Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Solutions Manual

First published 2010 by
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064
Offices also in Sydney and Melbourne
Typeset in 10.5/12.5pt Times
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2010
The moral rights of the author and contributors have been asserted.
ISBN 978 1 74216 026 9
Reproduction and communication for educational purposes
The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum
of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the
greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational
institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational
institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration
notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL).
Reproduction and communication for other purposes
Except as permitted under the Act (for example, a fair dealing
for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part
of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without
prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the
publisher at the address above.
Illustrated by Aptara and the Wiley Art Studio
Typeset in India by Aptara
Printed in Singapore by
Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The publishers would like to thank the following contributors:
Ross Allen
Joe Ardley
Caroline Denney
Elena Iampolsky
Peter Matassa
Carolyn Mews
David Phillips
Colin Shnier
Sonja Stambulic
Jenny Watson
Ian Younger
Table of contents
About eBook PLUS v
Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 1
Exercise 1A The binomial theorem 1
Exercise 1B Polynomials 2
Exercise 1C Division of polynomials 4
Exercise 1D Linear graphs 7
Exercise 1E Quadratic graphs 8
Exercise 1F Cubic graphs 11
Exercise 1G Quartic graphs 13
Chapter review 15
Short answer 15
Multiple choice 16
Extended response 17
Chapter 2 Functions and transformations 21
Exercise 2A Transformations and the parabola 21
Exercise 2B The cubic function in power form 22
Exercise 2C The power function (the hyperbola) 25
Exercise 2D The power function (the truncus) 29
Exercise 2E The square root function in power form 32
Exercise 2F The absolute value function 34
Exercise 2G Transformations with matrices 38
Exercise 2H Sum, difference and product functions 40
Exercise 2I Composite functions and functional
equations 41
Exercise 2J Modelling 43
Chapter review 46
Short answer 46
Multiple choice 48
Exam practice 1 52
Short answer 52
Multiple choice 52
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations 54
Exercise 3A The index laws 54
Exercise 3B Logarithm laws 55
Exercise 3C Exponential equations 56
Exercise 3D Logarithmic equations using
any base 58
Exercise 3E Exponential equations (base e) 60
Exercise 3F Equations with natural (base e)
logarithms 62
Exercise 3G Inverses 63
Exercise 3H Literal equations 65
Exercise 3I Exponential and logarithmic modelling 66
Chapter review 68
Short answer 68
Multiple choice 69
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs 72
Exercise 4A Graphs of exponential functions with
any base 72
Exercise 4B Logarithmic graphs to any base 76
Exercise 4C Graphs of exponential functions with
base e 81
Exercise 4D Logarithmic graphs to base e 86
Exercise 4E Finding equations for graphs of exponential
and logarithmic functions 90
Exercise 4F Addition of ordinates 91

Exercise 4G Exponential and logarithmic functions with
absolute values 95
Exercise 4H Exponential and logarithmic modelling
using graphs 96
Chapter review 98
Short answer 98
Multiple choice 99
Chapter 5 Inverse functions 103
Exercise 5A Relations and their inverses 103
Exercise 5B Functions and their inverses 105
Exercise 5C Inverse functions 109
Exercise 5D Restricting functions 111
Chapter review 117
Short answer 117
Multiple choice 120
Chapter 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions 123
Exercise 6A Revision of radians and the unit circle 123
Exercise 6B Symmetry and exact values 124
Exercise 6C Trigonometric equations 127
Exercise 6D Trigonometric graphs 130
Exercise 6E Graphs of the tangent function 135
Exercise 6F Finding equations of trigonometric
graphs 137
Exercise 6G Trigonometric modelling 138
Exercise 6H Further graphs 139
Exercise 6I Trigonometric functions with an increasing
trend 144
Chapter review 145
Short answer 145
Multiple choice 147
Exam practice 2 148
Short answer 148
Multiple choice 150
Chapter 7 Differentiation 152
Exercise 7A Review gradient and rates of change 152
Exercise 7B Limits and differentiation from first
principles 154
Exercise 7C The derivative of xn 158
Exercise 7D The chain rule 160
Exercise 7E The derivative of ex 164
Exercise 7F The derivative of loge (x) 167
Exercise 7G The derivatives of sin(x), cos(x) and
tan(x) 172
Exercise 7H The product rule 176
Exercise 7I The quotient rule 179
Exercise 7J Mixed problems on differentiation 183
Chapter review 190
Short answer 190
Multiple choice 192
Chapter 8 Applications of differentiation 196
Exercise 8A Equations of tangents and normals 196
Exercise 8B Sketching curves 199
Exercise 8C Maximum and minimum problems when the
function is known 209
Exercise 8D Maximum and minimum problems when the

function is unknown 210
Exercise 8E Rates of change 213
Exercise 8F Related rates 215
Exercise 8G Linear approximation 217
Chapter review 217
Short answer 217
Multiple choice 219
Chapter 9 Integration 225
Exercise 9A Antidifferentiation 225
Exercise 9B Integration of ex, sin(x) and cos(x) 230
Exercise 9C Integration by recognition 233
Exercise 9D Approximating areas enclosed by
functions 237
Exercise 9E The fundamental theorem of integral
calculus 238
Exercise 9F Signed areas 244
Exercise 9G Further areas 249
Exercise 9H Areas between two curves 260
Exercise 9I Average value of a function 270
Exercise 9J Further applications of integration 271
Chapter review 276
Short answer 276
Multiple choice 278
Exam practice 3 283
Short answer 283
Multiple choice 284
Chapter 10 Discrete random variables 286
Exercise 10A Probability revision 286
Exercise 10B Discrete random variables 289
Exercise 10C Measures of centre of discrete random
distributions 293
Exercise 10D Measures of variability of discrete random
distributions 297
Chapter review 302
Short answer 302
Multiple choice 304
Chapter 11 The binomial distribution 308

Exercise 11A The binomial distribution 308
Exercise 11B Problems involving the binomial
distribution for multiple probabilities 311
Exercise 11C Markov chains and transition
matrices 315
Exercise 11D Expected value, variance and standard
deviation of the binomial distribution 318
Chapter review 321
Short answer 321
Multiple choice 323
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions 328
Exercise 12A Continuous random variables 328
Exercise 12B Using a probability density function to find
probabilities of continuous random variables 330
Exercise 12C Measures of central tendency and
spread 336
Exercise 12D Applications to problem solving 341
Exercise 12E The normal distribution 343
Exercise 12F The standard normal distribution 347
Exercise 12G The inverse cumulative normal
distribution 350
Chapter review 354
Short answer 354
Multiple choice 357
Exam practice 4 360
Short answer 360
Multiple choice 361
Solutions to investigations 363
Chapter 1 363
Investigation Quartics and beyond 363
Chapter 2 363
Investigation Goal accuracy 363
Chapter 9 363
Investigation Definite integrals 363
Chapter 11 363
Investigation Winning at racquetball! 363
Chapter 12 364
Investigation Sunflower stems 364
Graphs and polynomials
MM12-1
Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials

Exercise 1A The binomial theorem
= 2187x7 10 206x5 + 20 412x3 22 680x

15 120 6048 1344 128
+
3 +
7
x
x
x5
x
2
2
2
1 a (x + 3)2 = x 2 + x1 31 + 32
0
1
2
2
= x + 6x + 9
5
5
5
5
b (x + 4)5 = x5 + x 4 4 + x3 42 + x 2 43 +
0
1
2

3
5 5
5 4
x4 + 4
5
4
5
6
3
3
3
c x 2 + = (x2)6 + 6(x2)5 x + 15(x2)4 x

x
3
4
3
3
+ 20(x2)3 x + 15(x2)2 x
5
3
3
+ 6(x2) +
x

x
= x + 5x 4 + 10x 16 + 10x 64 + 5x256

+ 1 1024
= x5 + 20x4 + 160x3 + 640x2 + 1280x + 1024
8
8
8
c (x 1)8 = x8 + x7 (1) + x 6 (1)2
1
0

2
8
8
+ x5 (1)3 + x 4 (1) 4
3

4
= x12 + 18x9 + 135x6 + 540x3 + 1215

1458
729
+
+ 6
x3
x
3
d 2 2x
x
4
4
4
d (2x + 3)4 = (2 x)4 + (2 x)3 3 + (2 x)2 32
0
1
2

4
4
+ (2 x)33 + 34
4
3
= 16x4 + 96x3 + 216x2 + 216x + 81
4
4
4
e (7 x)4 = 7 4 + 73 ( x) + 7 2 ( x)2
0
1

2
4
4
+ 7( x)3 + ( x) 4
3

4
5
5
5
f (2 3x)5 = 25 + 24 (3 x) + 23 (3 x) 2
0
1

2

5
5
+ 22 (3x)3 + 2( 3 x)4
3

4
5
+ (3 x)5
5
= 32 240x + 720x2 1080x3 + 810x4
243x5
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
2 a x + = x3 + 3x2 x + 3x +
x
x
x
3
1
= x3 + 3x +
+ 3
x
x
2
7
2
2
2
b 3x = (3x)7 7(3x)6 x + 21(3x)5 x

x
243 810
1080 720
7 +
10
x
x
x
x4
2
5
+ 240x 32x
n
3 (r + 1)th term is (ax)n rbr
r
3
a (x 7)
i x2 is the 2nd term
r=1
3
Coefficient = x2 (7)1
1
3
term = x370
0
Coefficient = 1
iii x4
Coefficient = 0
b (2x + 1)5
i x2 is the 4th term r = 3
5
term = (2x)213
3
Coefficient = 80
iii x4 is the 2nd term r = 1
5
term = (2x)411
1
2
2
2
21(3x)2 x + 7(3x)
x
x
6
Coefficient = 40
ii x3 is the third term
r=2
5
term = (2x)312
2
Coefficient = 80
3
3
3
= 2 5 2 2x + 10 2 (2 x) 2
x
x

x
= 21
ii x3 is first term r = 0
= 2401 1372x + 294x2 28x3 + x4
2
2
35(3x) x + 35(3x)3 x
3
3
10 2 (2 x)3 + 5 2 (2 x) 4 (2 x)5
x
x
8
8
8
+ x3 ( 1)5 + x 2 (1)6 + x(1)7 +
5
6
7
8
8
(1)
8
= x8 8x7 + 28x6 56x5 + 70x4 56x3 + 28x2

8x + 1
c + 3x
x
i Coefficient of x2 = 0
MM12-1
ii x3 is the 5th term r = 4

1
5 2
term = (3x)4
4 x
Coefficient = 810
iii Coefficient of x4 = 0
6
2
= (3 x) 4 2
2
x

= 4860
d x2
x
ii x3 is the 4th term r = 3
3
3
6
term = (x2)3 x
3
Coefficient = 540
iii Coefficient of x4 = 0
6
e 7x + 2
x
ii x3 is the 2nd term r = 1
1
3
6
5
term = (7x) x 2
1
Coefficient = 302 526
iii Coefficient of x4 is 0.
3
4 3x 2
x
3
x is the 2nd term r = 1
1
5
3
2 2
term = (3x ) x
1
5
= 3 9x4 1
x
= 135x3
The answer is A.
5 When the expression for C is expanded it does not contain
an x5 term. The first three terms contain x8, x6 and x4
respectively. All the other expressions contain an x5 term.
The answer is C.
2
5
2
2
3 2
3 5
3 4
3 3
6 x + 2 = (x ) + 5(x ) x 2 + 10(x ) x 2
x
4
5
2
2
2
+ 10(x ) x 2 + 5(x3) 2 + 2
x
x
80
32
= 1x15 + 10x10 + 40x5 + 80 + 3 + 2
x
x
= 1 + 10 + 40 + 80 + 80 + 32
= 243
The answer is D.
7 (2x 3)4
= (2x)4 4(2x)33 + 6(2x)232 4(2x)33 + 34
= 16x4 96x3 + 216x2 216x3 + 81
The answer is D.
8 Fourth term = 6C3x3 (3y)3
= 20 x3 27y3
= 540x3y3
9 Term 3 r = 2
3 2
9 x
= 37
2 4
78 732 x 2
16
19 683 x 2
4
10 x6, x3, x0
3rd term is independent of x. r = 2
2
1
1
11 Powers of x are (x ) , (x ) x3 , (x2)3 x 3
2 5
2 4
x10, x5, x0,

The third term is independent of x.
2
4
5
2 3
3
term = C2(x ) x
= 10 +16
= 160
3
12 x 2 + 2
x
1
1
Powers of x are (x ) , (x ) x 2 , (x2)2 x 2
2 4
2 3
x8, x4, x0
The third term is independent of x.
2
3
term = 4C2(x2)2 x 2
=69
= 54
13 Expand (p + 3)5
= p5 + 5p43 + 10p332 + 10p233 + 5p34 + 35
= p5 + 15p4 + 90p3 + 270p2 + 405p + 243
(2p 5)(p5 + 15p4 + 90p3 + 270p2 + 405p + 243)
2p6 + 30p5 + 180p4 + 540p3 + 810p2 + 486p
5p5 75p4 450p3 1350p2 2025p 1215
Coefficient of 4th term = 180 75 = 105
14 (2a 1)n
2nd term is nC1(2a)n 1(1)1
coefficient: n 2n 1 = 192
1
= 192
n 2n
2
n 2n = 384
= 3 27
= 3 2 26
= 6 26
n =6
Exercise 1B Polynomials
1 Polynomial expressions consist of terms which have non
negative integer powers of x only.
Not Polynomial:
ii x4 + 3x2 2x + x
iii x7 + 3x6 2xy + 5x
vi 2x5 + x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 2
x
Polynomial:
i x3 2x
iv 3x8 2x5 + x2 7
v 4x6 x3 + 2x 3
2 a P(x) + Q(x) = 8 3x + 2x2 + x4 + x5 3x4 4x2 1
= x5 2x4 2x2 3x + 7
b Q(x) R(x) = x5 3x4 4x2 1 (8x3 + 7x2 4x)
= x5 3x4 4x2 1 8x3 7x2 + 4x
= x5 3x4 8x3 11x2 + 4x 1
c 3P(x) 2R(x).
3P(x) = 3(8 3x + 2x2 + x4)
= 24 9x + 6x2 + 3x4
2R(x) = 2(8x3 + 7x2 4x)

= 16x3 + 14x2 8x
3P(x) 2R(x) = 24 9x + 6x2 + 3x4
(16x3 + 14x2 8x)
2
= 24 9x + 6x + 3x4 16x3 14x2 + 8x
= 3x4 16x3 8x2 x + 24
d 2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
2P(x) = 2(8 3x + 2x2 + x4)
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4
3R(x) = 3(8x3 + 7x2 4x)
= 24x3 + 21x2 12x
2P(x) Q(x) + 3R(x)
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4 (x5 3x4 4x2 1)
+ 24x3 + 21x2 12x
= 16 6x + 4x2 + 2x4 x5 + 3x4 + 4x2 + 1
+ 24x3 + 21x2 12x
= 17 18x + 29x2 + 24x3 + 5x4 x5
3 a P(x) = x6 + 2x5 x3 + x2
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 06 + 2 05 03 + 02
=0
iii P(2) = 26 + 2 25 23 + 22
= 124
iv P(1) = 16 + 2 15 (1)3 + (1)2
=1
b P(x) = 3x7 2x6 + x5 8
i degree = 7
ii P(0) = 3 07 2 06 + 05 8
= 8
iii P(2) = 3 27 2 26 + 25 8
= 280
iv P(1) = 3 (1)7 2 (1)6 + (1)5 8
= 3 2 1 8
= 14
c P(x) = 5x6 + 3x4 2x3 6x2 + 3
i degree = 6
ii P(0) = 5 06 + 3 04 2 03 6 02 + 3
=3
iii P(2) = 5 26 + 3 24 2 23 6 22 + 3
= 331
iv P(1) = 5 (1)6 + 3 (1)4
2 (1)3 6 (1)2 + 3
=5+3+26+3
=7
d P(x) = 7 + 2x 5x2 + 2x3 3x4
i degree = 4
ii P(0) = 7 + 2 0 5 02 + 2 03 3 04
= 7
iii P(2) = 7 + 2 2 5 22 + 2 23 3 24
= 55
iv P(1) = 7 + 2 (1) 5 (1)2
+ 2 (1)3 3(1)4
=72523
= 19
4 P(x) = x8 3x6 + 2x4 x2 + 3
P(2) = (2)8 3 (2)6 + 2 (2)4 (2)2 + 3
= 95
The answer is B.
5
P(x) = 2x7 + ax5 + 3x3 + bx 5
P(1) = 4
4 = 2 17 + a 15 + 3 13 + b 1 5
4 =2+a+3+b5
4 = a + b [1]
P(2) = 163
163 = 2 27 + a 25 + 3 23 + b 2 5
= 256 + 32a + 24 + 2b 5
112 = 32a + 2b [2]
MM12-1
[1] 2
8 = 2a + 2b [3]
[2] [3] 120 = 30a
a = 4 b = 8
f(x) = ax4 + bx3 3x2 4x + 7
f(1) = 2
2 = a (1)4 + b (1)3 3 12 4 1 + 7
2 = a + b 3 4 + 7
2 = a + b
2 b = a [1]
f(2) = 5
5 = a 24 + b 23 3 22 4 2 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 12 8 + 7
5 = 16a + 8b 13
8 = 16a + 8b
8 = 8(2a + b)
1 = 2a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
1 = 2(2 b) + b
1 = 4 2b + b
1 = 4 b
b = 5
If b = 5, then [1] 2 5 = a.
3=a
f(x) = 3x4 5x3 3x2 4x + 7
Q(x) = x5 + 2x4 + ax3 6x + b
Q(2) = 45
45 = 25 + 2 24 + 23a 6 2 + b
45 = 52 + 8a + b
7 = 8a + b
7 8a = b [1]
Q(0) = 7
7 = 05 + 2 04 + a 03 6 0 + b
7 = b [2]
Substitute [2] into [1].
7 8a = 7
8a = 0
a =0
Q(x) = x5 + 2x4 6x 7.
P(x) = ax6 + bx4 + x3 6
If 3P(1) = 24
then 3P(x) = 3(ax6 + bx4 + x3 6)
24 = 3(a 16 + b 14 + 13 6)
8 = a + b + 1 6
8 = a + b 5
3 = a + b
3 a = b [1]
If 3P(2) = 102
then 3P(x) = 3(ax6 + bx4 + x3 6)
102 = 3[a(2)6 + b(2)4 + (2)3 6)
34 = 64a + 16b 8 6
34 = 64a + 16b 14
48 = 64a + 16b
( 16) 3 = 4a + b [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
3 = 4a + (3 a)
3 = 4a 3 a
6 = 3a
2=a
If 2 = a then b = 3 a
b = 3 2
b = 5
P(x) = 2x6 5x4 + x3 6
a P(x) = ax4 x3 + 3x2 5
If P(1) = 1
then 1 = a (1)4 (1)3 + 3 (1)2 5
MM12-1
1 = a 1 + 3 5
1 = a 3
2=a
The answer is C.
b f(x) = xn 2x3 + x2 5x
If f(2) = 10
then 10 = 2n 2 23 + 22 5 2
10 = 2n 16 + 4 10
10 = 2n 22
32 = 2n
25 = 2n
n =5
The answer is D.
7 2 7
101
x + x+
3
9
27
3x 4 6 x3 + 0 x 2 + 12 x + 0
3x + 1
4
3
3x + x
x3
7 x3 + 0 x 2
7 x3 7 x 2
3
7 2
3 x + 12 x
2
7x
7
3 +9x
101
9 x+0
101 x + 101
9
27
Exercise 1C Division of polynomials

1 a
x 2 + 2 x + 13
x 2 x2 + 5x 2
x 4
3
2
x 4 x
2 x + 5x
2
2 x 8 x
13 x 2
13 x 52
50
x 4 3 x3 + 6 x 2 18 x + 58
x + 0 x 4 3 x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x + 3
x + 3
5
4
x + 3 x
5
3 x 4 3x3
4
3
3 x 9 x
6 x3 + 0 x 2
3
2
6 x + 18 x
18 x 2 + 4 x
2
18 x 54 x
58 x + 3
58 x + 174
171
4
Q(x) = x 3x + 6x 18x + 58
R(x) = 171
c
6 x3 + 17 x 2 + 53x + 155
6 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 4 x + 0
x 3
4
3
6 x 18 x
17 x3 + 2 x 2
3
2
17 x 51x
53 x 2 4 x
53 x 159 x
155 x + 0
155 x 465
465
3
Q(x) = 6x + 17x + 53x + 155

R(x) = 465
7 2 7
101
x + x+
3
9
27
20 101
R(x) = 3
=
27 27
3
2
2 a i P(x) = x 2x + 5x 2
P(4) = 43 2 42 + 5 4 2
= 50
ii P(x) = x4 + x3 + 3x2 7x
P(1) = 1 + 1 + 3 7
= 2
iii P(x) = x5 3x3 + 4x + 3
P(3) = (3)5 3 (3)3 + 4 (3) + 3
= 171
iv P(x) = 2x6 x4 + x3 + 6x2 5x
P(2) = 2 (2)6 (2)4 + ( 2)3 + 6 (2)2 5
(2)
= 138
v P(x) = 6x4 x3 + 2x2 4x
P(3) = 6 34 33 + 2 32 4 3
= 465
vi P(x) = x4 13x2 + 36
P(2) = 24 13 22 + 36
=0
vii P(x) = 3x4 6x3 + 12x
Q(x) = x3
Q(x) = x2 + 2x + 13
R(x) = 50
101
27
1
P = 3
3
1
1
1
6 + 12
3
3
3
20
= 3
27
viii P(x) = x5 + 3x3 4x2 + 6x 8
5
3
3
3
3
P = + 3 4
2
2
2

2

3
8
+6
2
23
= 9
32
b The values obtained in 2 were the same as the remainder
values obtained in 1.
3 a P(3) = 33 + 9 32 + 26 3 30
= 156
Since P(3) 0, x 3 is not a factor
b P(2) = (2)4 (2)3 5 (2)2 2 (2) 8
=0
Since P(2) = 0 then x + 2 is a factor.
c P(+ 4) = 4 9 + 4 + 6 42 13 (+ 4)3
12 (+ 4)4 + 3 (+ 4)5
= 4 36 + 94 832 3072 + 3072
= 768
Since P(4) 0 then 4 x is not a factor.
1
d P = 4
2
1
+ 2
2
1
8
2
5 a P(x) = x3 + 4x2 3x 18
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
1

2
1
1
1
4 + 6 9
6
2
2
2
= 0.0625 + 0.0625 0.5 + 0.5 + 1.5 + 4.5 6
=0
1
Since P = 0 then 2x + 1 is a factor.
2
4 a f(x) = x4 4x3 x2 + 16x 12
A x + 1 f( 1)
= (1)4 4 (1)3 (1)2 + 16 (1) 12
= 1 + 4 1 16 12
= 24
B x f(0)
= 12
C x + 2 f( 2)
= (2)4 4 (2)3 (2)2 + 16 (2) 12
= 16 + 32 4 32 12
=0
Since f(2) = 0 then (x + 2) is a factor.
D x + 3 f(3)
= (3)4 4 (3)3 (3)2 + 16 (3) 12
= 120
E x 4 f(4)
= 44 4 43 42 + 16 4 12
= 36
The answer is C.
b
x3 6 x 2 + 11x 6
x 4 4 x3 x 2 + 16 x 12
x + 2
4
3
x + 2 x
6 x3 x 2
3
2
6 x 12 x
11x 2 + 16 x
2
11x + 22 x
6 x 12
6 x 12
0
Test x = 1 into x3 6x2 + 11x 6
= 13 6 1 + 11 6
=0
x 1 is a factor.
x2 5x + 6
x 6 x 2 + 11x 6
x 1
3
2
x x
3
5 x 2 + 11x
2
5 x + 5 x
6 x 6
6 x 6
0
x2 5x + 6 = (x 3)(x 2)
f(x) factorises to
(x + 2)(x 1)(x 3)(x 2)
The answer is B.
x2 + 6 x + 9
x3 + 4 x 2 3 x 18
x 2
3
2
x 2 x
6 x 2 3x
2
6 x 12 x
9 x 18
9 x 18
0
(x 2)(x2 + 6x + 9)
= (x 2)(x + 3)2
b P(x) = 3x3 13x2 32x + 12
Test x = 1 P(x) 0
x=2
when x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
+3 x 2 19 x + 6
3 x3 13 x 2 32 x + 12
x + 2
3
2
3 x + 6 x
19 x 2 32 x
2
19 x 38 x
6 x + 12
6 x + 12
0
2
(x + 2)(3x 19x + 6)
= (x + 2)(3x 1)(x 6)
c P(x) = x4 + 2x3 7x2 8x + 12
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
x3 + 0 x 2 7 x + 6
x + 2 x3 7 x 2 8 x + 12
x + 2
4
3
x + 2 x
0 7 x 2 8 x
2
7 x 14 x
4
6 x + 12
6 x + 12
0
(x + 2)(x3 + 0x2 7x + 6)
Test x = 2, P(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
x2 + 2 x 3
x + 0x 7 x + 6
x 2
3
2
x 2 x
3
2 x2 7 x
2
2 x 4 x
3 x + 6
3 x + 6
0
2
(x + 2)(x 2)(x + 2x 3)
(x + 2)(x 2)(x + 3)(x 1)
MM12-1
MM12-1
d P(x) = 4x4 + 12x3 24x2 32x

Test x = 1, P(x) = 0
x + 1 is a factor
4 x3 + 8 x 2 32 x
4
3
4 x + 12 x 24 x 2 32 x + 0
x +1
4
3
4 x + 4 x
8 x3 24 x 2
3
2
8 x + 8 x
2 x2 + x 6
2 x + 5 x 2 4 x 12
x + 2
3
2
2 x + 4 x
x2 4 x
2
x 2 x
6 x 12
6 x 12
(x + 1)(4x + 8x 32x)
Take out factor of 4x.
4x(x + 1)(x2 + 2x 8)
4x(x + 1)(x 2)(x + 4)
6 a 3x3 + 3x2 18x = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
3x2 + 9 x
3 x + 3 x 18 x + 0
x 2
3
2
3 x 6 x
3
0
(x 2)(2x3 + 5x2 4x 12)
Test x = 2, f(2) = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
3
32 x 2 32 x
2
32 x 32 x
3
12 x + 24
12 x + 24
9 x 2 18 x
2
9 x 18 x
0
(x 2)(x + 2)(2x2 + x 6)
(x 2)(x + 2)(2x 3)(x + 2)
3
x = 2, 2, or
2
d x4 2x2 + 1 = 0
Test x = + 1, f(x) = 0
(x 1) is a factor
x3 + x 2 x 1
x + 0x 2x2 + 0x + 1
x 1
4
3
x x
4
x3 2 x 2
3
2
x x
(x 2)(3x2 + 9x) = 0
3x(x 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 0, 2, or 3
b 2x4 + 10x3 4x2 48x = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
x2 + 0 x
2
x + x
2 x3 + 14 x 2 + 24 x
2 x + 10 x3 4 x 2 48 x
x 2
4
3
2 x 4 x
x + 1
x + 1
14 x3 4 x 2
3
2
14 x 28 x
24 x 2 48 x
2
24 x 48 x
0
3
(x 2)(2x + 14x + 24x)

Take out common factor of 2x:
2x(x 2)(x2 + 7x + 12)
= 2x(x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) = 0
x = 2, 3, 0, and 4
c 2x4 + x3 14x2 4x + 24 = 0
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
(x 2) is a factor
2 x3 + 5 x 2 4 x 12
2 x + x3 14 x 2 4 x + 24
x 2
4
3
2 x 4 x
4
5 x3 14 x 2
3
2
5 x 10 x
4 x 2 4 x
2
4 x + 8 x
(x 1)(x3 + x2 x 1)
Test x = 1, f(x) = 0
(x + 1) is a factor
x2 1
x3 + x 2 x 1
x +1
3
2
x + x
0
x 1
x 1
0
(x 1)(x + 1)(x2 1) = 0
(x 1)(x + 1)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1
7 If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f(x) = 0
0 = x3 + ax2 6x 4
f(2) = 0 = 23 + a22 6 2 4
0 = 8 + 4a 12 4
0 = 4a 8
8 = 4a
2 =a
8 Let
P(x) = x3 + x2 ax + 3
P(1) = 1 + 1 a + 3 = 0
(x 1) is a factor
a=5
9 If (x + 3) is a factor then
when x = 3, f(x) = 0
f(3) = 0 = 2(3)4 + a(3)3 3
(3) + 18
0 = 162 27a + 9 + 18
0 = 189 27a
27a = 189
a =7
10 If (x + 1) is a factor then
when x = 1, f(x) = 0
f(1) = 0 = a 4 b 12
0 = a b 16
a = b 16 [1]
If (x 2) is a factor then
when x = 2, f(x) = 0
f(2) = 0 = 8a 16 + 2b 12
0 = 8a + 2b 28
28 = 8a + 2b
14 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
14 = 4(b 16) + b
14 = 4b 64 + b
14 = 3b 64
78 = 3b
26 = b
a = + 26 16
a = 10
11 (2x 3) and (x + 2) are factors of
2x3 + ax2 + bx + 30
P(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 30
P(2) = 2(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2)
+ 30 = 0
16 + 4a 2b + 30 = 0
4a 2b = 14 [1]
3
3
3
3
3
P = 2 + a + b
2
2
2
2
+ 30 = 0
27
9a
3b
+
+
+ 30 = 0
2
84
4
2
27 + 9a + 6b + 120 = 0
9a + 6b = 147
3a + 2b = 49 [2]
[1] + [2] 7a = 63
a = 9
Substitute into [1] 4 9 2b = 14
2b = 22
b = 11
a = 9, b = 11.
Exercise 1D Linear graphs

1 a 2x + 3y = 12
x-intercept when y = 0
2x = 12
x =6
y-intercept when x = 0
3y = 12
y =4
b 2y 5x 10 = 0
5x = 10
x = 2
2y = 10
y =5
c 2x y = 1
2x = 1
1
x =
2
y = 1
y = 1
2 a y = mx + c
y = 3x + c
find c in (2, 1)
1 =32+c
5 = c
y = 3x 5
3x + y + 5 = 0
b y = mx + c
y = 2x + c
find c, sub in (4, 3)
3 = 2 4 + c
3=8+c
5 = c
y = 2x 5
2x + y + 5 = 0
3 a (3, 4), (1, 10)
10 + 4
m=
1 + 3
6
=
2
= 3
y = 3x + c
sub in (3, 4)
4 = 3 3 + c
13 = c
y = 3x 13
3x + y + 13 = 0
b (7, 5), (2, 0)
50
m=
72
5
=
5
=1
y =x+c
sub in (2, 0)
0 =2+c
2 = c
y =x2
x + y + 2 = 0
4
2y 3x 6 = 0
A26326 =0
12 6 6 = 0
MM12-1
B20326 =0
0+66 =0
C23306 =0
606 =0
D22316 =0
436 0
E29346 =0
18 12 6 = 0
The answer is D.
b5
5 a i 2 =
1+ 2
b5
2 =
3
6 = b 5
1 = b
ii y x = 7
y =x+7
m =1
b5
1 =
1+ 2
3 =b5
8 =b
b parallel to y = 3x 4
m=3
y = 3x + c
sub in (4, 5)
5 =34+c
7 = c
y = 3x 7
0 = 3x y 7
c 2y x + 1 = 0
2y = x 1
1
1
y= x
2
2
m = 2 gradient of perpendicular line
y y1 = m(x x1)
Sub in (2, 4) y 4 = 2(x + 2)
y 4 = 2x 4
2x + y = 0
6 i x + 2y + 4 = 0
x=4
2y = 4
y=2
Graph e
ii y = 3 Graph f
iii y 2x 2 = 0
2 = 2x
1 = x
y=2
Graph a
iv 3y + 2x = 6
2x = 6
x=3
3y = 6
y=2
Graph c
v y 2x = 0
x- and y-intercepts occur at the
origin.
Graph b
vi x = 2 Graph d.
MM12-1
7 a
b
c
d
e
f
8 a
y 2 or [2, )
y 5 or (5, )
2 y < 3 or [2, 3)
2 y 3 or [2, 3]
R
< y < 6 or (, 6)
4y + 3x = 24 x [12, 12]
x-intercept
3x = 24
x =8
y-intercept
4y = 24
y =6
when x = 12 y = 15
when x = 12 y = 3
i domain [12, 12]
ii range [3, 15]
b 2x 5y = 10x < 5
x-intercept
2x = 10
x =5
y-intercept
5y = 10
y = 2
when x = 5, y = 0
i domain (, 5)
ii range (, 0)
c 4x 3y 6 = 0 x [2, 5)
x-intercept
4x = 6
3
x =
2
y-intercept
3y = 6
y = 2
2
when x = 2 y =
3
14
when x = 5 y =
3
i Domain [2, 5)
2 14
ii Range ,
3 3
9 a Parallel m = 2
y = 2x + c
sub in (2, 5)
5 = 4 + c
9 =c
y = 2x + 9
2x + y 9 = 0
1
3
1
y= x+c
3
b Perpendicular m =
sub in (2, 5)
1
(x 2)
3
x
2
=
+
3
3
= x + 2
=0
=0
(y 5) =
y5
3y 15
3y + x 17
x + 3y 17
10 a Parallel to
4x 13 = 2y
13
2x
=y
2
m =2
y = 2x + c
sub in (3, 1)
1 = 2 3 + c
7 =c
y = 2x + 7
2x + y 7 = 0
b 4x 2y = 13
4x 13 = 2y
13
=y
2x
2
m =2
1
Perpendicular m =
2
sub in (3, 1)
1
y 1 = (x + 3)
2
1
3
y1 = x
2
2
1
1
y = x
2
2
2y = x 1
x + 2y + 1 = 0
11 3x y = 2
3x + 2 = y
m =3
ax + 2y = 3
2y = ax + 3
3
a
x+
y =
2
2
a
3 =
2
6 = a
6 = a
The answer is E.
12 5x + y 3 = 0 bx y 2 = 0
y = 5x + 3 y = bx 2
1
gradient 5 gradient b =
5
The answer is B.
b f(x) = x2 + 5x 8
a = 1 b = 5 c = 8
= 25 + 32
= 57
b2 4ac > 0. Two x-intercepts
c f(x) = 3x2 5x + 9
a = 3 b = 5 c = 9
= 25 108
= 83
b2 4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
d f(x) = 2x2 + 7x 11
a = 2 b = 7 c = 11
= 49 + 88
= 137
e f(x) = 1 6x x2
a = 1 b = 6 c = 1
= 36 + 4
= 40
f f(x) = 3 + 6x + 3x2
a=3b=6c=3
= 36 36
=0
b2 4ac = 0. One x-intercept
2 a f(x) = x2 6x + 8
y-intercept x = 0
y=8
x-intercept(s)
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2
b f(x) = x2 5x + 4
y-intercept x = 0
y =4
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (x 4)(x 1)
x = 4 or 1
c f(x) = 10 + 3x x2
y-intercept x = 0
y = 10
x-intercept y = 0
0 = (5 x)(2 + x)
x = 5 or 2
Exercise 1E Quadratic
graphs
1 b2 4ac =
a f(x) = x2 3x + 4
a = 1, b = 3, c = 4
= 9 16
= 7
b2 4ac < 0. No x-intercepts
d f(x) = 6x2 x 12
y-intercept x = 0
y = 12
x-intercept(s) y = 0
0 = (3x + 4) (2x 3)
4
3
x = or
3
2
3 a f(x) = x2 6x + 8
= x2 6x + 32 32 + 8
= (x 3)2 9 + 8
= (x 3)2 1
TP is (3, 1)
b f(x) = x2 5x + 4
2
5 5
= x2 5x + + 4
2 2
2
5 25
= x
+4
2
4
5 25 16
= x
+
2
4
4
5
9
= x
2
4
5 9
TP is ,
2 4
c f(x) = 10 + 3x x2
= (x2 3x 10)
3
3
= x 2 3 x + 10
2
2
y = 2 x2
a = 1, h = 0, k = 2
TP = (0, 2)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 2]
b i y = (x 6)2
a = 1, h = 6, k = 0
TP = (6, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [0, )
c i y = (x + 2)2
a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
TP = (2, 0)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = (, 0]
d i y = 2(x + 3)2 6
a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
TP = (3, 6)
ii Domain = R
iii Range = [6, )
5 Using y = A (x + B)2 + C
a i TP = (1, 2)
B = 1 and C = 2
Assume A = 1
y = 1(x 1)2 2
y = x2 2x + 1 2
y = x2 2x 1
ii Domain = R
iii Range [2, )
b i TP = (2, 3)
B = 2
C = 3
Assume A = 1
y = 1 (x 2)2 3
= x2 4x + 4 3
= x2 4x + 1
ii Domain = [1, )
iii Range = [3, )
c i TP = (1, 9)
B = 1 and C = 9
Assume A = 1
y = 1(x 1)2 + 9
y = 1(x2 2x + 1) + 9
y = x2 + 2x 1 + 9
y = x2 + 2x + 8
ii Domain = [4, 4)
iii Range = [16, 9]
6 a y = 2x2 + 3
TP = (0, 3)
y=3
x-intercepts when y = 0
0 = 2x2 + 3
There are no x-intercepts.
4 a
3 9
= x 10
2
4
3 9 40
= x
2 4 4
3
49
= x +
2
4
1
3 49 1
TP is , + = 1 , 12
4 2
4
2
2
d f(x) = 6x x 12
x
= 6 x2 2
6
2
2
x 1 1
= 6 x 2 + 2
6 12 12
1
1
288
= 6 x
12
144
144
1 289
= 6 x
12 144
1 289
= 6 x
12
24
1
1
TP is , 12
24
12
b y = 1 4(2 x)2
TP = (2, 1)
y =144
= 15
0 = 1 4(2 x)2
0 = 1 4(4 4x + x2)
MM12-1
= 1 16 + 16x 4x2
= 4x2 + 16x 15
3
5
x =
and x =
2
2
c y = (2x 3)2 8
3
TP = , 8
2
y = (3)2 8
=1
0 = (2x 3)2 8
= 4x2 12x + 9 8
= 4x2 12x + 1
From the graphics calculator,
x = 2.91 and x = 0.09
7 a y = x2 2x 3
x-intercepts y = 0
0 = (x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1
(3, 0)(1, 0)
The answer is B.
b y = x2 2x 3
y = x2 2x + 12 12 3
y = (x 1)2 4
TP = (1, 4)
The answer is C.
8 f(x) = (x + 3)2 + 4
TP = (3, 4)
range (2, 4]
The answer is D.
9 y = (x 4)2 x [0, 6]
TP = (4, 0)
When x = 0 y = (4)2 = 16
range [0, 16]
When x = 6 y = (6 4)2 = 22 = 4
But x = 4 y = 0
The answer is A.
10 a f(x) = (x 2)2 4
TP = (2, 4)
y-int x = 0
y = (0 2)2 4
y = (2)2 4
y=0
MM12-1
10
x-int y = 0
0 = (x 2 2)(x 2 + 2)
0 = (x 4)(x)
x = 4 or 0
b f(x) = (x + 4)2 + 9
TP = (4, 9)
y int x = 0
y = (0 + 4)2 + 9
y = 16 + 9
y = 7
x-int y = 0
0 = 9 (x + 4)2
0 = (3 (x + 4))(3 + (x + 4))
0 = (3 x 4) (3 + x + 4)
0 = (x 1)(7 + x)
x = 1 or 7
11 a y = x2 2x + 2 x [2, 2]
y = x2 2x + 1 1 + 2
y = (x 1)2 + 1
TP = (1, 1)
i Domain = [2, 2]
ii Range:
When x = 2 y = 10
When x = 2 y = 2
but TP = (1, 1)
[1, 10]
b y = x2 + x 1 x R+
y = (x2 x + 1)
2
2
1 1
y = x 2 x + + 1
2
2

1
3
y = x +
2
4
1 3
y = x
2 4
= 3 x 2 2 x + 1 1
3
8
= 3 ( x 1) 2
3
= 3(x 1)2 + 8
TP = (1, 8)
i Domain = [5, 3)
ii Range:
When x = 5, y = 100
[100, 8]
12 V(t) = 2t2 16t + 40 t [0, 10]
V(t) = 2(t2 8t + 20)
= 2[t2 8t + 16 16 + 20]
= 2[(t 4)2 + 4]
= 2(t 4)2 + 8
TP = (4, 8)
When t = 0 V(t) = 40
When t = 10
V(t) = 2 62 + 8
= 80
1 3
TP = ,
2 4
c y = x2 + 4x + 3
y = x2 + 4x + 4 4 + 3
y = (x + 2)2 1
TP = (2, 1)
y-int x = 0
y=3
x-int y = 0
0 = (x + 2 1)(x + 2 + 1)
0 = (x + 1)(x + 3)
x = 1 or 3
i Domain = R+
3
]
4
c f(x) = x2 3x 2 x [10, 6]
ii Range = (,
3 3
f(x) = x 3x + 2
2 2
2
3
9
8
= x
2
4
4
d y = 2x 4x 6
y = 2[x2 2x 3]
= 2[x2 2x + 1 1 3]
= 2[(x 1)2 4]
y = 2(x 1)2 8
TP = (1, 8)
y-int x = 0
y = 6
x-int y = 0
0 = 2[(x 1 2)(x 1 + 2)]
0 = 2(x 3)(x + 1)
x = 3 or 1
3
17
= x
2
4
3 17
TP = ,
4
2
i Domain = [10, 6]
ii Range:
When x = 10 y = 128
17 , 128
4
d f(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 5 x [5, 3)

5
= 3 x 2 2 x
3
a minimum V = 8 m3
b maximum V = 80 m3
13 h(t) = 3t2 + 12t + 36
h(t) = 3[t2 4t 12]
= 3[t2 4t + 4 4 12]
= 3[(t 2)2 16]
= 3(t 2)2 + 48
TP = (2, 48)
a maximum height = 48 m
b When h(t) = 0
0 = 3[(t 2 4)(t 2 + 4)]
0 = 3(t 6)(t + 2)
t = 6 or 2
Since time 6 seconds
c
Domain [0, 6]
Range [0, 48]
14 a h(t) = t2 12t + 48, t [0, 11]

The lowest point is the
y-coordinate of the turning point
h(t) = t2 12t + 36 36 + 48
= (t 6)2 + 12
TP = (6, 12)
Lowest point is 12 m above the
ground.
b Time taken is the x-coordinate of
the turning point.
t = 6 seconds
c Check the end points of the
domain
h(0) = 48
h(11) = 112 12 11 + 48
= 37
The highest point above the
ground is 48 m.
d Domain = [0, 11]
Range = [12, 48]
e
a = 1, t = 3
y = 1(x 3)3
y = (3 x)3
(vii)
h Negative cubic in form
y = a(x l)(x m)(x n)
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = 1(x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(1 x)
(iii)
3 a y = x3 + x2 4x 4
y-intercept x = 0
y = 4
Factorise to find x-intercepts
Test x = 1, y = 0
x + 1 is a factor
x2 4
x + x 4x 4
x +1
3
2
x + x
4 x 4
4 x 4
3
1 a Positive cubic so a = 1. Goes

through origin so x is a factor.
y = x(x a)(x b)
= x(x + 6)(x 5)
b Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2
a = 1, m = 1, n = 2
y = 1(x 1)(x + 2)2
2 a Positive cubic in form
y = (x l)(x m)(x n)
l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = (x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
(v)
b Negative cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2
a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = 1(x 5)(x + 2)2
y = (5 x)(x + 2)2
(iv)
c Negative cubic in form
a = 1, l = 3, m = 1, n = 4
y = 1(x + 3)(x 1)(x 4)
y = (x + 3)(1 x)(x 4)
(ii)
d Positive cubic in form
y = a(x t)3
a = 1, t = 3
y = (x 3)3
(i )
e Positive cubic in form
a = 1, l = 4, m = 2, n = 1
y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x 1)
(vi)
f Positive cubic in form
y = a(x m)(x n)2
a = 1, m = 5, n = 2
y = (x 5)(x + 2)2
(viii)
g Negative cubic in form
y = a(x t)3
2 x 2 + 2 x + 24
2 x + 0 x 2 + 26 x + 24
x +1
3
2
2 x 2 x
2 x 2 + 26 x
2
2 x + 2 x
3
24 x + 24
24 x + 24
0
y = (x + 1)(2x2 + 2x + 24)
y = 2(x + 1)(x 3)(x 4)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 3 or 4.
Exercise 1F Cubic graphs
11
MM12-1
y = (x + 1)(x 4)
y = (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 2)
If y = 0, x = 1, 2, or 2
d y = x3 + 8x2 21x + 18
y-int x = 0
y = 18
x-intercept
Factorise:
Test x = 3 so y = 0
(x 3) is a factor.
x2 + 5x 6
x + 8 x 2 21x + 18
x 3
3
2
x + 3 x
5 x 2 21x
2
5 x 15 x
3
b y = 2x3 8x2 + 2x + 12
y-int x = 0
y = 12
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor
2 x 2 10 x + 12
2 x3 8 x 2 + 2 x + 12
x +1
3
2
2 x + 2 x
6 x + 18
6 x + 18
0
y = (x 3)(x2 + 5x 6)
= (x 3)(x2 5x + 6)
y = 1(x 3)(x 3)(x 2)
x = 3 or 2
10 x 2 + 2 x
2
10 x + 10 x
12 x + 12
12 x + 12
0
2
y = (x + 1)(2x 10x + 12)

y = 2(x + 1)(x 2)(x 3)
If y = 0, then x = 1, 2 or 3
c y = 2x3 + 26x + 24
y-int x = 0
y = 24
Test x = 1 so y = 0
(x + 1) is a factor.
4 a x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8 = y
Test x = 2 so y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
x2 + 4 x + 4
x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
x + 2
3
2
x + 2 x
4 x 2 + 12 x
4 x + 8x
4 x + 8
4 x + 8
0
y = (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 4)
= (x + 2)(x + 2)2
y = (x + 2)3
The answer is B.
MM12-1
10
12
b In form y = a(x t)3

a = 1, t is intercept
The answer is E.
Function graph is a negative cubic
so a = 1
Point of inflection (2, 2)
The answer is C.
y = (2 x)3 + 2
f(x) = 5(x + 1)3 3
Graph is a positive cubic
he answer is A.
Positive cubic
Turning point at (1, 0) because of
repeated factor
x-intercept at (3, 0)
y-intercept at (0, 6)
The answer is B.
Negative cubic A or D
Point of inflection is (a, b)
a < 0 so,
y = (x + a)3 + b
The answer is D.
y = h(x a)2 (x c)
x = 0, y = ha2(c)
b = ha2c
b
h= 2
a c
b
y = 2 (x a)2(x c)
a c
The answer is E.
a f(x) = x3 + x2 10x + 8 x [2, )
a > 1 positive
b > 1 so 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0
y =8
When x = 2
y = 23 + 22 20 + 8
=0
Closed end point = (2, 0)
i Domain [2, )
ii range [0, )
b f(x) = 3x3 5x2 4x + 4 for
x [2, 1]
a > 1 so positive
b 0 2 turning points.
y-intercept x = 0
y =4
When x = 2
y = 3 (2)3 5 (2)2 4 2
+4
= 32
When x = 1
y = 3 (1)3 5 (1)2 4 1
+4
=0
Closed end point (2, 32)
i Domain [2, 1]
ii Range [32, 0]
c f(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 + 27x 36
x (0, 1]
a < 1 negative
b 0 2 turning points
y-intercept x = 0
y = 36
When x = 0 y = 36
Open end point (0, 36)
When x = 1
y = 3 13 + 4 12 + 27 1 36
= 8
i Domain (0, 1]
ii Range (36, 8]
d f(x) = x3 3x for x [1, 2)

a < 1 negative
b=0
c<1
y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 1, y = 4 closed end
point
x = 2, y = 14 open end point
i Domain [1, 2)
ii Range (14, 4]
e f(x) = x3 + 2x for
x [2, 1) (0, 3]
a > 1 positive
b=0
c>1
y-int x = 0 y = 0
When x = 2, y = 12 closed end
point
x = 0 y = 0 open end point
x = 3 y = 33 closed end point
i Domain [2, 1) (0, 3]

ii Range [12, 3) (0, 33]
f f(x) = 2x3 x
for x (1, 1) [2, 3)
a < 1 negative
b=0
c<1
y-int x = 0, y = 0
When x = 1, y = 3 open end
point
x = 2, y = 18 closed end point
i Domain (1, 1) [2, 3)

ii Range (3, 3) (57, 18]
11 f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx 64
0 = (2)3+ (2)2a + (2)b 64
= 8 + 4a 2b 64
72 = 4a 2b
36 = 2a b
b = 2a 36 [1]
f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx 64
0 = 43 + 16a + 4b 64
0 = 16a + 4b
0 = 4a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 4a + 2a 36
0 = 6a 36
36 = 6a
6 =a
b = 12 36
= 24
12
0 = 1 2 a + 10
0 = 7 a [1]
a=7
y = 6 + (7 + b)x 4x2 x3
0 = 6 + (7 + b) (1) 4 1
(1)
0 =67b4+1
0 = 4 b
b = 4
13 a f(x) = a(x + b)3 + c
point of inflection (3, 3)
b = 3 and c = 3
f(x) = a(x 3)3 + 3
When x = 2, f(x) = 0
0 = a(2 3)3 + 3
0 = a (1)3 + 3
0 = a + 3
a=3
f(x) = 3(x 3)3 + 3
b Point of inflection due to
reflection = (3, 3)
g(x) = 3(x + 3)3 + 3
domain [4, 2]
range [0, 6]
c When f(x) = 3.375
3.375 = 3(x 3)3 + 3
x = 3.5
width = 3.5 2
= 7 cm
14 d(t) = at2(b t)
a (2, 3) and (5, 0)
3 = 4a(b 2) [1]
0 = 25a(b 5) [2]
3 = 4ab 8a 25
0 = 25ab 125a 4
75 = 100ab 200a
0 = 100ab 500a
75 = 300a
1
=a
4
1
= a into [1]
Sub
4
1
3 =4
(b 2)
4
3 = 1(b 2)
5 =b
t2
b Rule: d(t) =
(5 t) for
4
domain = [0, 5]
MM12-1
13
(x 1) is a factor
Test x = + 2 so y = 0
(x 2) is a factor
(x 1)(x 2) = x2 3x + 2
2 x 2 + 12 x + 16
2 x + 6 x 16 x 2 24 x + 32
x 2 3x + 2
4
3
2
2 x 6 x + 4 x
4
12 x3 20 x 2 24 x
3
2
12 x 36 x 24 x
16 x 2 48 x + 32
2
16 x 48 x + 32
0
(x 1)(x 2)(2x2 + 12x + 16) = y
(x 1)(x 2)2(x2 + 6x + 8) = y
2(x 1)(x 2)(x + 4)(x + 2) = y
When using N.F.L, x = 1, 2, 4, 2
then y = 0.
e y = 6x4 + 11x3 37x2 36x + 36

y = 36
Test x = 3 y = 0
Test x = 2
(x + 3)(x 2) are factors
(x + 3)(x 2) = x2 + x 6
6 x2 + 5x 6
6 x + 11x 37 x 2 36 x + 36
x2 + x 6
4
3
2
6 x + 6 x 36 x
5 x3 x 2 36 x
3
2
5 x + 5 x 30 x
4
6 x 2 6 x + 36
2
6 x 6 x + 36
5t 2 t 3
d d(t) =
4
4
d (t) =
10t 3t 2
4
4
Let d (t) = 0 =
10t 3t 2
4
0 = 10t 3t2
0 = t(10 3t)
t = 0 or 10 3t = 0
10 = 3t
1
time is 3 hours
3
1
When time is 3 ,
3
2
(3.3)
1.6
d(t) =
4
Maximum distance = 4.6 km
Exercise 1G Quartic graphs

