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1 - Partition function
In this exercise we are supposed to treat a photon as a single harmonic oscillator ranging in frequencies.
The harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian is:
1
= ~ n
H
+
(1)
2
And we shall gauge the energy so the ground level energy contribution is zero:
= ~
H
n
(2)
Using the canonical ensemble we find the partition function for a single photon to be:
Z,1 =
exp (~
n) = (1 exp (~))1
(3)
n=0
2 - Occupation function
f () =< n
>=
1
1 (ln(Z,1 )
=
~
exp (~) 1
(4)
Notice this is the same treatment for Bose gas, with chemical potential = 0, and the argument is
by convention instead of .
1
c
=
dD k = D
N=
k D1 dk = D
D
2
2 D 0
2D D
k=0
(5)
(6)
Now
L
c
N
g() =
g() =
1D
2D
3D
L 2
c
L 3 2
(7)
N ~
(8)
eT 1
(2D)
Z
L 2 ~ 2 d
Etotal = P
g()~f ()d() = P
=
~
2 c
0
0
eT 1
3 Z 2
2
L 2
T
x dx
P
L
2.404 L 2 3
3
=P
~
=
(3)
T
T
2 c
~
ex 1
~c
~c
0
Z
~c
2.404 1 2 3
(U ) =
T
~c
(9)
(10)
(11)
g()~f () = P ~
Etotal = P
0
= P~
2
L
c
3
T4
~4
Z
0
L
c
3 Z
3 d
=
~
eT 1
x3 dx
P 2 L 3 4
T
=
ex 1
2 15 ~c
(12)
(13)
(14)
5 - Free Energy
Weve already done most of the work needed to find the free energy function, as weve found g(),
and the partition function for a single mode, so now, we just have to apply our previous knowledge:
(1D)
1
(15)
1 e~
Y
1
(16)
Zallmodes =
1 e~
Z
X
~
~
T
T
g() ln 1 e
F T ln(Z) = T
ln 1 e
T
d = (17)
Zw =
Z
Z
:0
~ d LT 2 xdx
LT
L
~
T
+
=
T2
=
=
ln 1 e
x1
c
T 0 e ~
~c
e
6
~c
0
T 1
0
(2D)
X
F =T
ln 1 e
=T
2
L
c
2 Z
ln 1 e
0
~
T
d = T
2
Z
T
~
g() ln 1 e T d = (18)
~
T
:0
2 d
~
1 2
~
T
=
e
ln
1
+
2
T e ~
0
T 1
Z
L 2 T 2 x2 dx
(3) L 2 3
=T
=
T
4 c
~
ex 1
2 ~c
0
L
c
2
L
~c
2
T3
(19)
(3D)
Z
~
L 3 2
F = ... = T
ln 1 e T d = (20)
2 c
0
3
3 3 Z 3
Z
0
:
~
L
~
L
T
x dx
3
ln
=T
+
=
=T
1
e T
~
6 c
T 0 eT 1
6 c
~
ex 1
0
0
2 L 3 4
=
T
90 ~c
Taking into account polarization number we get:
2
F =
45
L
~c
3
T4
(21)
6 - State equation
Since we know the d-volume is the conjugate quantity of the d-pressure we can directly assign:
P =
F
V
(22)
Where, for instance the 1 dimensional pressure is simply the force exerted by at the ends of the
infinitesimal length unit (this is similar to tension, only operating outwards and not inwards)
(1D)
F
F
f=
=
=
L
L
6
1
~c
T2
(23)
(2D)
P =
F
F
(3)
= 2 =F =
L2
L
1
~c
2
T3
(24)
1
T 4 = (U )
3
(25)
(3D)
P =
F
F
F
2
=
= 3 =
3
V
L
L
45
1
~c
3
The last equation yields the known relation (in cosmology) between pressure and energy
density
P =w
where
1
3
(26)