital letter

Number of Nouns
1. Singular and Plural
2. Mass or Uncountable and Countable
3. Collective nouns
Gender of Nouns
1. Female (Feminine) Gender
queen- female cat
2. Male (Masculine) Gender
tom- male cat
3. Common Gender teacher
4. Neuter Genderdoesnt have gender; used for inanimate objectslaptop, schol
Pronounssubstitute or replace nouns
1. personal pronouns
1. subject pronounsI, you, he, she, it, we, they
2. object pronounsme, you, him, her, it, them, us
3. possessive pronouns vs. possessive adjective ( comes before nouns) mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
vs. my ballpen, your pants, his girlfriend, her boyfriend, its claws, their house, our school
2. reflexive pronouns/ inflective pronouns
Prepositions: in, on, at, from, about, over, above

Five Most Common Errors in Communicating (Oral or Written) in Eneglish

1. Subject- Verb Agreement- verb has to always agree with your subject .You have to check the number of
your subject, whether it is singular or plural. Singular subject has to take singular verb (-s form of the verb),
while the plural subject takes the plural form of the verb (base form)
She (sing, sings) very well.

Neither you nor I (is, am, are) going to school today.

Either you or I (is, are, am) going to school today.
Verbs-action words and state of being
Example:
Patricia studies very hard. studies action word
She is a diligent student. is is a linking verb that helps to tell something about the state of being of the
subject
Every sentence has a verb. Exemption to the rule: Interjections. (considered sentences that dont follow
certain grammatical rules) Yahoo! Were going on a vacation. ------- Yahoo, we are going on a vacation!
(exclamation-sentences conveying strong emotions)
Yipee!
egsunga@yahoo.com
action verbs shows
action, something
that is being done

run- runs running

ran

linking- connecting
nouns or pronouns to
an adjective or
describing phrase in
the sentenc
is/am - are
was-were

haveverbs

has have
had

helping verbs- used

before another
verb(s) or what we
call the main verb
---verb phrases
are going to play
will be playing
can play
could have played

think, thinks, thinking

thought

Singular

Present
-sform of the verb

Past
---ed form of the verb
(regular verbs)
--change in spelling
(irregular verb)

Future
will/ shall/ going to

is
Plural
All these sound the same-homophones
where-were
there-their, theyre
Verb Tenses
Past-Present-Future
Aspects of Verb
1. Simple Tense
2. Progressive or Continuous Tense
3. Perfect Tense
4. Perfect-Progressive / Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past
Simple Past
Simple Present
Simple Future

Past Progressive
Present Progressive
Future Progressive

Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Future Progressive

Past Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive
Future Perfect Progressive

2. Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns to be used in replacing nouns and pronouns have to agree with their antecedents in terms of
number and gender
antecedent- is a pronoun used to refer to a noun or another pronoun
Patricia is studying with Teacher Sheila right now. She will be with me a bit later.
Patricia and Ralph are siblings. They are having tutorials with us for a month.
3. Troublesome Homophones

its its
their- theyre

well will
advice (verb) advise

lie
rise

- lay
- raise

I want to (lie, lay) down to sleep. -wrong

Please (lie, lay) down the cards on the table. - wrong
The sun (rises, raises) from the east. correct
We (rise, raise) the flag every morning for the National Anthem. correct
Verbs are action words and tell about the state of being
Three Kinds of Verbs
1. action verbssings, thinks, feels (can also be a linking verb), has (can also be a helping)- You have a
netbook.
2. linking verbs/ be-verbs/ verb-to-be is, was, are, were, am
3. helping verbs - come before another verb which is the main (has, have, had ) + particle
have played have is helping, played is main verb
have caught
could have listened verb phrase
hyphen- to combine compound ( sister-in-law)
dashused the same way commas are used
comma splice
From two short sentences that are very related and which you want to connect;
I prefer homeschooling. I feel like it is more practical to consider.
To one complex sentence
I prefer homeschooling, I feel like it is more practical to consider. (wrong! this is a comma splice)
To correct this:
1. Separate these two clauses into two different sentence.
I prefer homeschooling. I feel like it is more practical to consider.
2. Use a conjunction to combine two clauses
I prefer homeschooling because I feel like it is more practical to consider.
3. Use a semicolon

I prefer homeschooling; I feel like it is more practical to consider.

could
will
Adverbs- modifies verbs, adjective and another adverb
Example:
Patricia is very pretty- very is an adverb since it is modifying pretty which happens to be an adjective
Ralph cooks well. well is an adverb modifying cooks which happens to be a
Teachers Ranze
Adjectives- describing words; modifies the nouns and pronouns
She is beautiful. beautiful is modifying she, therefore, beautiful is an adjective
Patricia is very pretty. pretty is modifying Patricia, therefore pretty is an adjective
gerund nouns with -ing

Observations:
--have knowledge about word study
--build skills in identifying what part of speech certain words belong

Goals
rule or figure out how each word is used
playing-verb, noun
I am playing badminton.
Playing badminton is my hobby.

-verbs
- noun

Recommendations:
1. Make dictionary your constant companion just like your bible.
2. Engage into a lot of readingdifferent genres. In this way, you get to:
-build your vocabulary
-learn about different sentence structure
-stud how grammar rules are applied