1 a y = (x 2)(x + 3)(x 4)(x + 1)
y = 2 + 3 4 + 1
y = 24
x = 3, 1, 2 and 4
c y = x4 4x2 + 4
y=4
Let a = x2
y = a2 4a + 4
y = (a 2)2
Sub a = x2 back in
y = (x2 2)2
x= 2
d y = 2x4 + 15x3 37x2 + 30x

y-intercept, when x = 0
y=0
Test x = 2 y = 0
Test x = 3 y = 0
(x 2)(x 3) are factors
(x 2)(x 3) = x2 5x + 6
2 a y = x2(x 2)(x 3)
y = 0, x2(x 2)(x 3) = 0
Turning point (0, 0)
Intercepts at x = 2 and x = 3
y = 0(2)(3)
=0
Positive quartic
Maximum turning point at (1.16, 2.08)
Minimum turning points at (0, 0)
and (2.59, 1.62)
2 x 2 + 5 x
2 x + 15 x 37 x 2 + 30 x
x2 5x + 6
4
3
2
2 x + 10 x 12 x
4
5 x3 25 x 2 + 30 x
3
2
5 x 25 x + 30 x
b y = 2x4 + 6x3 16x2 24x + 32

y = 32
Test x = 1, y = 0
0
(x + 3)(x 2)(3x 2)(2x + 3) = y
Using N.F.L
2
3
x = 3, 2, ,
3
2
0
(x 2)(x 3)(2x2 + 5x) = y
x(x 2)(x 3)(2x + 5) = y
5
Using N.F.L, x = 0, 2, 3 or
2
b y = (x + 1)2(x 1)2
x = 0, y = 1 y-intercept is 1
y = 0, (x + 1)2(x 1)2 = 0
x = 1, x = 1
Minimum turning points at (1, 0)
and (1, 0).
Maximum turning point (0, 1)
MM12-1
14
c y = (x 1)2(x + 1)(x + 3)
y = 0, (x 1)2(x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
x = 1, 1, 3
Positive quartic
Minimum turning points
(2.28, 9.91) and (1, 0)
Maximum turning point
(0.22, 3.23)
d y = (x + 2)3(1 x)
y = 0, (x + 2)3(1 x) = 0
x = 2, 1
x-intercept is 1
Negative quartic (1 x) = (x 1)
Maximum turning point (0.25, 8.54)
Let x2 = a
0 = a2 8a 9
0 = (a 9)(a + 1)
Substitute x2 = a back in
0 = (x2 9)(x2 + 1)
x=3
(3, +3) is the restricted domain.
The answer is D.
4 a x = 2, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
(0, 6)
6 = a(0 + 2)(0 + 1)(0 1)(0 3)
6=a6
a=1
y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
b x = 4, 2, 1
Repeated factor at x = 2.
y = a(x 4)(x 2)2(x + 1)
(0, 8)
8 = a(0 4)(0 2)2(0 + 1)
8 = 16a
1
a=
2
1
y=
(x 4)(x 2)2(x + 1)
2
5 a y = (2 x)(x2 4)(x + 3) x [2, 3]
y-int when x = 0
y = 2 4 3
= 24
x-int when y = 0
x = 2, 2, 3.
when x = 2, y = 0 closed end
point
x = 3, y = 15 closed end point
x 2 is a factor. So turning point

at (2, 0)
9x2 + 6 x + 1
3
x 2 9 x 12 x 2 11x 2
9 x3 18 x 2
6 x 2 11x
6 x 2 12 x
x2
y = (x 2)2(9x2 + 6x + 1)
y = (x 2)2(9x2 + 6x + 1)
= (x 2)2(3x + 1)2
Turning points at (2, 0) and
1
, 0
3
when x = 2, y = 400 open end
point
when x = 1, y = 36 closed end
point
i Domain (2, 1]
ii Range [36, 400)
c y = (x 2)2(x + 1)2 x (, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y = 1 4 1
y = 4
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x 2)2(x + 1)2
x = 1 or 2
When x = 2, y = 16.
y = (2 2)2(2 + 1)2
y = (4)2(1)2
y = 16 1
y = 16
i Domain [2, 3]
ii Range [15, 0]
3 a f(x) = x4 8x2 + 16
Let x2 = a
f(x) = a2 8a + 16
= (a 4)2
Substitute x2 = a back in:
f(x) = (x2 4)2
(x 2)2(x + 2)2
The answer is E.
b f(x) = x4 8x2 + 16
y-int when x = 0
y = 16 (0, 16)
x-int when y = 0
2, 2
The answer is B.
c range = [0, 16]
The answer is A.
d 25 = x4 8x2 + 16
0 = x4 8x2 9
b y = 9x4 30x3 + 13x2 + 20x + 4x

(2, 1]
y-int when x = 0 y = 4
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x 2) factor
9 x3 12 x 2 11x 2
9 x 30 x3 + 13 x 2 + 20 x + 4
x 2
4
3
9 x 18 x
4
12 x3 + 13x 2
3
2
12 x + 24 x
11x 2 + 20 x
2
11x + 22 x
2 x + 4
2 x + 4
0
y = (x 2)(9x3 12x2 11x 2)
Try for 2nd factor of x 2
Test x = 2, 9x3 12x2 11x 2 = 0
i Domain (,2]
ii Range (,16]
d y = x4 + 4x2
x [3, 2]
y-int when x = 0
y=0
x-int when y = 0
0 = x2(x2 + 4)
0 = x2(4 x2)
0 = x2(2 x)(2 + x)
x=02
When x = 3, y = 45
x = 2, y = 0
Both of these are closed end points.
i Domain [3, 2]
ii Range [45, 0]
6 f(x) = x4 + ax3 4x2 + bx + 6
(2, 0):
0 = 24 + 23a 4 22 + 2b + 6
16 + 8a 16 + 2b + 6 = 0
6 + 8a + 2b = 0
8a + 2b = 6
Divide both sides by 2:
4a + b = 3
[1]
4a 3 = b
4a + 3 = b
(3, 0):
0 = (3)4 + (3)3a 4 (3)2 3b + 6
0 = 81 27a 36 3b + 6
0 = 51 27a 3b
[2]
0 = 17 9a b
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 17 9a + 4a + 3,
0 = 20 5a
5a = 20
a=4
If a = 4 then
b = 4 4 3
b = 16 3
b = 19
7 f(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 x + 6
(x 1) is a factor
P(1) = 1 + a + b 1 + 6
a + b = 6
[1]
(x + 3) is a factor
P(3) = 81 27a + 9b + 3 + 6 = 0
27a 9b = 90
3a b = 10
[2]
[1] + [2] 4a = 4
a =1
b = 7
8 y = (a 2b)x4 3x 2
Sub in (1, 0):
0 = (a 2b)14 3 2
0 = a 2b 5
5 = a 2b
5 + 2b = a [1]
Sub (1, 0) into equation.
y = x4 x3 + (a + 5b)x2 5x + 7
0 = 1 1 + (a + 5b)1 5 + 7
0 = a + 5b + 2
2 = a + 5b [1]
Sub [1] into [2]
2 = 5 + 2b + 5b
7 = 7b
1 = b
If 1 = b then 5 2 = a
3=a
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a (2y 3x)5
= (2y)5 + 5(2y)4(3x) + 10(2y)3(3x)2 +
10(2y)2(3x)3 + 5(2y)(3x)4 + (3x)5
= 32y5 + 5 16 (3)y4x + 10 8
9y3x2 + 10 4 (27)y2x3 + 5
2 81yx4 243x5
= 32y5 240y4x + 720y3x2
1080y2x3 + 810yx4 243x5
x 2
x
x 2
b = + 8 +
x
2 x
2
2
6
x 2
x 2
28 + 56 +
2 x
2 x
3
x 2
x 2
70 + 56
2 x
2 x
2
x 2
x 2
+ 28 + 8
x
2

2 x
2
+
x
x8
x6
7 x4
+
14x2 + 70
4
256 8
224
448
512
256
3 + 4 6 + 8
x
x
x
x
2 (x2 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)
solutions are x = 1 or 1
If x = 1 then 0 = 7 a + 5 15 + b
0 = 17 a + b
17 + a = b [1]
If x = 1, then 0 = 7 + a + 5 + 15 + b
0 = 13 + a + b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
0 = 13 + a + 17 + a
0 = 30 + 2a
30 = 2a
15 = a
b = 17 15
b =2
3 a x3 12x2 + 17x + 90 = y
Test x = 2. y = 0
(x + 2) is a factor
x 2 14 x + 45
x 12 x 2 + 17 x + 90
x + 2
3
2
x + 2 x
3
14 x 2 + 17 x
2
14 x 28 x
45 x + 90
45 x + 90
0
2
(x + 2)(x 14x + 45)

(x + 2)(x 9)(x 5)
b 2x4 + 7x3 31x2 + 0x + 36 = y
Test x = 1 y = 0
Test x = 2 y = 0
(x + 1)(x 2) are factors
(x2 x 2) is a factor
2 x 2 + 9 x 18
2 x 4 + 7 x3 31x 2 + 0 x + 36
x2 x 2
4
3
2
2 x 2 x 4 x
9 x3 27 x 2 + 0 x
3
2
9 x 9 x 18 x
18 x 2 + 18 x + 36
2
18 x + 18 x + 36
0
MM12-1
15
(x + 1)(x 2) (2x2 + 9x 18)

(x + 1)(x 2) (2x 3)(x + 6)
4 a (5, 6), (1, 1)
6 +1
m =
5 1
7
=
6
7
x+c
y =
6
Sub in (1, 1) to find c:
7
1 = 1 + c
6
7
1 + = c
6
1
=c
6
7
1
y=
x+
6
6
6y = 7x + 1
7x + 6y 1 = 0
b 2x y + 10 = 0
2x + 10 = y
1
Perpendicular m =
2
1
y= x+c
2
Sub in point (3, 3)
3
+c
3=
2
3
9
3 + = c so c = .
2
2
1
9
y=
x+
2
2
2y = x + 9
x + 2y 9 = 0
5 y = x2 2x + 8
y-int when x = 0
y=8
x-int when y = 0
0 = 1(x2 + 2x 8)
0 = 1(x + 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or 2
TP y = 1(x2 + 2x 8)
= 1(x2 + 2x + 1 1 8)
= 1[(x + 1)2 9]
= 1(x + 1)2 + 9
TP = (1, 9)
Domain = R
Range = (, 9]
6 y = 3x2 + 8x 3
x [3, 0)
y-int when x = 0
y = 3
0 = 3x2 + 8x 3
0 = (3x 1)(x + 3)
16
MM12-1
x=
(x + 3)(x2 + 5x 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x2 5x + 6) = 0
1(x + 3)(x 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3, 3, or 2
1
or 3
3
TP y = 3 x 2 + x 1
3
8
2
Now x + x 1
3
2
8
8 64 36
= x2 + x +
3
6 36 36
2

8 100
y = 3 x +
6
36

8 f(x) = x4 7x3 + 12x2 + 4x 16

y-int when x = 0
y = 16
x-int when y = 0
Test x = 1 (x + 1) is a factor
x = 2 (x 2) is a factor
8 100
= 3 x +
6
2
8 100
TP = ,
6 12
x2 6 x + 8
x 7 x + 12 x 2 + 4 x 16
x2 x 2
4
3
2
x x 2 x
4 25
= ,
3 3
= 153 090x2
The answer is A.
3
4 D x4 + 5x3 2 x 2 + 5x 3
Positive whole number indices only
for polynomials.
5 P(3) = (3)5 4 (3)3 3(3)2
+ 10 (3) + 1
= 243 + 108 27 30 + 1
= 191
The answer is C.
6 (5 6x + x3 + 7 x6 )( x 2 3 x 4 + 2)

21x10
The answer is C.
7
x 4 x3 + 7 x 2 21x + 58
x + 2 x + 4 x3 + 0 x 2 5 x + 3
x + 3
5
4
x + 3x
5
x 4 + 4 x3
4
3
x 3 x
7 x3 + 0 x 2
3
2
7 x + 21x
6 x3 + 14 x 2 + 4 x
3
2
6 x + 6 x + 12 x
Domain [3, 0)
Range:
When x = 3, y = 0 closed end point
When x = 0, y = 3 open end point
25
3 , 0
7 a f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax 18
0 = (3)3 + b(3)2 + a (3) 18
0 = 27 + 9b 3a 18
0 = 9 + 9b 3a
0 = 3 + 3b a
a = 3 + 3b [1]
g(x) = ax2 + bx 75
0 = a(3)2 + b (3) 75
0 = 9a 3b 75
25 = 3a b [2]
Sub [1] into [2]
25 = 3(3 + 3b) b
25 = 9 + 9b b
16 = 8b
2 =b
a =3+6
=9
b f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 9x 18
y-int when x = 0
y = 18
x-int when y = 0
(x + 3) is a factor
x2 + 5x 6
x + 2 x 2 + 9 x 18
x + 3
3
2
x 3 x
3
5 x + 9 x
2
5 x + 15 x
2
6 x 18
6 x 18
21x 2 5 x
21x 63 x
8 x 2 8 x 16
2
8 x 8 x 16
58 x + 3
58 x 174
0
2
(x + 1)(x 2)(x 6x + 8)
(x + 1)(x 2)(x 4)(x 2)
x = 1, 2, or 4.
8
9
Multiple choice
1 (1 2x)5
= 15 + 5 14 (2x) + 10 13 (2x)2
+ 10 12 (2x)3 + 5 1(2x)4
+ (2x)5
= 1 10x + 40x2 80x3 + 80x4 32x5
The answer is E.
10
1
x7
2 4x 2 = x8, 2 = x5
x
x
5
x = 2nd term so r = 1
1
1
8
7
2nd term = (4x) x 2

1
1
= 8 16 384x7 2
x
= 131 072x5
The answer is B.
10
3 3x +
x
1
10
5th = (3x)6 x
4
1
= 210 729x6 4
x
11
4
171
The answer is C.
The answer is B.
If (x 2) was a factor, when x = 2
was substituted the expression would
be zero.
24 2 23 6 22 8 2 + 2
16 16 24 16 + 2 = 38
2x4 4x3 10x2 + 12x
To check if (x 3) is a factor,
substitute in x = 3
2 34 4 33 10 32 + 12 3
= 162 108 90 + 36 = 0
The answer is E.
(4, 0), (0, 2)
20
2
1
m=
=
=
04
4
2
1
y= x+c
2
Sub in (4, 0):
4
0= +c
2
0 = 2 + c
2=c
1
y= x+2
2
2y = x + 4
2y + x 4 = 0
The answer is D.
(2, b), (3, 5)
5 b
=2
m=
3 2
5 b
=2
5
5 b = 10
12
13
14
15
16
17
5 + 10 = b
5 =b
The answer is A.
y = 2x + c
Sub in (2, 5)
5=4+c
1=c
y-int (0, 1)
The answer is D.
3x2 + 4x 5 = 0
b2 4ac = 42 4 3 5
= 16 + 60
= 76
The answer is E.
y = 2x2 + 8x 10
x (6, 2)
y-int when x = 0
y = 10
x-int when y = 0
0 = 2(x2 + 4x 5)
0 = 2(x + 5)(x 1)
x = 5, or 1
When x = 6, y = 2 36 48 10
y = 14 open ended
When x = 2, y = 8 + 16 10
= 14 open ended
The answer is B.
y = 2(x2 + 4x 5)
= 2(x2 + 4x + 4 4 5)
= 2((x + 2)2 9)
= 2(x + 2)2 18
TP = (2, 18)
Range = [18, 14)
The answer is C.
y = 3x3
a < 1 negative
b=0
c=0
he answer is B.
f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 11x 6
Test x = 2, f(x) = 0
x + 2 is a factor
2 x 2 + 7 x 3
(2 x) + 3x 2 + 11x 6
x + 2
3
2
2 x 4 x
7 x 2 + 11x
2
7 x + 14 x
3
3x 6
3x 6
0
f(x) = (x + 2)(2x2 + 7x 3)
= (x + 2)(2x + 1)(x 3)
1
x = 2, , 3 are x-intercepts
2
and (0, 6) is the y-intercept.
The answer is A.
18 TP at (x + 1)2
Other intercept (x 3)
he answer is E.
f(x) (x 3)(x + 1)2
19 Two intercepts x = 2 or 0
x(x 2)3
The answer is D.
20 (3, 0) is a TP so (x + 3)2 is a factor.

(1, 0) infers (x 1) is a factor and
(3, 0) means (x 3) is a factor.
a is positive.
he answer is A.
21 y = x2
Translate 3 units down y = x2 3
Translate 2 units to the right
y = (x 2)2 3
C
Extended response
1 a y = a(x b)2 + c
Turning point (2.5, 4)
y = a(x + 2.5)2 + 4
(0, 18) 18 = 2.52a + 4
6.25a = 14
a = 2.24
y = 2.24(x + 2.5)2 + 4
b Domain [5, 0]
Range [4, 18]
c y=5
5 = 2.24(x + 2.5)2 + 4
(x + 2.5)2 = 0.446
x + 2.5 = 0.668 (x < 0)
x = 1.83
Coordinates are (1.83, 5)
d x + 2.5 = 0.668
x = 3.17
f:[ 3.17, 1.83] R, f(x) = 5
(Check answers using a graphics
calculator.)
2 a Initial distance is the day of launch.
t = 0, d = 0 km
b t = 0, d = 0 km
t = 1, d = 4000 km
t = 2, d = 2000 km
t = 3, d = 0 km
c d(t) = at3 + bt2 + ct + d

t = 0, d = 0
d(t) = at3 + bt2 + ct
When t = 1, d = 4
4 = a + b + c [1]
When t = 2, d = 2
2 = 8a + 4b + 2c [2]
When t = 3, d = 0
0 = 27a + 9b + 3c [3]
Solving [1], [2] and [3]
simultaneously, then
a = 1, b = 6 and c = 9
so, d(t) = t3 6t2 + 9t
d When t = 8, d(8) = 83 6 82 + 9 8
= 200
Distance is 200 000 km from Earth.
The moon is 240 000 km from
Earth. So, the satellite is closer by
40 000 km.
e 490 = t3 6t2 + 9t
t3 6t2 + 9t 490 = 0
When t = 10, d(10) = 490
So, the satellite will self-destruct
490 000 km from Earth, 10 days
after launching.
f
3 a
MM12-1
17
Thus, the life span of the satellite

is 10 days.
Domain is [0, 10]
Range is [0, 490]
Turning Point form: y = ax2 + 3
(2, 0) 0 = 4a + 3
3 = 4a
a = 0.75
y = 0.75x2 + 3
Assuming symmetry, x = 1.5
y = 0.75(1.5)2 + 3
y = 1.3125 m and therefore cannot fit
1.7 1.3125
= 0.3875 m
Remove 0.4 m (to 1 dp)
Liney
Starts 2.4 m in front of start

line moving forwards at a
constant speed of 0.75
m/min.
Passed by Cubric after 0.3
mins and 2.6 m from the
start line, meets Cubric
coming back towards Limey
at 3.8 min and 5.24 m from
the start line.
Quadder Starts at start line, travelling

1.3 m the wrong way for
2.55 mins, stopping
momentarily then moving
forward with increasing
speed
Meets Cubric at the start
line after 5.1 mins.
Cubric Starts at start line moving
very fast towards the finish
passing Liney at (0.3, 2.6),
then slowing, stopping
momentarily at (2.1, 8.8),
then moving back towards
the start.
Meets Liney at (3.8, 5.24)
and Quadder at the start line
at 5.1 min.
Slows down, stopping at
(7.37, 5.8) and then
speeding for the finish.
MM12-1
18
The Finish: Quadder overtakes Limey at (10.04, 9.9)

Cubric overtakes Limey at (10.0899, 9.97)
Quadder finishes race in 10.07 min, Cubric in
10.092 min, Liney in 10.13 min.
Quadder wins by 1.2 sec, Cubric second by
2.4 sec to Liney.
5 a C = (3, 0) and D = (2.25, 8.54)
b y = ax3(x 3)
8.54 = 2.253(2.25 3)a
8.54
a =
2.253 0.75
0.9997
a 1
y = x3(x 3)
so, y = x4 3x3
c Find y when x = 1 to obtain B.
y = x4 3x3
y = (1)4 3(1)3
=13
= 2
B is (1, 2)
Distance from road at A to river at B is 2 km.
d Distance OD =
2.252 + 8.542
5.0625 + 72.9316
= 77.99
8.83
Distance CD =
=
0.752 + 8.542
0.5625 + 72.9316
= 73.49
8.57
Total distance is 17.4 km
Yes because the straight route from O to D to C is
approximately 17.4 km and the river course is longer than
this.
6 a
x-intercepts 3, 1, 1, 3
y = a(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
1
9
=a9
0, 2
4
4
1
4
1
y = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
4
b x = 4,
1
y = (4 + 3)(4 + 1)(4 3)(4 1)
4
1
= (7 5 1 3)
4
1
= 26
4
a=
1
1
Coordinates are 4, 26 4, 26
4
4
c Domain is [4, 4]
d (2.236, 4)(2.236, 4)
1
Range 4, 26
4
1
(x + 3)(x + 1)(x 3)(x 1) + 4
4
1
= (x2 + 4x + 3)(x2 4x + 3) + 4
4
1 4
= (x 4x3 + 3x2 + 4x3 16x2 + 12x + 3x2 12x + 9) + 4
4
1
= (x4 10x2 + 25)
or
4
1
y = (x 2.236)2(x + 2.236)2
4
f Domain [4, 4]
1
Range 0, 30
4
7 Since smooth landing, the graph could have a turning point

at (0, 0). So, a factor of ( x 0) 2 is possible. A further
x intercept (to the right of 50 km) of b, indicates a factor of
(x b). A dilation factor of a from the x-axis results in
y = ax2(x b)
a (50, 10) 10 = 502 a(50 b)
[1]
10 = 2500a(50 b)
If gradient is 0 at x = 50,
dy
= 3ax2 2abx
dx
0 = 3a 502 2ab 50
0 = 7500a 100ab
100ab = 7500a (divide by 100a, since a 0)
b = 75
Substituting into [1]
10 = 2500a(50 75)
10 = 6250a
1
a=
6250
e y=
y=
x 2 ( x 75)
6250
22 (2 75)
= 0.04672 km
6250
= 46.72 m
c Seems to be extremely low 2 km from touchdown.
Therefore, not very accurate.
8 a x-intercepts and turning points at x = 4
y = a(x 4)2(x + 4)2
(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)2(0 + 4)2
3 = 256a
3
a =
256
b x = 2, y =
y =
3( x 4)2 ( x + 4)2
256
MM12-1
19
b If there is a smooth connection to the platform then x = 4 could be a turning point and an intercept. So, (x 4)2 could be a
factor. The other turning point at (0, 3) suggests another x intercept to the left at x = b, where b is negative. So, in factor form:
y = a(x 4)2(x b), where a is a dilation constant.
(0, 3) 3 = a(0 4)2(0 b)
3 = 16ab
3
ab =
[1]
16
But zero gradient at G y = a(x2 8x + 16)(x b)
y = a(x3 bx2 8x2 + 8bx + 16x 16b)
dy
= a(3x2 2bx 16x + 8b + 16)
dx
Gradient = 0 at x = 0: 0 = a(8b + 16)
0 = 8b + 16 since a 0
8b = 16
b = 2
3
Substitute in [1]: a 2 =
16
3
a =
32
3
y = ( x 4)2 ( x + 2)
32
c i y = ax2 3
Since strut is 1 m long, F has coordinates (2, 2).
(2, 2) 2 = a 4 3
1 = 4a
1
a =
4
y =
x2
3
4
ii y = a(x 4)2
(2, 2) 2 = a(2 4)2
2 = 4a
1
a =
2
1
y = ( x 4) 2
2
1 2
= ( x 8 x + 16)
2
x2
+ 4x 8
2
dy
x
dy
Lower parabola
=
Upper parabola
= x + 4
2
dx
dx
dy
dy
x=2
=1
=2
dx
dx
As the gradients are different, the connection is not smooth.
x2
iii Lower equation is still y =
3
4
Upper y = a ( x 4) 2
(3, 0.75) 0.75 = a (3 4) 2

3
a =
4
3
y = ( x 4) 2
4
3 2
y = ( x 8 x + 16)
4
dy
x
Lower parabola
=
Upper parabola
dx
2
dy
3
x=3
=
dx
2
dy
3
= (2 x 8)
dx
4
dy
3
= (2)
dx
4
3
=
2
MM12-1
20
As the gradients are the same, the graphs meet smoothly at (3, 0.75).
3(2 4)2 (2 + 4)2
d quartic: x = 2 y =
256
3 4 36
y =
256
= 1.6875 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.6875)
= 0.0875 m
3
cubic: x = 2 y = (2 4)2 (2 + 2)
32
3
y = 44
32
y = 1.5 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (1.5)
= 0.1 m
22
3
quadratic: x = 2 y =
4
y = 2 m
Difference from strut = 1.6 (2)
= 0.4 m
The quartic model is the closest to the actual ramp with 1.6875 m.
Functions and transformations
MM12-2
21
Chapter 2 Functions and transformations

Exercise 2A Transformations
and the parabola
1 y = a(x h)2 + k
a a=2
Dilation by a factor of 2 in the
y direction.
1
b a=
3
1
in
Dilation by a factor of
3
the y direction.
c a = 3
y direction and reflection in the
x-axis
d k = 6
Translation 6 units down.
1
,k=1
e a=
2
1
in
2
the y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translation 1 unit up.
f h=2
Translation of 2 units to the
right.
g a = 1, h = 3
Reflection in the x-axis and
translation of 3 units to the left.
h a = 2, h = 3
y direction and translation of 3
units to the right.
i h = 2, k = 1
Translation of 2 units to the
left and translation of 1 unit
down.
j h = 0.5, k = 2
Translation of 0.5 units to the
right and translation of 2 units up.
k a = 2, h = 3, k = 1
y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translation of 3 units to the
left and translation of 1 unit up.
2
3
1
l y = 12 x
2
4
3
1
a = 12, h = , k =
2
4
Dilation by a factor of 12 in
3
the y direction, translation of
2
(1.5) units to the right and
1
translation of
(0.25) units
4
down.
2 Increasing m a decreases.
Therefore the graph will be wider.
The answer is D.
3 a k=2
graph (ii)
b a = 2, h = 2
graph (v)
c a = 1, h = 2, k = 2
graph (i)
1
d a= ,h=2
2
graph (iv)
e a = 2, h = 2, k = 2
graph (iii)
4 y = a(k h)2 + k
a Turning point (2, 2)
h = 2, k = 2
y = a(x 2)2 + 2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 2)2 + 2
0 = 4a + 2
4a = 2
1
a =
2
1
Equation is y =
(x 2)2 + 2
2
b Turning point (1, 2)
h = 1, k = 2
y = a(x + 1)2 2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 + 1)2 2
0 =a2
a =2
Equation is y = 2(x + 1)2 2
c Turning point (1, 3)
h = 1, k = 3
y = a(x 1)2 + 3
Using (0, 0)
0 = a(0 1)2 + 3
0=a+3
a = 3
Equation is y = 3(x 1)2 + 3
d Turning point (2, 4)
h = 2, k = 4
y = a(x + 2)2 4
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 + 2)2 4
0 = 4a 4
4a = 4
a =1
Equation is y = (x + 2)2 4
5 Turning point (c, d)
h = c, k = d
y = a(x c)2 + d
Parabola is negative a < 0
Only alternative is
y = d (x c)2
The answer is E.
6 y = x2
1
a a=
2
1
y = x2
2
b a = 1
y = x2
c h = 2, k = 1
y = (x 2)2 1
d a = 3, k = 2
y = 3x2 2
e a = 1, h = 3
y = (x + 3)2
7 y = a(x h)2 + k
a Turning point (3, 4)
h = 3, k = 4
y = a(x 3)2 4
Using (5, 0)
0 = a(5 3)2 4
0 = 4a 4
4a = 4
a =1
Equation is y = (x 3)2 4
b Turning point (1, 1)
h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x + 1)2 + 1
Using (0, 1)
1 = a(0 + 1)2 + 1
1 = a + 1
a = 2
y = 2(x + 1)2 + 1
c Turning point (3, 4)
h = 3, k = 4
y = a(x + 3)2 4
Using (0, 1)
1 = a(0 + 3)2 4
1 = 9a 4
9a = 3
1
a =
3
1
y = (x + 3)2 4
3
d Turning point (2, 2)
h = 2, k = 2
y = a(x 2)2 + 2
Using (0, 0)
0 = a(0 2)2 + 2
0 = 4a + 2
4a = 2
1
a =
2
1
y=
(x 2)2 + 2
2
e Turning point (1, 6)
h = 1, k = 6
y = a(x 1)2 + 6
Using (0, 9)
9 = a(0 1)2 + 6
9 =a+6
a =3
y = 3(x 1)2 + 6
f Turning point (2, 8)
h = 2, k = 8
y = a(x + 2)2 + 8
Using ( 2 2, 0)
0 = a( 2 2 + 2)2 + 8
0 = 2a + 8
2a = 8
a = 4
y = 4(x + 2)2 + 8
MM12-2
22
8 y = x2
a dilation of 2 from the x-axis
y = 2x2
b reflection in the x-axis
y = 2x2
c translation of 1 parallel to the
x-axis y = 2(x + 1)2
d translation of 3 parallel to the
y-axis y = 2(x + 1)2 + 3
9 point (x, y)
a Reflection in the y-axis (x, y)
b Reflection in the x-axis (x, y)
c Dilation of 3 from the x-axis
(x, 3y)
d Dilation of 2 from the y-axis
(2x, y)
1
e Dilation of from the y-axis
3
1
x, y
3
f A translation of 2 units
horizontally in the positive
direction (x + 2, y)
g A translation of 1 unit parallel to
the y-axis (x, y 1)
10 a y = a(x h)2 + k
Turning point (z, 8)
y = a(x z)2 8
Using (0, 10):
10 = a(0 z)2 8
10 = az2 8
az2 = 18
18
a= 2
1
z
Using (5, 0):
0 = a(5 z)2 8
18
or 0 = 2 (5 z)2 8 (using
z
equation 1 )
18
8 = 2 (25 10z + z2)
z
8z2 = 18(25 10z + z2)
8z2 = 450 180z + 18z2
10z2 180z + 450 = 0
or z2 18z + 45 = 0
(z 3)(z 15) = 0
z=3
or
z = 15
b Substitute z = 3 or z = 15 into
equation 1
18
18
a = 2 or
3
152
2
a=2
or
25
y = 2(x 3)2 8 or
2
(x 15)2 8
y =
25
11 y = a(x h)2 + k
a Range is y 3 a < 0
and k = 3 is the y-coordinate of
turning point.
h = 4
b y = a(x + 4)2 + 3
1
Using 0, 2
3
1
= a(0 + 4)2 + 3
3
7
= 16a + 3
3
16
16a =
3
1
a=
3
1
y=
(x + 4)2 + 3
3
x-intercepts: y = 0
1
(x + 4)2 + 3 = 0
3
1
(x + 4)2 = 3
3
(x + 4)2 = 9
x + 4 = 3 or
x = 7 or
h = 2, k = 3
f(x + 2) 3, 4 x 0
h = 2, k = 3
f(x 2) 3, 0 x 4
h = 4
f(x + 4), 6 x 2
h=4
f(x 4), 2 x 6
a < 0, k = 6
f(x) + 6, 2 x 2
a < 0, h = 4, k = 6
f(x + 4) + 6, 6 x 2
a < 0, h = 4, k = 6
f(x 4) + 6, 2 x 6
a < 0, h = 2, k = 9
f(x + 2) + 9, 4 x 0
a < 0, h = 2, k = 9
f(x 2) + 9, 0 x 4
12 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
1
1
5
2 x +
4
2
= 2 x +
2
5
a = 2, h =
2
Dilated by a factor of 2 in the
5
y direction, translated
units
2
left.
Exercise 2B The cubic

function in power form
1 a y = 7x3
a=7
The graph is dilated by a factor of
7 in the y direction.
2 3
b y=
x
3
2
a=
3
The graph is dilated by a factor of
2
in the y direction and also a
3
reflection in the x-axis.
c y = x3 + 4
k=4
The graph is translated 4 units up.
d y = 6 x3
a = 1
Reflected in the x-axis.
k=6
Translated 6 units up.
e y = (x 1)3
h= 1
Translated 1 unit right.
f y = (x + 3)3
a = 1

h = 3
Translated 3 units left.
y = 4(2 x)3
a=4
Dilated in the y direction by a
factor of 4.
Reflection in the y-axis.
h=2
Translated 2 units right.
y = 6(7 x)3
a = 6
Dilated by a factor of 6 in the y
direction.
Reflected in the x-axis, reflected
in the y-axis
h=7
Translated 7 units right.
y = 3(x + 3)3 2
a = 3, h = 3, k = 2
direction, translated 3 units left,
translated 2 units down.
1
y = 6 (x 1)3
2
1
, h = 1, k = 6
a=
2
1
in the
Dilated by a factor of
2
y direction, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 1 unit right, translated
6 units up.
1
y = (2x + 5)3
4
l y = 3 2 4 + x
2
= 3 2 (8 + x )
2
1
= 3 (8 + x)3
4
1
a=
, h = 8, k = 3
4
1
in the
4
y direction, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 8 units left, translated 3
units up.
(i), (iv)
(iii), (v)
(ii)
(i), (ii), (iv)
(ii), (v)
(iii), (iv)
2 a
b
c
d
e
f
3 3
x
4
3
a = , h = 0, k = 0
4
3 a y=
3
in the
4
b y = 1 2x3
a = 2, h = 0, k = 1
Dilated by a factor of 2 in the
y direction, reflected in the x-axis.
a < 0: A negative cubic
Stationary point of inflection
(0, 1)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 1 2(0)3
y =1
x-intercept: y = 0
1 2x3 = 0
2x3 = 1
1
x3 =
2
1
2
0.8
3
2 3
x 6
3
2
a = , h = 0, k = 6
3
a > 0: A positive cubic
Stationary point of inflection is
(0, 6)
y-intercept: x = 0
c y=
23
y =
y direction.
a > 0: A positive cubic.
(0, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
3
y = (0)3
4
=0
x-intercept: y = 0
3 3
x =0
4
x3 = 0
x =0
x=
2 3
(0) 6
3
y = 6
x-intercept: y = 0
2 3
x 6 =0
3
2 3
x =6
3
x3 = 9
MM12-2
x = 39
2.08
d y = 2(x 4)3
a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
(4, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 4)3
y = 128
x-intercept: y = 0
2(x 4)3 = 0
(x 4)3 = 0
x4 =0
x =4
1
(x 2)3
2
1
a=
, h = 2, k = 0
2
a < 0: A negative cubic.
(2, 0).
y-intercept: x = 0
1
(0 2)3
y =
2
1
8
=
2
=4
x-intercept: y = 0
1
(x 2)3 = 0
2
(x 2)3 = 0
x2 =0
x =2
e y=
f y = 4(1 x)3
= 4(x 1)3
a = 4, h = 1, k = 0
(1, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 4(1 0)3
=41
=4
x-intercept: y = 0
4(1 x)3 = 0
(1 x)3 = 0
1x =0
x =1
g y = (x 1)3 + 2
a = 1, h = 1, k = 2
a > 0: A positive cubic.
(1, 2)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 1)3 + 2
= 1 + 2
=1
x-intercept: y = 0
(x 1)3 + 2 = 0
(x 1)3 = 2
x1 =32
x =1 32
0.26
h y = 3 (x + 2)3
a = 1, h = 2, k = 3
(2, 3)
y-intercept: x = 0
MM12-2
24
y = 3 (0 + 2)3
=38
= 5
x-intercept: y = 0
3 (x + 2)3 = 0
(x + 2)3 = 3
x+2 =
Graph is thinner and not shifted

as far to the right.
The answer is B.
7 a
x = 2 + 3 3
0.56
b
c
d
e
i y = 2(x + 1)3 6
a = 2, h = 1, k = 6
(1, 6)
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 + 1)3 6
=26
= 4
x-intercept: y = 0
2(x + 1)3 6 = 0
2(x + 1)3 = 6
(x + 1)3 = 3
3
x+1 =
x = 1 + 3 3
0.44
8 y = x3
a dilation by a factor of 2 from the
x-axis y = 2x3
b a reflection in the y-axis
y = 2(x)3
y = 2x3
c a translation of 2 in the positive
direction parallel to the x-axis
y = 2(x 2)3
d a translation of 1 in the negative
direction parallel to the y-axis
y = 2(x 2)3 1
9 a h = 0, k = 4
y = ax3 + 4
Using (2, 0):
0 = a 23 + 4
0 = 8a + 4
8a = 4
a =

