An Introduction to Seismic Interpretation

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Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction: The Purpose of this Text
1.2 What is a Seismic Interpretation?
The Geologic Interpretation Problem
Defining the Purpose of the Interpretation

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

The Seismic Interpreter

A Generalized Seismic Interpretation Workflow
Online Sources of Data and Information
References

Chapter 2: Principles of the Seismic Method

2.1 Overview
2.2 Characteristics of Waves
Frequency Content of Seismic Data
Seismic Phase

2.3 Rock Properties

Elastic Properties and Velocities
Changes with Burial and Diagenesis
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Properties
Rock Properties and Lithology - Summary

2.4 Waves and Interfaces

Geometry of Reflections
Reflection Amplitude

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An Introduction to Seismic Interpretation Table of Contents

2.5 Convolution and Vertical Resolution

Convolution
Vertical Resolution, Detection Limits and Tuning Phenomena
Changes in Resolution with Depth

2.6 Lateral Resolution

2.7 References

Chapter 3: Acquisition and Processing

3.1 Introduction
Overview
Stacking

3.2 Sources and Receivers

Sources
Receivers

3.3 2-D Acquisition The Common Midpoint Method

Data Acquisition, Normal Moveout and Stacking
Multi-Channel and Single-Channel Acquisition

3.4 3-D Acquisition

3.5 Other Processing Steps
Amplitude Recovery
Static Corrections
Deconvolution
Migration/Seismic Imaging
3-D Migration
Processing Summary

3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

Survey Design
Reprocessing and Post-Stack Processing
Coherency (Semblance) Processing
References

Chapter 4: Data Display

4.1 Overview
4.2 Data Display
Digital Data Format
Wiggles and Color Displays
Data Scaling and Polarity
Adjusting Vertical and Horizontal Scales (Vertical Exaggeration)
Structural Dip: Flattening Seismic Displays and Isochron Maps
In Praise of Paper

4.3 Characteristics and Limitations of 2-D Seismic Data

4.4 2-D Versus 3-D
4.5 Viewing 3-D Seismic Data
Vertical Transects
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An Introduction to Seismic Interpretation Table of Contents

Time Slices, Horizon Slices and Stratal Slices
Volume Visualization
Visualization

4.6 Seismic Attributes

Amplitude
Complex-Trace Attributes
Other Attributes

4.7 References

Chapter 5: Tying in Well Data

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Introduction
Building the Database
Check-Shot Surveys
Borehole Logs
Gamma Ray Logs
Caliper Logs
Sonic Logs
Density Logs
Resistivity Logs

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

Synthetic Seismograms
Vertical Seismic Profiles
Seismic Modeling
References

Chapter 6: Structural Interpretation

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geologic Structures and Tectonics
Faults
Folds
Tectonic Settings and Associated Structures

6.3 Structural Interpretation Workflow

Recognizing Faults in Seismic Data
Fault Picking Workflow

6.4 Horizon Interpretation

6.5 Fractures
6.6 Depth Conversion and Subsurface Velocities
Sources of Velocity Information for Depth Conversion
Depth Conversion Using Simple Average Velocities
Velocity Models and Other Depth Conversion Methods

6.7 Structural Validation and Advanced Analyses

Validating Structural Interpretations
Faults and Fluid Flow

6.8 References
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An Introduction to Seismic Interpretation Table of Contents

Chapter 7: Stratigraphic Interpretation

7.1 Introduction
What is Seismic Stratigraphy?

7.2 Stratigraphic Concepts

Sedimentary Environments and Facies
Applications of Sedimentary Geology
Sequence Stratigraphy

7.3 Techniques for Seismic Stratigraphic Analyses

Seismic Sequence Analysis Defining the Containers
Seismic Facies Analysis - Filling the Containers
Reflection Character Analysis

7.4 Stratigraphic Interpretation Workflow

7.5 Seismic Diagenesis
7.6 References

Chapter 8: Predicting Physical Properties

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Qualitative Prediction of Pore-Filling Fluids from Post-Stack Data
Shallow Gas and Gas Hydrates
Other Fluids

8.3 Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO)

AVO Theory
AVO Application

8.4 Multicomponent Seismic Methods

8.5 Inversion
Post-Stack Inversion Methods

8.6 Seismic Attributes

8.7 Time-Lapse Seismic Methods
8.8 Subsurface Pressure Prediction
Pore Pressure Concepts
Seismic-Based Pore Pressure Prediction

8.9 References

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