4
= 2 m x 3
m

3
4
= 2m3 x m 3
4 h=
4
, k = 3
m
4
, 3
m
The answer is E.
5 a = 2m3
The answer is C.
6 If m > 1,
4
h=
decreases and a = 2m3
m
increases
1
2
1
3
1
y=
(x 3)3
3
a=
1
2
1
Using , 0 :
2
3
10
11
12
1 3
x +4
2
b h = 1, k = 2
y = a(x 1)3 + 2
Using (0, 0):
0 = a(0 1)3 + 2
0 = a + 2
a =2
y = 2(x 1)3 + 2
c h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x + 1)3 + 1
Using (0, 2)
2 = a(0 + 1)3 + 1
2 = a + 1
a = 3
y = 3(x + 1)3 + 1
d h = 3, k = 0
y = a(x 3)3
Using (0, 9):
9 = a(0 3)3
9 = 27a
1
2
y = a(x + 1)3
1
a=
2
1
y = x3
2
a = 1, h = 5
y = (x + 5)3
h = 3, k = 1
y = (x 3)3 1
a = 2, k = 3
y = 2x3 + 3
a = 1, h = 1, k = 1
y = (x + 1)3 1
y=
Questions 4 to 6
y = 2(mx 4)3 3
e h = 1, k =
13
1
1
0 = a + 1
2
2
a
1
=
8
2
a
1
=
8
2
a =4
1
y = 4(x + 1)3
2
y = 2(x + 3)3 + 1
Reflected in x-axis:
y = 2(x + 3)3 1
Shifted 3 units to the right:
y = 2(x + 3 3)3 1
y = 2x3 1
Shifted 1 unit up:
y = 2x3 1 + 1
y = 2x3
The answer is E.
y = a(x h)3 + k
h = 1, k = 4
y = a(x + 1)3 4
Using (0, 2)
2 = a(0 + 1)3 4
2 = a 4
a =2
y = 2(x + 1)3 4
a y = a(h x)3 + k
h = 2, k = 1
y = a(2 x)3 + 1
1
Using 1,
2
1
= a(2 1)3 + 1
2
1
=a+1
2
1
a =
2
1
(2 x)3 + 1
y=
2
1
b
y = [(x 2)]3 + 1
2
1
y = (x 2)3 + 1
2
1
a=
2
Therefore it is a positive cubic.
a y = a(x h)3 + k
a=1
y = (x h)3 + k
Using (0, 28):
28 = (0 h)3 + k
3
h + k = 28
Using (4, 0):
0 = (4 h)3 + k
0 = 64 48h 12h2 h3
+k 2
From 1 k = 28 + h3
Substitute into 2 :
3
0 = 64 48h 12h2 h + 28
+ h3
2
12h + 48h + 36 = 0
12(h2 + 4h + 3) = 0
12(h + 3)(h + 1) = 0
h = 3 or h = 1
Substitute h into 1
h = 3, k = 28 + (3)3
= 28 27
=1
h = 1, k = 28 + (1)3
= 28 1
= 27
Therefore the stationary points
are (3, 1) or (1, 27).
b For y = (x + 3)3 + 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 3)3 + 1
= 27 + 1
= 28
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 3)3 + 1 = 0
(x + 3)3 = 1
x + 3 = 1
x = 4
For y = (x + 1)3 + 27
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 1)3 + 27
= 1 + 27
y = 28
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 1)3 + 27 = 0
(x + 1)3 = 27
x + 1 = 3
x = 4
Exercise 2C The power

function (the hyperbola)
a
+k
xh
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
Dilation in the y direction by a
factor of 2.
b a = 3
factor of 3, reflection in the
x-axis.
c a = 1, h = 6,
Translation 6 units right.
1 y=
d a = 2, h = 4
factor of 2, translation 4 units left.
e a = 1, k = 7
Translation 7 units up.
f a = 2, k = 5
y direction, translation 5 units
down.
g a = 1, h = 4, k = 3
Translation 4 units left,
translation 3 units down.
h a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
y direction, translation 3 units
right, translation 6 units up.
i a = 4, h = 1, k = 4
x-axis, translation 1 unit right,
translation 4 units down.
2 a (v)
b (iii)
c (i)
d (v), (iii)
e (v), (ii), (iii)
f (i), (iii)
g (v), (i), (iv)
h (ii), (iv)
a
3 y=
+k
xh
i h = 0, k = 0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{0}
i h = 6, k = 0
Vertical asymptote: x = 6
ii Domain: R\{6}
iii Range: R\{0}
i h = 2, k = 0
x = 2 Vertical asymptote
y = 0 Horizontal asymptote
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii Range: R\{0}
i h = 3, k = 0
ii Domain: R\{3}
iii Range: R\{0}
i h = 0, k = 4
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{4}
i h = 0, k = 5
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{5}
i h = 6, k = 2
ii Domain: R\{6}
iii Range: R\{2}
4 a
MM12-2
25
i h = 2, k = 1
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii Range: R\{1}
i h = n, k = m
x = n Vertical asymptote
y = m Horizontal asymptote
ii Domain: R\{n}
iii Range: R\{m}
i h = 4, k = 0
x =4
y =0
ii Domain: R\{4}
iii Range: R\{0}
i h = 0, k = 2
x =0
y =2
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii Range: R\{2}
i h = 3, k = 2
x =3
y =2
ii Domain: R\{3}
iii Range: R\{2}
i h = 1, k = 1
x = 1
y = 1
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii Range: R\{1}
i h = m, k = n
x =m
y =n
ii Domain: R\{m}
iii Range: R\{n}
i h = b, k = a
x =b
y =a
ii Domain: R\{b}
iii Range: R\{a}
2
2
is dilated by a factor
in
3x
3
the y direction.
3
y=
is dilated by a factor 3 in the
x
y direction.
4
4
in
y=
is dilated by a factor
3
3x
the y direction and reflected through
the x-axis.
a
6 y=
+k
xh
a a = 1, h = 3, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 3
y =0
y=
MM12-2
26
y-intercept: x = 0
3
3
=
x 1
4
1
y =
0+3
3(x 1)
3x 3
3x
x
1
y =
3
x-intercept: y = 0
1
=0
x+3
No solution.
No x-intercept.
= 12
= 12
= 15
=5
f a = 3, h = 2, k = 6
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =6
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
b a = 1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
1
1
y =
0+2
1
2
x-intercept: y = 0
1
1 =0
x+2
d a = 2, h = 5, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 5
y =0
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
=
2
0+5
2
5
x-intercept: y = 0
2
=0
x+5
No solution
No x-intercept.
3
+6
02
3
+6
2
1
=7
2
x-intercept: y = 0
3
+6 =0
x2
3
=6
x2
3 = 6(x 2)
= 6x 12
6x = 15
1
x =2
2
1
=1
x+2
x+2 =1
x = 1
3
4
Asymptotes: x = 1
3
y =
4
y-intercept: x = 0
3
3
y =
0 1
4
c a = 3, h = 1, k =
= 3
3
= 3
4
x-intercept: y = 0
3
3
=0
x 1 4
3
4
e a = 6, h = 1, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 3
y-intercept: x = 0
6
3
y =
1 0
=63
=3
x-intercept: y = 0
6
3 =0
1 x
6
=3
1 x
6
6
3x
x
= 3(1 x)
= 3 3x
=3
= 1
g a = +1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =1
=1
1
20
1
2
1
2
x-intercept: y = 0
1
=0
1
2x
1
=1
2x
1 =2x
x = 1
x =1
=4
1
3
x-intercept: y = 0
1
+4 =0
2x + 3
1
= 4
2x + 3
4(2x + 3) = 1
8x 12 = 1
8x = 13
13
x =
8
2
5
= 1
2
=
5
=0
4
2
+
=
1+ 0
5
h a = 4, h = 1, k =
Asymptotes: x
y
y-intercept: x
y
2
+4
5
2
=4
5
x-intercept: y = 0
4
2
=0
+
1+ x
5
MM12-2
27
x+3
x2
( x 2) + 5
=
x2
x2
5
=
+
x2 x2
5
= 1+
x2
x-asymptote: x = 2
y-asymptote: y = 1
x-intercept, y = 0
x+3
0 =
x2
0 =x+3
x = 3
y-intercept, x = 0
3
y =
2
k y=
4
2
=
1+ x
5
2(1 + x)
2 + 2x
2x
x
= 20
= 20
= 22
= 11
j y=
2
1
3 4x
2
1
3
4 x
4
1
3
a = , h = , k = 1
2
4
3
Asymptotes: x =
4
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
2
1
y =
3 40
2
1
3
1
=
3
x-intercept: y = 0
2
1 =0
3 4x
2
=1
3 4x
1
+4
i y=
2x + 3
=
+4
2 x +
2
1
3
a= , h = , y = 4
2
2
3
Asymptotes: x =
2
y =4
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
=
1
+4
20 + 3
1
+4
3
4x + 3
x 1
4( x 1) + 7
=
x 1
4( x 1)
7
=
+
x 1
x 1
7
= 4+
x 1
x-asymptote: x = 1
y-asymptote: y = 4
y-intercept, x = 0
l y=
3
1
= 3
=0
4x + 3
=
x 1
= 4x + 3
= 4x
3
=
4
y =
x-intercept, y
0
0
3
x
2 = 3 4x
4x = 1
1
x =
4
7 a < 0, h = 4, k = 3
1
+3
y=
x4
The answer is E.
8 Asymptotes: x = 1 (vertical)
y = 3 (horizontal)
Domain: R\{1}
Range: R\{3}
The answer is C.
MM12-2
28
9 a h = 2, k = 0
a
y=
x2
Using (0, 1)
a
1 =
02
a
=
2
a =2
2
y =
x2
b h = 0, k = 1
a
y=
+1
x
Using (3, 0):
a
0=
+1
3
a
= 1
3
a = 3
3
+1
y=
x
c h = 4, k = 0
a
y=
x+4
3
Using 0,
4
a
3
=
0+4
4
a
=
4
3 = a
3
y =
x+4
d h = 0, k = 1
a
y=
1
x
Using (4, 0)
a
1
0=
4
a
=1
4
a = 4
4
1
y=
x
e h = 4, k = 2
a
y=
+2
x4
1
Using 0, 1
2
a
1
1 =
+2
04
2
a
1
=
4
2
a =2
2
+2
y=
x4
Using (0, 5)
a
1
5 =
0 +1
1
2
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y = 2
0
No y-intercept.
x-intercept: y = 0
1
2 =0
x
1
=2
x
2x = 1
1
x =
2
c f(x) 2 =
=a1
a =6
6
1
y =
x +1
1
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =0
1
a f(x + 2) =
x+2
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =0
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y =
0+2
10 f(x) =
1
2
=
x-intercept: y = 0
0 =
1
x+2
No x-intercept.
d f(1 x) + 2 =
1
+2
1 x
Asymptotes: x = 1
y =2
y-intercept: x = 0
y=
1
1
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 1
x-intercept: y = 0
1
0 =
1
x
1
1 =
x
x =1
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y =
1
0
No y-intercept.
b f(x) 1 =
1
+2
1 0
=1+2
=3
x-intercept: y = 0
1
0=
+2
1 x
2 =
1
1 x
2(1 x) = 1
2 + 2x = 1
2x = 3
3
x=
2
f h = 1, k = 1
a
1
y=
x +1
e f(x 1) 1 =
1
1
x 1
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
1
=3
x
3x = 1
1
x =
3
1
1
y =
0 1
=11
y=0
So the x-intercept is at the origin.
Domain: R\{0}
Range: R\{3}
f 1 f(x 2) = 1
1
x2
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =1
y-intercept: x = 0
1 y=
y =1
1
02
=1
=1
1
2
1
2
x-intercept: y = 0
0 =1
1 =
1
x2
1
x2
x2 =1
x =3
11
yx 3x + 1 = 0
1
y3+
=0
x
y =3
1
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =3
y-intercept: x = 0
1
0
No y-intercept
x-intercept: y = 0
1
0 =3
x
y =3
Exercise 2D The power

function (the truncus)
a
( x h )2
+k
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
factor of 2.
b a = 3, h = 0, k = 0
x-axis.
c a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
Translation 2 units left.
d a = 2, h = 3
y direction, translation 3 units right.
e a = 5, h = 4
x-axis, translation 4 units left.
f a = 2, k = 6
factor of 2, translation 6 units up.
g a = 1, k = 3
Reflection in the x-axis,
translation 3 units up.
h a = 4, h = 3, k = 1
factor of 4, translation 3 units
right, translation 1 unit up.
i a = 1, h = 2, k = 5
Reflection in the x-axis,
translation 2 units left, translation
5 units up.
2 a < 0 Reflected in the x-axis
h = 2 Translated 2 units right.
The answer is D.
3 Translated m units left, translated
n units up
The answer is C.
a
+k
4 y=
( x h) 2
a i h = 0, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =0
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 2(> 0)
Range: y > 0
MM12-2
29
i h = 0, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =0
ii Domain: R\{0}
4
iii a =
3
Range: y < 0
c i h = 2, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =0
ii Domain: R\{2}
iii a = 1
Range: y > 0
d i h = 1, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 1
y =0
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 0
e i h = 4, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 4
y =0
ii Domain: R\{4}
iii a = 5
Range: y < 0
f i h = 0, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 3
4
g i h = 0, k =
5
Asymptotes: x = 0
4
y=
5
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 1
4
Range: y >
5
1
h i h = 0, k =
2
Asymptotes: x = 0
1
y =
2
ii Domain: R\{0}
iii a = 3
1
Range: y <
2
i i h = 1, k = 4
Asymptotes: x = 1
y =4
ii Domain: R\{1}
iii a = 2
Range: y > 4
5 Vertical asymptote at x = 3 in
graphs (ii) & (iii)
The answer is C.
6 Horizontal asymptote y = 3 and
a < 0 in graphs (iii), (v) & (vi)
The answer is B.
7 Asymptotes y = 0 and x = 3 in
graph (ii)
The answer is B.
b
MM12-2
8 y=
30
6x2 = 1
1
x2 =
6
a
+k
( x h) 2
2
, h = 0, k = 0
5
Reflected in the x-axis
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =0
x-intercept: y = 0
2
=0
(5 x) 2
No solution.
No x-intercept.
y-intercept: x = 0
2
y =
5 02
Undefined
No y-intercept.
a a=
x =
d a = 1, h = 1, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 1
y =0
No x intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y =
(0 1) 2
= 1
1
0.4
6
g a = 2, h = 1, k = 2
Asymptotes: x = 1
y = 2
x-intercept: y = 0
2
2 =0
( x 1) 2
2
=2
( x 1) 2
b a = 1, h = 3, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 3
y =0
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x= 0
1
y=
(0 3) 2
1
9
c a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
Asymptotes: x = 4
y =0
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
2
(4 + 0) 2
2
16
1
=
8
e a = 4, h = 0, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 0
y=1
No y-intercept
x-intercept: y = 0
4
1 2 =0
x
4
=1
x2
x2 = 4
x =2
2(x 1)2 = 2
(x 1)2 = 1
x 1 = 1 or 1
x = 2 or 0
y-intercept: x = 0
2
2
y =
(0 1) 2
=22
=0
h a = 2, h = 3, k = 4
Asymptotes: x = 3
y =4
x-intercepts: y = 0
2
=0
4
(3 + x) 2
1
, h = 0, k = 3
2
Asymptotes: x = 0
y = 3
No y-intercept.
x-intercepts: y = 0
1
3 =0
2x 2
1
=3
2x 2
f a=
2
=4
(3 + x) 2
4(3 + x)2 = 2
1
(3 + x)2 =
2
3+x =
1
2
x = 3 +
1
or
2
1
2
x 2.3 or 3.7
y-intercept: x = 0
2
y =4
(3 + 0)2
2
=4
9
7
=3
9
x-intercepts: y = 0
3
1
=0
4( x + 1) 2 4
l y=
3
1
=
4
4( x + 1) 2
31
4
1
[2( x 2)]2
4
1
4( x 2)2
1
1
( x 2) 2
a = 1, h = 2, k = 1
Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
x-intercepts: y = 0
1
1 =0
( x 2) 2
=
3
=1
( x + 1) 2
(x + 1)2 = 3
x+1 = 3
x = 1 + 3,
1 3
0.7, 2.7
y-intercept: x = 0
3
1
y =
4
4(0 + 1)2
3
1
4
4
1
=
2
2
3
Asymptotes: x = 2
2
y =
3
x-intercept: y = 0
1
2
=0
+
3
( x 2) 2
MM12-2
1
=1
( x 2) 2
(x 2)2 = 1
x 2 = 1
x 2 = 1 or 1
x = 3 or 1
y-intercept: x = 0
4
1
y=
[2(2)]2
4
1
16
3
=
4
i a = 1, h = 2, k =
1
2
=
2
3
( x 2)
(x 2)2 =
3
2
No solution
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
1
2
y=
+
3
(0 2)2
2
1
+
3
4
11
=
12
k a = 1, h = 2, k = 3
Asymptotes: x = 2
y =3
1
+ 3= 0
x-intercepts:
(2 x) 2
1
= 3
(2 x) 2
(2 x)2 =
No solution
No x-intercepts.
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
1
+3
(2 0)2
1
=
+3
4
1
=3
4
3
1
j a = , h = 1, k =
4
4
Asymptotes: x = 1
1
y =
4
1
3
9 y=
a
+ k where a = 1 or 1.
( x h) 2
a a = 1, h = m, k = n
1
+n
y=
( x m) 2
b a = 1, h = q, k = p
1
y=
+p
( x + q)2
c a = 1, h = r, k = 0
1
y=
( x r )2
d a = 1, h = 0, k = t
1
y= 2 +t
x
e a = 1, h = a, k = b
1
y=
b
( x + a)2
f a = 1, h = g, k = e
1
e
y=
( x g )2
g a = 1, h = 0, k = k
1
y= 2 k
x
MM12-2
32
h a = 1, h = 0, k = c
1
y= 2 c
x
10 y =
a
+k
( x h) 2
a
1
a = 5
a h = 0, k = 2
a
y= 2 2
x
Using (1, 0):
a
0 = 2 2
1
2 =a
2
y= 2 2
x
b h = 2, k = 0
a
y=
( x 2) 2
5 =
y=
5
2
( x 1) 2
11 h = 2, k = 3, a > 0
a
y=
3
( x + 2) 2
Using (1, 0):
a
3
0=
(1 + 2)2
3
a
3
Using 0, : =
4
4
(0 2)2
3
a
=
4
4
a = 3
3
y=
( x 2) 2
c h = 2, k = 1
a
y=
+1
( x + 2)2
Using (5, 0): 0 =

0=
a
+1
(5 + 2) 2
y =
d h = 1, k = 4
a
y=
+4
( x + 1) 2
Using (0, 7):
a
7=
+4
(0 + 1)2
7 =a+4
a =3
3
+4
y=
( x + 1) 2
e h = 4, k = 3
a
y=
3
( x 4) 2
Using (0, 2.5):
a
3
2.5 =
(0 4)2
a
16
a =8
0.5 =
8
3
y=
( x 4) 2
a
1
a =3
3=
y=
9
+1
( x + 2) 2
3
3
( x + 2) 2
12 h = 1, k = 2, a > 0
a
y=
+2
( x 1)2
Using (0, 5):
a
5 =
+2
(0 1) 2
a
1
a =3
3 =
a
+1
9
a
= 1
9
a = 9
f h = 1, k = 2
h a = 2, h = 3, k = 6
factor of 2, reflected in the x-axis,
translated 3 units left, translated 6
units up.
2
1
i a = , h = 2, k =
2
3
1
in
2
the y direction, reflected in the
x-axis, reflected in the y-axis,
translated 2 units right, translated
2
units up.
3
a
2
( x 1)2
Using (0, 7):
a
2
7 =
(0 1) 2
y=
y=
3
+2
( x 1) 2
Exercise 2E The square root

function in power form
1
y=a xh +k
a a = 2, h = 0, k = 0
direction.
1
b a = , h = 0, k = 0
3
1
Dilated by a factor of in the y
3
direction, reflected in the x-axis.
c a = 3, h = 1, k = 0
factor of 3, translated 1 unit right.
d a = 2, h = 4, k = 0
translated 4 units left.
e a = 1, h = 0, k = 1
Translated 1 unit down.
f a = 3, h = 0, k = 2
Dilated in the y-direction by a
translated 2 units up.
g a = 1, h = 4, k = 3
Translated 4 units right, translated
3 units up.
2 (h, k) are the coordinates of the end

point.
a (0, 0)
b (0, 0)
c (1, 0)
d (4, 0)
e (0, 1)
f (0, 2)
g (4, 3)
h (3, 6)
2
i 2,
3
3 The graph is translated 3 units up.
The answer is E.
4 The graph is reflected in the y-axis,
translated 2 units right, translated 4
units up.
The answer is D.
5
y=a xh +k
a y=
x +1
h = 1, k = 0
Domain: x 1
Range: y 0
b y=
x3
h = 3, k = 0
Domain: x 3
Range: y 0
c y= x 3
h = 0, k = 3
Domain: x 0
Range: y 3
d y=4+2 x
h = 0, k = 4
Domain: x 0
Range: y 4
e y=5 x
a < 0, h = 0, k = 5
Domain: x 0
Range: y 5
f y=
x 1 + 3
h = 1, k = 3
Domain: x 1
Range: y 3
g y=
2+ x 1
h = 2, k = 1
Domain: x 2
Range: y 1
h y = 4 2 2x + 1
2x + 1 0
2x 1
1
x
2
Domain: x
1
2
k = 4, a < 0
Range: y 4
3
i y=
3x 4 + 2
5
3x 4 0
3x 4
4
x
3
4
Domain: x
3
k = 2, a < 0
Range: y 2
j y= 3 x 7
h = 3, k = 7
Domain: x 3
Range: y 7
k y=6+
4 2x 0
2x 4
x 2
Domain: x 2
k = 6,
Range: y 6
l y=1 2x
a < 0, h = 2, k = 1
Domain: x 2
Range: y 1
6 Since x 2 and y 2, graph is of
the form
y=a hx +k
The answer is D.
7 Domain: (, 2]
Range: (, 2]
The answer is D.
8 a y=a xh +k
a = 1, h = 2, k = 0
End point: (2, 0)
x-intercept: y = 0
0 = x+2
f a = 1, h = 4, k =
c a = 1, h = 0, k = 2
End point: (0, 2)
x-intercept: y = 0
2 x =0
1
2
End point: 4,
2
x-intercept: y = 0
1
4+x =0
2
1
4+ x =
2
1
4+x =
4
3
x = 3
4
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y =
4+0
2
1
=
2
2
1
= 1
2
d a = 1, h = 6, k = 1
End point: (6, 1)
x-intercept: None since y 1
y-intercept: None since x 6
g y=
x = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 0+2
=
33
1
b a = , h = 0, k = 3
3
End point: (0, 3)
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y=
0 +3
3
y =3
x =2
x =4
y-intercept: x = 0
y =2
4 2x
MM12-2
2 x
2
2 x
a=
e a = 1, h = 3, k = 2
End point: (3, 2)
y-intercept: x = 0
y=
3+0 +2
= 3 +2
3.7
2x 3
2, h =
3
,k=0
2
3
End point: , 0
2
x-intercept: y = 0
2x 3 = 0
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
34
MM12-2
x=
3
2
9 y=a xh +k
y-intercept: None since x
h = 1, k = 2
3
2
y = a x 1 + 2
d Domain: x 1
e Range: y 8
f
Using (2, 0)
0 = a 2 1 + 2
0 =a+2
a = 2
y = 2 x 1 + 2
The answer is E.
10 a y = a x h + k
a = 2, h = m, k = 4
y=2 xm 4
Using (5, 0)
h y=
6 + 3x + 2
0=2 5m 4
3(2 + x) + 2
2 5m =+4
3 2+ x +2
5m =+2
a=
5m=4
m=1
b y = 2 x 1 4
3 , h = 2, k = 2
End point: (2, 2)

y-intercept: x = 0
y=
=
Exercise 2F The absolute

value function
1 a Let y = 2x
Let x = 0:
y =20
= 0 (0, 0)
Let x = 1:
y=21
= 2 (1, 2)
11
6 + 3 0 + 2
6 +2
4.4
Since x 4
y=a hx +k
h = 4, k = 3
y=a 4x +3
Using (0, 9)
9 =a 40 +3
i h = 2, k = 1
End point: (2, 1)
x-intercept: y = 0
x1 =0
x =1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =01
= 1
6 =a 4
= 2a
a =3
2x 1 =0
y=3 4x +3
2x =1
12 a y = a x h + k
2x =1
x =1
y-intercept: x = 0
y =
b Let y = x 1
x-intercept: y = 0
a = 4, h = 1, k = p
20 1
= 2 1
0.4
y = 4 x + 1 + p
Using (0, 4):
4 = 4 0 + 1 + p
4 = 4 + p
8= p
p=8
b y = 4 x + 1 + 8
c x-intercept: y = 0
4 x + 1 + 8 = 0
4 x +1 = 8
x +1 = 2
x+1 =4
x =3
c Let y = 3 6x
x-intercept: y = 0
3 6x = 0
6x = 3
x=
1
2
y-intercept: x = 0
y=360
=3
MM12-2
35
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 3)2 4
=94
=5
d Let y = x2 6
Shape: Positive parabola
translated 6 units down.
Turning point: (0, 6)
x-intercept: y = 0
x2 6 = 0
x2 = 6
x = 6
e Let y = 4 x2
Shape: Negative parabola
x-intercept: y = 0
4 x2 = 0
x2 = 4
x = 4
x = 2 or 2
g Let y = 3x3
Shape: Positive cubic dilated by a
factor of 3 in y direction.
Stationary point of inflection:
(0, 0)
h Let y = (x + 2)3 1
Shape: Positive cubic translated 2
units left and 1 unit down.
Stationary point of inflection:
(2, 1)
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 2)3 1 = 0
(x + 2)3 = 1
x+2 =1
x = 1
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 2)3 1
=81
=7
2 For x 1: Positive cubic with

stationary point of inflection (0, 1)
y = x3 + 1
So graph is y = |x3 + 1|
The answer is C.
3 a Let y = 2x
Domain: R
Range: R
y = 2|x|
Domain: R
Range: y 0
b Let y = x + 1
Domain: R
Range: R
y = |x| + 1
Domain: R
Range: y 1
c Let y = 4 3x
Domain: R
Range: R
y = 4 3|x|
Domain: R
Range: y 4
d Let y = |x2 3|
Domain: R
Range: y 0
y = |x2 3| 2 (shifted down 2
units)
Domain: R
Range: y 2
e Let y =
Domain: R\{1}
Range: y > 0
y=
f Let y = (x 3)2 4
Shape: Positive parabola translated
3 units right and 4 units down.
x-intercept: y = 0
(x 3)2 4 = 0
(x 3)2 = 4
x3 = 4
= 2 or 2
x = 5 or 1
i Let y =
2
x 1
Asymptotes: x = 1
y =0
y-intercept: x = 0
y=
2
0 1
= 2
1
x +1
1
+ 1 (shifted up 1 unit)
x +1
Domain: R\{1}
Range: y > 1
1
f Let y = 2 2
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =2
Domain: R\{0}
Range: y 2
1
y= 2 2
x
Domain: R\{0}
Range: y 0
4 a Let y = |x|
factor of 2 and reflected through
x-axis.
MM12-2
36
b The graph of y = |x + 5| is shifted

down 6 units.
Let y = x + 5
y-intercept: x = 0
y =0+5
y =5
x-intercept: y = 0
x+5 =0
x = 5
e The graph of y = |x2 2| is

reflected through the x-axis and
translated 2 units up
Let y = x2 2
x-intercept: y = 0
x2 2 = 0
x2 = 2
x = 2
shifted up 3 units
2
Let y =
6x
Asymptotes: x = 6
y =0
y-intercept: x = 0
y=
=
c The graph of y = |3 x| is dilated

in the y direction by a factor of 4
and shifted 1 unit up.
Let y = 3 x
x-intercept: y = 0
3x =0
x =3
y-intercept: x = 0
y =30
=3
f The graph of y = |(x + 1)2 1| is

shifted down 2 units
Let y = (x + 1)2 1
x-intercept: y = 0
(x + 1)2 1 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 1
x + 1 = 1 or 1
x = 0 or 2
y-intercept: x = 0
y = (0 + 1)2 1
=0
g The graph of y =
d The graph of y = |x2 1| is shifted
up 1 unit.
Let y = x2 1
x-intercept: x2 1 = 0
x2 = 1
x = 1 or 1
3
units
4
1
Let y =
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =0
down
2
is
6x
h The graph of y =
2
60
1
3
1
is dilated in
x2
1
the y direction by a factor of
4
and shifted down 4 units.
1
Let y = 2
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y=0
i The graph of y =
1
is translated
x
1
1 is
x2
reflected through the x-axis.
1
Let y = 2 1
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
j The graph of y =
y
x-intercept: y
1
1
x2
1
x2
x2
x
= 1
=0
f(x) =
2
x 3 x + 2 when x (,0] [3, )
2
x + 3 x + 2 when x (0, 3)
=0
=1
=1
= 1
5 f(x) = 3x 1
k The graph of y =
2 x 2 is
shifted up 3 units
Let y =
2x 2
End point: (2, 2)

x-intercept: y = 0
2x 2 =0
2x =2
2x =4
x = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
2 0 2
y =
=
2 2 0.6
l The graph of y =
x + 1 8 is
reflected through the x-axis and

shifted 2 units up.
Let y =
x +1 8
End point: (1, 8)

x-intercept: y = 0
x +1 8 = 0
x +1 = 8
x + 1 = 64
x = 63
y-intercept: x = 0
y=
37
MM12-2
0 +1 8
=18
= 7
where 3x 1 0
3 x 1
a f(x) =
(3 x 1) where 3x 1 < 0
1st function: 3x 1
1st domain: 3x 1 0
3x 1
1
x
3
2nd function: (3x 1)
= 3x + 1
2nd domain: 3x 1 < 0
1
x<
3
1
3x 1 where x 3
f(x) =
3 x + 1 where x < 1
3
b f(0). x = 0 is in the domain of
the 2nd function.
f(0) = 3 0 + 1
=1
f(2). x = 2 is in the domain of
the 1st function.
f(2) =3 2 1
=5
c
y-intercept, x = 0
y = |3 0 1|
= |1|
=1
6 f(x) = |x2 3x| + 2
a
2
2
x 3 x + 2 when x 3 x 0
f(x) =
2
2
( x 3 x) + 2 when x 3 x < 0
1st function: x2 3x + 2
1st domain: x2 3x 0
x(x 3) 0
x (, 0] [3, )
2nd function: (x2 3x) + 2
= x2 + 3x + 2
2nd domain: x2 3x < 0
x(x 3) < 0
x (0, 3)
b f(1). x = 1 is in the domain of

the 1st function.
f(1) = (1)2 3(1) + 2
=1+3+2
=6
f(2). x = 2 is in the domain of the
2nd function.
f(2) = 22 + 3(2) + 2
= 4 + 6 + 2
=4
c y-intercept, x = 0.
y =|0 0| + 2
=2
Cusp points need to find xintercept of original positive
graph.
y = x2 3x
0 = x(x 3)
x = 0, 3.
As the graph has been translated
2 units up,
Cusp points are (0, 2) and (3, 2)
Turning point of original graph:
y = x2 3x
2
3 3
= x 2 3x +
2 2
3
9
= x
2
4
9
3
T.P. ,
4
2
T.P. of absolute value function
3 9
is ,
2 4
7 a y = ax, x 0
Using (2, 3)
3 = 2a
3
a=
2
3
y= x
2
3
x , 2 x 2
2
b Blue: Reflection through x-axis.
3
y = x , 2 x 2
2
Green: Translated 6 units down.
3
y = x 6, 2 x 2
2
Rule is y =
MM12-2
38
Yellow: Reflection through x-axis

and shifted 6 units up.
3
y = 6 x , 2 x 2.
2
1
from the
2
1
y-axis y =
(2 x) 2
ii dilation factor
1
4 x2
reflection in the x-axis
1
y= 2
4x
dilation factor 4 from the
4
x-axis y = 2
4x
1
= 2
x
b y = x3 5
i reflection in the y-axis
y = (x)3 5
= x3 5
dilation by factor 2 from the
x-axis y = 2 [x3 5]
y = 2x3 10
1
ii dilation factor
from the
2
3
y-axis y = (2x) 5
= 8x3 5
y = [8x3 5]
= 8x3 + 5
x-axis y = 4[8x3 + 5]
= 32x3 + 20
c y= x
y = x
x-axis y = 2 x
1
ii dilation factor
from the
2
y=
Exercise 2G Transformations
with matrices
1
i reflection in the y-axis, dilation

by factor 2 from the x-axis.
1
ii dilation factor
from the y-axis,
2
reflection in the x-axis, dilation
factor 4 from the x-axis.
iii reflection in the y-axis, dilation
by factor 2 from the y-axis,
x-axis.
iv reflection in the x-axis, dilation
1
by factor
from the x-axis.
2
2 (3, 5)
x
1 0 3
i =

y
0 2 5

3
=
10
(3, 10)
1
x
ii = 2
y
0
0 3
5
4
= 2
20
3
, 20
2
x
2 0 3
iii =

y
0 3 5

y-axis y = 2x
y = 2x
x-axis y = 4 2x
6
=
15
(6, 15)
1 0
3
x
iv =
1
0 5
y
2
3
= 5

2
5
3,
2
1
x2
1
y =
( x) 2
3 a y=
1
x2
2
x-axis y = 2
x
3
i
2
translation of 3 units in the
positive x-direction,
positive y-direction.
2
ii
2

positive x-direction, translation
of 2 units in the negative
y-direction
1
iii 5

0
1
units in the
5
negative x-direction.
translation of
x
1 3
i = +
y

2 2
4
=
0
(4, 0)
x
1 2
ii = +
y
2 2
x
iii
y
3
=
4
(3, 4)
1
1
= + 5
2 0

4
= 5

2
4
, 2
5
6 a y = |x|
i translation of 3 units in the
positive x-direction
y = |x 3|
positive y-direction
y = |x 3| + 2
ii translation of 2 units in the
y = |x 2|
negative y-direction
y = |x 2| 2
b y = x2 3x
i translation of 3 units in the
y = (x 3)2 3(x 3)
= x2 6x + 9 3x + 9
= x2 9x + 18
y = x2 9x + 18 +2
= x2 9x + 20
ii translation of 2 units in the
y = (x 2)2 3(x 2)
= x2 4x + 4 3x + 6
= x2 7x + 10
y = x2 7x + 10 2
= x2 7x + 8
3
7 y = x y = (3x 6)3 + 1
= (3(x 2))3 + 1
1
dilation factor from the y-axis,
3
then translation 2 units right, then
translation 1 unit up
C.
1
8 f(x) =
x
a translation 6 units in the positive
1
x-direction y =
x6
translation 1 unit in the positive

1
y-direction y =
+1
x6
reflection in the y-axis
1
y =
+1
x 6
1
=
+1
x+6
dilation factor 2 from the x-axis
1
+ 1
y = 2
+
6
x
2
=
+2
x+6
b dilation factor 2 from the y-axis
1
2
y=
=
x
1
x
2
reflection in the x-axis y =
dilation factor
x
0 x 1
T = 4
+
y 3
y
0 1
10 y = x3 4x
a 1st two transformations
1 0

0 2
x
x 1 0 x
T = =

y 0 2 y
y
x
=
2 y
0
translation
1
x x 1 0 x 0
T = =
+
y y 0 2 y 1
2
x
1
from the x-axis
2
1 2
y=
2 x
1
=
x
translation 3 units in the positive
x-direction
1
y=
( x 3)
translation 1 unit in the negative
y-direction
1
1
y=
( x 3)
c translation 1 unit in the positive
x-direction
1
y=
x 1
translation 2 units in the negative
y-direction
1
y=
2
x 1
1
dilation factor from the y-axis
3
1
y=
2
3x 1
1
2
y =
3
1
x
1
=
+2
3x 1
9 g(x) h(x)
h(x) = g(4(x + 1)) + 3
reflection in x-axis
1
from the y-axis
dilation factor
4
translation 1 unit in the negative
x-direction
y-direction
x 0
= +
2 y 1
x
=
2 y 1
Therefore, x = x and y = 2y 1
y + 1
x = x and y =
2
y = x3 4x
the resultant equation:
y + 1
= (x)3 4(x)
2
y +1
= x3 + 4x
2
y + 1 = 2(x3 + 4x)
= 2x3 + 8x
y = 2x3 + 8x 1
x
1 0 2 0
b =
+
0 2 0 1
y
2 0
= +
0 1
2
=
1
(2, 1)
x = 2 y = 2(2)3 + 8 (2) 1
= 16 16 1
= 1
the points lies on the curve
3
1
+1
11 f(x) = 2 g(x) =
( x 2)2
x

x-direction
y-direction
x
x
1 0 x 2
T = =
+
y
y
0 3 y 1

12 f(x) = g(2(x + 1)) + 1
g(x) = x
a reflection in the x-axis
x
MM12-2
dilation factor
39
1
from the
2
y-axis 2x
translation 1 unit in the
negative x-direction
2( x + 1)
2( x + 1) + 1
f(x) = 2( x 1) + 1
1
x x
0 x 1
b T = = 2
+
y y 0 1 y 1
13 f(x) = 2g(x 1) 2
g(x) = x2 3x
a dilation factor 2 from the
x-axis 2(x2 3x)
= 2x2 6x
2(x 1)2 6(x 1)
= 2(x2 2x + 1) 6x + 6
= 2x2 4x + 2 6x + 6
= 2x2 10x + 8
translation 2 units in the
2x2 10x + 8 2
= 2x2 10x + 6
f(x) = 2x2 10x + 6
x x 1 0 x 1
b T = =
+
y y 0 2 y 2
1
1
x3
14 h( x + 2) + 1 = 3 x 2 6 x
2
2
2
h(x) = ?
1
from the x-axis
dilation factor
2
translation 2 units in the negative
x-direction
y-direction
1 0
x x
x 2
T = =
1 +
y
y
0 y 1
2
1 0
x
x 2
1
y 1 =
0 y
2
0 x 2
x
y = 2 2
y 1

0 1
1 0 x + 2
=
0 2 y 1
x + 2
=
2( y 1)
x = x + 2 and y = 2(y 1)
y
x = x 2
y 1 =
2
y
y =
+1
2
MM12-2
y =
40
x3
1
3x 2 6 x
2
2
2 a g(x) h(x) =
x +1 x
y
+1=
2
f(1) = 1 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 1 + 1
=0
e
f(2) = 4 g(2) = 2
d
h(2) = 4 +
( x 2)3
1
3( x 2) 2 6( x 2)
2
2
= 3.5 0.5x3 (using CAS)
y
= 2.5 0.5x3
2
y = 5 x3
y = x3 5
2 4
f range h(x) = [0.47, 2 4] or

[0.47, 2.59]
b g(x) h(x) = |x| |x + 1| + 2
Exercise 2H Sum, difference

and product functions
1 a
6 a
Domain g = R Domain h = R
Domain f = domain g domain h
Domain f: R
b
Domain g = R Domain h = [0, )

Domain f: [0, )
c
3 a Domain f = R Domain g = (, 3]
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): (, 3]
b Domain f = R Domain g = R
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): R
c Domain f = [0, )
Domain g = (, 1]
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): [0, 1]
d Domain f = R Domain g = R
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): R
e Domain f = R Domain g = [2, )
Domain f(x)g(x) =
domain f domain g
Domain f(x)g(x): [2, )
f
g
f(2) = 8 g(2) = 2
h(2) = 8 + 2
= 10
f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 0 + 0
=0
f(1) = 1 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 1 + 1
=0
f(2) = 8 g(2) =2
h(2) = 8 + 2
= 6
range h(x) = [6, 10]
Domain g = R Domain h = R
Domain f: R
5 a
Domain g = R\{0} Domain h = R

Domain f: R\{0}
b Domain f = [2, 2]
Domain g = [0, 2]
Domain h(x) = domain f domain g
Domain h(x) = [0, 2]
a=0
c
f(0) = 0 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 0 + 0
=0
7 a Domain f = R Domain g = [0, )

Domain h(x) = [0, )
b
f(0) = 3 g(0) = 0
h(0) = 3 0
=0
f(1) = 2 g(1) = 1
h(1) = 2 1
= 2
f(2) = 1 g(2) =
h(2) = 1
ii f(g(x)) =
1
x +1+ 2
domain f(g(x)) = R
1
=
x +3
c f(x) = 3(x 2)3, g(x) = x2

i
= 2
f range h(x) = [2, )
g
f(x)
g(x)
Domain
R
R
Range [0, ) [0, )
ran g(x) dom f(x)
[0, ) R
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = 3(x2 2)3
domain f(g(x)) = R
d f(x) = |x|, g(x) = x3
i
f(x) g(x)
Domain R
R
Range [0, ) R
Domain f= [5, )
Domain g = (, 8]
Domain h(x) = [5, 8]
ran g(x) dom f(x)

RR
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = |x3|
domain f(g(x)) = R
e f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 3), g(x) = x2
i
f(x)
g(x)
Domain
R
R
Range [1, ) [0, )
Exercise 2 I Composite
functions and functional
equations
1 a f(x) = 2x 1,
i
Domain
Range
g(x) =
x+3
f(x) g(x)
R [3, )
R [0, )
for f (g(x)) ran g(x) dom f(x)

[0, ) R
f(g(x)) is defined
ii f(g(x)) = 2 x + 3 1
dom f(g(x)) = dom g(x)
= [3, )
1
b f(x) =
, g(x) = |x| + 1
x+2
i
f(x)
g(x)
Domain R\{2} R
Range R\{0} [1, )
ran g(x) dom f(x)

[1, ) R\{2}
f(g(x)) is defined.
ran g(x) dom f(x)

[0, ) < R
f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = (x2 + 1)(x2 + 3)
dom f(g(x)) = R
2 f(x) = 3x
x+ y
x+ y
f
= 3
3
3
=x+y
f ( x) + f ( y )
3x + 3 y
=
3
3
=x+y
f(x) = 3x satisfies the equation:
f ( x) + f ( y )
x+ y
f
=
3
3
2
3 f(x) =
x
2 2
+
f ( x) + f ( y )
x y
=
2
f ( xy )
xy
2 y + 2x
xy
=
2
xy
2 y + 2x
=
2
=y+x
L.H.S = R.H.S
MM12-2
41
2
satisfies the equation
x
f ( x) + f ( y )
=x+y
f ( xy )
f(x) =
4 a f(x) = x
i f(x y) = f(x) f(y)
x y x y
L.H.S R.H.S
f ( x)
ii f(x y) =
f ( y)
x
y
x y
L.H.S R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2)f(xy)
x + y = ( x2 + y2 ) x y
L.H.S R.H.S
x
f ( x)
iv f =
f
( y)
y

x
=
y
x
y
L.H.S = R.H.S
f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
xy = x y
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true
b f(x) = |x|
|x y| |x| |y|
L.H.S R.H.S
f ( x)
ii f(x y) =
f ( y)
v
|x y|
x
y
L.H.S R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2)f(xy)
|x| + |y| (x2 + y2)|xy|
L.H.S R.H.S
x
f ( x)
iv f =
f
( y)
y

x
x
=
y
y
L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
|xy| = |x| |y|
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true
1
c f(x) =
x
1
1 1

x y
x y
L.H.S R.H.S
f ( x)
ii f(x y) =
f ( y)
1
1
y
x =
1
x y
x
y
L.H.S R.H.S
MM12-2
42
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2)f(xy)

1 1
1
+ = ( x2 + y 2 )
x y
xy
y+x
x2 + y 2
xy
xy
L.H.S R.H.S
x
f ( x)
iv f =
y
f
( y)

1
1
= x
1
x
y
y
y
y
=
x
x
L.H.S = R.H.S
f(xy) =f(x) f(y)
1
1 1
=
xy
x y
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true.
1
d f(x) = 2
x
1
1
1
2 2
x
y
( x y)2
ii
L.H.S R.H.S
f ( x)
f(x y) =
f ( y)
1
2
1
y2
x
= 2
2
1
x
( x y)
y2
L.H.S R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2) f(xy)
1
1
1
+
= (x2 + y2)
x2 y 2
( xy ) 2
y 2 + x2
x2 + y 2
=
2 2
x y
x2 y 2
L.H.S = R. H.S
x
f ( x)
iv f =
f
( y)
y

1
2
1
x
=
2
1
x

y2
y
y2
x2
L.H.S
v f(xy)
1
( xy ) 2
y2
x2
= R.H.S
= f(x) f(y)
1 1
= 2 2
x
y
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iii, iv, v hold true
e f(x) = x2
(x y)2 x2 y2
L.H.S R.H.S
ii f(x y) =
(x y)2
f ( x)
f ( y)
x2
y2
L.H.S R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2) f(xy)
x2 + y2 (x2 + y2)(xy)2
L.H.S R.H.S
x
f ( x)
iv f =
y
f
( y)

2
x
x2
= 2
y
y
L.H.S = R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
(xy)2 = x2 y2
L.H.S = R.H.S
Ans: iv, v hold true.
f f(x) = 2x
2x y 2x 2y
L.H.S R.H.S
f ( x)
ii f(x y) =
f ( y)
2x
2y
L.H.S = R.H.S
iii f(x) + f(y) = (x2 + y2)f(xy)
2x +2y (x2 +y2)2xy
L.H.S R.H.S
2x y =
x
f ( x)
iv f =
f ( y)
y
x
2x
2y
L.H.S R.H.S
v f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
2xy 2x 2y
L.H.S R.H.S
Ans: ii holds true
1
5 f (x ) =
, g(x) = x
( x + a)2
2y
for f(g(x)) to exist: range g(x) dom f

[0, ) dom f
dom f [0, )
dom f: R\{a}
a>0
1
6 f(x) = x 2 , g(x) =
+2
x +1
f (x )
g(x)
Domain [2, ) R\{1}

range [0, ) R\{2}
f (g(x)) range g(x) dom f(x)

R\{2}
[2, )
f (g(x)) is not defined.

g(f(x)) range f(x) dom g(x)
[0, ) R\{1}
g(f (x)) exists
g(f (x)) =
1
+2
x 2 +1
7 f(x) = 3 x , g(x) = x2 1
f(g(x)) range g(x) dom f(x)
[1, ) [0, )
f(g(x)) is note defined.

want range g(x) = [0, )
x2 1 0
x R\(1, 1)
h(x) = x2 1, x R\(1, 1)
8 w(x) = x + 3, x > 3, v(x) = |x| 2,
x R+
w(x)
v (x )
Domain (3, ) R+
range
(0,) (2, )
w(v (x)) range v (x) domain w(x)
(3, )
(2, )
w(v(x)) is defined.
w (v(x)) = |x| 2 + 3
= |x| + 1, x R+
v (w(x)) range w(x) domain v (x)
(0, ) R+
v (w(x)) exists
v(w(x)) = |x + 3| 2, x (3, )
9 g(x) = x3
g(x) = g(x)
(x)3 = x3
x3 = x3
L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = x3 satisfies the equation
g(x) = g(x)
g(x) = xn, when n = odd natural
number
g(x) = g(x)
(x)n = xn
xn = xn
g(x) = xn satisfies the equation
g(x) = g(x)
10
g(x) = x4
g(xy) = g(x )g(y)
(xy)4 = x4 y4
x4y4 = x4y4
L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = x4 satisfies the equation
g(xy) = g(x)g(y)
g(x) = xn, n is a natural number
g(xy) = g(x) g(y)
(xy)n = xnyn
xnyn = xnyn
L.H.S = R.H.S
g(x) = xn satisfies the equation
g(xy) = g(x)g(y)
1
11 f: [0, b] R, f(x) = x( x 6)2
4
g: [0, b] R, g(x) = x2 + bx
|f(x) g(x)|
1
= x( x 6) 2 ( x 2 + 6 x)
4
1
x( x 2 12 x + 36) + x 2 6 x
4
1 3
x 3x2 + 9 x + x 2 6 x
4
1 3
x 2 x 2 + 3x
4
Maximum: (4.43, 4.23)
max value is 4.23 and this occurs
when x = 4.43
MM12-2
43
12 f: [4, ) R, f(x) = x 4
g: R R, g(x) = 1 x
f(g(x)) =
1 x 4
x 3
( x + 3)
f(x) f(g(x))
reflection in the y-axis
x-direction
y = ax2 + b
(i )
Assume that y = ax2

Using (1, 6):
6 = a 12
=a
a = 6
y = 6x2
Verifying,
(2, 24): y = 6 (2)2
= 24
(1, 6): y = 6 (1)2
= 6
(0, 0):
y = 6 02
=0
(1, 6):
y = 6 12
= 6
(2, 24): y = 6 22
= 24
(3, 54): y = 6 32
= 54
The rule is y = ax2 where a = 6.
Exercise 2J Modelling
1 a
y=a x +b
(v)
2 a
a
y=
+b
x
(iii)
y = ax3 + b
(ii)
c
a
+b
x2
(iv)
y=
Assume y = ax3
Using (1, 0.3):
0.3 = a 13
a = 0.3
y = 0.3x3
Verifying;
(3, 8.1): y = 0.3 (3)3
= 8.1
(2, 2.4): y = 0.3 (2)3
= 2.4
(1, 0.3): y = 0.3 (1)3
= 0.3
(0, 0):
y = 0.3 03
=0
(1, 0.3):
y = 0.3 13
= 0.3
(2, 2.4):
y = 0.3 23
= 2.4
(3, 8.1):
y = 0.3 33
= 8.1
The rule that fits the data is y = ax3
where a = 0.3.
a
x2
Assume y =
Using (1, 2):
a
2= 2
1
a
=
1
a =2
2
y= 2
x
Verifying,
(5, 0.08): y =
2
= 0.08
25
2
y =
(2) 2
(2, 0.5):
2
(5) 2
MM12-2
44
a =5
5
y=
x
Verifying,
2
= 0.5
4
2
(1, 2):
y =
(1) 2
=2
2
(1, 2):
y = 2
1
=2
2
(2, 0.5):
y = 2
2
= 0.5
2
(5, 0.08): y = 2
5
2
=
= 0.08
25
a
The rule is y = 2 where a = 2.
x
x2 0
1
y 3.2 1
5
2
= 2.5
5
(4, 1.25): y =
4
= 1.25
5
(5, 1):
y =
5
=1
5
(10, 0.5): y =
10
= 0.5
a
The rule is y =
where a = 5.
x
(2, 2.5):
4
9
4.9 14.5
16
29
25
46.8
y =
c a=m=
y2 y1
x2 x1
Using (0, 3.2) and (25, 46.8)

46.8 3.2
a =
25 0
50
25
=2
y = 2x2 + b
If x = 0, y = 3.2
b = 3.2
Assume y = a x
Using (1, 1.6):
1.6 = a 1
a = 1.6
y = 1.6 x
Verifying,
(0, 0):
y = 1.6 0
=0
(0.5, 1.13): y = 1.6 0.5
= 1.13
(1.5, 1.96): y = 1.6 1.5
= 1.96
(2, 2.26):
y = 1.6 2
= 2.26
The rule is y = a x where a = 1.6
e
Assuming y = ax3
Using (1, 1.5):
1.5 = a 13
a = 1.5
Verifying,
(3, 40.5): y = 1.5 (3)3
= 40.5
y = 1.5 (2)3
(2, 12):
= 12
(1, 1.5): y = 1.5 (1)3
= 1.5
y = 1.5 03
(0, 0):
=0
(2, 12):
y = 1.5 23
= 12
The rule is y = ax3 where
a = 1.5.
3 i, ii, and iv as they have clear vertical
asymptotes along the y-axis.
The answer is D.
x3
y
0
8
64 8
28 13.5 12.5 10
Given y = ax3 + b
y y1
a=m = 2
x2 x1
41 28
216 64
69
280
1
4
Using (0, 12.5) b = 12.5
b 12
1
y = x3 12.
4
a
6 a
4 a
Assume y =
Using (1, 5):
a
5=
1
a
x
b Assume f =
64
4.3
216
41
c
1
3.33
0.33
0.2
0.125
0.1
1130
680
340
110
70
40
35
f =a
x
y
1130 35
3.33 0.1
1095
3.23
340
340
f =
1.7
2.2
2.6
11
12
13
13 4
30
9
3
=3
Using (0, 4): b = 4
y=3 x +4
7 a
45
The graph is very close to a straight line so the assumption is

correct.
y y1
a=m = 2
x2 x1
a =m=
MM12-2
9 a
a
a
or 2
d
d
a
b Assume I = 2
d
Using (1, 270):
a
270 = 2
1
a = 270
270
I = 2
d
It seems I =
b Assume P = a m + b
m
1.4 1.7
2.2 2.4
2.6 2.8
3.2
6.8 7.45
8.5 8.9
9.3 9.65 10 10.3
The graph closely fits a straight line so the assumption is

correct.
10.3 6
a=m =
3.2 1
4.3
2.1
2
=
Assuming y = a x + b
MM12-2
46
P=2 m +b
m = 0, P = 4
b=4
P=2 m +4
c m = 11, P = 2 11 + 4
= 10.63
That is, $10.63
m = 12, P = 2 12 + 4
= 10.93
That is, $10.93
Chapter review
Short answer
1 y = 2(x 3)2 4
a Turning point: (3, 4)
b Domain: R
Range: [4, )
c x-intercept: y = 0
2(x 3)2 4 = 0
2(x 3)2 = 4
(x 3)2 = 2
x 3 = 2 or 2
x = 3 + 2 or 3 2
4.4 or 1.6
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 3)2 4
= 18 4
= 14
2 a b = 2, a = 1
a
b y=
1
x2
a
+1
x2
dilation by factor 3 from x-axis:
3a
y=
+1
x2
horizontal shift of 2 units right:
3a
y=
+1
x4
3a
[1]
at (m, 2) 2 =
+1
m4
a
and 2 =
[2]
1
m2
Solving equations [1] and [2]
simultaneously for m and a using
11
a CAS calculator gives m =
5
3
and a =
5
11
Ans: m =
5
c The equation of the transformed
3a
graph is y =
+1
x4
reflection in x-axis: y =
6x 5
3x + 1
2(3 x + 1) 7
=
3x + 1
2(3x + 1)
7
=
3x + 1
3x + 1
7
=2
3x + 1
reflection in x-axis
translation 1 unit left
1
3
or
dilation factor of 7 from the x-axis
1
3
1
translation units left
3
4 y = a(x h)3 + k
h = 1, k = 1
y = a(x 1)3 + 1
Using (0, 4): 4 = a(0 1)3 + 1
= a + 1
a = 3
a = 3
y = 3(x 1)3 + 1
a
5 y=
+k
( x h)
3 f (x ) =
a = 4, h = 2, k = 1
a Asymptotes: x = 2
y = 1
b Domain: R\{2}
Range: R\{1}
4
c y=
1
x+2
x-intercept: y = 0
4
1 =0
x+2
4
=1
x+2
x + 2 = 4
x = 6
y-intercept: x = 0
4
y =
1
0+2
d
= 3
a
+k
( x h) 2
h = 2, k = 1
a
y=
1
( x + 2) 2
6 a y=
3
Using 0, :
2
a
3
=
1
2
(0 + 2) 2
a
1
4
a
1
=
4
2
a = 2
Dilation by a factor of 2 in
the y direction, reflection in the
x-axis, translate 2 units left,
translate 1 unit down.
2
b y=
1
( x + 2)2
7 Vertical asymptote x = 1
Horizontal asymptote y = 2
(0, 3)
a
y =
+c
xb
y =
a
2
x 1
a
2
1
1 = a
a =1
1
y =
2
( x 1) 2
3 =
8 y= hx +k
Using (0, 1):
1= h0 +k
1= h +k
k=1+ h 1
Using (5, 0):
0 = h (5) + k
= h+5 +k
k = h+5 2
Equate equations 1 and
h+5 =1+ h
Square both sides:
h+5=1+2 h +h
5 =1+2 h
4 =2 h
2 = h
Square both sides:
4=h
Substitute h = 4 into 1
k =1+ 4
=1+2
=3
Translations are 4 units right and
3 units up.
y= 4x +3
9 a Let y =
2
2
( x + 2)2
1
1
or 2
2
2
1.3 or 2.7
x = 2 +
MM12-2
47
x
a 0 x
13 a =

y
0 2 y

ax
=
2 y
x = ax
y = 2y
x
y
x =
y=
a
2
b y = 2x2 x
2
Asymptotes: x = 2, y = 2
x-intercept: y = 0
2
2 =0
( x + 2) 2
2
( x + 2) 2
2
(x + 2)2
x+2
x
y
x x
= 2
2
a a
y = 4
b Domain = R\{2}
Range = (, 2]
10 a
=2
= 1
y =
1
2
2
2
( x + 2)2
b range = [0, | f(5)|]

= [0, 20]
11 (1, 3) (2, 0) via translations
indicates horizontal shift +3 units
and a vertical shift 3 units.
a
3
= so a = 3 and b = 3
b

3
7 a 0 1 1
12 a =
+
4 0 b 2 2
a 1
= +
2b 2
7 a + 1
4 = 2b + 2

y=
2
2
( x + 2)2
y = 2
7 = a +1 4 = 2b + 2
a = 8
2 = 2b
b=1
x
8 0 x 1
b =
+
0 1 y 2
y
8 x 1
=
+
y 2
8 x + 1
=
y+2
x = 8x + 1
y = y + 2
8x = x 1
y = y 2
x 1
x =
8
2
2
( x + 2) 2
x-intercept.
2
( x + 2) 2
cannot
2
( x + 2) 2
4(x + 2)2
= 0 or 4
y =2 x
y 2 = 2
=0
x 1
8
1 x
+2
8
3
y =x +x
y = 2
=4
=2
1
(x + 2)2 =
2
1
x+2=
or
2
ii
1 x 1 x
y 2 =
+
8
8
1
2
4x2 2x
a
a2
c (3, 6)
= 2(x + 2)
=1
=1
or
1
= 1
or
3
2
y-intercept: y =
2
(0 + 2) 2
x2 2 x
a2 a
y =
(1 x)3 1 x
+
+2
512
8
4 32 2 3
a
a2
36 6
6 = 2
a
a
36 6a
6 =
a2
2
6a = 36 6a
0 = 6a2 + 6a 36
0 = a2 + a 6
(a + 3)(a 2)
a = 3, 2
a = 2 (a > 0)
6=
4x2 2x
2
22
= x2 x
y=
14
15
16 f(x) = x2
a f(x) f(y) = f(x) f(y)
x2 (y)2 = x2 y2
x2 y2 = x2 y2
L.H.S = R.H.S
b f(x) f(y) = f(x) + f(y)
x2 y2 x2 + y2
L.H.S R.H.S
c f(x) + f(y) = f(x) + f(y)
(x)2 + (y)2 = x2 + y2
x2 + y2 = x2 + y2
L.H.S = R.H.S
MM12-2
48
4 y = 2 (3 + 4x)3
d f(x) f(y) =f(x) + f(y)

x2 (y)2 = x2 + y2
x2 y2 x2 + y2
L.H.S R.H.S
Ans a and c satisfy the given equations
= 2 4 + x
4
3
= 2 64 + x
4
17 a
3
Stationary point of inflection is , 2 .
4
The answer is D.
2
+1+2
x
2
=
+3
x
Asymptotes: x = 0
y =3
The answer is C.
5 f (x ) + 2 =
Assume y =
a
x2
6 y=
1
x2
y
0.25
0.0625
0.04
0.01
25
6.25
0.0025 0.0016
0.25
0.16
a
+k
xh
a < 0, h = 2, k = 1
2
y=
1
x+2
The answer is E.
7 Reflection makes graph negative
vertical translation + 2
horizontal translation 4x 3
The answer is D.
8 The range is (4, )
The answer is D.
9 None of the transformations to y =
The graph is a straight line so our assumption that

a
y = 2 is correct.
x
0.16 25
c a=m =
0.0016 0.25
y= ax +d
2 3 x 3
b
b +1
3
Dilation in the y direction by a factor of

The answer is C.
= a x m + n where a < 0.
11 y = a h x + k
Multiple choice
1 Turning point (3, m) for a negative parabola. As m
increases, the range increases
The answer is D.
2 y = 2(3x + 6)2 3
= 2[3(x + 2)]2 3
= 18(x + 2)2 3
Turning point (2, 3)
The answer is E.
2
3 y = (bx 3)3 + 1
3
2
3
b x + 1
b
3
10 y = a x h + k
The answer is C.
24.84
0.2484
= 100
a = 100
the graph.
The answer is E.
2b3
.
3
The answer is A.
12 2x 1 0
2x 1
1
x
2
[0.5, )
The answer is C.
1
13 Let y = 3 2
x
Range = (, 3)
1
y = |3 2 |
x
Range = [0, )
1
y = | 3 2 |
x
Range = (, 0]
1
y = | 3 2 | 2
x
Range = (, 2]
The answer is E.
1
produce
x2
14
MM12-2
18
0.9
= 20
Using (1, 19): 19 = 20
1
+b
1
b = 1
20
y =
1
x
The answer is E.
Rule is y = 2 |x + 2| (after translation 2 units up.)
The answer is B.
15 |2k + 1| = k + 1
2k + 1 = k + 1 or
2k + 1 = (k + 1)
k =0
or
2k + 1 = k 1
3k = 2
2
k=
3
C
x
2 0 x 1
16 T =
+
0 1 y 3
y
translation 1 unit right |x 1|
translation 3 units down |x 1| 3
1
dilation factor 2 from the y-axis = x 1 3
2
E
17 g(x) = x2(x 3), x [2, 4]
h(x) = 3 x, x (0, 3]
f(x) = g(x) h(x)
= x2(x 3)(3 x)
= x2(x 3) (x 3)
= x2(x 3)2
domain f(x) = dom g(x) dom h(x)
= [2, 3]
C
18 f(x) = x 3
for f(h(x)) range h(x) domain f(x)
range h(x) [3, )
if h(x) = x + 2,
range = R
h(x) = x2 3,
range = [3, )
h(x) = x3,
range = R
h(x) = x2 + 3,
range = [3, )
h(x) = x 2 ,
range = [2, )
D
19
a=m =
19 1
1 0.1
ii
iii
iv
Assume y = ax2
Using (1, 0.3):
0.3 = a 12
=a
a = 0.3
The answer is E.
20 Assume y = a
Extended response
1 a i
A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 3), D(4, 6)
A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 3), D(4, 6)
A(0, 0), B(2, 2), C(4, 3), D(6, 6)
A(2, 3), B(0, 5), C(2, 6), D(4, 9)
1
+b
x
A(2, 0), B(0, 4), C(2, 6), D(4, 12)
49
MM12-2
50
vi
1
0
= 2 +
1
1
1
= 2

2
1
,2
2
1
2
0 0
x
+
y = 2
1 1

0 1 4
A(3, 1), B(1, 1), C(1, 2), D(3, 5)

b Translate the function f(x) up and down in multiples of 2,
that is, f(x) + 2, f(x) + 4, f(x) 2 and so on, keeping the
domain [3, 7] fixed.
1
0
= 1 +
1
4
2 f: R R, f(x) = (x 1)2 (x 2) + 1
a Using the CAS calculator, the T.Ps are (1, 1) and
5 25
,
3 27
5
a = 1, b =
3
25
b f(x) = p has one solution for p > 1 and p <
27
c
x
i f (x ) f 1
k
dilation by factor k from the y-axis
translation 1 unit down
x
ii y = f 1
k
1
= 5

4
5
1,
4
1
(1, 1) , 2
2
1
5
2, 1,
4
4
x x
= 1 2
k
k
x-int, y = 0
2
x x
0 = 1 2
k
k
x
x
1 = 0 or
2 =0
k
k
x
x
=1
=2
k
k
x =k
x = 2k
x-intercepts are x = k and x = 2k
d f(x + h) = 1
f(x + h) 1 = 0
f(x) 1 = (x 1)2(x 2)
x-int: x = 1, 2.
A horizontal shift of h, so that there is only 1 positive
solution indicates h [1, 2)
1
x2
a f(2x) + 1
3 f (x ) =
1
from the y-axis
2
translation of 1 unit in the positive y-direction
dilation factor
0
b 2
0 1
0
and
1
0 1 0
x
+
c = 2
1 1
y
0 1
e f (x ) =
1
x2
f(2x) + 1 =
1
+1
(2 x)2
1
+1
4 x2
1
(600 x + 25 x 2 x3 )
500
x 2
a y=
( x 25 x 600)
500
x
=
( x + 15)( x 40)
500
x-int, y = 0
x
0=
( x + 15)( x 40)
500
x = 0, 15, 40.
distance from A E = 40 + 15
= 55 m.
b Using the CAS calculator to find the T.P.
T.P.S. (8.08, 5.37)
(24.75, 30.01)
the greatest depth is 5.37 m
the greatest height is 30.01 m
c i dilation factor > 1 from the x-axis would have the effect
of increasing the height + depth as the graph would be
stretched along the y-axis.
4 y=
MM12-2
51
ii dilation factor > 1 from the x-axis would not effect the x-intercepts. the point where the rollercoaster emerged from the
tunnel would be unchanged.
iii as the dilation change would increase height and depth, therefore the gradient would increase where the rollercoaster
emerges from the tunnel.
5 a
Assume y = a(x h)2 + k

b h = 9 since turning point is (9, 275)
c
9
4
1
0
1
4
9
(x 9)2 64 49 36 25 16
y
240 248 255 261 266 271 273 274 275 274 272 270
The graph closely fits a straight line.

275 240
d a=m=
0 64
35
64
0.55
Using (0, 275): k = 275
y = 0.55(x 9)2 + 275
The prices are not going up and likely to rise further as the graph is on a decline indicated that the prices are falling.
x = 13, y = 0.55(13 9)2 + 275
= 0.55 16 + 275
= 8.8 + 275
= 266.2
The price in the next month is approximately $266 000.
x = 14, y = 0.55(14 9)2 + 275
= 0.55 25 + 275
= 13.75 + 275
= 261.25
The price in 2 months is approximately $261 000.
250 = 0.55(x 9)2 + 275
25 = 0.55(x 9)2
(x 9)2 = 45.45
x 9 = 6.74
x = 15.74
x 16
They will have to wait another (16 12) = 4 months for the price to fall within their range.
a
h = 50 +
t 25
e
f
g
6 a
t = 0, h = 48.4
MM12-2
52
48.4 = 50 +
Exam practice 1
a
25
Short answer
1
a
= 1.6
25
a = 40
b h = 50 +
40
t 25
40
20
= 50 2
= 48
After 5 seconds, the eagle is 48 m
above the ground.
40
t = 20, h = 50 +
5
= 50 8
= 42
After 20 seconds, the eagle is 42 m
above the ground.
40
c h = 0 50 +
=0
t 25
Endpoints: f(1) = 3(1 3)2 10

= 38
f(4) = 3(4 3)2 10
= 7
For f(x) = |3(x 3)2 10| the
negative portion of the graph is
reflected in the x-axis, therefore the
TP will become (3, 10), and the
right endpoint (4, 7).
t = 5, h = 50 +
40 = 50(t 25)
50t + 1250 = 40
50t = 1210
t = 24.2
It takes 24.2 s to reach the
ground.
d The speed is slow to start but
increases as the eagle approaches
its prey on the ground.
e
f h = a(x 24)2 + c
40
h = 50 +
t 25
t = 24, h = 50 +
40
1
= 10
(24, 10) when bird begins 2nd part
of the journey
(26, 0) when it reaches the ground.
h = a(t 24)2 + c
10 = a(24 24)2 + c
c = 10
0 = a(26 24)2 + 10
4a = 10
a = 2.5
a = 2.5, c = 10
g
40
50 + t 25 , 0 t 24
f (t ) =
2.5(t 24) 2 + 10, 24 t 26
2 f(x) = x 2 3
For f to be defined: x2 3 0.
So x2 3
either x
3 or x 3
Domain: x (, 3 ] [ 3 , )
3 y = (2x 3)2 1
3
a TP = , 1 , therefore the y2
coordinate of the turning point is 1.

b The x-value of the turning point is
3
, so the equation of the axis of
2
3
symmetry is x =
2
4 a For x + 2 to be a factor, P(2) = 0.
Let P(x) = x2 7x 6
P(2) = 8 + 14 6
=0
Hence x + 2 is a factor
b x3 7x 6 = x2(x + 2) 2x(x + 2)
3(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x2 2x 4)
So Q(x) = x2 2x 4
5 This means 2x + c = x2 + x 2 has
two solutions.
So x2 3x + 2 + c = 0 has two
solutions.
This means > 0
b2 4ac > 0
2
(3) 4 1 (2 + c) > 0
9 8 4c > 0
4c > 1
1
c <
4
6 f(x) = |3(x 3)2 10| for x [1, 4)
First, sketch y = 3(x 3)2 10.
TP = (3, 10)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 3(3)2 10
= 17
x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 3(x 3)2 10
10
= (x 3)2
3
10
=x3
3
x = 3
x=3
10
3
10
as x [1, 4)
3
Multiple choice
1 The graph is a positive hyperbola so
1
the basic form is y =
x
1
Translated a units right so y =
xa
Translated b units up so y =
1
+ b . This is not one of the
xa
options, however,
1
y=
+ b is equivalent.
ax
The answer is B.
2 Triple root at x = a. Double root at x
= c, so y = (x a)3(x c)2
The answer is C.
3
3 (2x2 )5
x
5
(a + b)5 = + a nb5 n +
n
3
In this case a = 2x2 and b = so to
x
obtain x4 we need n = 3.
5
So the term for x4 is a3b5 3
3
9
= 10 8 x6 2
x
= 720x4
Therefore, the coefficient of x4 is 720.
The answer is E.
3x 2
4 y=
4 x
3(4 x) + 10
=
4 x
3(4 x)
10
=
+
4 x
4 x
10
= 3 +
4 x
Therefore, the equation of the
horizontal asymptote is
y = 3.
The answer is B.
5 f:[0, 3] R, f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 5

TP = (1, 5) this is outside the
domain of [0, 3]
f(0) = 2(1)2 5
= 3
f(3) = 2(4)2 5
= 27
Therefore the range is [3, 27]
The answer is D.
6 3x + ay = 12
ax + 3y = 4a
If there are infinitely many solutions
then the equations must be equivalent.
Rewrite each so that the coefficient of
x is 1.
ay
=4
3x + ay = 12 x +
3
3y
ax + 3y = 4a x +
=4
a
If the equations are equivalent then
the y-coefficients must be equal.
3
a
So
=
a
3
a2 = 9
a =3
The answer is C.
Extended response
1 a v = at + b
200
2
= 100 km/h
Therefore, a = 100
so v = 100t + b.
At t = 1, v = 0
0 = 100 1 + b
b = 100.
Hence, v = 100t 100
b v = 119
119 = 100t 100
219 = 100t
219
t =
100
= 2.19 hours = 2 hours 11 min.
Hence 2:11 pm
c v = 269
269 = 100t 100
369
t=
100
= 3.69 hours = 3 hours 42 min.
Hence 3:42 pm
Rate of change =
d It predicts that the wind speed will

increase indefinitely. It also
predicts a negative speed at noon.
These problems could be avoided
simply by restricting the domain to
be [1, 3.69] for example.
e i If the wind peaked at 5 pm then
(5, 256) would be a turning
point.
In turning point form the rule
for the quadratic model would
be v(t) = a(t 5)2 + 256.
Since v(1) = 0,
0 = a(1 5)2 + 256
256 = 16a
256
a=
16
= 16
the model is v(t) = 16(t 5)2
+ 256.
Using this model:
v(3) = 16 (2)2 + 256
= 192 km/hour. This is reasonably
close to the recorded value of
200 km/hour.
ii Predicted value is v(12)
= 16 72 + 256
= 528 km/hour. Clearly the
model is inadequate.
f i t-intercepts when t = 1, 13
v2(t) = a(t 1)(t 13).
t = 5, v = 256 km/h.
Using this
256 = a (5 4) (5 13)
256 = 32a
a = 8
The model is
v2(t) = 8(t 1)(t 13).
ii Check model for t = 3.
v2(3) = 8(3 1)(3 13)
= 8 2 10
= 160 km/hour.
Compared with actual value of
200 km/hour, the model is not
adequate. The maximum wind
speed is predicted at t = 7
(t value of the TP):
v2(7) = 8(7 1)(7 13)
= 8 6 6
= 288 km/hour which is
later and faster than the
actual data.
MM12-2
53
g The full set of data is:

Time
Wind speed
1 pm
3 pm
200
5 pm
256
1 am
Using cubic regression and CAS,

we get
v3(t) = x3 27x2 + 195x 169.
h i The graph is symmetrical, so the
500
vertical asymptote is x =
2
x = 250
ii We need an estimate for the
horizontal asymptote. It seems
reasonable to use v = 0.
a
v(x) =
( x 250)2
v(0) 30
30 =
a
(250) 2
a = 30 (250)2
= 1 875 000
1875 000
so the rule is v(t) =
( x 250) 2
iii This function has the form
A
+B
P(t) =
( x 250)2
B is approximately 1020
(horizontal asymptote) so
A
P(t) =
+ 1020 .
( x 250) 2
P(0) 1010
A
1010 =
+ 1020
(250)2
10 =
A
(250) 2
so A = 10 2502
= 625 000
Hence, the rule is
6 25 000
P(t) =
+ 1020
( x 250) 2
54
MM12-3
Exponential and logarithmic equations
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations

Exercise 3A The index laws
3
1 a x x
= x7
b x7 x2
= x5
c (x2)5
= x10
d (x3)2
= x6
1
= 6
x
e
243
e
32
3
5
( x 2 )3 x 5
( x5 ) 2
3
=
2
x6 x5
x10
2
=
3
8
=
27
3 a
5 x 2 y 4 4 x5 y
22 x3 y 2
(2 xy ) 5( x y )
4 x5 y 3 3 x 2 y 3
2
3
= ( 27 )
= 32
=9
x9
x3
1
5
2y 4
( 9)5
243x 2
=
y2
3 2
a 2b c
d
1
3a 2 bc 2
361.5
3
1
36 2
3
=
4
27
=
64
2 3
a 3b
3 1 2
a c
a 3b 4c 2
a 2b 9
3
32 ab 2c 4
a 3c 6
a 3b 4c 2
1 a 3c 6
1 2 4
3 a 2b 9
ab c
32
32 a 6b 4c 4
3a3b 7c 4
= 3a9b3c0
3
= 9 3
ab
5 a x4y1 (x2y3)1
= x4y1 x2y3
= x6y4
3
4
81 4
256
92 x
27 3
d
64
8
4
1 1 2
9x 5 y 2
= 243x 2 y 2
81 4
=
256
= 4 81
=3
3
2
256
e
81
3
4
= 35 x 2 y 2
9
d
49
3
=
7
= (81) 4
= x2 y
1
2
= ( 25) 3
= 53
1
= 3
5
1
=
125
c 810.25
27
= 3
64
= x3 y
= 63
= 216
3
25 2
c x 2 y 2
= 23
=8
= 36 2
2 a 27 3
= 6x 4 y 3
10 x 4 y 2
3
1
= 16 4
= 2 x 2 y 3 3x 4 y
b 16 4
23 x 3 y 6 5 x 8 y 2
12 x 7 y 6
40 x11 y 8
=
12 x 7 y 6
3
4
3 2
9x 2 y2
1 2
2x 2 y 3
= 2x 2 y 3 92 x 4 y 2
= x6
2 3
x 4 x5
x3
=
20 x 7 y 5
=
4 x3 y 2
= 5x4y3
= 3x 3 y 2 x 8 y 4
= 3x11y2
3
= 11 2
x y
243
= 5
32
x11
= 10
x
=x
4 a 3x 3 y 2 ( x 2 y ) 4
3
=
4
9
=
16
x6
y4
1 3
1 2 1
b 5x 3 y 4 8 3 x 3 y 2
= 5x 3 y 4 8 3 x 3 y
2
2
= 5x 3 y 4 ( 3 8) 2 x 3 y 1
3
= 5x 3 y
1
4
(2) 2
20x
1
16 2
2 1
x5 y 4
1
2
2 1 2
4x 5 y 2
= 4x 5 y 8 4 2 x 5 y 4
3
= 8y 8
3 3
a 2b 4
d
2
ab
1
3 1
92 a 2b 2
a 2b 4
3
2
3 1
9a 2 b 2
7
2
15 7
32 23
16
92
32 23
3
(32 ) 2
x +1
= 2
x
3
4ab 2
2a 2 b 2
=
3
6 a 2n 4n + 1 8n 1
= 2n (22)n + 1 (23)n 1
= 2n 22n + 2 23n 3
= 26n 1
b 3n 9n 1 27n + 1
= 3n (32)n 1 (33)n + 1
= 3n 32n 2 33n + 3
= 36n + 1
c 2n 3n + 1 9n
= 2n 3n + 1 (32)n
= 2n 3n + 1 32n
= 2n 33n + 1
d
24
7 a 2
= 2
3 6
n 1
n +1
3n (2 3) n +1
= 2n 1 3n 2n +1 3n +1
= 22 n 32 n+1
b
52 31
27
5
125 92
52 31
5
= 3
3
3
5 (32 ) 2
5 3
5
3
4
3
3
5 3
( x + 1)2
x4
1
1
c 1
+ 1
x +1
x 1
1
1
=
+
1
1
+1
1
x
x
1 1
1 + + 1
x x
=
1 1
+ 1 1
x x
2
x
=
1
1
x2
2
x2
x
=
2
2
1 x
x
x2
2x
=
1 x2
d 2x(x2 y2)1 (x y)1
2x
1
= 2
x y
x y2
32 21
33
1
=3 2
2
=
3
n
n 1
1 + x2
x
1 1
= + 2
x x
2 a 4b 0
3a 2 b
b ( x 1 + x 2 ) 2
4 2 ab 2
a3b
a 2b 4
1 x2
+
x x
9a 3b 2
2 3
4a b
a3b 4
x+ y
2x
( x y )( x + y )
( x y )( x + y )
2x x y
( x y )( x + y )
( x y)
( x y )( x + y )
1
x+ y
9 3 x + 3x
1
= x + 3x
3
1 32 x
+
3x 3x
1 + 32 x
3x
The answer is B.
=
55
Exercise 3B Logarithm laws
53 31
53 31
= 5030
=1
1
8 a x 1 + 1
x
1
= +x
x
1
y4
MM12-3
1 Using Laws loga(1) = 0, loga (a) = 1

and loga (0) is undefined.
a log3(1) = 0
b log5(1) = 0
c log2(2)= 1
d log6(6)= 1
2 a log2(16) = 4
16 = 24
b logx (25) = 2
25 = x2
c log5(125) = x
125 = 5x
d log3(x) = 5
x = 35
1
e log5 = 1
5
1
= 51
5
3 a 23 = 8
log2(8) = 3
b 34 = 81
log3(81) = 4
c 43 = x
log4(x) = 3
d 5x = 125
log5(125) = x
1
e 21 =
2
log2 1 = 1
2
f x3 = 27
logx (27) = 3
4 a log6(3) + log6(2) = log6(3 2)
= log6(6)
=1
b log2(10) log2(5)= log2 10
5
= log2(2)
=1
c log2(32) = log2(25)
= 5 log2(2)
=51
=5
d log3(81)= log3(34)
= 4 log3(3)
=41
=4
1
e log5 = log5 (51)
5
= 1 log5(5)
= 1 1
= 1
f log3 1 = log3 1
3
27
3
= log3 (33 )
= 3 log3(3)
= 3 1
= 3
1
5 a log2( x ) = log2 x 2

1
= log2(x)
2
MM12-3
56
1
b 3 log3 ( 3 x) = 3 log3 x 3

1
= 3 log3(x)
3
= log3(x)
4 1
x4
x 2
c log2
= log2
1
2
y
y 2 2
=31
=3
c 1 + log2(5) = log2(2) + log2(5)
= log2 (2 5)
= log2(10)
d
= log3 2 15
10
3
1
= log3 1 15
5
= log3(3)
=1
e log2(16) + log2(8) + log2(4)
= log2(24) + log2(23) + log2(22)
= 4log2(2) + 3log2(2) + 2log2(2)
=41+31+21
=4+3+2
=9
7 a 4 log2(12) 4 log2(6)
12
= 4 log 2
6
= 4 log2(2)
=41
=4
b 2 + log5(10) log5(2)
= 2 log5(5) + log5(10) log5(2)
= log5(52) + log5(10) log5(2)
= log5 25 10
2
= log5(125)
= log5(53)
= 3 log5(5)
6log 2 (2)
3log 2 (2)
6 1
3 1
6
=
3
=2
2
= log2 x
y

6 a log4(10) + log4(2) log4(5)
= log4 10 2
5
= log4 20
5
= log4(4)
=1
b log5(25) + log5(125) log5(625)
= log5(52) + log5(53) log5(54)
= 2 log5(5) + 3 log5(5) 4 log5(5)
=21+3141
=54
=1
1
c
log10(16) + log10(52)
2
1
= log10(24) + log10(52)
2
= 2 log10 (2) + 2 log10(5)
= 2 (log10(2 5))
= 2 log10(10)
=21
=2
d log3(2) log3(10) + log3(15)
log 2 (64)
log 2 (26 )
=
log 2 (8)
log 2 (23 )
log a
1
x2
log a ( x )
=
log a ( x)
log a ( x)
1
log a ( x)
= 2
log a ( x)
1
2
log10(3) = 0.477
log5(4) = 0.861
log10(0.5) = 0.301
log2(0.8) = 0.322
log4(20) = 2.161
log3(60) = 3.727
5 log3(x) + log3(x2) log3(x7)
8 a
b
c
d
e
f
9 a
5
2
= log3 x x
7
x
7
x
= log3 7
x

= log3(1)
=0
b log2(x4) + log2(x3) log2(x6)
4
3
= log2 x x
x6
7
= log x
2 6
x
= log2(x)
c 3 log4(x) 5 log4(x) + 2 log4(x)
= log4(x3) log4(x5) + log4(x2)
x3
= log 4 5 x 2
x
2
2
= log4(x x )
= log4(x0)
= log4(1)
=0
d 4 log6(x) 5 log6(x) + log6(x)
= (4 5 + 1)log6(x)
= 0 log6(x)
=0
e log10(x2) + 3 log10(x) 2 log10(x)
= log10(x2) + log10(x3) log10(x2)
2 3
= log10 x x
x2
x5
= log10 2
x
= log10(x3)
= 3 log10(x)
f 4 log10(x) log10(x) + log10(x2)
= log10(x4) log10(x) + log10(x2)
x4
= log10 x 2
x
= log10(x3 x2)
= log10(x5)
= 5 log10(x)
g log5(x + 1) + log5(x + 1)2
= log 5 (( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 )
= log5(x + 1)3
= 3 log5(x + 1)
h log4(x 2)3 2 log4(x 2)
= log4(x 2)3 log4(x 2)2
( x 2)3
= log 4
2
( x 2)
= log4(x 2)
10 2 log10(5) log10(20) + log10(8)
= log10(52) log10(20) + log10(8)
52
= log10 8
20
= log10(10)
=1
The answer is C.
11 loga b = 2 b = a2
The answer is E.
12 y = a log10(x) when a = 2 and y = 3
3 = 2log10(x)
3 = log10(x2)
103 = x2
1000 = x2
x = 31.623
Exercise 3C Exponential
equations
1 a 3x = 81
3x = 34
x=4
b 10x = 1000
10x = 103
x = 3
x = 3
1
c
= 32
2x
2x = 25
x =5
x = 5
1
x
d 7 =
49
7x = 72
x = 2
e 243x = 3
35x = 31
5x = 1
1
x =
5
2 a 3 2x = 48
2x = 16
2x = 24
x =4
6x 2 = 216
6x 2 = 63
x2 =3
x =5
c
52x 1 = 1
125
1
2x 1
5
= 3
5
52x 1 = 53
2x 1 = 3
2x = 2
x = 1
d
22x 6 = 1
22x 6 = 20
2x 6 = 0
2x = 6
x =3
b
3 a 3x 3x 1 = 243
3x + x 1 = 35
2x 1 = 5
2x = 6
x =3
b 5x 52x + 1 = 625
5x + 2x + 1 = 54
3x + 1 = 4
3x = 3
x =1
x1
x
c 2 4
= 16
2x 22( x 1) = 24
2 x + 2 x 2 = 24
3x 2 = 4
3x = 6
x =2
3 x +1
3
d
= 81
9x2
33 x +1
= 34
32( x 2)
33x + 1 (2x 4) = 34
33x + 1 2x + 4 = 34
x+5 =4
x = 1
4 a (3x 9)(3x 1) = 0
3x 9 = 0 or 3x 1 = 0
3x = 9
3x = 1
x
2
3 =3
3x = 30
x = 2 or
x =0
b 22x 6 2x + 8 = 0
(2x)2 6 2x + 8 = 0
Let a = 2x
a2 6a + 8 = 0
(a 2)(a 4) = 0
a = 2 or a = 4
Substitute a = 2x
2x = 21 or 2x = 22
x = 1 or x = 2
c 62x 7 6x + 6 = 0
(6x)2 7 6x + 6= 0
Let a = 6x
a2 7a + 6 = 0
(a 6)(a 1) = 0
a = 6 or a = 1
Substitute a = 6x
6x = 6 or 6x = 1
x = 1 or 6x = 60
x =0
5 a
6 a
4x 6 2x 16 = 0
22x 6 2x 16 = 0
(2x)2 6 2x 16 = 0
Let a = 2x
a2 6a 16 = 0
(a 8)(a + 2) = 0
a = 8 or a = 2
Substitute a = 2x
2x = 8 or 2x = 2
2x = 23
x=3
No real solutions for 2x = 2
9x = 2 3x + 3
(3x)2 2 3x + 3 = 0
Let a = 3x
a2 2a 3 = 0
(a 3)(a + 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Substitute a = 3x
3x = 3
3x = 1
x=1
25x + 4 5x 5 = 0
52x + 4 5x 5 = 0
(5x)2 + 4 5x 5 = 0
Let a = 5x
a2 + 4a 5 = 0
(a + 5)(a 1) = 0
a = 5 or a = 1
Substitute a = 5x
5x = 5 or 5x = 1
5x = 50
x=0
42x 20 4x = 64
(4x)2 20 4x + 64 = 0
Let a = 4x
a2 20a + 64 = 0
(a 16)(a 4) = 0
a = 16 or 4
Substitute a = 4x
4x = 16 or 4x = 4
4x = 42
4x = 41
x =2
x =1
2x = 5
x log10(2) = log10(5)
log10 (5)
x=
log10 (2)
x = 2.322
b (0.3)x 1 = 10
(x 1) log10(0.3) = log10(10)
(x 1) log10(0.3) = 1
1
x1=
log10 (0.3)
x 1 = 1.912 489 289
x = 0.912
c (1.4)2 x = 6
(2 x) log10(1.4) = log10(6)
log10 (6)
2x=
log10 (1.4)
2 x = 5.325 13
x = 3.3251
x = 3.325
d 3 5x = 27
5x = 9
MM12-3
57
x log10(5) = log10(9)
log10 (9)
x=
log10 (5)
x = 1.365
e 5 7x = 1
1
7x =
5
1
x log10(7) = log10
5
1
log10
5
x=
log10 (7)
f
x = 0.827
2x 3x + 1 = 10
2x 3x 31 = 10
10
2x 3x =
3
10
x
6 =
3
x log10(6) = log10 10
3
10
log10
3
x=
log10 (6)
x = 0.672
7 a 3x > 5
x log10(3) > log10(5)
log10 (5)
x >
log10 (3)
x > 1.465
b 22x 7
2x log10(2) log10(7)
log10 (7)
2x
log10 (2)
2x 2.807 354 922
x 1.404
c (0.2)x > 3
x log10(0.2) > log10(3)
log10 (3)
x <
log10 (0.2)
x < 0.683
d 7x 0.5
x log10(7) log10(0.5)
log10 (0.5)
x
log10 (7)
x 0.356
e (0.4)x > 0.2
x log10(0.4) > log10(0.2)
log10 (0.2)
x <
log10 (0.4)
x < 1.756
8 5 2x = 1255
2x = 251
x log10(2) = log10(251)
x = 7.972
The answer is D.
9 102x = 3 10x + 4
102x 3 10x 4 = 0
(10x)2 3 10x 4 = 0
Let a = 10x
a2 3a 4 = 0
MM12-3
58
(a 4)(a + 1) = 0
a = 4 or 1
Substitute a = 10x
10x = 4 or 10x = 1
10x = 4
x log10(10) = log10(4)
x = log10(4)
The answer is E.
Exercise 3D Logarithmic
equations using any base
1 a i log5(x) = 2
x = 52
= 25
ii log2(x) = 3
x = 23
1
= 3
2
1
=
8
iii log10(x2) = 4
x2 = 104
= (102)2 or (102)2
x = 102 = 100 or 100
iv log3(x + 1) = 3
x + 1 = 33
= 27
x = 26
v log4(2x 3) = 0
40 = 2x 3
1 = 2x 3
4 = 2x
x =2
vi log2(x) = 5
25 = x
1
= x
25
1
= x
32
1
x =
32
vii log5(1 x) = 4
54 = 1 x
625 = 1 x
x = 624
b i log3(x) = 4
x = 34
= 81
ii log4(x) = 2
x = 42
1
= 2
4
1
=
16
iii log2(x3) = 12
x3 = 212
= (24)3
x = 24
= 16
iv log5(x 2) = 3
53 = x 2
125 = x 2
127 = x
v log10(2x + 1) = 0
100 = 2x + 1
1 = 2x + 1
0 = 2x
x =0
vi log3(x) = 2
32 = x
1
= x
9
1
x =
9
vii log10(5 2x) = 1
101 = 5 2x
2x = 5
5
x =
2
logx(9) = 2
x2 = 9
2
x 9 =0
(x 3)(x + 3) = 0
x =3
x = 3 as you cant have a
logarithm to a negative base.
2
ii logx(25) =
3
2 a i
2
x3
iv
3 ai
ii
iii
iv
= 25
x = 253
x = ( 25)3
= 53
= 125
2
iii logx 1 = 3
8
1
x 3 =
8
1
x 3 = 3
2
x3 = 23
x =2
iv logx(62) = 2
x2 = 62
x =6
b i
logx(16)
x4
4
x 16
x4 24
2
2
(x 2 )(x2 + 22)
x
x
3
ii logx(125) =
4
bi
ii
1x
=2
2
x
2 = 21
x = 1
x = 1
log3(9) = x
3x = 9
3x = 32
x =2
1
log 4 = x
16
1
16
4x = 42
x = 2
log8(2) = x
8x = 2
23x = 21
3x = 1
1
x =
3
log8(1) = x
8x = 1 = 80
x =0
log 1 (9) = x
4x =
=4
= 16
=0
=0
=0
=2
=2
iii
logx(43) = 3
x3 = 43
x =4
log2(8) = x
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
1
log 5 = x
5
1
5x =
5
5x = 51
x = 1
log4(2) = x
4x = 2
22x = 21
2x = 1
1
x =
2
log6(1) = x
6x = 1 = 60
x =0
log 1 (2) = x
x 4 = 125
x3 = 1254
x = ( 3 125)4
= 54
= 625
1
log x = 2
64
1
x 2 =
64
1
x 2 = 2
8
x2 = 82
x =8
iii
iv
3
x
4 ai
ii
1
=9
3
3x = 32
x = 2
x = 2
log2(x) + log2(4)
log2(4x)
4x
x
log5(3) + log5(x)
log5(3x)
3x
x
= log2(20)
= log2(20)
= 20
=5
= log5(18)
= log5(18)
= 18
=6
iii
iv
bi
ii
iii
iv
5 ai
ii
iii
log3(x) log3(2) = log3(5)

x
log3 = log3(5)
2
x =5
2
x = 10
log10(x) log10(4) = log10(2)
x
log10 = log10(2)
4
x =2
4
x =8
log4(8) log4(x) = log4(2)
8
log 4 = log4(2)
x
8
=2
x
x =4
log3(10) log3(x) = log3(5)
10
log3 = log3(5)
x
10 = 5
x
x =2
log6(4) + log6(x) = 2
log6(4x) = 2
4x = 62
= 36
x =9
log2(x) + log2(5) = 1
log2(5x) = 1
5x = 21
x = 2
5
3 log10(x) = log10(2)
3 = log10(2) + log10(x)
3 = log10(2x)
2x = 103
x = 500
5 log4(8) = log4(x)
5 = log4(x) + log4(8)
5 = log4(8x)
8x = 45
= 1024
x = 128
log2(x) + log2(6) log2(3) = log2(10)
x 6 = log (10)
2
log 2
3
log2(2x) = log2(10)
2x = 10
x =5
log2(x) + log2(5) log2(10) = log2(3)
x 5 = log (3)
2
log 2
10
x =3
2
x =6
log3(5) log3(x) + log3(2) = log3(10)
5
log 3 2 = log3(10)
x
10 = 10
x
1 =x
MM12-3
59
log5(4) log5(x) + log5(3) = log5(6)

4
log5 3 = log5(6)
x
12 = 6
x
x =2
v log5(x) + log5(x 2) = log5(3)
log5(x(x 2)) = log5(3)
x(x 2) = 3
x2 2x = 3
2
x 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
x = 3 is the only solution as the logarithm of a
negative number is undefined.
b i log3(x) + log3(x + 2) = log3(8)
log3(x(x + 2)) = log3(8)
x(x + 2) = 8
x2 + 2x = 8
2
x + 2x 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x 2) = 0
x = 4 or 2
x = 2 is the only solution possible.
ii log4(x) + log4(x 6) = 2
log4(x(x 6)) = 2
log4(x2 6x) = 2 = log4(42)
42 = x2 6x
16 = x2 6x
0 = x2 6x 16
0 = (x 8)(x + 2)
x = 8 or 2
iii log5(x) + log5(x + 20) = 3
log5(x(x + 20)) = 3
log5(x2 + 20x) = 3 = log5(53)
3
2
5 = x + 20x
125 = x2 + 20x
0 = x2 + 20x 125
0 = (x 5)(x + 25)
x = 5 or 25
iv log5(x + 1) + log5(x 3) = 1
log5(x + 1)(x 3) = 1
log5(x2 2x 3) = 1
= log5(5)
5 = x2 2x 3
0 = x2 2x 8
0 = (x 4)(x + 2)
x = 4 or 2
x = 4 is the only solution possible as x > 1.
v log6(x 2) + log6(x + 3) = 1
log6(x 2)(x + 3) = 1
= log6(6)
6 = x2 + x 6
0 = x2 + x 12
0 = (x + 4)(x 3)
x = 4 or 3
x = 3 is the only solution possible as x > 2.
6
2 loga(x) = loga(x2)
2 0.7 = loga (x2)
1.4 = loga(x2)
The answer is B.
7 If log10(x) = a
Then (log10(x)2) + log10(x) 6 becomes
a2 + a 6 = (a + 3)(a 2)
The answer is D.
iv
MM12-3
60
8 a (log10(x))2 + log10(x) 2 = 0
Let a = log10(x)
a2 + a 2 = 0
(a + 2)(a 1) = 0
a = 2 or 1
Since a = log10(x)
log10(x) = 2 or log10(x) = 1
or
101 = x
102 = x
1
or
10
x =
100
b (log10(x))2 2 log10(x) 3 = 0
Let a = log10(x)
a2 2a 3 = 0
(a 3)(a + 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Since a = log10(x)
or log10(x) = 1
log10(x) = 3
or
101 = x
103 = x
1
x = 1000 or
10
c (log2(x))2 2 log2(x) 8 = 0
Let a = log2(x)
a2 2a 8 = 0
(a 4)(a + 2) = 0
a = 4 or 2
Since a = log2(x)
log2(x) = 4 or log2(x) = 2
22 = x
24 = x or
1
x = 16 or
4
d (log2(x))2 + 3 log2(x) 4 = 0
Let a = log2(x)
a2 + 3a 4 = 0
(a + 4)(a 1) = 0
a = 4 or 1
Since a = log2(x)
log2(x) = 4 or log2(x) = 1
or
21 = x
24 = x
1
x =
or
2
16
e (log3(x))2 log3(x4) + 3 = 0
Let a = log3(x)
a2 4a + 3 = 0
(a 3)(a 1) = 0
a = 3 or 1
Since a = log3(x)
log3(x) = 3 or log3(x) = 1
31 = x
33 = x or
x = 27 or
3
f (log5(x))2 log5(x3) + 2 = 0
Let a = log5(x)
a2 3a + 2 = 0
as log5(x3) = 3log5(x)
(a 2)(a 1) = 0
a = 2 or 1
Since a = log5(x)
log5(x) = 2 or log5(x) = 1
52 = x or
51 = x
x = 25 or
5
g log2(x4) = (log2(x)) 2
0 = (log2 (x))2 log2(x4)
Let a = log2(x)
0 = a2 4a
0 = a(a 4)
a = 0 or 4
Since a = log2(x)
9 If
log2(x) = 0 or log2(x) = 4
20 = x or
24 = x
x = 1 or
16
log3(x3) = (log3(x))2
0 = (log3(x))2 log3(x3)
Let a = log3( x)
0 = a2 3a
0 = a(a 3)
a = 0 or 3
Since a = log3(x)
log3(x) = 0 or log3(x) = 3
33 = x
30 = x or
x = 1 or
27
log10(x2 + 2x 5) = 1
101 = x2 + 2x 5
0 = x2 + 2x 15
0 = (x + 5)(x 3)
x = 5 or 3
log3(x2 3x 7) = 1
31 = x2 3x 7
0 = x2 3x 10
0 = (x 5)(x + 2)
x = 5 or 2
log10 ( x) = 4
log10 (2)
log10 (x) = 4 log10(2)
= log10(24)
= log10(16)
x = 16
Exercise 3E Exponential equations (base e)

1 a e2 = 7.389
b e4 = 54.598
1
c e 2 = 1.649
1
d e 3 = 1.396
e
f
g
h
i
j
2 a
b
c
e = 1.284
e = 1.221
ln (4) = 1.386
ln (5) = 1.609
loge(1.5) = 0.405
loge(3.6) = 1.281
ex = e1
x =1
ex = e2
x =2
e x 2 = e 4
x2=4
x =6
e2x = e1
2x = 1
1
x=
2
1
e x + 1 =
e
e x + 1 = e 1
x + 1 = 1
x = 2
x=2
ex 2 = 1
e2
e x 2 = e 2
x 2 = 2
x =0
e3x + 6 =
e3x + 6 =
1
2
6x + 12 = 1
6x = 11
11
x =
6
3x + 6 =
h e2x 1 =
e3
3
3 a
4 a
e2x 1 = e 2
3
2x 1 =
2
4x 2 = 3
4x = 5
5
x =
4
ex = 2
x loge(e) = loge(2)
x = 0.693
ex = 5
x loge(e) = loge(5)
x = 1.609
1
ex =
2
1
x loge(e) = log e
2
x = 0.693
1
ex =
4
1
x loge(e) = log e
4
x = 1.386
ex = 1.3
x loge(e) = loge(1.3)
x = 0.262
ex = 2.6
x loge(e) = loge(2.6)
x = 0.956
2ex = 6
ex = 3
x loge(e) = loge(3)
x = loge(3)
x = 1.099 to 3 decimal places
3ex = 12
ex = 4
x loge(e) = loge(4)
x = loge(4)
x = 1.386 to 3 decimal places
(ex 1)(ex + 2) = 0
ex = 1 or ex = 2
No real solutions for ex = 2
x loge(e) = loge(1)
x = loge(1)
x =0
(ex 2)(e2x 3) = 0
ex = 2 or e2x = 3
x loge(e) = loge(2) or 2x loge(e)
= loge(3)
x = 0.693 or 2x = 1.0986
x = 0.693 or 0.549
(3ex 2)(2ex 1) = 0
3ex = 2 or 2ex = 1
2
1
or ex =
3
2
2
1
x loge(e) = log e or x loge(e) = log e
3
2
2
x = log e or
x = 0.693
3
x = + 0.405 or 0.693
(ex)2 ex = 0
Let a = ex
a2 a = 0
a(a 1) = 0
a = 0 or a = 1
Since a = ex
ex = 0 or ex = 1
x loge(e) = loge(1)
x =0
(ex)2 e ex = 0
Let a = ex
a2 ea = 0
a(a e) = 0
a = 0 or a = e
Since a = ex
ex = 0 or ex = e
x loge(e) = loge(e)
x =1
(ex)2 7ex + 10 = 0
Let a = ex
2
a 7a + 10 = 0
(a 5)(a 2) = 0
Since a = ex
or
ex = 2
ex = 5
x loge(e) = loge(5) or x loge(e) = loge(2)
x = loge(5) or
x = loge(2)
0.693
x = 1.609 or
6 11ex + 3e2x = 0
6 11ex + 3(ex)2 = 0
Let a = ex
6 11a + 3a2 = 0
3a2 11a + 6 = 0
(3a 2)(a 3) = 0
Since a = ex
3ex = 2
or
ex = 3
2
2
ex =
or x loge(e) = log e
3
3
x loge(e) = loge(3) or
x = 1.099
x = 0.405 or
1.099
18 23ex + 7e2x = 0
7(ex)2 23ex + 18 = 0
Let a = ex
2
7a 23a + 18 = 0
(7a 9)(a 2) = 0
Since a = ex
7ex = 9
or
ex = 2
9
ex =
or x loge(e) = loge(2).
7
9
x loge(e) = log e or
x = 0.693.
7
x = 0.251
or
0.693
ex 4ex = 0
4
ex x = 0
e
(ex)2 4 = 0
e x =
1
e2
5 a
MM12-3
61
MM12-3
62
Let a = ex
a2 4 = 0
(a 2)(a + 2) = 0
Since a = ex
ex = 2 or ex = 2
x loge(e) = loge(2)
x = 0.693
ex 15e x 2 = 0
15
ex x 2 = 0
e
(ex)2 15 2ex = 0
Let a = ex
2
a 2a 15 = 0
(a 5)(a + 3) = 0
Since a = ex
ex = 5 or ex = 3
No real solutions ex = 3
x loge(e) = loge(5)
x = 1.609
5ex 12e x 11 = 0
5(ex)2 12 11ex = 0
Let a = ex
2
5a 11a 12 = 0
(5a + 4)(a 3) = 0
Since a = ex
5ex = 4 or ex = 3
No real solutions for 5ex = 4
x loge(e) = loge(3)
x = 1.099
3ex + 6ex 11 = 0
3(ex)2 + 6 11ex = 0
Let a = ex
2
3a 11a + 6 = 0
(3a 2)(a 3) = 0
Since a = ex
3ex = 2 or ex = 3
2
ex =
3
x loge(e) = loge(3)
x = 1.099
2
x loge(e) = log e
3
x = 0.405
x = 0.405 or 1.099
4ex + 6ex 11 = 0
4(ex)2 + 6 11ex = 0
Let a = ex
2
4a 11a + 6 = 0
(4a 3)(a 2) = 0
Since a = ex
4ex = 3 or ex = 2
3
ex =
4
3
x loge(e) = log e
4
x = 0.288 or 0.693
ex + 2ex = 3
x 2
(e ) + 2 3ex = 0
Let a = ex
2
a 3a + 2 = 0
(a 2)(a 1) = 0
Since a = ex
ex = 2 or ex = 1
x loge(e) = loge(1)
x = 0.693
or 0
6 a
ex > 1
x loge(e) > loge(1)
x >0
ex < e
x loge(e) < loge(e)
x <1
ex < 2
x loge(e) < loge(2)
x < 0.693
d 2x loge(e) loge(4)
2x 1.386
x 0.693
e
ex + 1
(x + 1)loge(e)
x+1
x
6
loge(6)
1.7917
0.792
e1 x
(1 x)loge(e)
1x
x
x
10
loge(10)
2.3025
1.30 258
1.303
e x
x loge(e)
x
x
> 0.75
> loge(0.75)
> 0.287 682
< 0.288
7 If y = Aekt
y = 19.6 when t = 2
y = 19.02 when t = 5
19.6 = Ae2k
[1]
19.02 = Ae5k
[2]
Divide [1] by [2]
19.6
Ae2 k
=
19.02
Ae 5 k
1.0305 = e3k
loge (1.0305) = 3k log e (e)
0.03 004 = 3k
k = 0.01
When k = 0.01 A = ?
Substituting into [1]
19.6 = Ae0.02
19.6
A = 0.02
e
= 19.6e0.02
= 19.9959
= 20 to 2 decimal places
8 = 0ekt
0 = 90 18
= 72
= 72ekt
When t = 10, = 65 18 = 47
47 = 72e10k
47
e10k =
72
47
10k = log e
72
1
47
log e
10
72
= 0.04
k=
Exercise 3F Equations with

natural (base e) logarithms
1 a loge(x) = 1
x = e1
=e
b loge(x) = 2
x = e2
c loge(x) = 2
x = e 2
1
= 2
e
d loge(x) = 1
x = e 1
1
=
e
2 a loge(2x) = 2
2x = e2
e2
x=
2
3.695
b loge(3x) = 1
3x = e1
e
x=
3
0.906
c loge(x3) = 3
3 loge(x) = 3
loge(x) = 1
x =e
d loge(x2) = 2
2 loge(x) = 2
loge(x) = 1
(x) = e
e loge(x2) = 0.4
2 loge(x) = 0.4
loge(x) = 0.2
x = e0.2
1.221
f loge(x3) = 0.9
3 loge(x) = 0.9
loge(x) = 0.3
x = e0.3
1.350
g loge(x 1) = 1
x 1 = e 1
x 1 = 0.3678
1.368
h loge(2x + 1) = 2
2x + 1 = e2
2x = e2 1
= 0.86 466
x 0.432
3 a loge(x) = loge(2)
x =2
b loge(x) = loge(5)
x =5
c loge(x) + loge(3) = loge(9)
loge(3x) = loge(9)
3x = 9
x =3
d loge(x) + loge(2) = loge(8)
loge(2x) = loge(8)
2x = 8
x =4
e loge(x) loge(5) = loge(2)

x
log e = loge(2)
5
x
=2
2
x = 10
f 1 + loge(x) = loge(6)
loge(x) = loge(6) 1
= loge(6) loge(e)
6
= log e
e
6
x =
e
2.207
4 a loge(x) + loge(5) loge(10) = loge(3)
5x
log e = loge(3)
10
5x
=3
10
5x = 30
x =6
b 2 loge(3) + loge(x) loge(2) = loge(3)
9x
log e = loge(3)
2
9x
=3
2
9x = 6
x=6
9
2
x =
3
c 3 loge(2) + loge(x) loge(4) = loge(5)
23 x
log e
= loge(5)
4
2x = 5
x = 2.5
d loge(4) + loge(3) loge(x) = loge(2)
4 3 = log (2)
e
log e
x
12
=2
x
12 = 2x
6 =x
e loge(x) + loge(x + 1) = loge(2)
loge(x(x + 1)) = loge(2)
x2 + x = 2
2
x +x2 =0
(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 2 or 1
No real solution unless x + 1 > 0
So x = 1
f loge(x + 1) + loge(2x 1) = loge(5)
loge((x + 1)(2x 1)) = loge(5)
2x2 + x 1 = 5
2x2 + x 6 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 2) = 0
3
x=
or 2
2
No real solution unless x + 1 > 0.
3
So x =
2
MM12-3
63
5 ln (y) = ln (x) + ln (a)

ln (y) = ln (xa)
y = xa
The answer is B.
6 2 loge(x) loge(3x) = a
x2
log e = a
3x
x
= ea
3
x = 3ea
The answer is A.
7
2 loge(x) + 1 = loge(y)
loge(x2) loge(y) = 1
x2
log e = 1
y
x2
= e 1
y
x2
e 1
= ex2
y=
8 loge(x) = a
ea = x
But y = ea and so y = x.
9 eln(x) = 2
In(x) = loge(2)
x =2
10 A = 5ekt
a If an amount of 5 grams is halved, then 2.5 grams is the
new amount.
b 2.5 = 5ekt
1
= ekt
2
1
c log e = kt loge(e)
2
1
log e = kt
2
1
log e
2 = t
k
log e (21 )
=t
k
log e (2)
=t
k
log e (2)
d
=t
0.005
138.6 = t
139 days
Exercise 3G Inverses
1 a y = 2ex
x = 2ey
x
= ey
2
x
log e = y
2
b y = ex + 1
x = ey + 1
loge(x) = y + 1
loge(x) 1 = y
c y = ex 1
x = ey 1
MM12-3
2 a
64
loge(x) = y 1
loge(x) + 1 = y
y = e2x 1
x = e2y 1
loge(x) = 2y 1
1 + loge(x) = 2y
1 + log e ( x )
=y
2
2x
y=e
x = e2 y
loge(x) = 2 y
y = 2 loge(x)
y = e2 3x
x = e2 3y
loge(x) = 2 3y
3y = 2 loge(x)
2 log e ( x)
y =
3
y = 2 + ex
x = 2 + ey
x 2 = ey
loge(x 2) = y
y = 2 ex
x = 2 ey
ey = 2 x
y = loge(2 x)
y = 1 2ex
x = 1 2ey
2ey = 1 x
1 x
ey =
2
1 x
y = log e
2
x+1
y=2+e
x = 2 + ey + 1
x 2 = ey + 1
loge(x 2) = y + 1
loge(x 2) 1 = y
y = 3 2ex 2
x = 3 2ey 2
2ey 2 = 3 x
3 x
ey 2 =
2
3 x
y 2 = log e
3 x
y = log e
+2
2
f y = 2 3ex+ 1
x = 2 3ey+ 1
3ey + 1 = 2 x
2 x
ey + 1 =
3
2 x
y + 1 = log e
3
2 x
y = log e
1
3
3 a y = 2 loge(x)
x = 2 loge(y)
x = loge(y2)
y2 = ex
y=
ex
x
y = e2
4 a
y = loge(x + 1)
x = loge(y + 1)
y + 1 = ex
y = ex 1
y = loge(x 1)
x = loge(y 1)
y 1 = ex
y = ex + 1
y = loge(2x 1)
x = loge(2y 1)
2y 1 = ex
2y = ex + 1
ex + 1
y =
2
y = loge(2 x)
x = loge(2 y)
2 y = ex
y = ex 2
y = 2 ex
y = loge(2 3x)
x = loge(2 3y)
2 3y = ex
3y = ex 2
2 ex
y =
3
y = 2 + loge(x)
x = 2 + loge(y)
x 2 = loge(y)
y = ex 2
y = 2 loge(x)
x = 2 loge (y)
loge(y) = 2 x
e2 x = y
y = 2 + 3 loge(x)
x = 2 + 3 loge(y)
x 2 = 3 loge(y)
x2
= loge(y)
3
x2
3
=y
y = 2 loge(x 1)
x = 2 loge(y 1)
loge(y 1) = 2 x
e2 x = y 1
2x
+1 =y
e
e
y = 3 + 2 loge(x 1)
x = 3 + 2 loge(y 1)
x3
= loge(y 1)
2
e
y1 = e
y = e
x 3
2
x 3
2
+1
y = 1 3 loge(x + 2)
x = 1 3 loge(y + 2)
3 loge(y + 2) = 1 x
1 x
loge(y + 2) =
3
1 x
e 3 2 =y
If y = 5 loge(3x 2) + 1
x = 5 loge(3y 2) + 1
x 1
= loge(3y 2)
5
3y 2 = e
x 1
5
3y = e
x 1
5
+2
x 1
5
+2
3
The answer is C.
6 If y = 5e2x + 1 1
x = 5e2y + 1 1
x +1
= e2y + 1
5
x + 1
log e
= 2y + 1
5
y =
x + 1
log e
1
5
=y
2
1
x +1 1
ln
=y
2
5 2
The answer is E.
7 elog e (2 x ) = y
y = 2x
D
Exercise 3H Literal equations

1 5e2x = a, a R+
a
e2x =
5
x5 z 2
= log10 2 5
x
z
= log10(1)
=0
6 9xb 273a = 81
a (32)xb (33)3a = 34
32xb 39a = 34
2xb + 9a = 4
2xb = 4 9a
4 9a
x =
2b
b a = 2, b = 3
4 92
x=
2 3
4 18
=
6
14
=
6
7
=
3
7 42x b = 20
loge(42x b) = loge(20)
(2 x b) log e (4) = log e (20)
2x b =
a
loge e2x = log e
5
a
2x = log e
5
1
a
log e
2
5
2 log3(D) = cy + log3Z
log3(D) = cylog3(3) + log3Z
log3(D) = log3(3cy) + log3Z
= log3(3cy Z)
D = Z 3cy
3
emx + n = 3k
loge(emx + n) = loge(3k)
mx + n = loge(3k)
mx = loge(3k) n
log e (3k ) n
x =
m
4 2 log3(p + 5q)= 4
log3(p+5q) = 2
32 = p + 5q
5q = q p
q p
q =
5
x =
x5
x5
= log10 2 log10 2
z
z
log e (20)
+b
log e (4)
x =
log e (20) b
+
2log e (4) 2
log e (20) + b log e (4)
2log e (4)
= log e (20) + 2b log e (2)

4log e (2)
8 2x 1 = 3x + a
loge(2x 1) = loge(3x + a)
( x 1)log e (2) = ( x + a) log e (3)
x log e (2) log e (2) = x log e (3) + a log e (3)

x log e (2) x log e (3) = a log e (3) + log e (2)
x(log e (2) log e (3)) = a log e (3) + log e (2)
y
Rebx
ebx
loge(ebx)
bx
z 2 x5
xy
y
= log10 5 log10 3 4 log10 4
z
z x
z
xy z 3 x 4
z 2 x5
= log10 5
log10 4
y
z
z
log e (20)
log e (4)
2x =
x2
y4
z 2 x5
y
5 log10 3 3 + log10 3 log10 3 4 log10 4
z x
y z
z x
z
x2 y 4
z 2 x5
y
= log10 3 2 3
log10 3 4 log10 4
z x
y z z x
z
MM12-3
2
x log e = a log e (3) + log e (2)
3
x = a log e (3) + log e (2)
2
log e
3
= m + Rebx
=ym
ym
=
R
= log e y m
R
= log e y m
R
ym
log e
R
=
b
or
x =
1
y m
log e
b
R
65
MM12-3
66
10 (log2(5a))2 = 16b2
log2(5a) = 4b
or
5a = 24b
5a = 24b
1
5a = 16b
or
5a = b
16
b
1
a = 16
or a =
5
5 16b
1
11 log 4 ( x) 3log 4 ( y ) = log4(3)
2
1
log4(x) = log 4 (3) + 3log 4 ( y )
2
1
log 4 x 2 = log 4 (3) + log 4 ( y 3 )

1
log 4 x 2 = log4(3y3)

1
x 2 = 3y3
1
x2

= (3y3)2
x = 9y6
12 2 loge(a) 5 loge(b) 2 = 0
2 loge(a) 2 = 5 loge(b)
loge(a2) 2 loge(e) = loge(b5)
loge(a2) loge(e2) = loge(b5)
a2
log e 2 = loge(b5)
e
a2
= b5
e2
b=
Write the solution as:

Solving x2 1 = loge(2x) for x gives:
x = 0.191, 1.433
15 log7(x) = log4(p)
log ( p )
x = 7 4
or x = 7
16
log e ( p )
log e (4)
ekx = 3 + a
e kx
kx 2
(e ) = 3 ekx + a
0 = (ekx)2 3ekx a
Let ekx = c
0 = c2 3c a
On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
solve (0 = c2 3c a, c)
Solving 0 = c2 3c a for c gives
3 + 4a + 9
3 4a + 9
c=
c=
or
2
2
Substitute back in for c = ekx
ekx = 3 + 4a + 9
or
ekx = 3 4a + 9
2
2
3
+
4
a
+
9
Solution not valid as ekx
loge(ekx) = log e
cant be negative.
2
kx = log e 3 + 4a + 9
3 + 4a + 9
1
x = log e
2
k
Exercise 3I Exponential and logarithmic

modelling
a2
e2
13 a ex = 3x
solve (ex = 3x, x)
Solving ex = 3x for x gives
x = 0.619, 1.512
b x + 2 = e x
solve (x + 2 = ex, x)
Solving x + 2 = ex for x gives
x = 0.443
c x2 1 = e2x
solve (x2 1 = e2x, x)
Write the solution as solving x2 1 = e2x for x gives
x = 1.058
14 a loge(x) = 2 x
solve (loge(x) = 2 x, x)
Solving loge(x) = 2 x for x gives:
x = 1.557
b loge(x 2) = x 4
solve (loge(x 2) = x 4, x)
Solving loge(x 2) = x 4 for x gives
x = 2.159, 5.146
c x2 1 = loge(2x)
solve (x2 1 = loge(2x), x)
1 y = y0e0.6t
a y0 is the initial amount of -gluconolactone. So y0 = 200
b y = 200 e0.6t
c y = 200 e0.6
= 109.76
110 grams of -gluconolactone will be present after 1 hour.
d 200 e0.6t = 50
1
e0.6t =
4
1
0.6t = log e
4
1
log e
4
t =
0.6
t = 2.310
It will take 2 hours and 15 minutes to reduce the amount
of -gluconolactone to 50 grams.
2 y = y0 e0.18t
a y0 is the initial value when t = 0, so y0 = 10
b y = 10e0.18t
c y = 10e0.18 1
y = 8.353
Approximately 8 grams of radon-222 gas remains.
d 10e0.18t = 1
1
e0.18t =
10
0.18t = log e (0.1)
log e (0.1)
0.18
t = 12.792
It will take approximately 13 days for the radon-222 gas
to decay to 1 gram.
t=
y = A + B loge(x)
3 = A + B loge(1)(1)
4.386 = A + B loge(2)(2)
Solve eq (1) 3 = A + B 0
3=A
Substitute A value into (2)
4.386 = 3 + B loge(2)
4.386 = 3 + B 0.6931
1.999 = B
2 B
b y = 3 + 2 loge(x)
c m = 3 + 2 loge(3)
= 5.197
d If y = 7.6, x = ?
7.6 = 3 + 2loge(x)
7.6 3
= loge(x)
2
2.3 = loge(x)
x = e2.3
x = 9.974
Therefore x is approximately 10 days.
3 a
4 A = A0ert
a A0 is the initial value = 1000
5
r is the rate =
or 0.05
100
b A = 1000e0.05t
c i 1 year
A = 1000e0.05 1
A = $1051.27
A $1051
ii 10 years
A = 1000e0.05 10
A = $1648.72
A $1649
After 1 year the investment will be $1051 and after
10 years $1649.
d
A = 2000
1000e0.05t = 2000
e0.05t = 2
0.05 t loge(e) = loge(2)
log e (2)
t=
0.05
t = 13.863
t 14
It will take approximately 14 years for the investment to
double.
5 P = P0ekt
a P0 is the initial value = 500
b P = 500ekt
After 10 years the number of people is 675.
500e10k = 675
e10k = 1.35
10k = loge(1.35)
log e (1.35)
k=
10
k = 0.03
c P = 500e0.03t
d 1850 to 1900 = 50 years
P = 500e0.03 50
P = 2240.8
P 2240
Approximately 2240 people will be present.
e 500e0.03 t = 2000
e0.03t = 4
0.03t = loge(4)
MM12-3
67
log e (4)
0.03
t = 46.20.
It will take approximately 46 years, so in 1896 the
population reaches 2000.
t=
6 T Ts = (T0 Ts)ekt
T = 70C
t = 6 Ts = 15.
a T0 is the initial value = 90C
Ts is the room air temperature = 15C
70 15 = (90 15)ek 6
55 = 75e6k
0.73 = e6k
= 6k
log (0.73)
e

log(0.73)
=k
6
0.05 = k
b T 15 = (90 15)e0.05t
T 15 = 75e0.05t
T = 15 + 75e0.05t
c T = 15 + 75e0.05 10
T = 60.48
The soup will be approximately 60C.
d
40 = 15 + 75e0.05 t
40 15
= e0.05t
75
= 0.05t
log (0.3)
e

log e(0.3)
=t
0.05
21.97 = t
It will take approximately 22 minutes to cool to 40C.
e Ts = 2C, T0 = 90, T = 40
40 2 = (90 2)e0.05t
38 = 88e0.05t
loge(0.4318) = 0.05t
log e (0.4318)
=t
0.05
16.79 = t
It will take approximately 17 minutes to cool to 40C.
7 D = D0ekt
a D0 = 50 cm (initial value)
60 = 50e2k
loge(1.2) = 2k
log e (1.2)
=k
2
0.09 = k
b D = 50e0.09t
c D = 50e0.09 5
D = 78.416
The diameter of the tree will be approximately 78 cm
after 5 years.
d
100 = 50e0.09t
loge(2) = 0.09t
log e(2)
=t
0.09
7.702 = t
It will take approximately 8 years for the diameter of the
tree to double.
8 M = M0ekt
a When t = 10, M = 98
98 = M0e10k (i)
When t = 20, M = 96
96 = M0e20k (ii)
MM12-3
68
0.1386d = loge(0.1)
log e (0.1)
d=
0.1386
= 16.613
A diver can go approximately 16.6 m before artificial
light is necessary.
M 0 e 10 k
(i) 98
=
(ii) 96
M 0 e 20k
1.02083 = e10k
10k = loge(1.020 83)
k = 0.002 to 3 decimal places.
Substitute k into (i):
98 = M0e0.020 619 287
M0 = 100.04
To the nearest gram, M0 = 100.
b k = 0.002 from above.
c M = 100e0.002t
d M = 100e0.002 50
M = 90.48
Mass is approximately 90 grams in 50 years.
e 100e0.002t = 50
1
0.002t = log e
2
1
log e
2
t =
0.002
= 346.574
To halve will take approximately 347 years.
9 N = N0ekt
a Take initial value to be N0, so double is 2N0 in 3 hours.
2N0 = N0e3k
2 = e3k
loge(2) = 3k
log e(2)
=k
3
0.23 = k
b N = N0e0.23t
c
2500 = N0e0.23 4
2500
= N0
2.509 290 39
996.3 = N0
Initial value was approximately 1000.
d N = 1000e0.23t
e N = 1000e0.23 8
N = 6296.54
Approximately 6000 bacteria will be present after
8 hours.
10 I = I0ekd
a Let the initial intensity be I0. Therefore when d = 5 the
1
new intensity is I0.
2
1
I0 = I0e5k
2
1
log e = 5k
2
1
log e
2 = k
5
0.1386 = k
b I = I0e0.1386d
c If halved 50% at 5 metres
Let I0 be initial intensity.
I = ? when d = 10
I = I0e0.1386 10
I = 0.25 I0
25% of light is available.
d
Let I = 0.1I0. Find d.
0.1I0 = I0e0.1386d
0.1 = e0.1386d
Chapter review
Short answer
3 2
4x5 y 3
2 2 x 6 y
8
5
+6
33
x5
14
y 15
5
2 log 2 = log 2 (5) log 2 (9)
9
= 2.321 3.17
= 0.849
3 3 2x 7 = 17
3 2x = 24
2x = 8
2x = 23
x =3
4
log 2 (32)
log 2 (25 )
=
log 2 (8)
log 2(23 )
5 logx(2) =
2 8
4x5 y 3
=
4
5log 2 (2)
3log 2 (2)
5
3
1
3
x3 = 2
3
1
x 3 = 23

x =8
4e2 x = 128
6
e2 x = 32
log e (e2 x ) = log e (32)

2 x = loge(32)
x = 2 log e (32)
= 2 5log e (2)
7 loge5 + logex loge2 = loge10
5x
= loge10
log e
2
5x
= 10
2
5x = 20
x=4
8
y = 3e2x a
x = 3e2y a
x + a = 3e2y
x + a = e2y
3
x+a
log e
= 2y
3
1
x+a
log e
=y
2
3
9 y = loge(1 x) + 3
Swap x and y
x = loge(1 y) + 3
x 3 = loge(1 y)
1 y = ex 3
y = 1 ex 3
10 loge(3x + 5) loge(2) = 2
11
loge 3 x + 5 = 2
2
e2 = 3 x + 5
2
2e2 = 3x + 5
3x = 2e2 5
2
x = 2e 5
3
6e3x = k
k
e3x =
6
loge(e3x) = loge k

6
3x = loge k

6
1
x = log e k
3
6
12 3eax + b 6k = 0
eax + b 2k = 0
eax + b = 2k
loge(eax + b) = loge(2k)
ax + b = loge(2k)
ax = loge(2k) b
log e (2k ) b
x=
, a R\{0}, k > 0, b R
a
13 4 log2(ax + b) = 12
log2(ax + b) = 3
23 = ax + b
8 = ax + b
ax = 8 b
8b
x=
,a0
a
14 log2(x) = y + log2(z), x R+, z R+, y R
log2(x) = ylog2(2) + log2(z)
= log2(2y) + log2(z)
log2(x) = log2(z 2y)
x = z 2y
Multiple choice
1 If a > 1, solution of x for the equation x = a2 is a positive
number greater than 1
The answer is E.
2 2 log3(x) + 4 log3( x) log3( x6)
2 1
= log3 x x
x6
6
= log3 x
x6

= log3(x0)
= log3(1)
=0
The answer is A.
3 3e2x = 4
4
e2x =
3
loge(e2x) = loge 4
3
2x = loge 4
3
4
log e
3
x=
2
= 0.144
D.
log3(24)
= log10 (24)
log10 (3)
1.380
=
0.477
= 2.893
The answer is B.
(2x 1)(22x 4) = 0
2x = 1
or
22x = 4
x
0
or
22x = 22
2 =2
x =0
or
2x = 2
x =0
or
1
The answer is A.
ex 12ex + 4 = 0
(ex)2 12 + 4ex = 0
Let a = ex
a2 + 4a 12 = 0
(a + 6)(a 2) = 0
Since a = ex
ex = 6 or ex = 2
ex = 6 has no real solutions.
ex = 2 means x = loge(2)
The answer is D.
If loge(x) = a then ea = x
Then e2a + 3ea 2ea = x2 + 3x
2
x
The answer is B.
8 If loge(2x) = a
ea = 2x
a
e =x
2
The answer is C.
9 If ex + 4 = e2x 1
x + 4 = 2x 1
5 =x
The answer is B.
10 2 loge(x) = loge(x + 4) + loge(2)
loge(x2) = loge(2x + 8)
x2 = 2x + 8
2
x 2x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or 2
But the domain of the equation is x > 0.
So x = 4 is the only answer.
The answer is E.
x2
y
11 If 2a =
2a =
x
y
2a
y =x
y =
x
2a
2
x
y= a
2
The answer is B.
MM12-3
69
MM12-3
70
12 y = ex 1
x = ey 1
x + 1 = ey
loge(x + 1) = y
The answer is D.
13 P = 50e0.2h
P = 50e0.2 1
P = 40.94
Air pressure is now approximately 41 cm so it has
decreased by approximately 9 cm.
The answer is B.
14 y = loga(7x b) + 3
y 3 = loga(7x b)
7x b = ay 3
7x = ay 3 + b
a y 3 + b
x =
7
C
2 loge(x) loge(x + 2) = 1 + loge(y)
15
loge(x2) loge(x + 2) 1 = loge(y)
x2
loge
loge(e) = loge(y)
x + 2
2
loge x
= loge(y)
e( x + 2)
x2
y =
e( x + 2)
E
16 3log3 ( x + 4) = y
y=x+4
B
17 e4x 5e2x + 4 = 0
(e 2 x ) 2 5e2 x + 4 = 0
Let a = e2x
a2 5a + 4 = 0
(a 4)(a 1) = 0
a = 4 or a = 1
substitute back in for a = e2x
e2x = 4
or
e2x = 1
2x
logee = loge(4)
e2x = e0
2x = 0
2x = loge(4)
1
x = log e (4)
x =0
2
1
x = log e (4) ,
0
2
= loge(2),
0
E
Extended response
3
= loge(a) loge(3)
= 0.6932 1.0986
= 0.41
x 4 x5 x 6
+ +
4! 5! 6!
1 1 1 1
1
1
e1 = 1 + + + +
+
+
1 2 6 24 120 720
e = 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.16 + 0.0416 + 0.0083 + 0.001 31
2.718 06
= 6 2.5log10(A)
= 6 2.5log10(3.16)
= 6 2.5 0.500
= 4.75
1 x = log e
2 a
b
c
3 B
4 M = log10 a + B
T
a = 10, T = 1, B = 6.8
M = log10 10 + 6.8
1
M = log10 10 + 6.8
M = 1 + 6.8
M = 7.8
5 A = 5ekt
a The initial amount is 5 g so when halved, A = 2.5 g.
b 2.5 = 5ekt
1
= ekt
2
c loge 1 = log e (e kt )
2
1
kt = log e
2
1
log e
2
t =
k
log e (21 )
k
log e (2)
=
k
log e (2)
=
k
=
d k = 0.005
log e (2)
t=
0.005
= 138.6
= 139 days.
6 N = N0ekt
30 students in 1995
45 students in 1996
a N0 is the initial value = 30
45 = 30ek 1
1.5 = ek
loge1.5 = k
0.4055 = k
b N = 30e0.4055t
c N = 30e0.4055 5
N = 227.8
There will be 228 students (to the nearest whole number).
d 30e0.4055t = 1000
1000
0.4055t = log e
30
1000
log e
30
t =
0.4055
= 8.648
It will take approximately 9 years.
e E = E0ert
1000 students in 1995
900 students in 1996
E0 = 1000
900 = 1000er 1
loge0.9 = r
0.1054 = r
0.1054 = r
f E = 1000e0.1054t
g E = 1000e0.1054 5
E = 590.37
There will be 590 students enrolled after 5 years.
30e0.4055t = 1000e0.1054t
1000e 0.1054t
e0.4055t =
30
e0.4055t
1000
=
30
e0.1054t
100
0.4055t + 0.1054t
e
=
3
100
0.5109t
e
=
3
100
0.5109t = log e
3
100
log e
3
t =
0.5109
= 6.863
Approximately 7 years
i N = 30e0.4055 6.863
= 485.09
Approximately 485 students.
MM12-3
71
7 ekx = 4 + ke-kx
(e kx ) 2 = 4e kx + k
(ekx ) 2 4e kx k = 0
Let a = ekx
a2 4a k = 0
solve (a2 4a k = 0, a)
Solving a2 4a k = 0 for a gives:
a = 2+ k +4
or
a = 2 k +4
Substitute back in for a = ekx
ekx = 2 + k + 4 or
ekx = 2 k + 4 (not valid as ekx
cant be negative)
loge(ekx) = log e (2 + k + 4)
kx = log e (2 + k + 4)
x = log e(2 + k + 4)
k
1
= log e (2 + k + 4)
k
MM12-4
72
Exponential and logarithmic graphs
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs

Exercise 4A Graphs of
exponential functions with
any base
1 a f(x) = 2x
If x = 0, then y = 20
y = 1 is the y-intercept.
Horizontal asymptote is the
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 3 20
=31
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.
The domain is R and the range is

R +.
b f(x) = 10x
If x = 0, then y = 100
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
e f(x) = 0.3 2x
An exponential curve with basic
shape f(x) = 2x.
If x = 0, then y = 0.3 20
= 0.3 1
y = 0.3 is the y-intercept.
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
c f(x) = 2 10x
shape f(x) = 10x
If x = 0, y = 2 100
=21
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
f f(x) = 0.5 10x
shape f(x) = 10x.
If x = 0, then y = 0.5 100
= 0.5 1
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
d f(x) = 3 2x
shape f(x) = 2x.

R +.
g f(x) = 23x
shape f(x) = 2x
If x = 0, then y = 23 0
= 20
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
h f(x) = 102x
shape f(x) = 10x
If x = 0, then y = 102 0
= 100
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
i f(x) = 5 32x
shape f(x) = 3x.
If x = 0, then y = 5 32 0
= 5 30
=51
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
j f(x) = 4 23x
shape f(x) = 2x
If x = 0, then y = 4 23 0
= 4 20
=41
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
x
10 2
k f(x) = 2
shape f(x) = 10x.
0
If x = 0, then y = 2 10 2
= 2 100
=21
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
x
l f(x) = 2 2 3
shape f(x) = 2x.
0
If x = 0, then y = 2 2 3
= 2 20
=21
x-axis.
No x-intercepts.

R +.
2 a f(x) = 2x + 1
An exponential curve with the
same shape as f(x) = 2x.
Vertical translation of 1 unit up.
Horizontal asymptote is y = 1
If x = 0, then y = 20 + 1
=1+1
No x-intercepts.

(1, ).
b f(x) = 3x + 2
same shape as f(x) = 3x
Vertical translation of 2 units up.
Horizontal asymptote is y = 2.
If x = 0, then y = 30 + 2
=1+2
y =3
No x-intercepts.

(2, ).
c f(x) = 3x 3
same shape as y = 3x.
Vertical translation is 3 units
down.
If x = 0, then y = 30 3
=13
If y = 0, then 3x 3 = 0
3x = 31
x = 1 is the x-intercept.
Domain is R and range is (3, ).

d f(x) = 2x 4
same shape as y = 2x.
MM12-4
73
Vertical translation is 4 units

down.
If x = 0, then y = 20 4
=14
If y = 0, then 2x 4 = 0
2x = 4
x
2 = 22
x = 2 is the x-intercept
The domain is R and range is (4, )

e f(x) = 2x + 2
same basic shape as f(x) = 2x.
Horizontal translation of 2 units
to the left.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis
or y = 0.
If x = 0, then y = 20 + 2
= 22
No x-intercepts.

R +.
f f(x) = 10x + 1
Horizontal translation is 1 unit
left.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 100 + 1
= 101

R +.
MM12-4
74
g f(x) = 3x 4
Horizontal translation is 4 units to
the right.
If x = 0, then y = 30 4
= 34
1
is the y-intercept.
y=
81
No x-intercepts.

R +.
h f(x) = 2x 3
same basic shape of f(x) = 2x.
Horizontal translation is 3 units to
the right.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 20 3
= 23
1
y = is the y-intercept.
8
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 100
y = 1 is the y-intercept

(8, )
j f(x) = 10x 2 + 1
same basic shape as f(x) = 10x
right.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, then y = 100 2 + 1
= 102 + 1
1
=
+1
100
i f(x) = 2x + 1 8
Horizontal translation of 1 unit left.
Vertical translation of 8 units down.
If x = 0, then y = 20 + 1 8
= 21 8
= 2 8.
If y = 0, then 2x + 1 8 = 0
2x + 1 = 8
2 x + 1 = 23
x+1 =3
c f(x) = 10x
shape f(x) = 10x.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 100

R +.
(1, ).

R +.

R .
3 a f(x) = 2x
shape f(x) = 2x.
Reflection in the x-axis.
If x = 0, y = 20
No x-intercepts.
d f(x) = 2x
shape f(x) = 2x.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 20

R +.

R .
b f(x) = 10x
An exponential curve with same
basic shape as f(x) = 10x.
e f(x) = 1 3x
shape f(x) = 3x.
Vertical translation is 1 unit up.
If x = 0, y = 1 30
=11
Therefore x = 0 is the x-intercept.

(, 1).
f f(x) = 10 10x
shape f(x) = 10x
Vertical translation is 10 units up.
If x = 0, y = 10 100
= 10 1
If y = 0, 10 10x = 0
10x = 101

(, 10).
g f(x) = 2 + 10x
shape f(x) = 10x.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 2 + 100
=2+1

(2, )
h f(x) = 1 + 2x
shape of f(x) = 2x.
No x-intercepts.
If x = 0, y = 1 + 20
=1+1
The domain is R and range is

(1, )
i f(x) = 2 21 x
shape as f(x) = 2x
Horizontal translation is 1 unit
right.
If x = 0, y = 2 21 0
= 2 21
Therefore the x-intercept is x = 0.

(, 2).
j f(x) = 1 32 x
shape f(x) = 3x.
Horizontal translation is 2 units
right.
Reflection in the x-axis
If x = 0, y = 1 32 0
= 1 32
=19
If y = 0, 1 32 x = 0
32 x = 1
32 x = 30
2x=0

(, 1).
MM12-4
75
4 f(x) = 2 31 x
Exponential curve with basic shape
f(x) = 3x.
Dilation of 2 units parallel to the
y-axis.
Horizontal translation of 1 unit right.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, f(x) = 2 31 0
=6
The y-intercept is 6.
No x-intercepts.
Domain is R and range is R+.

5 f(x) = 3 2x 1
f(x) = 2x.
Dilation of 3 units parallel to y-axis.
No x-intercepts.
x = 0, f(x) = 3 21
3
=
2
3
The y-intercept is .
2
Domain is R and range is R

6 f(x) = 5 4 31 x
f(x) = 3x.
Dilation of 4 units parallel to y-axis.
x = 0, f (x) = 5 4 31
= 5 12
= 7
y = 0, 5 4 31 x = 0
4 31 x = 5
31 x = 1.25
ln(31 x) = ln(1.25)
(1 x)ln(3) = ln(1.25)
MM12-4
76
ln(1.25)
ln(3)
1 x = 0.2
x = 0.8
The x-intercept is 0.8.
1x =
9
The domain is R and range is (, 5)
7 a y = 23x
1
Dilation by factor from the
3
y-axis
b y = 24x
1
Dilation by factor
from y-axis
4
c y = 2 2x
Dilation by factor 2 from x-axis
d y = 3 2x
Dilation by factor 3 from x-axis
e y = 2x
Reflection in x-axis
f y = 2x
Reflection in y-axis
g y = 2x + 1
Translation of 1 unit up
h y = 2x 3
Translation of 3 units down
i y = 2x 1
Translation of 1 unit right
j y = 2x + 5
Translation 5 units left
8 a f(x) = 10x + 4
b f(x) = 10x 2
Vertical translation of 2 units
down.
c f(x) = 10x + 2
left.
d f(x) = 10x 3
right.
e f(x) = 10x 3
down.
f f(x) = 2 + 10x
g f(x) = 10x 1
Horizontal translation of 1 unit
right.
h f(x) = 102 + x
left.
i f(x) = 5 + 10x + 1
Horizontal translation of 1 unit
left.
10
11
12
13
14
15
j f (x) = 10x 4 + 2
right.
k f(x) = 10x 3 4
down.
right.
l f(x) = 10x + 2 3
down.
left.
a Domain is R and range is R+.
b Domain is R and range is (1, ).
c Domain is R and range is (3, ).
d Domain is R and range is (, 1).
e Domain is R and range is (2, ).
f Domain is R and range is (, 1).
f(x) = 1 2x
f(x) = 1 3 2x + 1
f(x) = 102x 1 + 3
The answer is E.
f(x) = 10x + 1
x = 0, f(x) = 100 + 1
=1+1
=2
y-intercept is 2
The answer is B.
f(x) = 2x 1 4
Translated 3 units down and 2 units
left becomes:
f(x) = 2x + 1 7
The answer is C.
a P = 50 2t
t = 0, P = 50 20
= 50 1
= 50
When t = 0 there are 50 bacteria.
b t = 3, P = 50 23
= 50 8
= 400
When t = 3 there are 400 bacteria.
c
b f(x) = log10(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
c f(x) = 2log10(x)
d f(x) = 5log2(x)
e f(x) = log2(3x)
f f(x) = log10(4x)
g f(x) = 3log10(2x)
h f(x) = 2log2(3x)
2 a f(x) = log2(x)
y = 0, log2(x) = 0
x=1
The x-intercept is 1.
No y-intercepts.
The vertical asymptote is the
y-axis.
Domain is R+ and range is R.

b f(x) = log10(x)
y = 0, log10(x) = 0
x=1
No y-intercepts
y-axis.

c f(x) = 2 log10(x)
y = 0, 2 log10(x) = 0
log10(x) = 0
x=1
No y-intercepts.
y-axis.
Exercise 4B Logarithmic
graphs to any base
1 a f(x) = log2(x)
d f(x) = 5 log2(x)
y = 0, 5 log2(x) = 0
log2(x) = 0
x=1
No y-intercept.
y-axis.
g f(x) = 3 log10(2x)
y = 0, 3 log10(2x) = 0
log10(2x) = 0
2x = 1
1
x =
2
The x-intercept is
MM12-4
77
1
.
2
No y-intercept.
y-axis.
Domain is (2, ) and range is R.

b f(x) = log2(x + 1)
Vertical asymptote is x = 1
y = 0, log2(x + 1) = 0
x+1 =1
x =0
The x-intercept is 0
Therefore the y-intercept is 0.
e f(x) = log2(3x)
y = 0, log2(3x) = 0
3x = 1
1
x =
3

h f(x) = 2 log2(3x)
y = 0, 2 log2(3x) = 0
1
The x-intercept is .
3
No y-intercept.
y-axis.
log2(3x) = 0
3x = 1
1
x =
3
1
3
No y-intercept.
y-axis.

c f(x) = log2(x 3)
Vertical asymptote is x = 3.
y = 0, log2(x 3) = 0
x3 =1
x =4
No y-intercept.

f f(x) = log10(4x)
y = 0, log10(4x) = 0
4x = 1
1
x =
4
The x-intercept is
1
.
4
No y-intercept.
y-axis.
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
4 a

2 units left.
1 unit left.
3 units right.
4 units right.
5 units right and 1 unit up.
3 units right and 2 units up.
1 unit left and 2 units up.
1 unit left and 3 units up.
3 units left and 2 units down.
1 unit left and 2 units down.
f(x) = log2(x + 2)
y = 0, log2(x + 2) = 0
x+2 =1
x = 1
x = 0, f(x) = log2(2)
=1

d f(x) = log2(x 4)
y = 0, log2(x 4) = 0
x4=1
x=5
No y-intercept.
MM12-4
78
e f(x) = 1 + log2(x 5)
y = 0, 1 + log2(x 5) = 0
log2(x 5) = 1
x 5 = 21
1
x5=
2
1
x =5
2
1
The x-intercept is 5 .
2
No y-intercept.

f f(x) = log2(x 3) + 2
y = 0, log2(x 3) + 2 = 0
log2(x 3) = 2
x 3 = 22
1
x3 =
4
x =3
The x-intercept is 3
No y-intercept.

g f(x) = 2 + log2(x + 1)
y = 0, 2 + log2(x + 1) = 0
log2(x + 1) = 2
x + 1 = 22
1
=
4
The x-intercept is
3
.
4
x = 0, y = 2 + log2(1)
=2+0
=2

h f(x) = 3 + log2(x + 1)
y = 0, 3 + log2(x + 1) = 0
log2(x + 1) = 3
x + 1 = 23
1
=
8
7
x=
8
7
The x-intercept is
8
x = 0, y = 3 + log2(1)
=3+0
=3
1
4
1
.
4
x =
x = 0, y = log2(1) 2
=02
= 2
3
4

i f(x) = log2(x + 3) 2
y = 0, log2(x + 3) 2 = 0
log2(x + 3) = 2
x+3 =4
x =1
x = 0, y = log2(3) 2
1.6 2
y 0.4
The y-intercept is approximately
0.4.

j f(x) = log2(x + 1) 2
y = 0, log2(x + 1) 2 = 0
log2(x + 1) = 2
x+1 =4
x =3

5 a f(x) = log10(x)
Same basic shape as y = log10(x)
Reflection in x-axis.
y = 0, log10(x) = 0
x =1
No y-intercept.
Domain is R+, range is R

b f(x) = 2 log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
Reflection in x-axis
y = 0, 2 log10(x) = 0
x =1
The x-intercept is x = 1.
No y-intercepts.

c f(x) = log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
Reflection in y-axis.
y = 0, log10(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
No y-intercept.
MM12-4
79
2x 1 = 0
1
x =
is the vertical asymptote.
2
2x 1 = 1
The y-intercept is y = log2(1) which
is undefined.
No y-intercept.
Domain is R and range is R.
d f(x) = 3 log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x).
y = 0, 3 log10(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
No y-intercept.

g f(x) = 2 + log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
y = 0, 2 + log10(x)= 0
log10(x) = 2
x = 102
x = 102
1
=
100
1
The x-intercept is
.
100
No y-intercept.
Domain is (
1
, ) and range is R.
2
Dilation by factor
1
from the
2
y-axis
Horizontal translation of
1
unit
2
right.
e f(x) = 1 log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
Vertical Translation of 1 unit up.
y = 0, 1 log10(x) = 0
log10(x) = 1
x = 10
No y-intercept.

f f(x) = 1 + log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
No y-intercept.
y = 0, 1 + log10(x) = 0
log10(x) = 1
x = 101
1
x =
10
1
10
7 a f(x) = 2 log2(x) + 3
Logarithmic graph, f(x) = log2(x)
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote.
y = 0, 2 log2(x) + 3 = 0
3
log2(x) =
2
The domain is R and range is R.

h f(x) = 2 log10(x)
Same basic shape as
f(x) = log10(x)
Vertical translation 2 units up.
y = 0, 2 log10(x) = 0
log10(x) = 2
x = 102
x = 100
The y-axis is the vertical
asymptote.
No y-intercept.

6 f(x) = log2(2x 1)
Same basic shape as y = log2(x).
x = 2 2 is the x-intercept. This is

approximately 0.4.
No y-intercept.

b f(x) = 3 log10(x) + 1
y = 0, 3 log10(x) + 1 = 0
3 log10(x) = 1
1
log10(x) =
3
x = 10
(approximately 0.5)
The x-intercept is 10 3.
No y-intercept.
1
3
MM12-4
80
log2(x 2) =
1
4
1
x 2 = 24
1
x = 2 + 24
x-intercept 3.2
x = 0, y = 4 log2(2) 1
No y-intercept.

c f(x) = log10(1 x)
1x =0
y = 0, log10(1 x) = 0
1x =1
The y-intercept is y = 0.

f f(x) = 2 5 log10(x)
y = 0, 2 5 log10(x) = 0
5 log10(x) = 2
2
log10(x) =
5
2
x = 10 5 is the x-intercept
(approximately 2.5).
No y-intercept.

i f(x) = 1 + 2 log2(3x)
3x = 0
y = 0, 1 + 2 log2(3x) = 0
1
log2(3x) =
2
1
Domain is (, 1) and range is R.

d f(x) = log10(3 x)
Logarithmic graph,
f(x) = log10(x).
3x=0
y = 0, log10(3 x) = 0
3x =1
x = 0, y = log10(3) is the
y-intercept.

g f(x) = 3 log10(x + 1) 2
x+1=0
y = 0,
3 log10(x + 1) 2 = 0
2
log10(x + 1) =
3
2
x + 1 = 10 3
2
x = 10 3 1
x-intercept 3.6
x = 0, y = 3 log10(1) 2
y-intercept = 2.
3x = 2 2
1
x=
3 2
x-intercept 0.24
No y-intercept as y-axis is the
vertical asymptote.

j f(x) = 3 4 log10(2x)
Logarithmic graph, y = log10(x)
2x = 0
y = 0, 3 4 log10(2x) = 0
3
log10(2x) =
4
3
2x = 10 4
3
1
10 4
2
x-intercept 2.8
No y-intercept.
x=

e f(x) = 1 2 log2(x)
y = 0, 1 2 log2(x) = 0
2 log2(x) = 1
1
log2(x) =
2
1
x = 2 2 = 2 is the x-intercept.
No y-intercept.

h f(x) = 4 log2(x 2) 1
Logarithmic graph, f(x) = log2(x).
x2=0
y = 0, 4
log2(x 2) 1 = 0
8 a a=2
Dilation by factor of 2 from the
x-axis
Translation 3 units up.
b a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 1 unit up.
c a = 10
Translation of 1 unit right.
d a = 10
Translation of 3 units right.
e a=2
Dilation by factor of 2 parallel to
y-axis.
f a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 2 units up.
g a = 10
x-axis
Translation of 1 unit left and 2
units down.
h a=2
x-axis
Translation of 2 units right and
1 unit down.
i a=2
x-axis
1
Dilation by factor of from the
3
x-axis
j a = 10
1
x-axis by factor of
from the
2
y-axis
9 f(x) = 3 log2(2 x) + 1
Logarithmic graph, f(x) = log2(x).
y-axis.
1 unit up.
2x=0
y = 0,
3 log2(2 x) + 1 = 0
1
log2(2 x) =
3
2x=
2 3
x=2 2
x-intercept 1.2
x = 0, y = 3 log2(2) + 1
=3+1
MM12-4
81

10 f(x) = 3 log10(x + 1) 2
y-axis.
Translation of 1 unit left and 2 units
down.
x+1=0
y = 0, 3 log10(x + 1) 2 = 0
2
log 10 (x + 1) =
3
2
x + 1 = 10 3
2
x = 1 + 10 3
x-intercept 3.6
x = 0, y = 3 log10(1) 2
y-intercept = 2.
x = 10, y = 3 log10(11) 2
= 1.1
Domain is [0, 10] and range is

approximately [2, 1.1]
11 f(x) = log2(x + 2)
Translated 2 units up and 3 units left
becomes:
f(x) = log2(x + 5) + 2
The answer is B.
Exercise 4C Graphs of
exponential functions with
base e
1 a f(x) = e3x
Dilation is by a factor of
1
from
3
the y-axis
b f(x) = e2x
d f(x) = 2e 3
Dilation is by a factor 2 from the
x-axis
y-axis
e f (x ) = 1 + e x 2
1 unit up.
f f (x ) = 2 + e x + 5
Translation of 5 units left and
2 units up.
g f(x) = 3 e2x
1
from
2
the y-axis
h f(x) = 1 e3x
1
Dilation by a factor of from
3
the y-axis
i f(x) = 3e2 + x 1
Dilation by a factor of 3 from the
x-axis
1 unit down.
2 a f (x ) = e x 1
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0 1
= e1
1
=
e
0.368

b f (x ) = e x 3
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0 3
= e3
1
= 3
e
0.050
1
from
2
the y-axis
1
3
c f(x) = 4e 2
x-axis
y-axis
MM12-4
82
c f(x) = 2ex
x-axis
Horizontal asymptote is x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e0
=21
=2

d f(x) = 3ex
Dilation is by a factor of 3 from
the x-axis.
Horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e0
=31
=3

e f (x ) = 1 + e x
x = 0, y = 1 + e0
=1+1
=2
g f (x ) = e 2 x
x = 0, y = e2 0
= e2
7.389

h f (x ) = e 1 x
x = 0, y = e1 0
=e
2.718

i f (x ) = 3 e x
x = 0, y = 3 e0
=31
=2
y = 0, 0 = 3 ex
x = ln 3

c f(x) = 4ex
the x-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the axis.
x = 0, y = 4e0
=41
=4

d f(x) = 2ex
Dilation by a factor 2 from the
x-axis. Horizontal asymptote is
the x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2 e0
=21
=2

f f (x ) = e x 2
Translation of 2 units down.
x = 0, y = e0 2
=12
= 1

b f(x) = e2x
1
from
2
the y-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = e2 0
= e0
=1
Domain is R and range is (, 3).

3 a f(x) = e3x
1
from
3
the y-axis. Horizontal asymptote
is the x-axis.
x = 0, y = e3 0
= e0
=1
e f (x ) =
1 4x
e
2
1
from
2
1
the x-axis and by a factor of
4
from the y-axis.
1
x = 0, y =
e4 0
2
1
=
e0
2
1
=
1
2
1
=
2
x-axis.

f f (x ) =
83

x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e3 0
= 2e0
=21
=2

h f(x) = 3e4x
1
4
from the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3 e4 0
= 3 e0
=31
y =3
1 2x
e
4
1
from
4
1
2
from the y-axis.
x-axis.
1
x = 0, y =
e2 0
4
1
=
e0
4
1
=
1
4
1
=
4
MM12-4

c f (x ) = e x + 1
f(x) = ex is translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = e0 + 1
=1+1
=2

d f (x ) = e x + 2
f(x) = ex is translated 2 units up.
x = 0, y = e0 + 2
=1+2
=3

4 a f (x ) = e x + 3
f(x) = ex is translated 3 units left.
x-axis.
x = 0, y= e0 + 3
= e3

e f (x ) = e x + 1 + 2
f(x) = ex is translated 1 unit left
and 2 units up.
x = 0, y = e0 + 1 + 2
= e1 + 2

g f(x) = 2e3x
1
3
from the y-axis.
b f (x ) = e x 3
f(x) = ex is translated 3 units right.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0 3
= e3
Domain is R and range is (2, )

f f (x ) = e x + 2 + 1
f(x) = ex is translated 2 units left
and 1 units up.
MM12-4
84
x = 0, y = e0 + 2 + 1
= e2 + 1
5 a f(x) = ex
f(x) = ex is reflected in the y-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
=1
No x-intercept.

g f (x ) = e x 1 + 3
f(x) = ex is translated 1 unit right
and 3 units up.
x = 0, y = e0 1 + 3
= e1 + 3

b f(x) = ex
f(x) = ex is reflected in the x-axis.
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
= 1
No x-intercept.

h f (x ) = e x 2 + 5
f(x) = ex is translated 2 units right
and 5 units up.
x = 0, y = e0 2 + 5
= e2 + 5

i f (x ) = e x + 2 1
f(x) = ex is translated 2 units left
and 1 unit down.
x = 0, y = e2 1
y = 0, ex + 2 1 = 0
ex + 2 = 1
ex + 2 = e0
x+2 =0
x = 2
e f(x) = 1 + ex
f(x) = ex is reflected in the y-axis
and translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 + e0
=1+1
=2
No x-intercept.

c f (x ) = 1 e x
f(x) = ex is reflected in the x-axis
and translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 e0
=11
=0
f f (x ) = 1 + e x
f(x) = ex is translated 1 unit up.
x = 0, y = 1 + e0
=1+1
=2
No x-intercept.

d f(x) = 2 + ex
f(x) = ex is reflected in the y-axis
and translated 2 units up.
x = 0, y = 2 + e0
=2+1
=3
No x-intercept.
g f(x) = 3 ex
f(x) = ex is reflected in the y-axis,
reflected in the x-axis and
x = 0, y = 3 e0
=31
=2
y = 0, 3 ex = 0
ex = 3
x = loge(3)
x = loge(3)

h f(x) = 5 ex
reflected in the x-axis and
x = 0, y = 5 e0
=51
=4
y = 0, 5 ex = 0
ex = 5
x = loge(5)
x = log e(5)
1.6
x = 0, y = e0 3 1
= e3 1
0.95
y = 0, e2x 3 1 = 0
e2x 3 = 1
2x 3 = loge(1)
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
3
x=
2

7 f:[0, )R, f(x) = ex 2 1
f(x) = ex is translated 2 units right
and 1 unit down.
x = 0, y = e0 2 1
= e2 1
0.86
y = 0, ex 2 1 = 0
ex 2 = 1
x 2 = loge(1)
=0
x=2

i f(x) = 2ex
reflected in the x-axis and dilated
by a factor of 2 from the x-axis
x-axis
x = 0, y = 2e0
= 2 1
= 2
No x-intercept.
Domain is [0, ) and range is

[0.86, ).
8 a f (x ) = e x + 1
x = 0, y = e0 + 1
=1+1
=2
No x-intercept.

6 f(x) = e2x 3 1
= e
3
2 x
2
3
units right
2
and 1 unit down and dilated by a
1
factor of
parallel to the x-axis.
2
f(x) = ex is translated
b f (x ) = e x 2
x = 0, y = e0 2
=12
= 1
MM12-4
85
y = 0, ex 2 = 0
ex = 2
x = loge(2)
0.69
c f(x) = 2ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e0
=21
=2
No x-intercept.
1 x
e
2
1
x = 0, y =
e0
2
1
=
1
2
1
=
2
No x-intercept.
d y=
e y = 1 ex
Reflection in the x-axis
x = 0, y = 1 e0
=11
=0
MM12-4
86
f y = 2 ex
x = 0, y = 2 e0
=21
=1
y = 0, 2 ex = 0
ex = 2
j y = 1 + ex
Reflected in the y-axis.
x = 0, y = 1 + e0
=1+1
=2
No x-intercept.
x = loge(2)
0.69
g y = ex + 1
x = 0, y = e0 + 1
= e1
= 2.72
No x-intercept.
h y = ex 2
x = 0, y = e0 2
= e2
0.14
No x-intercept.
i y = ex
Reflected in the y-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
=1
No x-intercept.
9 y = e2x + 3
If horizontal asymptote becomes
y = 1 then there has been a
translation of 4 units down.
The answer is D.
10 Horizontal asymptote of y = 2
Either answer B or E.
x = 0, B: y= e0 + 2
=3
E: y = 2e0 + 2
=2+2
=4
The answer is E.
11 a y = 2ex b + B
If horizontal asymptote is
y = 1 then B = 1.
y = 2ex b + 1
(3, 3): 3 = 2e3 b + 1
2e3 b = 2
e3 b = 1
= e0
3b =0
b =3
y = 2ex 3 + 1
b Translated down 1 unit, 3 units
1
left and dilated by a factor of
2
parallel to the y-axis implies:
1
y=
2e(x 3 + 3) + 1 1
2
= ex
d f(x) = loge(x 2) + 1
1 unit up.
e f(x) = loge(x)
Reflection in both the y-axis and
the x-axis.
f f(x) = loge(2x)
Reflection in the x-axis and
1
dilation by a factor of
from the
2
y-axis
g f(x) = 1 loge(x 2)
1 unit up and reflection in the
x-axis.
h f(x) = 2 loge(x + 3)
Translation of 3 units left and 2
units up and reflection in the
x-axis.
i f(x) = 3 loge(x + 4) 1
1 unit down and dilation by a
factor of 3 from the x-axis
j f(x) = 1 loge(x 4)
1 unit up and reflection in the
x-axis.
k f(x) = 2 loge(1 x) + 3
Translation of 1 unit right and
3 units up and dilation by a factor
of 2 from the x-axis and reflection
in the y-axis.
l f(x) = 3 loge(2 x) 1
1 unit down and dilation by a
factor of 3 from the x-axis and
reflection in the y-axis.
2 a f(x) = loge(2x)
y = 0, loge(2x) = 0
2x = e0
2x = 1
1
x=
2
Exercise 4D Logarithmic
graphs to base e
1 a f(x) = 5 loge(2x)
1
from
the x-axis and a factor
2
the y-axis
b f(x) = 2 loge(4x)
1
from
the x-axis and a factor
4
the y-axis
c f(x) = loge(x + 1) 3
Translation of 1 unit left and 3
units down.

b f(x) = loge(3x)

y = 0, loge(3x) = 0
3x = e0
=1
1
x=
3
f f(x) = 3 loge(2x)
y = 0, 3 loge(2x) = 0
loge(2x) = 0
2x = e0
=1
1
x=
2
MM12-4
87
d f(x) = loge(x 2)
x2=0
y = 0, loge(x 2) = 0
x 2 = e0
=1
x =3
c f(x) = 3 loge(x)
y = 0, 3 loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 0
x = e0
=1
3 a f(x) = 1 + loge(x)
y = 0, 1 + loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 1
x = e1
d f(x) = 2 loge(x)
e f(x) = loge(x + 2)
x+2=0
x = 0, y = loge(2)
y = 0, loge(x + 2) = 0
x + 2 = e0
=1
x = 1
y = 0, 2 loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 0
x = e0
=1
b f(x) = 2 + loge(x)
y = 0, 2 + loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 2
x = e2
f f(x) = loge(x + 3)
x+3=0
x = 0, y = loge(3)
y = 0, loge(x + 3) = 0
x + 3 = e0
=1
x = 2

x
e f(x) = 2 loge
3
x
y = 0, 2 loge = 0
3
loge x = 0
3
x
= e0
3
=1
x =3
c f(x) = loge(x 1)
x1=0
y = 0, loge(x 1) = 0
x 1 = e0
=1
x =2
g f(x) = loge(x 3) + 2
x3=0
y = 0, loge(x 3) + 2 = 0
loge(x 3) = 2
x 3 = e2
x = 3 + e2
3.1
MM12-4
88
h f(x) = loge(x 1) + 1
x1=0
y = 0, loge(x 1) + 1 = 0
loge(x 1) = 1
x 1 = e1
x = 1 + e1
1.4
i f(x) = loge(x + 3) 2
x+3=0
x = 0, y = loge(3) 2
0.9
y = 0, loge(x + 3) 2 = 0
loge(x + 3) = 2
x + 3 = e2
x = e2 3
4.4
f(x) = loge(x + 1) 2
x + 1= 0
x = 0, y = loge(1) 2
= 2
y = 0, loge(x + 1) 2 = 0
loge(x + 1) = 2
x + 1 = e2
x = e2 1
6.4
4 a f(x) = loge(x)
y = 0, loge(x) = 0
x = e0
=1
x = 1
Domain is R and range is R

b f(x) = loge(x)
y = 0, loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 0
x = e0
=1

c f(x) = 2 loge(x)
y = 0, 2 loge(x) = 0
loge(x) = 0
x =1
Domain is R+ and range is R

d f(x) = loge(2x)
y = 0, loge(2x) = 0
2x = 1
1
x =
2

e f(x) = 3 loge(2x)
y = 0, 3 loge(2x) = 0
2x = 1
1
x=
2

f f(x) = 2 loge(4x)
y = 0, 2 loge(4x) = 0
loge(4x) = 0
4x = 1
1
x =
4

g f(x) = loge (1 x)
1x=0
x = 0, y = loge(1)
=0

h f(x) = loge(2 x)
2x=0
x = 0, y = loge(2) 0.69
y = 0, loge(2 x) = 0
2x =1
x =1

i f(x) = loge(2 x)
2x=0
x = 0, y = loge(2) 0.69
y = 0, loge(2 x) = 0
2x =1
x =1
Domain (, 2) and range is R.

f(x) = loge(3 x)
3x=0
x = 0, y = loge(3) 1.1
y = 0, loge(3 x) = 0
3x =1
x =2

5 f(x) = ln (x)
a f(x) = ln (x 1)
b f(x) = ln (x) 2
c f(x) = 5 ln (x)
x
d f(x) = ln
3
e f(x) = ln (x)
f f(x) = ln (x)
g f(x) = ln (x + 3)
x
h f(x) = ln + 1
4
i f(x) = 2 ln (x) 3
6 a f(x) = ln (x 1)
x 1 = 0 for vertical asymptote
y = 0, ln (x 1) = 0
x1 =1
x =2

b f(x) = ln (x) 2
y = 0, ln (x) 2 = 0
ln (x) = 2
x = e2 7.39

c f(x) = 5 ln (x)
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote
y = 0, 5 ln (x) = 0
ln (x) = 0
x =1

x
d f(x) = ln
3
x = 0 is the vertical asymptote
x
y = 0, ln = 0
3
x
=1
3
x =3
MM12-4
89
e f(x) = ln (x)
y = 0, ln (x) = 0
x =1

f f(x) = ln (x)
y = 0, ln (x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1

g f(x) = ln (x + 3)
x + 3= 0
x = 0, y = ln (3)
1.1
y = 0, ln (x + 3) = 0
x+3 =1
x = 2

x
h f(x) = ln + 1
4
x
y = 0, ln + 1 = 0
4
x
ln = 1
4
x
= e1
4
x = 4e1 1.47
90
MM12-4
8 f: (, 1]R, f(x) = 3 loge(2 x)

2x=0
x = 0, y = 3 loge(2) 2.08
y = 0, 3 loge(2 x) = 0
2x =1
x =1

i f(x) = 2 ln (x) 3
y = 0, 2 ln (x) 3 = 0
2 ln (x) = 3
3
ln (x) =
2
x= e
3
2
0.22

7 f(x) = 2 loge(3x + 6) 1
= 2 loge3(x + 2) 1
1
x-axis and from the y-axis.
3
Translation of 2 units left and 1 unit
down.
3(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, y = 2 loge(6) 1
2.58
y = 0, 2 loge3(x + 2) 1 = 0
2 loge3(x + 2) = 1
1
loge3(x + 2) =
2
1
3(x + 2) = e 2
x + 2=
1
1 2
e
1 2
e 2
3
1.45
x =
9 y = loge(x) is transformed to
y = 5 loge(2x) by dilations of factor
of 5 from the x-axis and by factor of
1
from the y-axis.
2
The answer is D.
10 y = 3 loge(x 2)
x2=0
y = 0, 3 loge(x 2) = 0
x2 =1
x =3
x-intercept is (3, 0)
The answer is B.
11 f: [0.5, 6]R, f(x) =
a
is
log e ( x)
undefined if x = 1 as loge(1) = 0.
The answer is C.
12 a g(x) = f(x 2)
= a b loge(x 2)
b Domain is x 2 > 0
x>2
Range is R.
g: (2, )R,
g(x) = a b loge(x 2)
c h(x) = 4g(x)
h(x) = 4a 4b loge(x 2)
= 4a + 4b loge(x + 2)
Exercise 4E Finding
equations for graphs of
exponential and logarithmic
functions
1 f(x) = Aex + B
Substitute (0, 3) into f(x):
3 = Ae0 + B
3=A+B 1
Substitute (1, 4) into f(x):
4 = Ae1 + B 2
2 1 1 = Ae A
= A(e 1)
1
A=
0.58
e 1
Substitute A = 0.58 into

3 = 0.58 + B
B = 2.42
f(x) = 0.58ex + 2.42
2 y = ex + b+ B
Substitute (0, 2):
2 = eb + B 1
Substitute (1, 6):
6 = e1 + b + B 2
2 1 4 = e1 + b eb
= eb(e 1)
4
eb =
e 1
b = loge 4 0.84
e 1
Substitute b = 0.84 into 1
2 = e0.84 + B
B = 2 e0.84
= 0.33
f(x) = ex + 0.84 0.33
b = 0.84, B = 0.33
3 y = Aekx
Substitute (1, 4):
4 = Aek 1
Substitute (2, 10):
10 = Ae2k 2
21
10
= Ae2k Aek
4
2.5 = ek
k = loge(2.5)
k = loge(2.5)
= 0.9163
Substitute k = 0.9163 into 1
4 = Ae0.9163
4
A = 0.9163
e
= 1.60
A = 1.60 and k = 0.92.
4 y = A 2x + B
Substitute (1, 3):
3=A2+B 1
Substitute (3, 1):
1 = A 23 + B 2
2 1
4 = A 23 A 2
1
= A 2
8
15
= A
8
8
A = 4
15
32
A =
15
32
Substitute A =
into 1
15
32
+B
3 =2
15
64
=
+B
15
64
B=3
15
19
=
15
5 f(x) = a 2x + b
Since asymptote is y = 1 then b = 1.
f(x) = a 2x + 1
3
Substitute 0, :
2
3
= a 20 + 1
2
=a+1
1
a =
2
1
and b = 1.
Therefore a =
2
1
f(x) =
2x + 1
2
6 y = ex + b + B
y = ex + b + 1
y-intercept is 2
2 = eb + 1
eb = 1 + 2
=3
b = loge(3) 1.1
y = ex + 1.1 + 1
The answer is E.
7 y = ex + b + B
B = 3 since horizontal asymptote is
y=3
y = ex + b + 3
(2, 4): 4 = e2 + b + 3
1 = e2 + b
e0 = e2 + b
0=2+b
b = 2
So B = 3 and b = 2
8 y = Aex + B
B = 1 since horizontal asymptote is
y = 1
y = Aex 1
(0, 3): 3 = Ae0 1
=A1
A =4
So A = 4 and B = 1
9 y = A loge(x + b) + B
b = 2 since vertical asymptote is
x = 2
y = A loge(x + 2) + B
(0, 4): 4 = A loge(2) + B

(2, 6): 6 = A loge(4) + B
21
2 = A loge(4) A loge(2)
= A (loge(4) loge(2))
= 0.693 A
A = 2.885
Substitute A = 2.885 into
4 = 2.885 loge(2) + B
1
2
B = 4 2.885 loge(2)
=42
=2
b = 2.0, A = 2.9 and B = 2.0
y = 2.9 loge(x + 2.0) + 2.0
10 y = A log10(kx)
(1, 1): 1 = A log10(k) 1
(3, 2): 2 = A log10(3k) 2

21
A log10 (3k )
2
=
1
A log10 (k )
2=
log10 (3k )
log10 (k )
2 log10(k)= log10(3k)
= log10(k) + log10(3)
log10(k) = log10(3)
k =3
Substitute k = 3 into 1
1 = A log10(3)
1
A =
log10 (3)
= 2.0959 to 4 decimal places.

A = 2.0959 and k = 3.
11 y = A log2(x + b) + B
b = 2 since the horizontal translation
is 2 units left and B = 3 since the
vertical translation is 3.
y = A log2(x + 2) + 3
(2, 6): 6 = A log2(4) + 3
3 = A log2(4)
3
A =
log 2 (4)
3
2
= 1.5
A = 1.5, b = 2 and B = 3.
Exercise 4F Addition of
ordinates
1 a Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
1
g(x) = x and p(x) = .
x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{0}
Domain f(x) = R R\{0}
= R\{0}
b Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = 3 x and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = R+ {0}
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R+ {0} R
= R+ {0} or
[0, )
c Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
1
g(x) = x2 1 and p(x) =
x
2
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = R [0, )
= [0, )
d Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = x + 2 and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = [2, )
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = [2, ) R
= [2, )
e Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = x2 and p(x) = 3x3
Domain g(x) = R
MM12-4
91
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R R
=R
f Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
1
g(x) = 2x3 and p(x) =
x3
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{3}
= R\{3}
g Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
2
and p(x) = x2
g(x) =
( x + 1)2
Domain g(x) = R\{1}
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = R\{1} R
= R\{1}
h Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 3x and p(x) = 2 1 x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = (, 1]
Domain f(x) = R (, 1]
= (, 1]
i Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
2
g(x) = 3(2 x)2 and p(x) =
3x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = R\{0}
= R\{0}
j Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x), where
g(x) = 2 3 x and
p(x) = 3 ( x + 1)
Domain g(x) = (, 3]
Domain p(x) = [1, )
Domain f(x) = (, 3] [1, )
= [1, 3]
2 Domain g(x) = (, 7]
Domain f(x) = [2, 7]
Maximum domain p(x) = [2, )
and minimum domain p(x) = [2, 7]
The answer is C.
3 a y1 = 2ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e0
=21
=2
y2 = 2ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 2e0
=21
=2
MM12-4
92
y = y1 + y2
When x = 1, y = 2e1 + 2e1
= 6.2
When x = 0, y = 2 + 2
=4
When x = 1, y = 2e + 2e1
= 6.2
b y1 = 3ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e0
=3
y2 = 3ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = 3e0
=3
y = y1 + y2
When x = 1, y = 3e1 + 3e1
= 9.3
When x = 0, y = 3 + 3
=6
When x = 1, y = 3e1 + 3e1
= 9.3
c y1 = ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
=1
y2 = x
x = 0,
y =0
x = 2,
y =2
x = 2,
y = 2
y = y1 + y2
When x = 2, y = e2 2
= 5.4
When x = 0, y = e0 + 0
=1
When x = 2, y = e2 + 2
= 2.1
d y1 = ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
=1
y2 = x
x = 0,
y =0
x = 2,
y = 2
x = 2,
y =2
y = y1 + y2
When x = 2, y = e2 2
= 1.9
When x = 0, y = e0 + 0
=1
When x = 2, y = e2 + 2
= 9.4
e y1 = ex
x-axis.
x = 0, y = e0
=1
y 2 = x2
Parabola: x = 2,
y2 = 4
x = 0,
y2 = 0
x = 2,
y2 = 4
y = y1 + y2
x = 2, y = e2 + (2)2
= 4.1
x = 0, y = e0 + 0
=1
x = 2, y = e2 + 22
= 11.4
f y1 = ex
Horizontal asymptote is x-axis
x = 0, y = e0
=1
y 2 = x2
x = 2, y2 = (2)2
=4
x = 0, y2 = 0
x = 3, y2 = 32
=9
y = y1 + y2
x = 2, y = e2 + 4
= 11.4
y = e0 + 0
=1
x = 3, y = e3 + 9
= 9.0
y = ex + x2
x = 0,
4 a f(x) = 2 loge(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis
y = 0, x = 1
Domain of f(x) is (0, )
g(x) = x
x = 0, y = 0
x = 1, y = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain h(x) is (0, ) R = (0, )
Substituting x = 0.1, x = 1 and
x = 2 respectively into h(x):
h(x) = loge(0.1) + 0.1 2.2
h(x) = loge(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = loge(2) + 2 2.7

b f(x) = 3 loge(x)
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain h(x) = (0, )
h(x) = 3 loge(0.1) + 0.1 6.8
h(x) = 3 loge(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = 3 loge(2) + 2 4.1
c f(x) = loge(x)
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = 2x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 2
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain of h(x) is (0, )
x = 2 into h(x) respectively:
h(x) = loge(0.1) + 2(0.1) 2.1
h(x) = loge(1) + 2(1) = 2
h(x) = loge(2) + 2(2) 4.7

d f(x) = loge(x)
Vertical asymptote is the y-axis
y = 0, x = 1
1
g(x) = x
2
Domain of g(x) is R.
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
x = 2 into h(x) respectively:
1
0.1 2.3
h(x) = loge(0.1) +
2
1
1 = 0.5
h(x) = loge(1) +
2
1
h(x) = loge(2) +
2 1.7
2

e f(x) = loge(x)
loge(x) is reflected in the x-axis.
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Domain of h(x) is (0, ).
h(x) = loge(0.1) + 0.1 2.4

h(x) = loge(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = loge(2) + 2 1.3
Domain is R+ and range is [1, )

since minimum is (1, 1).
f f(x) = 2 loge(x)
logex is reflected in the x-axis.
y = 0, x = 1
g(x) = x
x = 0, g(x) = 0
x = 1, g(x) = 1
Domain of g(x) is R
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
h(x) = 2 loge(0.1) + 0.1 4.7
h(x) = 2 loge(1) + 1 = 1
h(x) = 2 loge(2) + 2 0.6
f(x) =
93
1 2 1 2
e + e = 3.76
2
2
Domain is [2, 2] and range is [1, 3.76]

6 Domain of y1 is (2, 2] and domain
of y2 is (0, )
Dom of y = y1 + y2 is (2, 2] (0, )
= (0, 2]
The answer is E.
7 a
Domain is R+ and range is

(0.6, ) since minimum is (2, 0.6)
1
1
5 f(x) = ex + ex
2
2
1 x
If y1 = e , the
2
horizontal asymptote is the x-axis.
1
x = 0, y = e0
2
1
=
2
1 x
If y2 = e , the horizontal
2
asymptote is the x-axis.
1
x = 0, y = e0
2
1
=
2
Substituting x = 2, x = 0 and x = 2
respectively:
1
1
f(x) = e2 + e2 = 3.76
2
2
1
1
f(x) =
+
=1
2
2
MM12-4
MM12-4
94
10 a Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where

g(x) = x and p(x) = 2 x
Domain g(x) = [0, )
Domain p(x) = (, 2]
Domain f(x) = [0, ) (, 2]
= [0, 2]
11 The 2 graphs need to be confined to

quadrants 1 and 3.
The answer is E.
12 Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where
g(x) = logex and p(x) = x
b Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where

g(x) = 2x and p(x) = x
Domain g(x) = R
Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = R [0, )
= [0, )
8 f(x) = x2
A positive parabola with turning
point (0, 0)
g(x) = 5x + 6
A straight line with x-intercept
Domain g(x) = (0, )

Domain p(x) = [0, )
Domain f(x) = (0, ) [0, )
= (0, )
6
5
and y-intercept 6.
9 f(x) = x3
A positive cubic with stationary
point of inflection (0, 0)
g(x) = x2 1
A positive parabola with turning
point (0, 1)
x-intercepts: 1 and 1
y-intercept: 1
c Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where

g(x) = x 3
and p(x) = x2
Domain g(x) = [3, )
Domain p(x) = R
Domain f(x) = [3, ) R
= [3, )
13 f(x) = 3x 3
g(x) = loge(x)
Domain f(x) = R
Domain g(x) = (0, )
Domain (f + g)(x) = R (0, )
= (0, )
14 a y = x2e2x
d Let f(x) = g(x) + p(x) where

g(x) = x + 5 and p(x) = 5 x
Domain g(x) = [5, )
Domain p(x) = (, 5]
Domain f(x) = [5, ) (, 5]
= [5, 5]
Domain: x R
Range: y = [0, )
Asymptote: x = 0
b y = x2ex
Domain: x R
Range: y = [0, )
Asymptote: x = 0
c y= e
x2
Domain: x = (0, )
1
Range: y = ,
e
x-intercept (1, 0)
Exercise 4G Exponential
and logarithmic functions with
absolute values
1 a y = 3log e x 2 + 3
x-intercepts, y = 0
3 ln|x 2| + 3 = 0
3 ln|x 2| = 3
3 ln|x 2| = 1
3 ln(x 2) = 1
for x > 2
3 ln((x 2)) = 1 for x < 2
x 2 = e 1
or (x 2) = e 1
1
x=2+e
x = 2 e 1
y -intercept, x = 0
y = 3 ln|0 2| + 3
y = 3 ln| 2| + 3
y = 3 ln(2) + 3
Domain: x R
Range: y = [1, )
y-intercept (0,1)
c y = log10 3 x + 1
x-intercepts, y = 0
log10|3 x| + 1 = 0
log10|3 x| = 1
log10| (x 3)| = 1
log10|x 3| = 1
log10(x 3) = 1
for x > 3
log10((x 3)) = 1 for x < 3
x 3 = 101 or
(x 3) = 101
1
x = 3 + 10
or
x = 3 101
y -intercept, x = 0
y = log10 3 0 + 1
y = log10 3 + 1
y = log10 (3) + 1
y = 1.48
2 a y = log e ( x 2)
Domain: x R\{2}
Range: y R
Domain: x = (0, )
1
Range: y = ,
18e
95
Domain: x R\{3}
Range: y R
15 a y = x 2 log e ( x)
Domain: x = (0, )
1
Range: y = ,
2e
x-intercept (1, 0)
b y = x 2 log e (3 x)
MM12-4
b y = log e x + 1 2
x-intercepts, y = 0
ln|x + 1| 2 = 0
ln|x + 1| = 2
ln|x + 1| = 2
ln(x + 1) = 2
for x > 1
ln((x + 1)) = 2
for x < 1
x + 1 = e 2 or
(x + 1) = e 2
x = 1 + e 2 or
x = 1 e 2
x = 0.86 x = 1.14
y intercept, x = 0
y = ln|0 + 1| 2
y = ln|1| 2
y = ln(1) 2
y = 2
(0, 2)
x-intercepts, y = 0
|ln(x 2)| = 0
ln(x 2) = 0
x 2 = e0
x=2+1
x=3
y -intercept, x = 0
y = |ln(0 2)|
y = |ln( 2)| which is not defined
no y-intercept
Domain: x (2, )
Range: y [0, )
b y = log e (1 x) 2
x-intercepts, y = 0
ln(1 x) 2 = 0
ln(1 x) 2 = 0
ln(1 x) = 2
1 x = e 2
1
x-intercept ,0
3
c y = x log e ( x)
x = 1 e 2
x-intercepts, y = 0
y = ln(1 0) 2
y = ln(1) 2
y = 02
y = 2
Domain: x R\{1}
Range: y R
y=2
(0, 2)
MM12-4
96
y= e
40
+4
b y = ex 2 + 4
y = e4 + 4
x-intercepts, y = 0
ex 2 + 4 = 0
ex 2 = 4
ex 2 = 4 or
(ex 2) = 4
x
e =6
ex = 2
x = ln(6)
No solution
y-intercept, x = 0
Domain: x (, 1)
Range: y [0, )
c y = log10 ( x + 3) + 1
x-intercepts, y = 0
log10(x + 3)| + 1 = 0
log10(x + 3)| = 1
This is false no x-intercepts
y-intercept, x = 0
y = |log10(0 + 3)| + 1
y = |log10(3)| + 1
y = log10(03) + 1
y = e0 2 + 4
y = |1 2| + 4
y = 1 | 1| + 4
y = 1 1 + 4
y=3
Domain: x R
Range: y [2, )
x 1
c y = e
+2
x-intercepts, y = 0
x 1
x 1
x 1
=2
+2 =0
= 2
e x 1 = 2 or
e ( x 1) = 2
x 1 = ln(2)
(x 1) = ln(2)
x = ln(2) 1
x = ln(2) 1
y-intercept, x = 0
Domain: x (3, )
Range:y [1, )
y = e
0 1
y = e
+2
+2
y = e1 + 2
Domain: x R
Range: y (, 4]
c y = e x 1 + 2
x-intercepts, y = 0
x 1
3 a y= e
+4
x-intercepts, y = 0
x 1
y = e x 1 + 2
e x 1 + 2 = 0
+4 =0
e x 1 = 2
x 1
e
= 4
Cannot be solved as ea > 0
no x-intercepts
y-intercept, x = 0
y= e
0 1
y= e
No x-intercepts as a 0
y-intercept, x = 0
y = e0 1 + 2
+4
+4
y = e1 + 4
y = |1 1| + 2
y=0+2
y=2
(0, 2)
Domain: x R
Range: y (, 1]
4 a y = |ex 3|
x-intercepts, y = 0
ex 3 = 0
Domain: x R
Range: y [5, )
ex 3 = 0
ex = 3
x = ln(3)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = |e0 3|
y = |1 3|
y = | 2|
y=2
(0, 2)
4 x
b y= e
3
x-intercepts, y = 0
4 x
3 = 0
4 x
=3
e
= 3 or
e (4 x ) = 3
4 x = ln(3)
(4 x) = ln(3)
x = 4 ln(3)
x = 4 + ln(3)
y-intercept, x = 0
Domain: x R
Range: y [2, )
Exercise 4H Exponential
and logarithmic modelling
using graphs
K = 50e0.04t
t = 0, K = 50e0
= 50
The initial population is 50.
b t = 2, K = 50e0.04 2
= 50e0.08
= 54
After 2 years, the population is 54.
1 a
4 x
Domain: x R
Range: y [0, )
t = 10, K = 50e0.04 10
= 50e0.4
= 74.6
The population after 10 years is 75
c
d From the graph when t = 15, K 92

The population is approximately
92 after 15 years.
2 a W = 150 1.08t
t = 0, W = 150 1.080
= 150
The initial population is 150.
b t = 1, W = 150 1.081
= 162
After 1 year the population is 162.
t = 5, W = 150 1.085
= 220
The population after 5 years is 220.
e From the graph when t = 8,

A = 810
After 8 years the student has $810.
4 a E = E0ekt
t = 0, E = E0 = 200
t = 10, E = 200e10k
= 33
e10k = 0.165
10k = loge(0.165)
1
k = loge(0.165)
10
k = 0.18
b E = 200e0.18t
t = 1, E = 200e0.18
= 167
After 1 day there are 167
radioactive nuclei.
t = 5, E = 200e0.18 5
= 200e0.9
= 81
After 5 days there are 81
radioactive nuclei.
c
d The population after 15 years is

approximately 475 from the graph.
e W = 300 when t = 9 from the graph
The population doubles after
9 years.
3 A = A0ert
a A0 = $500, r = 6% = 0.06
b A = 500e0.06t
t = 1, A = 500e0.06
= 530.92
After 1 year, the student had
$530.90
c t = 5, A = 500e0.06 5
= 500e0.3
= 674.93
Interest = 674.95 500
= 174.95
After 5 years the student had
$174.95 interest.
d
d From the graph 50 radioactive

nuclei are left after 7 days.
e No, there would never be no
radioactive nuclei as the graph is
always above E = 0 (a horizontal
asymptote).
f From the graph the half-life
(E = 100) occurs after 4 days.
5 a T T1 = (T0 T1) ekt
T0 = 98
T1 = 18
T 18 = (98 18) ekt
= 80ekt
T = 18 + 80ekt
b t = 5, T = 38
38 = 18 + 80e5k
20 = 80e5k
e5k = 0.25
MM12-4
97
f From the graph after 15 minutes

the temperature is 19C.
g The egg will never reach the
temperature of the water (18C)
since T = 18 is a horizontal
asymptote and T > 18 for all t.
6 a P = A loge(t) + B
t = 1, P = 10 000
10 000 = A loge(1) + B
=B
B = 10 000
t = 5, P = 8000
8000 = A loge(5) + 10 000
2000 = A loge(5)
2000
A=
log e (5)
= 1242.67
b P = 1242.67 loge(t) + 10 000
t = 10,
P = 1242.67 loge(10) + 10 000
= 7138.6
The population after 10 weeks is
7139.
c
P = 3000
3000 = 1242.67 loge(t) + 10 000
7000 = 1242.67 loge(t)
7000
loge(t) =
1242.67
= 5.633
t = e5.633
t = 279.4
The population is 3000 after
279 weeks.
d
5k = loge(0.25)
1
k = loge(0.25)
5
k = 0.277
c T = 18 + 80e0.277t
d T = 25
25 = 18 + 80e0.277t
7 = 80e0.277t
e0.277t = 0.0875
0.277t = loge(0.0875)
1
loge(0.0875)
t =
0.277
= 8.8
It takes approximately 9 minutes
for the temperature to reach 25C.
e From the graph, after 20 weeks the

population is approximately 6300.
7 m = log10(an + b)
(1, 0): 0 = log10(a + b)
a + b = 1 (i)
(4, 1): 1 = log10(4a + b)
4a + b = 10 (ii)
Take (i) from (ii): 3a = 9
a =3
If a = 3, b = 2.
The answer is C.
MM12-4
98
8 a C = 20n
b R(n) = 2000(1 e 0.1n)
R(0) = 2000(1 e0)
= 2000 (1 1)
=0
c R = 2000
Revenues plateau at $2000.
d and e
n
0
20
55
C
0
400
1100
R
0
1729
1992
f
g
h
1329
2 f(x) = 3 log10(2x)
y = 0, 3 log10(2x) = 0
2x = 1
1
x=
2
6 P = P0et
t = 0, P = 120
120 = P0e0
P0 = 120
P = 120et
When t = 20, P = 120e20
892
The graph of R is becoming steeper

and steeper until at some point the
graph becomes less steep. C has
the same gradient all the way. The
maximum turning point of P is
where the gradient of R begins to
decrease.
P and C intersect at some point
before n = 55.
P = 2000(1 e0.1n) 20n.
23 jackets must be sold to
maximise profits. They would have
a profit of $1339.
When profit = 0 or
when revenue = costs.
When 100 jackets were made, the
company would begin to make a
loss.
It is not a reasonable model unless
the jackets were hand made
because not enough jackets are
made before the profits begin to
decrease.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 f(x) = 2(x + 1) 4
x = 0, y = 21 4
= 2
y = 0, 2x + 1 4 = 0
2x + 1 = 4
= 22
x+1 =2
x =1
Domain is R and range is (4, )

3 f(x) = Aex + B
B = 4
f(x) = Aex 4
(0, 1): 1 = Ae0 4
=A4
A =3
f(x) = 3ex 4
4 Choose suitable points in each graph
in which to add ordinates. For
example,
the end points of each graph
the points of intersection of each
graph
any x-intercepts.
7 a g(x) = 2ex + 1 4
Asymptote is at y = 4.
0 = 2ex + 1 4
4
= ex + 1
2
2 = ex + 1
loge(2) = x + 1
x = loge(2) 1
y = 2e1 4
a
b x = 2ey + 1 4
x + 4 = 2ey + 1
x+4
= ey + 1
2
b
5 a f(x) = log10(x2)
= 2 log10(x) if x > 0 or
2 log10 (x) if x < 0.
y = 0, 2 log10(x) = 0
x=1
or
2 log10(x) = 0
x = 1
x = 1
loge x + 4 = y + 1
2
y = g1(x) = loge x + 4 1
2
Domain is (4, )
(Range of g(x))
Range is R
(Domain of g(x))
8 f(x) = x2 + 1
Domain is R
Domain is R+
g(x) = loge(x)
h(x) = x2 + 1 + loge(x) Domain is R+
Range is R
9 y = 2f(3 x) + 5
Dilation by a factor of 2 parallel to
the y-axis, reflection in the y-axis
and translations of 3 units to the
right and 5 units up.
10 a T = 50 1
= 50
E = 400 1
= 400
There were 50 tigers and 400
elephants on January 1, 2006.
b April 1 2007, t = 15
T = 50 20.4 15
= 50 26
= 50 64
= 3200
E = 400 4 0.1 15
= 400 41.5
= 50
There is a higher population of
tigers on 1 April 2007.
c T(t) = E(t)
50 20.4t = 400 40.1t
20.4t = 8 40.1t
20.4t = 8 (22)0.1t
= 23 (22)0.1t
= 23 0.2t
0.4t = 3 0.2t
0.6t = 3
3
t=
0.6
=5
t = 5 on 1 June 2006.
d E(t) = 400 40.1t
25 = 400 40.1t
25
= 40.1t
400
1
= 40.1t
16
42 = 40.1t
2 = 0.1t
t = 20
t = 20 on 1 September 2007.
11 y = log e ( x + 3)
x-intercepts, y = 0
log e ( x + 3) = 0
log e ( x + 3) = 0
x + 3 = e0
x=13
x = 2
y-intercept, x = 0
y = log e (0 + 3)
y = log e (3)
y = log e (3)
Domain: x (3, )
Range: y (, 0]
12 f : D R, f ( x) = 2log e x + 3 + 1
a As there is an asymptote at
x = 3, therefore the maximal
domain is:
R\{3}
1
2
x = 3 + e
or (x + 3) = e
1
2
or x = 3 e
1
1
3 + e 2 , 0 , 3 e 2 , 0
y-intercept, x = 0
f(0) = 2loge(|0 + 3|) + 1
= 2loge(3) + 1
(0, 2 loge(3) + 1)
99
7 f(x) = 2ex + 1
The graph of f(x) = ex is translated
1 unit left and dilated by a factor of
2 parallel to the y-axis.
The answer is C.
8 The graph has horizontal asymptote
y = 2 and y-intercept 1.
The answer is B.
b x-intercepts, y = 0
2loge(|x + 3|) + 1 = 0
1
loge(|x + 3|) =
2
1
loge(x + 3) = or
2
1
log((x + 3)) =
2
x+3= e
MM12-4
1
2
1
2
9 For horizontal asymptote y = 2

A or E are the only possibilities.
y-intercept is 1.
A: x = 0, y = e0 + 2
= 3 No.
E: y = 2 e0
=21
= 1 Yes.
The answer is E.
10 f(x) = 3 loge(x 2) + 1 has vertical
asymptote: x 2 = 0
x = 2.
The answer is D.
11 f:[1, ) R, f(x) = 3 loge(x + 2)
Domain is [1, )
x = 1, f(x) = 3 loge(1)
=0
Range is [0, )
The answer is D.
12 f(x) = loge(x + 1)
2f(x) + 3 = 2 loge (x + 1) + 3
x = 0, y = 2 loge(1) + 3
=0+3
=3
The answer is D.
Multiple choice
1 f(x) = 2x 1
The answer is D.
2 f(x) = 3 10x + 1
Domain is R.
Range is (1, ).
The answer is B.
3 f(x) = 1 2x
x = 0, y = 1 20
=11
=0
The answer is A.
4 New rule for f(x) is:
log10(x 1 + 1) + 2
= log10(x) + 2
The answer is C.
5 f(x) = log2(x + 1)
Domain is (1, )
The answer is C.
6 f(x) = log10(x 2) + 1
x = 4, f(x) = log10(2) + 1
1.3
The answer is D.
13 y = Aex + B
B = 1.
y = Aex 1
(0, 3): 3 = Ae0 1
=A1
A=4
The answer is C.
14 f(x) = loge(x + 2) + 1
f(1) = loge(3) + 1
2.10
f(0) = loge(2) + 1
1.69
The answer is A.
15 Domain of {f(x) + g(x)} is
dom f(x) dom g(x)
The answer is B.
16 f(x) = g(x) + p(x)
dom g(x) = (, 5]
dom p(x) = (2, )
Domain of f(x) = dom g(x) dom p(x)
= (, 5] (2, )
= (2, 5]
The answer is A.
MM12-4
17 y =
100
x+4 +
f(x) = 5 2x 5 2x + 5 2y = (x + y)(5 2xy)

10 2x 2y 5x 2x2y + 5y 2xy2
LHS RHS
4 x
let g(x) = x + 4
dom g(x) = (4, )
f(x) =
let p(x) = 4 x
dom p(x) = (, 4)
Domain of y is (4, 4)
when x = 4, y = 0 +
1
1 1
1
+ = (x + y)
x y
x
xy
x+ y
x+ y
=
xy
xy
=2 2
C.
when x = 0, y = 4 + 4
=4
when x = 4, y = 8 + 0
23
=2 2
The answer is B.
18 u = u0ekt
t = 0, u = 1000
1000 = u0e0
u0 = 1000
u = 1000ekt
t = 100, u = 907
907 = 1000e100k
0.907 = e100k
100k = loge(0.907)
1
k =
loge(0.907)
100
= 0.000 976
The answer is B.
LHS = RHS
= ex
= ex + y
= f(x) + f(y)
ex + ey
RHS
= f(x) f(y)
= ex ey
= ex + y
LHS = RHS.
B.
f(x)
f(x + y)
f(x + y)
ex +y
LHS
f(x + y)
ex+y
Extended response
1 f(x) = 2ex 1 + 1
x = 0, y = 2e1 + 1
1.74
19 g(x) = loge|x b|
Maximal domain = R\{b} as there is an asymptote at x = b.
B.
20 f(x) = loge(|x 3|) + 6
Maximal domain = R\{3} as there is an asymptote at x = 3
A.
f ( x) + f ( y )
x+ y
21 f
=
2
2
log e x + log e y
x+ y
log e

2
2
LHS RHS
1 1
+
1
1
x y
f(x) =
=
x
2
x+ y
2
y+x
=
xy
x+ y
2
2
x+ y
x+ y
2 xy
f(x) = loge|x|

2 f(x) = 1 loge(2 x)
Vertical asymptote is: 2 x = 0
x =2
x = 0, y = 1 loge(2) 0.31
y = 0, 1 loge(2 k) = 0
loge(2 x) = 1
2 x = e1
x=2e
0.72
LHS RHS
f(x) = 2x 2
x+ y
2
LHS
x+ y
f(x) = 2x 2
2
x+y
LHS
D.
2x + 2 y
2
RHS
2x + 2 y
=
2
=x+y
= RHS
22 f(x) + f(y) = (x + y) f(xy)

f(x) = 2x 2x + 2y = (x + y) 2xy
2x + 2y 2x2y + 2xy2
LHS RHS

3 y1 = log10(2x)
y = 0, log10(2x) = 0
2x = 1
1
x =
2
Domain of y1 is (0, )
y2 = log10(x)
y = 0, log10(x) = 0
x =1
Domain of y2 is (0, )
f(x) = y1 + y2
When x = 0.1,
f(x) = log10(0.2) + log10(0.1)
= 1.70
x = 1, f(x) = log10(2) + log10(1)
= 0.30
x = 4, f(x) = log10(8) + log10(4)
= 1.51

4 a N = 10 000e0.04t
t = 0, N = 10 000e0
= 10 000
The initial number is 10 000.
b t = 10, N = 10 000e0.4
= 14 918.2
The number of bacteria after 10 hours is approximately
15 000.
5 y = 4 |ex 1|
x-intercepts, y = 0
4 |ex 1| = 0
ex 1 = 4 or (ex 1) = 4
ex = 3
ex = 5
x = ln(5)
No solution
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 4 |e0 1|
y = 4 |1 1|
y = 4 |0|
y=4
MM12-4
101
c Let y = 1 ex
Interchange x and y.
x = 1 ey
x 1 = ey
1 x = ey
loge(1 x ) = y
y = loge(1 x )
h1:[0, 1 e2] R, where h1(x) = loge(1 x).
7 f(x) = loge(5 x) + 1
a x-intercepts, y = 0 y-intercept, x = 0
loge(5 x) + 1 = 0
f(x) = loge(5 0) + 1
= loge(5) + 1
(0, loge(5) + 1)
loge(5 x) = 1
5 x = e1
x = 5 e1
(5 e1 , 0)
b Let y = loge(5 x) + 1
Interchange x and y to find inverse function
x = loge(5 y) + 1
x 1 = loge(5 y)
ex 1 = 5 y
y = 5 ex 1
f 1(x) = 5 ex 1
8 a Kerri first invests $5000.
A = A0ekt
t = 0, A = A0e0
= A0
= 5000
A = 5000ert
r = 0.05
A = 5000e0.05t
b t = 1, A = 5000e0.05
= 5256.35
After 1 year Kerri has $5256.35.
c t = 5, A = 5000e0.05 5
= 5000e0.25
= 6420.3
After 5 years Kerri has $6420.15.
4t
Domain: x R
Range: y (, 4]
6 f : R R, f(x) = a + bex
a a =1 because it is where the horizontal asymptote cuts
the y-axis.
(0, 0) satisfies the equation, so
0 = 1 + be0
b = 1
b h:[0, 2] R, h(x) = 1 ex .
h(0) = 1 e0 h(2) = 1 e2
=11
=0
Range: y [0, 1 e2]
0.05
d A = 5000 1 +
= 5000(1.0125)4t
t = 5, A = 5000(1.0125)20
= 6410.20
After 5 years Kerri has $6410.20.
e
A = 10 000
10 000 = 5000(1.0125)4t
2 = 1.01254t
loge(2) = loge(1.0125)4t
= 4t loge(1.0125)
log e (2)
4t =
log e (1.0125)
t =
log e (2)
4log e (1.0125)
= 13.95
It takes 13.95 years to double the investment.
MM12-4
102
f The first investment is better since the interest is

compounded continuously.
g After 5 years the difference is
6420.15 6410.20 = $9.95
h Continuous interest:
t = 50, A = 10 000e0.05 5
= 5000e0.25
= 12 840.25
Quarterly interest:
t = 5, A = 10 000(1.0125)20
= 12 820.35
The difference after 10 years is
$2840.25 12820.35 = $19.90
9 a Using coordinates of the bridge, (5.5, 5):
5 = 2 log10(11 a) + 3
53
log10(11 a) =
2
log10(11 a) = 1
10 = 11 a
a =1
b y = 2 log10(2x 1) + 3
x-intercept:
2 log10(2x 1) + 3 = 0
2 log10(2x 1) = 3
log10(2x 1) = 1.5
2x 1 = 101.5
2x = 1 + 101.5
(1 + 101.5 )
x =
2
0.516
The x-coordinate where the road begins is approximately
0.52. From the vertical axis it is
0.516 km or 516 metres.
c Shortest distance is 516 500 = 16 metres.
d It is in line with the ship when
x = 1.5
y = 2 log10(2 1.5 1) + 3
= 2 log10(2) + 3
3.6
The road is 3.6 kilometres from the main highway when
it is in line with the ship.
10 a P = aebx
b is between 0.1 and 0.2.
When x = 0, P = 101.3
101.3 = aeb 0
= ae0
=a
P = 101.3ebx
When x = 1, P = 89.4.
89.4 = 101.3eb 1
= 101.3eb
89.4
eb =
101.3
b = loge 89.4
101.3
= 0.125
P = 101.3e0.125x
b Height of Mount Kosciuszko is 2.228 km
P = 101.3e0.125 2.228
= 76.7 kPa.
11 a f(x) = e2x bex + c

Horizontal asymptote at y = 6, so c = 6.
f(x) = e2x bex + 6
y-intercept is 2.
2 = e0 be0 + 6
2=1b+6
b=12+6
=5
b f(x) = e2x 5ex + 6
Let ex = a
f(x) = a2 5a + 6
= (a 2)(a 3)
0 = (a 2)(a 3)
a =2
or
a=3
or
ex = 3
ex = 2
loge(3)
x = loge(2) or
c From the CAS calculator, the turning point is
(0.92, 0.25)
d e2x 5ex + 6 = 6
e2x 5ex = 0
ex(ex 5) = 0
x
e = 0 or ex = 5
x = loge5
Point of intersection (loge5, 6).
e g(x) = f(x)
= e2x + 5ex 6
g: R R, g(x) = e2x + 5ex 6
f h(x) = f(x)
= e2x 5ex + 6
h: R R, h(x) = e2x 5ex + 6
g k(x) = f(x)
= e2x + 5ex 6
Domain of k(x) is R, range is (, 0.25)
k: R R, k(x) = e2x + 5ex 6
h f (2 x) + 1
f(x) = e2x 5ex + 6
f(2 x) = e2(2 x) 5e2 x + 6
= e4 2x 5e2 x + 6
f (2 x) + 1 = e4 2x 5e2 x + 7
From the CAS calculator, the turning point is
(1.08, 0.75) (This can also be obtained by applying the
appropriate transformations to the turning point obtained
in part c, that is, reflect in y-axis, translate 2 units right,
then 1 unit up.)
Domain is R and the range is (0.75, )
Inverse functions
MM12-5
103
Chapter 5 Inverse functions

Exercise 5A Relations and
their inverses
f
1 a
Domain = {0, 1, 3}
Range = {1, 2, 5}
b
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
Domain = R
Range = R
k
Domain = R
Range = [4, )
Domain = R
Range = {2}
g
l
Domain = {8, 5, 2, 1}
Range = {1, 1, 2, 7}
c
Domain = R
Range = [1, )
Domain = {4}
Range = R
h
m
Domain = R
Range = R
d
Domain = R
Range = [0, )
i
Domain = R
Range = R
2 a (0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (3, 5)
The inverse is
(1, 0), (2, 1), (2, 3), (5, 3)
Domain = R
Range = R
e
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [2, 2]
Domain = {1, 2, 5}
Range = {0, 1, 3}
b {(8, 7), (5, 2), (2, 1),
(1, 1)}
The inverse is
{(7, 8), (2, 5), (1, 2),
(1, 1)}
MM12-5
104
Inverse functions
f y = x2 + 4x
The inverse is
x = y2 + 4y
x = (y + 2)2 4
(y + 2)2 = x + 4
y+2 = x+4
y = 2 x + 4
xy = 3
3
y =
x
Domain = {1, 1, 2, 7}
Range = {8, 5, 2, 1}
c y=x
The inverse is
x =y
y=x
Domain = [4, )
Range = R
g y = x2 1
The inverse is
x = y2 1
x + 1 = y2
y = x +1
Domain = R
Range = R
d y = 2x 5
The inverse is
x = 2y 5
x + 5 = 2y
x+5
y =
2
1
5
y = x+
2
2
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [2, 2]
3
j y=
x
The inverse is
3
x =
y
Domain = [1, )
Range = R
h y = (x + 1)2
The inverse is
x = (y + 1)2
y+1= x
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
k y=2
The inverse is
x=2
Domain = {2}
Range = R
l x = 4
The inverse is
y = 4
y = 1 x
Domain = R
Range = R
e 2x + 4y = 8
The inverse is
2y + 4x = 8
y = 2x + 4
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = [0, )
Range = R
i x2 + y2 = 4
The inverse is
x2 + y2 = 4
Domain = R
Range = {4}
m y = 2x3
The inverse is
x = 2y3
x
y3 =
2
y =
x
2
Inverse functions
Domain = R
Range = R
3 {(0, 1), (1, 2), (3, 3)}
Inverse is
{(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
The answer is A.
4 To find the inverse, swap x and y.
x-intercepts of relation = y-intercepts
of inverse
The answer is C.
5 a
MM12-5
105
n
b
o
c
Exercise 5B Functions and

their inverses
1 a
e
MM12-5
106
Inverse functions
Domain = R
Range = [9, )
c
Domain = R
Range = [0, )
2 a
Domain = {4, 2, 0, 2, 3}
Range = {2, 0, 1, 4, 6}
b
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
g
Domain = R
Range = R
f
Domain = R
Range = [16, )
h
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = R
Inverse functions
Domain = R
Range = R+
Domain = R
Range = R
c f(x) = 5 2x
The inverse is
x = 5 2y
2y = x 5
2y = 5 x
5 x
y =
2
1
1
y = x+2
2
2
MM12-5
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
g f(x) = x2 + 8x
The inverse is
x = y2 + 8y
x = y2 + 8y + 16 16
x = (y + 4)2 16
x + 16 = (y + 4)2
y + 4 = x + 16
Domain = R+
Range = R
k
y = 4 x + 16
Domain = R
Range = R
d f(x) = x2 9
The inverse is
x = y2 9
y2 = x + 9
y = x+9
The inverse is y = x + 9
Domain = [16, )
Range = R
x3
2
The inverse is
h f(x) =
Domain = [2, 2]
Range = [0, 2]
3 a
y3
2
2x = y3
x =
Domain = [9, )
Range = R
e f(x) = (x + 2)2
The inverse is
x = (y + 2)2
y+2= x
y =
2x
f (x) =
2x
y = 2 x
{(2, 4), (0, 2)(1, 0)(4, 2) (6, 3)}

Domain = {2, 0, 1, 4, 6}
Range = {4, 2, 0, 2, 3}
b 3x + 4y = 12
The inverse is
3y + 4x = 12 or 4x + 3y = 12
107
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain [0, )
Range R
4
f f(x) =
x
The inverse is
4
x=
y
y=
4
x
i f(x) = 2ex
The inverse is
x = 2ey
x
= ey
2
x
y = log e
2
x
f 1(x) = log e
2
MM12-5
108
Inverse functions
bi
Domain = R+
Range = R
j f(x) = loge (2x)
The inverse is
x = loge(2y)
ex = 2y
1
y = ex
2
1
f1(x) = e x
2
ii
iii
k f(x) =
4 x2
x =
4 y2
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= R
= R+
= R+
= R
ci
ii
Domain = R
Range = R+
f i
iii
ii
iii
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= (1, )
=R
=R
= (1, )
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
=R
=R
=R
=R
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
=R
= [1, )
= [1, )
=R
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= [5, 5]
= [5, 0]
= [5, 0]
= [5, 5]
gi
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
=R
= [4, ]
= [4, )
=R
d i
ii
iii
hi
x2 = 4 y
y2 = 4 x2
y = 4 x2
ii
iii
Domain [0, 2]
Range [2, 2]
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
=R
= R+
= R+
=R
ei
ii
iii
i i
4 ai
ii
iii
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
=R
=R
=R
=R
ii
iii
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= [3, 3]
= [0, 3]
= [0, 3]
= [3, 3]
ii
iii
Inverse functions
9 a f(x) = (x 2)2 3
domain [2, ), range [3, )
x = (y 2)2 3
x + 3 = (y 2)2
y 2 = x+3
j i
y = 2 x+3
f 1: [3, ) R,
where f 1(x) = 2 x + 3
ii
iii
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= [2, 6]
= [2, 0]
= [2, 0]
= [2, 6]
ki
b y = 3ex 1 + 2 domain R, range (2, )

x = 3ey 1 + 2
x2
= ey 1
3
x 2
log e
=y1
3
x 2
y = 1 + log e
3
1
f : (2, ) R,
x 2
f 1 = 1 + log e
Exercise 5C Inverse
functions
ii
iii
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= (3, )
=R
=R
= (3, )
Domain
Range
Domain
Range
= [2, 3)
= [0, 4)
= [0, 4)
= [2, 3)
1 a f(x) = 4x + 1
i f(x) is a straight line, so it is a
one-to-one function. Its inverse
is also a function.
ii
iii
5 Range of f(x) = (, 0)
The answer is D.
6 Domain of the inverse = (, 0)
The answer is A.
7 Range of the inverse = (0, )
The answer is E.
8 f (x) = x
The inverse has the rule
x = y
x =
y = (x)2
y = x2
Function f(x) has
Domain = R+
Range = R
Hence the inverse function has
Domain = R
Range = R+
The answer is B.
109
1
x
6
From the CAS calculator, the
point of intersection is (0, 0)
6x =
iv
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = R
c f(x) = 5
i f(x) is a horizontal line, so it is
not a one-to-one function.
f 1(x) does not exist.
d f(x) = x2 + 2
i f(x) is a parabola. It is not a oneto-one function as a horizontal
line cuts the parabola twice.
e f(x) = (x 3)2
i f(x) is a parabola. It is not a oneto-one function as a horizontal
line cuts the parabola twice.
f f(x) = (x + 1)3
i f(x) is a cubic graph with a point
of inflection at (1, 0). It is a
one-to-one function so its
inverse is also a function.
ii
l i
ii
iii
MM12-5
iii
iv
v
1
1
x
4
4
point of intersection is
1 1

3 3
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = R
4x + 1 =
b f(x) = 6x
i f(x) is a straight line, so it is a
one-to-one function. Its inverse
is also a function.
ii
iii
(x + 1)3 = 3 x 1
point of intersection is
(2.3, 2.3).
iv
Domain = R
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = R
2
x
A hyperbola is a one-to-one
function, so its inverse is also a
function.
g f(x) =
i
ii
MM12-5
iii
iv
v
110
Inverse functions
There is no point of intersection.

Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
Domain = R\{0}
Range = R\{0}
b f(x) =
1
2
x2
h f(x) = 16 x 2
i f(x) is a semicircle [4, 4] and is not a one-to-one
function, so its inverse is not a function.
i f(x) = x2 6x + 3
i f(x) is a parabola and is not a one-to-one function, so its
inverse is not a function.
4x
j f(x) = e 2
i f(x) is an exponential graph that is a one-to-one
function. Its inverse exists as a function.
ii
The graph shows that f(x) is not one-to-one, so f 1(x) does

not exist.
c f(x) is a parabola reflected in the x-axis and translated 5
units up. It is not a one-to one function and so f 1(x) does
not exist.
d f(x) = (x 1)2 is a parabola. Not one-to-one, so f 1(x) does
not exist.
x3
is a cubic. One-to-one, so f 1(x) exists.
2
y3
The inverse is x =
2
2x = y3
y = 3 2x
e f(x) =
f1(x) =
iii
iv
v
1
log e ( x + 2)
4
From the CAS calculator, the point of intersections are
(0.2, 0.2) and (1.99, 1.99)
Domain = R
Range = (2, )
Domain = (2, )
Range = R
e4x 2 =
k f(x) = 2loge(x 1)
i f(x) is a logarithmic graph that is a one-to-one function.
Its inverse exists as a function.
ii
iii
iv
v
2log e ( x 1) = e 2 + 1
There are no points of intersection.
Domain = (1, )
Range = R
Domain = R
Range = (1, )
2 a f(x) = 4x is a straight line. It is one-to-one, so f1(x) exists.

f(x) = 4x
Its inverse is
x = 4y
x
y=
4
x
f 1(x) =
4
2x
f f(x) = x + 10x 3 is a parabola. Not one-to-one, so f 1(x)

does not exist.
2
g f(x) =
x 2 is one-to-one, so f 1(x) exists.
The inverse is x =
y2
x =y2
y = x2 + 2
1
f (x) = x2 + 2, x [0, )
h f(x) = 16 x 2
Semicircle. Not one-to-one, so f 1(x) does not exist.
i f(x) = 2ex + 1
Exponential function. One-to-one, so f 1(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 2ey + 1
x 1
= ey
2
x 1
y = log e
2
x 1
f 1(x) = log e
,x>1
2
j f(x) = 5 ex 2
Exponential function, reflected in the x-axis and translated
2 units to the right and 5 units up.
Hence one-to-one, so f 1(x) exists
The inverse is x = 5 ey 2
ey 2 = 5 x
y 2 = loge(5 x)
y = loge(5 x) + 2
f 1(x) = loge(5 x) + 2, x < 5
k f(x) = 3ex 2
Exponential function, so one-to-one, so f 1(x) exists.
The inverse is x = 3ey 2
x+2
= e y
3
x + 2
y = log e
3
x + 2
f 1(x) = log e
, x > 2
3
Inverse functions
l f(x) = log e(3x)

Logarithmic function. So one-to-one, so f 1(x) exists.
The inverse is x = loge(3y)
ex = 3y
1
f 1(x) = e x , x R
3
m f(x) = 2loge(x 4)
The inverse is x = 2 loge(y 4)
x
= loge(y 4)
2
x
y 4 = e2
x
e2
f 1(x) =
+ 4, x R
n f(x) = 1 + 2loge(x)
The inverse is:
x = 1 + 2 loge(y)
x 1
= loge(y)
2
x 1
f 1(x) = e 2 , x R
o f(x) = 3 loge(2x + 3)
Logarithmic function. So one-to-one, so f1(x) exists.
The inverse is
x = 3 loge(2y + 3)
x + 3 = loge(2y + 3)
2y + 3 = e(x + 3)
2y = ex + 3 3
e3 x 3
f 1(x) =
,xR
2
3
Function
Domain
Range
dom f = ran f
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
R
[1, )
[3, 3]
R
R
R
[5, 5]
R+
ran f = dom f
Inverse of function
Domain
Range
1
dom f
= ran f ran f
R
R
R
R
[0, 3]
R+
[10, )
(0, )
[0, 8]
R
[0, 3]
R+
[10, )
(0, )
[0, 8]
R
= dom f
R
[1, )
[3, 3]
R
R
MM12-5
111
Domain restricted to (3, )

The answer is C.
b Domain restricted to [0, 3)
The answer is D.
6 The graph of the function f(x) = x2 + 1 is as follows:
It is not a one-to-one function but could be made one-to-one
by splitting the domain into either R+ {0} or R {0}, the
right and left arms of the parabola respectively.
a The answer is D.
b The positive set above is R+ {0} and so [0, ) satisfies.
The answer is C.
7 a Select either the right half of the parabola or the left half.
These will both form one-to-one functions, So f 1 exists.
The largest domain is (, 0] or [0, ).
b Right half of parabola has domain [3, ]. Left half has
domain (, 3]. Solution [3, ).
c Divide the graph into three sections with vertical lines
through x = 3 and x = 1. Each section is one-to-one,
therefore has an inverse function f 1.
The largest domain is [1, ).
d The function is one-to-one, with domain (0, ). So f 1
exists over the whole domain (0, ), or R+.
e The function is one-to-one, with domain R. So f 1 exists
over the entire domain R.
f The function can be split into two one-to-one functions
each with an inverse. So f 1 exists over the domains
[9, 0] or [0, 9].
g The function can be split into two one-to-one functions by
a vertical line through x = 5. So f 1 exists over the
domains [1, 5] or [5, 9].
h The y-axis divides f(x) into two one-to-one functions. So
f 1 exists over (, 0) or (0, ).
i The vertical line x = 5 divides f(x) into two one-to-one
functions, so f 1 exists over the domain (, 5) or (5, ).
Exercise 5D Restricting functions

1 a
R
[5, 5]
R+
4 a The function can be divided into two one-to-one functions

over the domains (, 2] and [2, ). Any one-to-one
function would need its domain to be contained in one of
these.
The answer is B.
b Using the above logic, the answer is (, 2] or [2, )
The answer is E.
2
+1
5 a f(x) =
( x 3) 2
f is one-to-one over (, 0] and [0, ). Largest possible

domain for f 1 to exist is (, 0] or [0, ).
b
f is one-to-one over (, 0] and [0, ). The largest

possible domain for f 1 to exist is (, 0] or [0, ).
MM12-5
112
Inverse functions
f is one-to-one over (, 3] and [3, ). The largest

possible domain for f 1 to exist is [3, ).
f is one-to-one over [1, 0] and [0, 1]. The largest

possible domain for f 1 to exist is [1, 0] or [0, 1].
i
f is one-to-one over (, 0) and (0, ). The largest

possible domain for f 1 to exist is (, 0) or (0, ).
e
f is one-to-one over its domain [4, ). Hence the inverse

f 1 exists over its entire domain [4, ).
j f(x) = x2 2x + 5
= (x 1)2 + 4

possible domain for f 1 to exist is (, 4) or (4, ).
f
f is one-to-one over (, 1] and [1, ). Hence the largest

domain for the inverse f 1 to exist is (, 1].
k

possible domain for f 1 to exist is R\{2}.
g
f is one-to-one over its entire domain. Hence f 1 exists

over R.
l
f is one-to-one over [5, 0] and [0, 5]. The largest

possible domain for f 1 to exist is [5, 0] or [0, 5].
f is one-to-one over its entire domain. Hence f 1 exists

over (5, ).
Inverse functions
2 a Choose f(x) to have domain [0, ).

Range of f(x) = [3, )
dom f 1 = [3, )
ran f 1 = [0, )
y = x2 + 3
Rule for f 1:
x = y2 + 3
y = x 3
As ran f 1 = [0, ), we choose the positive square root.
f 1(x) = x 3
Hence f 1: [3, ) R, f 1(x) = x 3

b Choose f(x) to have domain [0, ).
dom f 1 = [1, )
ran f 1 = [0, )
y = 3x2 1
Rule for f 1:
x = 3y2 1
x +1
y2 =
3
x +1
3
As ran f 1 = [0, ), choose the positive square root.
x +1
f 1(x) =
3
y=
Hence f 1: [1, ) R, f 1(x) =
x +1
3
c f(x) has a domain [3, ).

dom f 1 = [2, )
ran f 1 = [3, )
y = (x + 3)2 2
Rule for f 1:
x = (y + 3)2 2
y+3 = x+2
y = 3 x + 2
As ran f 1 = [3, ), we choose the positive square root.
f 1(x) = 3 + x + 2
Hence f 1: [2, )R, f 1(x) = 3 + x + 2
d Choose f(x) to have domain (0, ).
Ran f = (3, )
dom f 1 = (3, )
ran f 1 = (0, )
1
y = 2 3
x
Rule for f 1:
1
x = 2 3
y
x+3=
1
y2
1
x+3
As ran f 1 = (0, ), choose the positive square root.
1
f 1(x) =
x+3
1
Hence f 1: (3, ) R, f 1(x) =
x+3
e Choose f(x) to have domain (4, ).
Ran f = (1, )
dom f 1 = (1, )
ran f 1 = (4, )
y=
MM12-5
113
1
+1
( x 4)2
Rule for f 1:
1
+1
x=
( y 4) 2
y=
x1 =
1
( y 4) 2
1
x 1
1
y4 =
x 1
1
y = 4
x 1
As ran f 1 = (4, ), choose the positive square root.
1
f 1(x) = 4 +
x 1
1
Hence f 1: (1, ) R, f 1(x) = 4 +
x 1
f f(x) has a domain R\{2}.
dom f 1 = R\{0}
ran f 1 = R\{2}
1
f(x) =
: find f 1(x)
x2
1
x=
y2
(y 4)2 =
1
x
1
y = +2
x
1
1
f (x) = + 2
x
y2=
1
+2
x
g Choose f(x) to have domain [0, 5].
Ran f = [5, 0]
dom f 1 = [5, 0]
ran f 1 = [0, 5]
Hence f 1: R\{0} R, f 1(x) =
f(x) = 25 x 2 : find f 1(x)

x = 25 y 2
x2 = 25 y2
y2 = 25 x2
y = 25 x 2
As ran f 1 = [0, 5], choose the positive square root.
f 1(x) =
25 x 2
Hence f 1: [5, 0] R, f 1(x) = 25 x 2

h Choose f(x) to have domain [0, 1].
Ran f = [0, 1]
dom f 1 = [0, 1]
ran f 1 = [0, 1]
f(x) =
x=
1 x 2 : find f 1(x)
1 y2
x = 1 y2
y2 = 1 x2
y = 1 x2
As ran f 1 = [0, 1], choose the positive square root.
f 1(x) =
1 x2
Hence f 1: [0, 1] R, f 1(x) =
1 x2
MM12-5
114
Inverse functions
i dom f = [4, )
ran f = [0, )
dom f 1 = [0, )
ran f 1 = [4, )
f(x) = x 4: find f 1(x)
x=
y= x
1
f (x) = x
dom f = [0, ), then ran f 1 = [0, ) so we take the
positive square root. Hence f 1(x) = x , x [0, )
The answer is C.
y4
x2 = y 4
y = x2 + 4
f 1(x) = x2 + 4
Hence f 1: [0, ) R, f 1(x) = x2 + 4
j f(x) = x2 2x + 5
= (x 1)2 + 4
Choose dom f = [1, )
Ran f = [4, )
dom f 1 = [4, )
ran f 1 = [1, )
f(x) = (x 1)2 + 4: find f 1(x)
x = (y 1)2 + 4
(y 1)2 = x 4
y 1 = x4
y = 1 x 4
As ran f 1 = [1, ), choose the positive square root.
f 1(x) = 1 + x 4
c From solution for b above, [0, ].

The answer is D.
d Intersect at f(x) = f 1(x)
x2 = x
x4 = x
4
x x =0
x(x3 1) = 0
x = 0 or 1.
x = 0 f(x) = 0 (0, 0)
x = 1 f(x) = 1 (1, 1)
The answer is A.
4 a
Hence f 1: [4, ) R, f 1(x) = 1 + x 4

dom f = R
ran f = (0, )
dom f 1 = (0, )
ran f 1 = R
f(x) = ex + 2: find f 1(x)
x = ey + 2
y + 2 = loge(x)
y = loge(x) 2
f1(x) = log e(x) 2
Hence f 1: (0, ) R, f 1(x) = loge(x) 2
l
dom f = (5, )
ran f = R
dom f 1 = R
ran f 1 = (5, )
f(x) = 2 loge(x 5): find f 1(x)
x = 2 loge(y 5)
k
y 5 = e2
x
y = 5 + e2
x
f 1(x) = 5 + e 2
x
Hence f 1: R R, f 1(x) = 5 + e 2
3 a
A function and its inverse can only intersect on the line

y = x.
The answer is B.
b Domain of function [0, )
f(x) = x2: find rule for f 1(x).
x = y2
Inverse functions
MM12-5
115
dom f 1 = [3, )
Hence f 1: [3, ) R, f 1(x) = (x 3)2 + 1
6 a f(x) = (x 4)2 5
Graph is one-to-one over [2, 4] and so a = 4.

b dom f = [2, 4]
x = 2 f(x) = 31
x = 4 f(x) = 5
ran f = [5, 31]
Hence
dom f 1 = [5, 31],
ran f = [2, 4]
f(x) = (x 4)2 5: find f 1(x)
x = (y 4)2 5
x + 5 = (y 4)2
y 4= x+5
y = 4 x+5
As ran f 1 = [2, 4] we take the negative square root.
y = 4 x+5
Hence f 1: [5, 31] R,
f 1(x) = 4 x + 5
7 a
h
5 a f(x) = 3 + x 1
Graph of f(x) =
up.
x , translated 1 unit right and 3 units
From the graph dom f = R+

ran f 1 = dom f = R+
1
: find f 1(x)
f(x) =
x
1
x =
y
1
x2 =
1
=
y
y =
Hence f(x) is a one-to-one function over its domain.

S = [1, )
b Graph is sketched using dotted line on axes above.
f(x) = 3 + x 1: find f 1(x)
x = 3 + y 1
y 1 = x 3
y = (x 3)2 + 1
ran f = [3, )
1
x2
Hence f 1(x) =
Range is R+.
b f [f 1(x)]
1
= f 2
x
1
=
1
x2
1
, x R
x2
MM12-5
116
Inverse functions
1
1
1
=
if x > 0 or
if x < 0.
x
x
x2
1
The domain of f 1(x) is R and so
is taken.
x
1
f [f 1(x)] =
1
x
= x for x R
c f 1[f(x)]
1
= f 1 x
Now
1
2
2 + 2
1
1
2 + 2
x
1
1
x
= 1
x
1
= x for x > 0
Find f 1[f(x)]
1
=
1
x
x
=1
1
= x for x > 0.
d Both equate to x.
8 a
1
f 1[f(x)] = f 1 2
x + 2
=
1
2
1
2
x +2
x2 + 2
2
1
x2 + 2 2
x2
= x for x > 0.
Hence they are both equivalent and equal to x.
9 a
b f 1 exists if f(x) is one-to-one. Choose either the left half,

or the right half, that is, domain is (, 0] or [0, ).
c
d Find f 1(x), given f(x) =
1
x2 + 2
1
x = 2
y +2
1
x
1
2
y = 2
x
y2 + 2 =
1
2
x
Choose the positive square root, as the graph shows
f 1(x) is positive.
1
2
f 1(x) =
x
Find f [f 1(x)]
1
f [f 1(x)] = f
2
x
y =
g(x) is an inverted parabola translated upwards 9 units.

For g1(x) to exist, we must restrict the domain of g so
that g(x) is a one-to-one function. Choose the left or right
half of the parabola, that is, domains (, 0] or [0, ).
Given the domain is [b, 8], we have a section of the right
half of the parabola. The smallest value of b is 0.
b Find g1, given g(x) = 9 x2
x = 9 y2
y2 = 9 x
y = 9 x
Now
Dom g = [0, 8]
x = 0 g(x) = 9
x = 8 g(x) = 55
Ran g = [55, 9]
Hence
dom g1 = [55, 9]
ran g1 = [0, 8]
As ran g1 is positive, we take the positive square root.
Hence g1: [55, 9] R, g1(x) =
1
c ran g = dom g = [0, 8].
9 x
Inverse functions
10 g(x) = 3 + 4 x 2 defines a circle, radius 2 units,

translated 3 units upwards.
The two maximal domains are [2, 0] and [0, 2]

Choose the domain [2, 0] range = [3, 5]
dom g1 = [3, 5]
ran g1 = [2, 0]
Find the rule for g1(x):
x = 3 + 4 y2
x3 =
Domain = [6, 6]
Range = [6, 0]
b Exponential graph, dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to the
y-axis, translated 2 units to the right. The x-axis is an
asymptote.
At x = 0, y = 2e2
y-intercept (0, 2e2)
4 y2
4 y = (x 3)2
y2 = 4 (x 3)2
y = 4 ( x 3)2
As ran g1 is negative, choose the negative square root.
Hence g1: [3, 5] R,
g1(x) = 4 ( x 3) 2
Now choose the domain [0, 2] range = [3, 5]
dom g1 = [3, 5]
ran g1 = [0, 2]
Domain = R
Range = R+
Find the rule for g1(x): y = 4 ( x 3) 2 , as before.
g1(x) =
3 a
4 ( x 3) 2
The two inverse functions g1 are:

g1: [3, 5] R, g1(x) = 4 ( x 3) 2
g1: [3, 5] R, g1(x) =
4 ( x 3) 2 .
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a
117
2 a Bottom half of a semicircle, radius 6.
As ran g1 is positive, choose the positive square root.

Hence g1: [3, 5] R,
MM12-5
MM12-5
118
Inverse functions
4 a f(x) = 3 loge(x + 4) is a log function reflected in the

x-axis and translated (4, 3). Hence its domain is (4, ).
As the log function is one-to-one, f(x) is defined over its
entire domain.
Domain = (4, )
b g(x) = (x 2)2 is a parabola. A vertical line at x = 2
divides g(x) into two one-to-one functions. Hence g(x) is
one-to-one over (, 2] or [2, ).
c f(x) = 5
1
x2
ii
iii
This graph shows that f(x) is one-to-one over R or R+.

5 a f(x) = 2x 1
i
f(x) is a many: 1 function

cusps: (1, 0) and (0, 0)
restrict domain to [0, )
For the domain [0, ), f(x) = x2 + x
Let f(x) = y
inverse swap x and y
x = y2 + y
1
1
x = y2 + y +
4
4
1 2 1
x = (y + )
2
4
1
1 2
x+
= (y + )
4
2
1 2
1
(y + ) = x +
2
4
y+
1
1
= x+
2
4
y= x+
y=
d f(x) =
i
f(x) is a 1:1 function.

iii Let f(x) = y
x = 2y 1
x + 1 = 2y
x +1
y=
2
3
b f(x) = 2(x 1) + 1
i
iii
y1 =
x 1
2
y =
x 1
+1
2
c f(x) = x + x
1 1
as dom f(x) = [0, )
4 2
2 x 3
f(x) is a 1:1 function

Let f(x) = y
x = 2 y 3
x+3 =

iii Let f(x) = y
x = 2(y 1)3 + 1
x 1 = 2(y 1)3
x 1
(y 1)3 =
2
x+
1 1
4 2
2 y
2 y = (x + 3)2
y = 2 (x + 3)2
= 2 (x2 + 6x + 9)
= x2 6x 7
The whole parabola is not needed, ran f(x) = [3, )
domain of inverse = [3, )
y = x2 6x 7, x [3, )
e f(x) = 3ex + 1
i
iii

Let f(x) = y
Inverse functions
x = 3ey + 1
x 1 = 3ey
x 1
ey =
3
y = log e x 1
3
2
f f(x) =
1
3( x 2)
i

Let f(x) = y
2
x =
1
3( y 2)
2
x+1 =
3( y 2)
2
3(y 2) =
x +1
2
y2 =
3( x + 1)
2
y =
+2
3( x + 1)
1
+1
g f(x) =
( x + 3) 2
i
iii
MM12-5
119
loge(x 2) = 1
x 2 = e 1
x = 2 + e 1
y-intercept (x = 0):
There is no y-intercept.
Domain = (2, )
Range = R
b f(x) = loge(x 2) + 1: find f 1(x)
x = loge(y 2) + 1
y 2 = ex 1
y = 2 + e x1
Inverse function
f 1(x) = 2 + ex 1, x R
c f 1(m) = 3
2 + em 1 = 3
em 1 = 1
em 1 = e0
m1=0
m=1
d
f 1: Domain R; Range (2, )

e Mark (3, 1) on graph of f(x)
7 g(x) = x2 + 5x 1
2
5 25
= x+
1
2
4
f(x) is a many:1 function

ii asymptote: x = 3 domain f(x) = (3, )
iii Let f(x) = y
1
+1
x =
( y + 3) 2
1
x1 =
( y + 3) 2
1
(y + 3)2 =
x 1
1
y+3=
x 1
1
y+3=
(discard negative because
x 1
dom f(x) = (3, ))
1
3
y =
x 1
6 a f(x) = loge(x 2) + 1 is a log graph with an asymptote at
x = 2.
x-intercept (y = 0):
loge(x 2) + 1 = 0
5 29
= x+
2
4
5
divides g(x) into
2
two one-to-one functions. Hence g(x) is one-to-one over
5
(, ]
2
5
b=
2
8 a a = 1 for horizontal asymptote using (0, 0)
1 + be0 = 0
1+b =0
b = 1
1
b range h(x) = 0, 1 2
e
c let h(x) = y for inverse interchange x and y

x = 1 e y
e y = 1 x
y = loge(1 x)
y = loge(1 x)
1
1
h : 0, 1 2 R, h1(x) = loge(1 x)
e
g(x) is a parabola. A vertical line at x =
MM12-5
120
Inverse functions
f(0) = 3 3
1.27
D
6 The y-intercept of f 1(x) = x-intercept of f(x).
2
f(x) =
+3
( x 2)
0=
9 f(x) = e2x 1
a let f(x) = y for inverse interchange x and y
x = e2y 1
2y
e =x+1
2y = loge(x + 1)
1
y = log e ( x + 1)
2
1
1
f : (1, ) R, f 1(x) = log e ( x + 1)
2
b
3 =
x2=
x =
=
2
+3
x2
2
x2
2
3
2
+2
3
4
3
A.
2
+3
x2
asymptotes: x = 2 and y = 3
For f 1(x), asymptotes: x = 3 and y = 2
C
4
8 y = 2 : find the inverse
x
4
x = 2
y
7 f(x) =
c f(f 1(2x)) = e
= e
2 log e (2 x +1)
2
log e (2 x +1)
= elog e (2 x +1) 1
1
=
1
2x + 1
1 (2 x + 1)
=
2x + 1
2 x
=
2x + 1
y2 =
4
x
2
x
The answer is A.
9 dom f 1 = ran f = R+
The answer is C.
10
y=
Multiple choice
1 Relation has coordinates (4, 0) and (0, 2)
Inverse relation has coordinates (0, 4) and (2, 0)
The answer is B.
2
The answer is E.
3 f(x) has an asymptote at y = 1.
f 1(x) will have an asymptote at x = 1. The mirror image
of f(x) through y = x is graph C.
C
4 x2 + (y + 1)2 = 16 is a circle.
Many-to-many relation. Therefore the inverse will also
be a many-to-many relation
C
5 The x-intercept of f 1(x) = y-intercept of f(x)
f(x) = 3 x 3
The function is defined except where the denominator is 0.

This occurs at x2 1 = 0.
(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1, 1
Hence dom f = R\{1, 1}
The answer is D.
11 f(x) is a log graph, dilated by a factor of 4 parallel to the
y-axis, and translated 3 units left and 2 units down.
dom f = (3, )
The answer is D.
12 dom f 1 = ran f = R
The answer is C.
13 f(x) = 4 loge(x + 3) 2: find f 1(x)
x = 4 loge(y + 3) 2
x+2
= loge(y + 3)
4
x+2
y + 3 = e
Inverse functions
x+2
y = e
3
Dom f 1 = R (from question 7)
x+2
Hence f 1: R R, f 1(x) = e 4 3
The answer is B.
14 A function and its inverse must intersect on the line y = x
The answer is A.
15 f [f 1(x)] = x
1
1
f f 1 =
3
3
The answer is D.
16 Vertical lines as shown divide f(x) into three one-to-one
functions.
The right part has domain [2, ).

The answer is A.
17 f(x) = x2 10x + 18
= (x 5)2 7
The function is one-to-one, and hence has an inverse

function, over (, 5] or [5, ).
The answer is E.
Extended response
1 f(x) = 0.213x2 + 1.127x 2.124
a Let y = f(x)
Solve (0.213y2 + 1.127y 2.124 = x, y)
Solving 0.123y2 + 1.127y 2.124 = x for y gives:
852 000 x + 3 079 777 1127
y=
426
b Inverse is a one-to-many relation (doesnt pass vertical
line test)
c TP = (2.65, 3.61)
a = 2.65
d domain f 1(x) = range f(x) = [3.61, )
range f 1(x) = domain f(x) = [2.65, )
e Find intersection of f(x) and line y = x within domain
Solve (0.213x2 + 1.127x 2.124 = x, x)
Solving 0.213x2 + 1.127x 2.124 = x for x gives:
x = 2.87
2 a f(x) is an inverted parabola with turning point (0, 4)
f(x) = ax2 + 4
To find a, substitute the point (2, 2).
MM12-5
121
2 = a(2)2 + 4
2 = 4a + 4
6 = 4a
3
a =
2
3
Hence f(x) = x 2 + 4
2
b A lies on the line y = x
f(x) = x
3
x2 + 4 = x
2
3 2
x + x4 = 0
2
3x2 + 2x 8 = 0
(3x 4)(x + 2) = 0
4
x = , x = 2
3
We want the solution in the first quadrant, so choose
4
x= .
3
4 4
Hence A = ,
3 3
c dom f = 2,
3
ran f = [2, 4]
d
e Heart-shaped graph
f i To make f 1(x) a function, we need to cut out the part of
4
f1(x) which lies on or right of x = .
3
4
Required domain is [ 2, ) .
3
4
is not included because f 1 has two points with this
3
x-coordinate.
3
ii f(x) = x 2 + 4: find f 1(x)
2
3
x = y2 + 4
2
2
( x 4) = y2
3
2
y = ( x 4)
3
From the graph of f 1, we can see that over [ 2,
y is negative
2
f 1(x) = ( x 4)
3
gi
4
2
Hence f 1: [ 2, ) R, f 1(x) = ( x 4).
3
3
4
The inverse of f(x) is not a function over , 4 .
3
4
),
3
MM12-5
122
Inverse functions
Using the same method as in part f, we obtain

2
y = ( x 4)
3
In this region we require both the positive and negative
square roots. Hence the inverse relation here can be
called g(x), where
2
4
g: , 2 R, g(x) = ( x 4) .
3
3
3 a (2, 0.54) and (0, 0)
b Domain f(x) = R, Range f(x) = [0, )
ii
b horizontal asymptote at x = 3
a=3
c Find intersection of g(x) and line y = x
solve (6log e x 3 = x, x)
Solving 6log e x 3 = x for x gives:
x = 5.50
d The graph of f(x) and its inverse must both touch the line
y = x at the same point. This means this line is a tangent to
both curves and therefore at this point, the gradient of
each is 1.
a
=1
x3
a=x3
x = a + 3 [1]
and
d
e
f
g
4 a
Domain f (x) = [0, ), range f (x) = R.

(0.57, 0.57)
(, 2]
[0, 0.54]
y = 6log e x 3
1 a
e = 1 [2]
a
x
ea = a
ex = aa
x = loge(aa)
[2] [1] gives loge(aa) a 3 = 0
solve (loge(aa) a 3 = 0, a)
Solving loge(aa) a 3 = 0, a for a gives:
a = 4.97
Circular (trigonometric) functions
MM12-6
123
Chapter 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions

Exercise 6A Revision of
radians and the unit circle
180
1 a 3c = 3

540
=

= 171.89
5 180
c
b 5 =
900
=

= 286.48
4.8 180
c 4.8c =
864

= 275.02
i 310 = 310
180
c
= 5.41
3
3 180
f =
10

10
= 54
c
5
5 180
g =
6

6
= 150
5
5 180
h =
4

4
= 225
c
5 c
=
180
c
c
4 a
b
c
d
sin(0) = 0
sin() = 0
cos(2) = 1
cos() = 1
12
c 120 = 120
180
120
=
180
c
2
=
3
sin(0.4) = 0.389
sin(0.8) = 0.717
cos(1.4) = 0.170
cos(1.7) = 0.129
tan(2.9) = 0.246
tan(2.4) = 0.916
sin(75) = 0.966
sin(68) = 0.927
cos(160) = 0.940
cos(185) = 0.996
tan(265) = 11.430
tan(240) = 1.732
h 5 sin2() + 5 cos2()
= 5(sin2() + cos2())
=51
=5
6 a sin(35) = 0.574
sin(70) = 0.940
sin(120) = 0.866
sin(150) = 0.500
sin(240) = 0.866
ORDER: sin(240), sin(150),
sin(35), sin(120), sin(70).
b cos(0.2) = 0.980
cos(1.5) = 0.071
cos(3.34) = 0.980
cos(5.3) = 0.554
cos(6.3) = 1.000
ORDER: cos(3.34), cos(1.5),
cos(5.3), cos(0.2), cos(6.3).
7 tan( ) =
sin( )
cos( )
8
17
=
15
17
8
=
15
8 tan(A) =
=
sin( A)
cos( A)
0.6
0.8
= 0.75 or
3
4

e tan is undefined.
2
36
j 350 = 350
180
c
= 6.11
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
g 2 sin2() + 2 cos2()
= 2(sin2() + cos2())
=21
=2
h 260 = 260
180
c
= 4.54

f sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
2

2
13 c
18
g 235 = 235
180
c
= 4.10
b 15 = 15
180
15
=
180

e sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
2
2
f 78.82 = 78.82
180
= 1.38c
7
7 180
e
=
20
20
= 63
e 63.9 = 63.9
180
= 1.12c
180
d 2.56c = 2.56

460.8
=

= 146.68
2 a 5 = 5
180
d 130 = 130
180
130
=
180
g
h
i
j
k
l
5 a
b
c
d
3
tan is undefined.
2
sin(90) = 1
sin(360) = 0
cos(180) = 1
cos(0) = 1
tan(270) is undefined.
tan(720) = 0
sin2(20) + cos2(20) = 1
cos2(50) + sin2(50) = 1
sin2() + cos2() = 1
sin2(2.5) + cos2(2.5) = 1
180
=
3
3
180
=
3
= 60
The answer is D.
10 cos2() + sin2() = 1
cos2() = 1 sin2()
The answer is B.
MM12-6
124
4
11 T = 15 3cos
12

= 15 3cos
3
= 15 3 0.5
= 15 1.5
= 13.5
The temperature after 4 hours is
13.5C.
7
t = 7, T = 15 3cos
12
= 15 3cos(1.833)
= 15 3 0.26
= 15 + 0.78
= 15.78
The temperature at 9.00 am is
approximately 15.8C.
k sin(405) = sin(360 + 45)

= sin(45)
2
=
2
l tan(420) = tan(360 + 60)
= tan(60)
= 3
2 a sin = sin
4
4

= sin
4
=

= cos
6
3
3
cos (225) = cos(180 + 45)
= cos(45)
2
=
2
sin (210) = sin(180 + 30)
= sin(30)
1
=
2
tan (150) = tan(180 30)
= tan(30)
3
=
3
sin (315) = sin(360 45)
= sin(45)
2
=
2
cos (300) = cos(360 60)
= cos(60)
1
=
2
tan (225) = tan(180 + 45)
= tan(45)
=1
cos (390) = cos(360 + 30)
= cos(30)
= 3
2
= 3
d cos
= cos +
3
3

= cos
3
1
=
2
=
f
2
2
tan
= tan +
6
6
3 a
b
c
d
= 1 sin 2 x
= 1 (0.3)2
= 1 0.09
= 0.91
91
10
e sin( a) = sin(a)
=
3
3
11
g sin
= sin 2
6
6

= sin
6
1
=
2
h cos = cos 2
3
3

= cos
3
1
=
2
91
100

= tan
6
=
3
3
sin( x) = sin(x)
= 0.3
cos( a) = cos(a)
= 0.5
tan(2 b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
cos( x) = cos(x)
=
e sin = sin +
4
4

= sin
4
tan
= tan +
6
6

= tan
6
c tan
= tan
3
3
3
2

= tan
3
7
tan
4

= sin
6
1
=
2
b cos = cos
6
6
Exercise 6B Symmetry and

exact values
1 a sin (120) = sin(180 60)
= sin(60)
3
=
2
b cos (135) = cos(180 45)
= cos(45)
2
=
2
c tan (330) = tan(360 30)
= tan(30)
1
=
3
2
2
= tan 2
4

= tan
4
= 1
j cos 9 = cos 2 +
4
4

= cos
4
2
=
2
13
k sin
= sin 2 +
6
6
1 cos 2 a
1 0.52
1 0.25
0.75
3
4
3
2
tan( + b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
sin(2 x) = sin(x)
= 0.3
cos(2 a) = cos(a)
= 0.5
tan( b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
cos(2 + x) = cos(x)
= 91 (from part d)
10
=
f
g
h
i
j
k sin(2 + a) = sin(a)
3
=
(from part e)
2
l tan(2 + b) = tan(b)
= 2.4
m sin(3 x) = sin( x)
= sin(x)
= 0.3
n cos(3 + a) = cos( + a)
= cos(a)
= 0.5
o tan(3 b) = tan( b)
= tan(b)
= 2.4
4 tan() = sin() cos()
7
24
=
25
25
7
25
=
25
24
7
=
24
7
sin2() =
25
49
=
625
24
cos2() =
25
576
=
625
49
576
+
625
625
625
=
625
=1
sin2() + cos2() =
5 a
< x < and so both cos(x) and

2
tan(x) are negative.
3
cos(x) =
2
tan(x) =
1
3
3
=
3
tan(x) = 3
d <x<
3
, 3rd quadrant
2
3
2
1
cos(x)=
2
sin(x) =
6 a sin(30) = sin(30)
1
=
2
b cos(45) = cos(45)
2
=
2
c tan(60) = tan(60)
= 3
d cos(150) = cos(150)
= cos(180 30)
= cos(30)
3
2
sin(120) = sin(120)
= sin(180 60)
= sin(60)
3
=
2
tan(135) = tan(135)
= tan(180 45)
= (tan 45)
= tan(45)
=1
sin(225) = sin(225)
= sin(180 + 45)
= (sin 45)
= sin(45)
2
=
2
cos(210) = cos(210)
= cos(180 + 30)
= cos(30)
=
f
3
, 3rd quadrant
2
1
sin(x) =
2
tan(x) = 1
3
< x < 2, 4th quadrant
2
1
cos(x) =
2
b <x<
MM12-6
125
3
2
i tan(240) = tan(240)
= tan(180 + 60)
= tan(60)
= 3
j cos(330) = cos(330)
= cos(360 30)
= cos(30)
3
=
2
k sin(315) = sin(315)
= sin(360 45)
= (sin 45)
= sin(45)
2
=
2
l tan(300) = tan(300)
= tan(360 60)
= (tan 60)
= tan(60)
= 3
m sin(420) = sin(420)
= sin(360 + 60)
= sin(60)
3
=
2
n cos(390) = cos(390)
= cos(360 + 30)
= cos(30)
3
=
2
o tan(405) = tan(405)
= tan(360 + 45)
= tan(45)
= 1
7 (sin() + cos())2 + (sin() cos())2
= sin2() + 2 sin() cos() + cos2()
+ sin2() 2 sin() cos() + cos2()
= 2 sin2() + 2 cos2()
= 2(sin2() + cos2())
=21
=2
8 a sin = sin
3
3
3
=
2

b cos = cos
6
6
3
=
2

c tan
= tan
4
4
= 1
3
3
d cos = cos
4
4
= cos
4
= cos
4
2
=
2
MM12-6
126
2
e sin
3
= sin
3
= sin
3

= sin
3
= tan 2 +
4
3
2
5
5
f tan = tan
6
6
= tan
6
= tan
6

= tan
6
3
=
3
7
7
g sin
= sin
= sin +
6
= sin
6

= sin
6
1
=
2
5
5
h cos
= cos
4
4
= cos +
4

= cos
4

= sin
6
1
=
2
9
9
l tan = tan
4
4
2
2
4
4
i tan
= tan
3
3
= tan +
3

= tan
3
= 3
5
5
j cos = cos
3
= cos 2
3

= cos
3
1
=
2
13
13
k sin
= sin
= sin 2 +
6

= tan
4
= 1

9 cos2 + sin2
4
4
2
= cos + sin
4
4
2
=
+ 2
2
2
2
=
+
4
4
4
=
4
=1
10 a sin x = cos(x)
2
= 0.7
3
b cos
+ = sin( )
2
= 0.3
c tan = cot()
2
1
=
tan ( )
1
0.4
= 2.5
d cos + = sin( )
2
= 0.3
3
e sin
+ x = cos(x)
2
= 0.7
f tan + = cot()
2
1
=
tan ( )
1
0.4
= 2.5
g sin + x = cos(x)
2
= 0.7
3
h cos
= sin()
2
= 0.3
3
i tan
= cot()
2
1
tan ( )
1
0.4
= 2.5
j cos
+ = sin()
2
= 0.3
3
k sin
x = cos(x)
2
= 0.7
3
l tan
+ = cot()
2
= 2.5

11 3 sin 2
12

= 3 sin
6
= 3 0.5
3
= 1.5 or
2
The answer is C.
12 1 sin2
2
= cos2
2
The answer is D.
13 a v(0) = 10 + 2 sin(0)
= 10 cm/s
5
b v(5) = 10 + 2 sin
6
= 10 + 2 sin
6

= 10 + 2 sin
6
= 10 + 2 0.5
= 10 + 1
= 11 cm/s
t
c Maximum value of sin is 1
6
Max v = 10 + 2 1
= 10 + 2
= 12 cm/s
t
14 H = 0.4 cos + 0.5
12
a t = 0 so H = 0.4 cos(0) + 0.5
= 0.4 + 0.5
= 0.9 m
8
b t = 8 so H = 0.4 cos + 0.5
12
2
= 0.4 cos
+ 0.5
3
= 0.4 cos + 0.5

3
= 0.4 cos + 0.5

3
0.4
=
+ 0.5
2
= 0.3 m
20
c t = 20 so H = 0.4 cos
+ 0.5
12
H = 0.4 cos 2 + 0.5

3

= 0.4 cos + 0.5
3
= 0.7 m
Exercise 6C Trigonometric
equations
1 a cos( ) = 0
=
b sin( ) =
3 a
3
2
4
sin is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
= + , 2
4
4
5 7
=
,
4
4
1
c cos( ) =
2
Basic angle is
4
cos is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
= , 2
4
4
7
= ,
4 4
d sin( ) = 1
3
=
2
3
2
Basic angle is
6
cos is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
= ,+
6
6
5 7
=
,
6
6
2 a sin( ) = 1
= 90
1
b cos( ) =
2
Basic angle is 60
cos is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
= 60, (360 60)
= 60, 300
3
c sin() =
2
Basic angle is 60
sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
1
2
Basic angle is 45
sin is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
= 45, (180 45)
= 45, 135
cos(x) = 0.6591
Basic angle is 0.8512
cos(x) is negative is 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
x = 0.8512, + 0.8512
= 2.2904, 3.9928
x = 2.2904, 3.9928, 2.2904 + 2,
3.9928 + 2
x = 2.2904, 3.9928, 8.5736,
10.2760
sin(x) = 0.9104
sin(x) is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
x = 1.1442, 1.1442
= 1.1442, 1.9973
x = 1.1442, 1.9973, 1.1442 + 2,
1.9973 + 2
x = 1.1442, 1.9973, 7.4274,
8.2805
cos(x) = 0.48
cos(x) is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
x = 1.0701, 2 1.0701
= 1.0701, 5.2130
x = 1.0701, 5.2130, 1.0701 + 2,
5.2130 + 2
x = 1.0701, 5.2130, 7.3533,
11.4962
sin(x) = 0.371
sin(x) is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
x = + 0.3801, 2 0.3801
= 3.5217, 5.9031
x = 3.5217, 5.9031, 3.5217 + 2,
5.9031 + 2
= 3.5217, 5.9031, 9.8049,
12.1863
sin(x) = 0.2686
sin(x) is positive in 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
x = 15.58, (180 15.58)
= 15.58, 164.42
cos(x) = 0.7421
cos(x) is negative is 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
x = (180 42.09),
(180 + 42.09)
= 137.91, 222.09
sin(x) = 0.5 + 32
sin(x) is negative in 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
e sin() =
1
2
Basic angle is
e cos( ) =
= 60, (180 60)

= 60, 120
d cos() = 1
= 180
4 a
MM12-6
127
x = (180 + 32.90),
(360 32.90)
= 212.90, 327.10
d cos(x) = 0.1937
cos(x) is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
x = 78.83, (360 78.83)
= 78.83, 281.17
5 a 2 sin(x) = 1
1
sin(x) =
2
Basic angle is
6
sin(x) > 0 in quadrants 1 and 2.
x=
,
6
6
5
= ,
6 6
b 3 cos(x) = 0
cos(x) = 0
x =
3
2
c 2 sin(x) = 3
3
2
Basic angle is
3
sin(x) < 0 in quadrants 3 and 4.
x = + , 2
3
3
4 5
=
,
3
3
sin(x) =
2 cos(x)= 1
cos(x) =
Basic angle is
1
2
4
cos(x) > 0 in quadrants 1 and 4.
x = , 2
4
4
7
= ,
4 4
6 a cos(2x) = 1, 0 2x 720
Basic angle is 0
2x = 0, 360, 720
x = 0, 180, 360
b 2 sin(2x) = 1,
0 2x 720
sin(2x) = 1
2
Basic angle is 30
Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
2x = 180 + 30, 360 30, 360
+ 180 + 30, 360 + 360
30
= 210, 330, 570, 690
x = 105, 165, 285, 345
c 2 cos(3x) = 2 , 0 3x 1080
cos(3x) = 2
2
MM12-6
128
Basic angle is 45
Cosine is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
3x = 180 45, 180 + 45, 360
+ 180 45, 360 + 180
+ 45, 720 + 180 45,
720 + 180 + 45
= 135, 225, 495, 585,
855, 945
x = 45, 75, 165, 195, 285,
315
2 sin(3x) = 3 , 0 3x 1080
3
sin(3x) =
2
Basic angle is 60
Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
3x = 60, 180 60, 360 + 60,
360 + 120, 720 + 60,
720 + 120
= 60, 120, 420, 480, 780,
840
x = 20, 40, 140, 160, 260,
280
sin(3x) = 0.1254,
0 3x 1080
Basic angle is 7.20
Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th
quadrants.
3x = 180 + 7.20, 360 7.20,
360 + 187.20, 360 +
352.80, 720 + 187.20,
720 + 352.80
= 187.20, 352.80, 547.20,
712.80, 907.20, 1072.80
x = 62.40, 117.60, 182.40,
237.60, 302.40, 357.60
3 cos(2x) = 0.5787,
0 2x 720
cos(2x) = 0.1929
Cosine is positive in the 1st and
4th quadrants.
2x = 78.88, 360 78.88, 360
+ 78.88, 360 + 281.12
= 78.88, 281.12, 438.88,
641.12
x = 39.44, 140.56, 219.44,
320.56
4 sin 1 x = 0.913,
2
1
0 x 180
2
1
sin x = 0.228 25
2
1
x = 13.194, 180 13.194
2
= 13.194, 166.806
x = 26.39, 333.61
2 cos(x) = 0.2751,
0 x 360
cos(x) = 0.1945
Cosine is negative in the 2nd and
3rd quadrants.
x = 180 78.78, 180 + 78.78

= 101.22, 258.78
x
d sin + 5
3
x
sin
3
x
3
x
12
12
3 = 0, 0 2x 4
2 cos(2x) = 3
cos(2x) =
=0
=3
=1
= 0, 2
Basic angle is
= 4.21, 0
= 0.21
= 1.3592
= 2.7184
= 5.32, 0
x
2
3
3
= 0.32
= 0.325 73
= 0.9772
e 2 sin(3x) 5 = 4, 0 3x 6
2 sin(3x) = 1
1
sin(3x) =
2
Basic angle =
6
Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants.
3x = , , 2 + ,
6
6
6
2 + , 4 + ,
6
6
4 +
6
5 13 17 25
= ,
,
,
,
,
6 6
6
6
6
29
6
5 13 17
x =
,
,
,
,
18
18 18 18
25 29
,
.
18
18
12 12 12 12
x
c cos + 4
2
x
cos
2
x
2
x
g 2 cos(2x) +
b 3 cos(x) 3
3 cos(x)
cos(x)
x
7 9 15 17 23
,
,
,
,
,
7 9 15 17 23
x= ,
, ,
,
,
7 a 4 sin(x) + 2 = 6
4 sin(x) = 4
sin(x) = 1
x=
2 cos(3x) + 2 = 3, 0 3x 6
2 cos(3x) = 1
cos(3x) =
Basic angle is
1
2
4
Cosine is positive in 1st and 4th
quadrants.
3x = , 2 , 2 + , 2 + 2
4
4
4
, 4 + , 4 + 2
4
4
4
3
2
6
Cosine is negative in 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
2x = , + , 2 + ,
6
6
6
2 + +
6
5 7 17 19
=
,
,
,
6
6
6
6
5 7 17 19
x =
,
,
,
12 12 12
12
1
1
h
sin x 1 = 0.8039,
3
2
1
0 x
2
1
1
sin x = 0.1961
3
2
1
sin x = 0.5883
2
1
x = 0.628 95, 0.628 95
2
= 0.628 95, 2.512 64
= 1.2579, 5.0253
8 a sin(x) = cos(x), 0 x 2
tan(x) = 1
Basic angle =
4
x = ,+
4
4
5
= ,
4 4
5
Sum =
+
4
4
3
=
2
b
sin(2x) = cos(2x), 0 x 2
tan(2x) = 1, 0 2x 4
Basic angle =
4
2x = , + , 2 + , 3 +
4
4
4
4
5 9 13
= ,
,
,
4
4
4 4
5 9 13
x= ,
,
,
8
8
8 8
5 9 13
Sum = +
+
+
8
8
8
8
28
=
8
7
=
2
c sin(2x) =
tan(2x) =
3 , 0 2x 4
Basic angle =
2x =
=
x =
Sum =
=
=
d
= 1.8925, 5.0341
Sum = 6.9266
3 cos(2x), 0 x 2
,+
3
4
,
,
3 3
2
,
,
6 3
2
+
3
6
22
6
11
3
, 2 +
, 3 +
3
3
7 10
,
3
3
7 5
,
6
3
7
5
+
+
6
3
9 a t = 0, x = 3 + 4 sin 0
=3+0
= 3 m.
The particle is 3 metres from O
when it begins to move.
3 sin(3x) = cos(3x),
3 tan(3x) = 1, 0 3x 6
1
tan(3x) =
3
Basic angle =
3x =
,+
4 +
6
, 2 +
, 3 +
, 5 +
6
6
7 13 19 25
= ,
,
,
,
,
6
6
6 6
6
31
6
7 13 19 25
x=
,
,
,
,
,
18 18
18 18 18
31
18
7
13
19
+
+
+
Sum =
18 18
18
18
31
25
+
+
18
18
96
16
=
=
18
3
sin 3x + 2 cos 3x = 0, 0 x 2
tan 3x + 2 = 0, 0 3x 6
tan 3x = 2
Basic angle = 1.107 15
3x = 1.107 15, 2 1.107 15,
3 1.107 15, 4 1.107 15,
5 1.107 15, 6 1.107 15
= 2.0344, 5.1760, 8.3176,
11.4592, 14.6008, 17.7424
x = 0.6781, 1.7253, 2.7725,
3.8197, 4.8669, 5.9141
Sum = 19.7766
f sin(x) + 3 cos(x) = 0, 0 x 2
tan(x) + 3 = 0
tan(x) = 3
Basic angle = 1.24905
Tan is negative in the 2nd and 4th
quadrants.
x = 1.24905, 2 1.24905
5
+ 2n
6
12n + 1 12n + 5
x=
,
12 12
n = 1
11 7
x=
,
12
12
n=0
5
x=
,
12 12
solution for n x are:
11 7 5
x=
,
, ,
12
12 12 12
+ 2n ,
11
6
n = 1, x =
solutions for 2 x 2 are:

11 11
x=
,
, ,
6
6 6 6
b tan(x) =
x=
1
3
+ n
11
6
5
n = 1, x =
6
n = 2, x =
n = 0, x =
6
n = 1, x = 7
6
11 5 7
x=
,
, ,
6
6 6 6
2x =
3 =0
+ 2n
6
x = 1 + 12n , 12n 1
6 6
11
n = 1, x =
6

n = 0, x = ,
6 6
x=
11 2 sin(2x) 1 = 0
1
sin(2x) =
2
3
2
cos(x) =
0 x 2
2 sin( x) = 1
sin(x) = 1
2
3
x = + 2nx,
+ 2n
4
4
8n + 1 8n + 3
x =
,
4 4
7 5
n = 1, x =
,
4
4
n = 0, x =
4
3
n = 1, x =
4
129
solution for 2 x 2 are:

7 5 3
x=
,
, ,
4
4 4 4
b x = 0, 3 + 4 sin(2t) = 0
4 sin(2t) = 3
3
sin(2t) = = 0.75
4
2t = + 0.848
= 3.990
t = 1.99 seconds
The particle first reaches O after
1.99 seconds.
10 a 2cos(x)
MM12-6
+ 2n ,
12 2cos(3x) 1 = 0
1
cos(3x) =
2
3x =
+ 2n , + 2n ,
3
3
2n 2n
x=
, +
3
9 9
3
6n 1 6n + 1
x=
,
9 9
n = 1
7 5
x=
,
9
9
n=0

x=
,
9 9
n=1
5 7
x=
,
9 9
solution for x are:
7 5 5 7
x=
,
,
, ,
,
9
9
9 9 9 9
13 a
3 sin( x) = cos(x)
3 tan( x) = 1
tan(x) =
1
3
+ n
6
n =0
x =
6
n =1
7
x =
6
7
x= ,
6 6
x =
b sin(2x) = cos(2x)
tan(2x) = 1
2x =
+ n
MM12-6
130
n
8
2
x = 1 + 4n
x =
n = 0, x =
8
5
n = 1, x =
8
9
n = 2, x =
8
13
n = 3, x =
8
5 9 13
x= ,
,
,
8 8 8
8
c 3 sin(3x) = cos(3x)
3 tan(3 x) = 1
1
tan(3x) =
3
3x =
+ n
6
n
x =
+
18
3
x = 6n 1
18
5
n = 1, x =
18
11
n = 2, x =
18
17
n = 3, x =
18
25
n = 4, x =
18
29
n = 5, x =
18
35
n = 6, x =
18
5 11 17 25 29 35
x=
,
,
,
,
,
18 18 18 18 18 18
3
14 sin(2x) + sin(3x) =
2
On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve (sin(2x) + sin(3x) = 3 , x)
2
Solving sin(2x) + sin(3x) = 3 for
2
x gives
x = 2.0944, 1.5116, 0.1799,
1.0472
c y = 4 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4
1
d y = cos(x)
3
Period = 2
1
Amplitude =
3
e y = 2 cos(3x)
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 2
f y = 3 sin(2x)
2
=
Period =
2
Amplitude = 3
1
g y = 3 sin x
2
2
= 4
1
2
Amplitude = 3
Period =
1
h y = 2 cos x
3
2
= 6
1
3
Amplitude = 2
1
i y = cos(2x)
3
Period =
Period =
Range = [3, 3]
d y = 2 cos(3)
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 2
2
=
2
Amplitude =
1
3
j y = 4 sin(3x)
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 4
2
2 a y = cos()
3
Period = 2
2
Amplitude =
3
Exercise 6D Trigonometric
graphs
1 a y = cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
b y = sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [4, 4]
c y = 3 sin(2)
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 3
2 2
Range = ,
3 3
b y = 4 sin()
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4
Range = [2, 2]
1
e y = cos(3)
2
2
Period =
3
1
Amplitude =
2
1 1
Range = ,
2 2
1
f y = sin(2 )
3
2
Period =
2
=
1
Amplitude =
3
y = 2 sin(2x), x
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 2
MM12-6
c y = 2 cos(x) 2
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation: 2 down.
1 1
Range = ,
3 3
1
g y = 4 sin
2
2
Period =
1
2
= 4
Amplitude = 4
Range = [2, 2]
5 a 5 sin x + + 3
3
left, up 3
Range = [4, 0]
d y = 2 sin(x) + 3
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation: up 3.
b y = cos x + 1
2
right, up 1
c y = 3 cos x 2
4
Range = [4, 4]
1
h y = 3 cos
3
2
Period =
1
3
= 6
Amplitude = 3
right, down 2
d y = 2 sin x + 1
3
left, down 1.
3
6 a y = sin(x) + 1
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Translation: up 1
Range = [1, 5]
e y = sin(3x) 1
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 1
Translation: down 1
Range = [2, 0]
Range = [3, 3]
f(x) = 4 cos(3), 0 2
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 4
Range = [4, 4]
Range = [0, 2]
b y = cos(x) 1
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Translation: 1 down
Range = [2, 0]
f y = cos(2x) + 1
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 1
Translation: up 1
Range = [0, 2]
131
MM12-6
132
c y = 3 cos( )
3
Period = 2
Amplitude = 3
g y = 3 cos(3x) 2
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 3
Translation: 2 down
Translation: right
3
Range = [3, 1]
7 a y = sin(
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
d y = 2 sin( )
4
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Range = [5, 1]
1
sin(2x) + 3
2
2
Period =
2
=
1
Amplitude =
2
Translation: up 3
h y=
Translation: Right
4
Range = [2.5, 3.5]
1
i y = 3 sin x + 4
2
2
Period =
1
2
= 4
Amplitude = 3
Translation: up 4
e y = 2 sin 2( +
2
Period = 2
2
=
Amplitude = 2
b y = cos( +
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
1
j y = 2 cos x 1
3
2
Period =
1
3
= 6
Amplitude = 2
Translation: down 1
Translation: Left .
2
Translation: left
Range = [1, 7]
f y = 3 cos 3 +
Period = 2
3
Amplitude = 3
Translation: Left
3
g y = cos 3 + 1
6
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 1
Translation: Right
, up 1.
h y = 2 sin 2 2
2
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 2
Translation: Right
1
( ) + 1
2
2
Period =
1
2
= 4
Amplitude = 1
Translation: Right , up 1.
j y = cos
, down 2.
8 a Period =
Amplitude = 4
Range = [4, 4]
b Period = 4
Amplitude = 3
Range = [3, 3]
2
c Period =
3
Amplitude = 2
Range = [2, 2]
d Period = 6
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
e Period =
Amplitude = 3
Range = [2, 4]
f Period =
i y = 2 sin 1
4
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
Translation:
right, 1 down.
9 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
2
Amplitude = 5
Range = [7, 3]
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
Max = 1
Min = 1
Max = 1
Min = 1
Max = 3
Min = 3
Max = 2
Min = 2
Max = 2
Min = 2
Max = 3
Min = 3
Max = 1 + 4
=5
Min = 1 4
= 3
Max = 1 2
= 1
MM12-6
133
MM12-6
10 a
134
Min = 1 2
= 3
Max = 2 3
= 1
Min = 2 3
= 5
Max = 4 + 1
=5
Min = 4 + 1
= 3
1
Max =
+2
2
1
=2
2
1
Min = + 2
2
1
=1
2
1
Max =
4
3
2
= 3
3
1
Min = 4
3
1
= 4
3
y = cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
d y = 3 cos(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 3
h y = 2 cos(2x) 2
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 2
Range = [3, 3]
e y = 3 cos(2x)
2
Period =
2
=
Amplitude = 3
Range = [3, 3]
f y = sin(3x)
2
Period =
3
Amplitude = 1
Range = [4, 0]
1
i y = cos 3(x + ) + 1
2
Period =
2
3
Amplitude =
Range = [1, 1]
b y = sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
Range = [1, 1]
g y = 1 4 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 4
1
2
1
cos 3(x + ) + 1
2
Translation: Left , up 1.
y=
Range = [1, 1]
c y = 2 sin(x)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 2
1 1
Range = , 1
2 2
Range = [2, 2]
Range = [3, 5]
j y = 2 sin(x 2)
Period = 2
Amplitude = 1
b y = tan(2x)
135
= 3
3
Asymptote is at
2
Graph is reflected in the x-axis
n = 2; Period =
MM12-6
Asymptote is at
Translation: Right 2 (No effect),

up 2.
x
g y = 3 tan
2
1
n = ; Period =
2
n
c y = tan(3x)
n = 3; Period =
1
2
= 2
Asymptote is at
Asymptote is at
6
Range = [1, 3]
11 y = sin x + + 1
3
12 y = 2 cos 3 x 2 + 3
4
= 2 cos 3 x + 1
4
13 y = 3 sin x + + 1 3
3
= 3 sin x
2
3
14 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Amplitude = 1
Period = 12
Max = 3 metres
Min = 1 metre
Max at 3 am, 3 pm.
Min at 9 am, 9 pm.
A =1
2
= 12
a
12a = 2
a =
h y = 5 tan(2x)
d y = 2 tan(4x)
n = 4; Period =
=
Asymptote is at

Rule is y = sin x + 2
6
Exercise 6E Graphs of the

tangent function
1 a y = 4 tan(x)
n = 1; Period =
Asymptote is at
4
1
e y = tan x
4
1
n = ; Period =
4
n
i y=
n = 4; Period =
=
1
4
= 4
Asymptote is at 2
1
tan(4x)
2
Asymptote is at
8
n
=
Asymptote is at
6
B =2
n = 2; Period =
1
1
tan x
3
2
1
n = ; Period =
2
n
j y=
f y = 2 tan x
3
1
n = ; Period =
3
n
1
3
1
2
= 2
Asymptote is at
MM12-6
136
g y=
tan 3 x +
4
6
i n = 3;
Period =
=
2 a y = 2 tan(3x)
i n = 3;
Period =
=
Period =
=
Period =
=
Period =
units to the left.

6
1
x
h y = 6 tan
2
3
1
i n = ; Period =
3
n
translated
x-axis and translated
units left.
f y = tan 2 x
4
i n = 2; Period =
n
n = 1; Period =
Translation
units to the left.
Asymptote is at
1
3
= 3
1
parallel
2
to the y-axis, dilated by a factor
of 3 parallel to the x-axis and
reflected in the x-axis.
1
i y = tan 4 x
3
12
ii Dilated by a factor of
i n = 4;
Period =
units to the right and
units to
the right.
Asymptotes at 0 and
1
parallel
4
12
1
units
3
down.
j y = 2 tan x + + 5
3
n
=
ii Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel
to the y-axis. Translated
b y = tan(2x) 3, 0 x
2
Translation 3 units down
e y = tan
1
(x ), 0 x
4
1
; Period = 4
4
the x-axis, reflection in the x-axis
and translation units to the right.
There are no asymptotes in this
domain.
n=
3
units to the left and 5 units up.
3 a y = tan(x) + 2, 0 x
n = 1; Period =
Translation 2 units up
n = 2; Period =
to the x-axis. Translated
Period =
the y-axis. Translation
i n = 1;
d y = 2 tan x , 0 x
2
n = 1; Period =
2
2
to the x-axis and translated
4
units right.
c y = tan x + , 0 x
4
n
=
to the y-axis, reflected in the
2
to the y-axis and by a factor of
1
2
Translated 4 units down.
1
d y = tan x 2
2
1
i n = ; Period =
n
2
= 2
ii Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to
the x-axis, reflected in the x-axis
and translated 2 units down.
e y = 5 tan x +
2
i n = 1;
1
parallel
4
to the y-axis, dilated by a factor
1
of parallel to the x-axis and
3
4
ii Reflected in the x-axis, dilated
1
parallel to the
by a factor of
4
x-axis and translated 1 unit up.
c y = 3 tan(2x) 4
i n = 2;
3
to the y-axis and by a factor of
1
3
b y = tan(4x) + 1
i n = 4;
1
x
f y = 3 tan + 1 , 0 x
2
6
1
n = ; Period = 6
6
the y-axis and by a factor of 6
parallel to the x-axis. Reflection in
1
the x-axis and translated 1 units
2
up. There are no asymptotes in this
domain.
Reflection in the x-axis, translation
12
1
x
tan 1, 0 x
2
2
1
n = ; Period = 2
2
Asymptote at
1
parallel
2
to the y-axis and a factor of 2
parallel to the x-axis. Translation 1
unit down.
3 a
units left and 1 unit up.
Translation
units to the right
2
and 2 units down.
h y = 2 tan 2 x + , 0 x
8
n = 2; Period =
and 3
8n = 2
n=

y = 3 sin x 2
4
4 a
a=
1
(4 + 4) = 4
2
n =2
units
to the left.
Exercise 6F Finding
equations of trigonometric
graphs
1 a
a=
i y = tan 4 x + + 1,
12
4
0x
12
3
5
7
12 8
12 8
12
8
7 13 19
=
,
,
,
24 24 24
24
3
parallel
4
1
parallel to the
to the y-axis and
4
x-axis.
2 a

y = 2 cos x
3
1
(5 + 5) = 5
2
y = 5 cos 2 x
4
5 a
a=
1
(1 + 3) = 2
2
2
= 2
n
a=
n =2
n =1
c = 1

y = 2 sin x
6
1
a = (2 + 2) = 2
2
n=
2
=
n
=
n
2
n =4
y = 2 cos(4x)
1
b
a = (2 + 2) = 2
2
2
=6
n
6n = 2
y = 4 cos 2 x
2
1
(3 + 3) = 3
2
2
=
n
n =2
y = 3 sin(2x)
1
b
a = (2 + 2) = 2
2
2
= 12
n
12n = 2
n=
c = 2
the x-axis and translated
and 5
8
8
Dilated by a factor of 2 parallel to
1
the y-axis and by a factor of
2
parallel to the x-axis. Reflected in
Asymptotes at
n =1
c =1
y = 0.5 sin(x) + 1
1
a = (1 + 5) = 3
2
2
=
n
n = 4; Period =
1
(0.5 + 0.5) = 0.5
2
2
=8
n
Asymptotes at
137
2
= 2
n
g y=
1
j y = tan x 2,
2
2
3
0x
1
n = ; Period 2
2
No asymptotes in this domain.
1
Dilation by a factor of parallel
3
to the y-axis and by 2 parallel to
the x-axis.
a=
MM12-6
y = 2 sin x + 1
3
1
a = (5 + 1) = 3
2
2
= 2
n
n =1
c =2
y = 3 sin x + + 2
2
138
MM12-6
6 a
a =
Next maximum depth is in 12

hours after 3 pm.
c Min. d = 6 + 2.5 1
= 3.5
Least amount of water is 3.5 m
deep.
1
(1 + 1) = 1
2
2
= 12
n
12n = 2
n=
6
c =3

y = cos x + 3
6
1
a = (3 1) = 1
2
2
=8
n
8n = 2

e 6 + 2.5 sin t = 7.25
6
n=
4
c =2

2.5 sin t = 1.25
6

y = cos x + 2
4
7

sin t = 0.5
6
5 13 17
t= ,
,
,
6
6 6
6
6
t = 1, 5, 13, 17
From the graph Fred can enter
between 1 pm and 5 pm and 1 am
and 5 am.
a =2
2
=6
n
6n = 2
n =
3
b = 2

d = 7 + 3 sin t
6
Max. d = 7 + 3 1
= 10
Min. d = 7 + 3 1
=4
The minimum depth is 4 m and the
maximum depth is 10 m.
2
b Period =
2 a

y = 2 sin x 2
3
The answer is D.
a=
1
(4 + 2) = 3
2
2
=
n
n =2
=
c =
6
= 12
Midnight on Friday to midday on
Sunday = 36 hours.
1
(2 + 4) = 1
2
y = 3 cos 2(x
)+1
The answer is E.
Exercise 6G Trigonometric
modelling
1 a
t
d = 6 + 2.5 sin
6
Max. d = 6 + 2.5 1
= 8.5 m
t
=
It occurs when
6
2
t =
2
6
= 3 hours
Therefore the maximum depth is
8.5 m at 3 pm.
2
b Period =
6
= 12

c Max. when t =
2
6
t =3
First at maximum depth at 3 am on
Saturday.

d 7 + 3 sin t = 8.5
6

3 sin t = 1.5
6
sin t = 0.5
6
5 13 17 25 29
,
,
,
,
,
6 6
6
6
6
6
t = 1, 5, 13, 17, 25, 29
From the graph the student should
fish between 1 am and 5 am on
Saturday, 1 pm and 5 pm on
Saturday and 1 am and 5 am on
Sunday.
e 2 hours prior to 5 am on Sunday, that
is, from 3 am to 5 am on Sunday.

3 a
T = 18 + 7 cos m
6
3
m = 3, T = 18 + 7 cos
6
t=

= 18 + 7 cos
2
= 18 + 7 0
= 18
The mean average temperature in
March is 18C.
8
m = 8, T = 18 + 7 cos
6
4
= 18 + 7 cos
3
= 18 + 7 0.5
= 18 3.5
= 14.5
The mean average temperature in
August is 14.5C.
b Max. T, when m = 0
m = 0, T = 18 + 7 cos(0)
= 18 + 7
= 25

Period, m = 2
6
m = 12
Next maximum when m = 12
Therefore the maximum average
temperature is 25C and it occurs
in January and December.
2
c m = 2, T = 18 + 7 cos
6

= 18 + 7 cos
3
= 18 + 7 0.5
= 21.5
The maximum average temperature
in February is 21.5C.
5
d If m =
6
3
m = 10
It will also be a maximum of
21.5C in October or 8 months
from February.
4 a
h = a sin(nt) + c
1
c = (0 + 1.8) = 0.9
2
2
=2
n
n =
c = 1 (1.8 0) = 0.9
2
h = 0.9 sin(t) + 0.9
7 a a=
1
(30 10) = 10
2
b Period = 2 12 = 24
MM12-6
139
Exercise 6H Further graphs

1 a
1
(30 + 10) = 20
2
c Middle =
d 20 units
e Max. at 3 pm and min. at 3 am.
c 0.9 sin(t) + 0.9 = 0.25
0.9 sin(t) = 0.65
sin(t) = 0.722
Basic angle = 0.807
sin (t) is first negative in the 3rd
quadrant
t = + 0.807
= 3.95
t = 1.3
The rope will be 25 cm above the
ground after approximately 1.3
seconds.
5 a Height = 2 m
1
a = (2 + 0) = 1
2
b Distance = 8 m since the period
is 8.
6 a
b =
1
(34 2) = 16
2
2
=3
n
3n = 2
2
n=
3
1
a = (34 + 2) = 18
2
2
b h = 18 16 cos
3
c 5 times at a height of 34 metres.

d t = 0,
h = 18 16 cos(0)
= 18 16 1
= 2 metres.
e Period = 3
At this height after another
3 minutes.
2
h = 18 16 cos
3
= 18 16 0.5
= 18 + 8
= 26 m
g Translate: Left 1 unit
2
h = 18 16 cos
(t + 1)
3
f t = 1,
f T = c + a cos n(t + )
Since maximum first occurs at
3 pm or t = 15
= 15
c = 20
a = 10
2
= 24
n
24n = 2
n=
x=
12
T = 20 + 10 cos
T = 20 + 10 cos
12
12
(since period = 24)
g t = 3,
y = sin(x) + cos(2x)
x = 0,
y =0+1=1

x= ,
y = sin + cos
4
4

2
(t 15) or
(t + 9)
,
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
2
+ 0 = 0.707
2
y = 1 + 1 = 0
y =0+1=1
y = 1 1 = 2
y =0+1=1
T = 20 + 10 cos()
= 20 10
= 10C (correct)

T = 20 + 10 cos
2
= 20 + 0
= 20C (correct)
t = 15, T = 20 + 10 cos(0)
= 20 + 10
= 30C (correct)
t = 9,

t = 21, T = 20 + 10 cos
2
= 20 + 0
= 20C (correct)
Note: if one took
T = c a cos n (t + )
Min. first occurs at 3 am or t = 3
= 3
a, c, n as above
T = 20 10 cos
T = 20 10 cos
12
12
(since period = 24)
h t = 0,
b y = cos(x) + sin(2x)
x = 0,
y=1+0=1
2
x= ,
y=
+ 1 = 1.707
2
4
x=
,
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
y=0+0=0
y = 1 + 0 = 1
y=0+0=0
y=1+0=1
(t 3) or
(t + 21)
5
T = 20 + 10 cos
4
2
= 20 + 10
= 20 5 2
12.93C
The temperature at midnight is
approximately 13C.
This makes sense, since it is just
above the minimum temperature of
10C.
c y = 2 sin(x) + cos(x)
x = 0,
y =0+1=1
x=
x=
,
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
y =
2 +
2
= 2.12
2
y =2+0=0
y = 0 1 = 1
y = 2 + 0 = 2
y =0+1=1
140
MM12-6
b y = cos(x) x
d y = 2 cos(x) + sin(x)
x = 0,
y=2+0=2
x=
y=
2 +
2
2
= 2.12
x=
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
y=0+1=1
y = 2 + 0 = 2
y = 0 1 = 1
y=2+0=2
e y = 2 sin(x) + cos(2x)
x = 0,
y =0+1=1
x=
x=
,
,
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
y =
2 + 0 = 1.414
g y = 2 sin(2x) + cos(x)
x = 0,
x=
x=
y = 2 1 = 3
y =0+1=1
y=2+
y=0+0=0
y = 0 + 1 = 1
3
x=
,
2
y=0+0=0
x = 2,
y=0+1=1
h y = 2 cos(2x) + sin(x)
x = 0,
x=
x=
y=2+0=2
x=
y=0+
y = 2 + 1 = 1
3
,
2
x = 2,
d y = cos(2x) +
1 2
x
4
e y = 2sin(4x)
1 3
x
8
2
= 0.707
2
x = ,
c y = 3sin(x) 2x
2
= 2.707
2
x = ,
y = 2 + 1 = 1
y =0+1=1
y=0+1=1
y=2+0=2
y = 2 1 = 3
y=2+0=2
f y = tan(x) 2x2
f y = 2 cos(x) + sin(2x)
x = 0,
y =2+0=2
x=
x=
,
2
x = ,
3
x=
,
2
x = 2,
y=
2 + 1 = 2.414
y =0+0=0
y = 2 + 0 = 2
y =0+0=0
y =2+0=2
2 a y = sin(x) + x
g y = 4sin(8x) 5loge(x + 1)
h y = 3cos(2x)
20
( x + 2) 2
MM12-6
4 a
b
3 a
c
b
5 a y = 0.5x sin(x)
Let f(x) = 0.5x and g(x) = sin(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
dom f(x)g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)
=R
b y = (x 1) cos(x)
Let f(x) = x 1 and g(x) = cos(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
=R
c y = 3sin(x) loge(x)
Let f(x) = 3sin(x) and g(x) = loge(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = (0, )
= (0, )
h
d y = 2cos(x) x
Let f(x) = 2cos(x) and g(x) = x

Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = [0, )
= [0, )
141
MM12-6
142
e y = 8cos(x) sin(x)
Let f(x) = 8cos(x) and g(x) = sin(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
=R
b dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

=R
c dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

= (0, )
f y = (4 2x) sin(2x)
Let f(x) = 4 2x and g(x) = sin(2x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
=R
g y = 1.2x cos(x)
Let f(x) = 1.2x and g(x) = cos(x)
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = R
=R
x
h y=
2 x
2
x
Let f(x) =
and g(x) = 2 x
2
Domain of f(x) = R
Domain of g(x) = (, 2]
= (, 2]
d dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

=R
e dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

= [2, )
f dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

=R
g dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

= [0, ) (, 1]
= [0, 1]
6 a dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

= [2, )
h dom f(x) g(x) = dom f(x) dom g(x)

= (0, )
7 a f(x) = cos(x) and g(x) = loge(x)

i Domain of f(x) = R
Range of g(x) = R
Range of g(x) domain of f(x)
so, f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = cos loge(x)
Domain is the same as g(x), that is, (0, )
iii
b f(x) = sin(2x) and g(x) = x

Range of g(x) = [0, )
ii f(g(x)) = sin(2 x )
Domain is the same as the domain of g(x), that is, [0, )
iii
MM12-6
143
ii f(g(x)) = (sin(x))2, domain is R

iii
f f(x) = 2x and g(x) = cos(2x)

Range of g(x) = [1, 1]
Range of g(x) domain of f(x), so f(g(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = 2cos(2x), domain is R
iii
1
x
g f(x) = cos and g(x) = x2
2
4
1 2
x
ii f(g(x)) = cos 2
4
x2
= cos , domain is R
8
iii
c f(x) = 2sin(x) and g(x) =
x2
4
x2
ii f(g(x)) = 2sin , domain = R
4
h f(x) = 2sin(x) +1 and g(x) = x 3

Range of g(x) is [3, )
ii f(g(x)) = 2sin( x 3) + 1
Domain is equal to domain of g(x), that is, [0, )
iii
iii
d f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2cos(x)

i Domain of f(x) = [2, )
ii f(g(x)) = 2cos( x) + 2
The domain is the same as g(x), that is, R
iii
e f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin(x)

8 a f(x) = x 2, g(x) = ex
i f(g(x)): Domain of f(x) is R
Range of g(x) is (0, ).
Since Range g(x) dom f(x)
f(g(x)) is defined.
g(f(x)): Domain of g(x) is R
Range of f(x) is R
Since Range f(x) dom of g(x) g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = ex 2
Domain is R, range is (2, )
g(f(x)) = ex 2
Domain is R, range is (0, )
iii Sketch f(g(x)).
when x = 0, y = 1
when y = 0, 0 = ex 2
2 = ex
x = 0.69
MM12-6
144
Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0, y = e2
when y = 0 0 = ex 2
no x-intercepts.
b f(x) = |x|, g(x) = x2 1

i f(g(x)): Domain f(x) is R and the
range of g(x) is (1, ). Since
range g(x) dom f(x) f(g(x)) is
defined.
g(f(x)): Domain g(x) is R and the
range of f(x) is [0, ) so, range
f(x) dom g(x) g(f(x)) is
defined.
ii f(g(x)) = |x2 1|
Domain is R
Range is [0, )
g(f(x)) = |x2| 1
Domain is R
Range is [1, )
iii Sketch f(g(x))
when x = 0 y = 1
when y = 0 x = 1
ii f(g(x)) = 1 (ex)2
= 1 e2x
Domain is R
Range is (, 1)
2
g(f(x)) = e1 x
Domain is R
Range is (0, e1)
iii Sketch f(g(x)):
When x = 0 y = 0
Asymptote at y = 1
Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = e1
2
when y = 0, 0 = e1 x
No x-intercepts
d f(x) =
x , g(x) = sin(x)
i f(g(x)): Domain of f(x) = [0, ),

range of g(x) = [1, 1] f(g(x)) is
not defined as range of g(x) /
of domain of f(x)
g(f(x)): Domain of g(x) is R and
the range of f(x) is [0, ). Range
f(x) domain g(x) so g(f(x)) is
defined.
ii f(g(x)) is not defined.
g(f(x)) = sin( x )
Domain is [0, )
Range is [1, 1]
iii Sketch g(f(x)):
when x = 0, y = 0
when y = 0, 0 = sin ( x )
Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = cos(1)
when y = 0 0 = cos(ex)
3 5
cos(ex) = ,
,
,
2
2 2
3 5
ex = ,
,
2
2 2

3
x = ln , ln ,
2
2
5
ln ,
2
f f(x) = loge(x), g(x) = sin(x)

i Domain f(x) = (0, ) range of
g(x) = [1, 1]
f(g(x)) is not defined as range of
g(x) / of domain f(x).
Domain of g(x) = R, range of
f(x) = R
Range f(x) domain g(x), so
g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) is not defined
g(f(x)) = sin(loge(x))
Domain is (0, )
Range is [1, 1]
iii Sketch g(f(x))
y = undefined
When x = 0
When y = 0,
0 = sin(loge(x))
loge(x) = 0, , 2,
e0 = x, e = x, e2 = x,
x = 1, e, e2,
x = , 2
x = 2, 42,
Sketch g(f(x))
when x = 0 y = 1
when y = 0 x = 1
c f(x) = 1 x2, g(x) = ex

i f(g(x)): Domain f(x) is R and the
range of g(x) is (0, ). Range
g(x) dom f(x), so f(g(x)) is
defined.
g(f(x)): Domain of f(x) is R and
the range of f(x) is (, 1].
Range f(x) dom g(x), so
g(f(x)) is defined.
iii Sketch f(g(x))

when x = 0 y = e1
when y = 0 0 = ecos(x)
No x-intercepts
e f(x) = e , g(x) = cos(x)

i Domain of f(x) = R, range of
g(x) = [1, 1] range g(x) dom
f(x), so f(g(x)) is defined.
Domain of g(x) = R, range of
f(x) = (0, ) range f(x) dom
f(x), so g(f(x)) is defined.
ii f(g(x)) = ecos(x)
Domain is R
1
Range is [e1, e1] or ,e
e
g(f(x)) = cos(ex)
Domain is R
Range is [1, 1]
Exercise 6I Trigonometric
functions with an increasing
trend

1 T(m) = 12 + 0.2 m + 5 cos m
6
a
b Dec 2009 m = 23
T(23) = 12 + 0.2 23 + 5 cos 23

6
= 20.9301
= 20.9

c 18 = 12 + 0.2m + 5 cos m
6

solve (18 = 12 + 0.2m + 5 cos m , m)
6

Solving 18 = 12 + 0.2m + 5 cos m for m gives
6
m = 10.68 i.e. during the 11th month
December 2008

2 M = 15 000 + 100t 4000 cos t
6
a 100 mice are added each month
b
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a 60
= 15 500 + 4000
180
180
d 90
180
b 30
180
e 360
M = 15 000 + 100 5 4000 cos 5

6
3
2
= 15 500 + 2000 3
= 18 964.102
18 964 mice are present in Dec 2008

d 20 000 = 15 000 +100t 4000 cos t
6

solve (20 000 = 15 000 + 100t 4000 cos t , t )
6

Solving 20 000 = 150 000 + 100t 4000 cos t
6
for t gives
t = 16.86 i.e. during the 17th month
December 2009

3 V(t) = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin t
6
a 0.02 = 2% inflation rate per month
b V(0) = 20 + 0.02 0 + 5 sin 0

6
= $20
c V(6) = 20 + 0.02 6 + 5 sin 6

6
= $ 20.12
145

d 25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin t
6

solve (25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin t , t)
6

Solving 25.50 = 20 + 0.02t + 5 sin t for t gives
6
t = 26.77 i.e. during the 27th month
April 2008
c 45
c Dec 2008 t = 5
MM12-6
= 2
f 270
180
180
3
2
g 150
180
5
=
6
h 300
5
3
i 225
180
2
3
k 210
180
5
4
j 120
180
7
6
l 315
7
=
4
180
180
MM12-6
146
c sin(2 + x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
d sin(4 x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
2
2 a cos
3

= cos
3
1
=
2

b sin
4
1
=
2
2
=
2
7
c tan
6

= tan
6
1
=
3
3
3
5
d sin
4
=

= sin
4
2
2
e tan(2)
=0
f sin(120)
= sin(60)
3
=
2
g cos(135)
= cos(45)
1
=
2
=
2
2
h tan(30)
1
=
3
=
3
3
i cos(315)
= cos(45)
1
=
2
=
2
=
2
j tan(225)
= tan(45)
=1
3 sin(x) = 0.85
a sin( x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
b sin( + x)
= sin(x)
= 0.85
4 2 cos(x)
2
2
cos(x) =
y = a sin(nx) + b
Period = 4
2
= 4
n
2
n=
4
1
=
2
Amplitude is 3
a=3
Graph is translated down 1
so b = 1
x
y = 3 sin 1
2
9 a
8
+ 2n , + 2n
4
4
x=
x=
2 =0
(8n 1) (8n + 1)
,
3 sin(2 x) = cos(2x)
3 tan(2 x) = 1
1
3
tan(2x) =
2x =
x=
x=
x=
12
+ n
+
n
2
6n +
12
(6n + 1)
12
n = 0, x =
12
Period is = 12, a = 3
6
7
n = 1, x =
12
13
n = 2, x =
12

6.5 = 5 + 3 sin t
6
1.5

= sin t
3
6
19
12
7 13 19
x=
, ,
,
12 12 12 12
n = 3, x =
1
sin t =
2
6
= sin , sin ,
6
6
6 a Dilation by a factor of 3 parallel
to the y-axis, translation
4
to the right and 2 units up.
units
b y = 3sin x + 2
4
amplitude is 3, period is
c
7 y = tan(2x) + 2
period is
2
= 2.
1
sin 2 + ,
6
sin 3
6
5 13 17
,
,
,
6
6
6 6
t = 1, 5, 13, 17 hours after 9 am.
t = 10 am, 2 pm, 10 pm, 2 am
(next day)
c Water sports may run between
10 am and 2 pm.
10 Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin(2x),
then reflect any part below the x-axis
in the x-axis.
6
t =
11 a, b and c
MM12-6
147
7 4 sin(x) = 2 3
3
2
sin(x) =
In 3rd quadrant, basic angle

x=+
1 320
14 f: [, ] R, f(x)

= 5 cos 2 x +
3

a amplitude = 5
2
2
period =
=
=
2
n
b First sketch the graph of
f(x) = 5 cos(2x)
x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 5 cos(2x) 2 2x 2
0 = cos(2x)
3 3
2x = , , ,
2
2 2 2
3 3
x = , , ,
4
4 4 4
Translating the graph left
3
units gives x-intercepts of:
7 5 11
x=
, , ,
12 12 12 12
To find the y intercept let x = 0

f(0) = 5 cos 2 0 +
3
32
18
16
=
9
The answer is E.
13
180
2
6
= 13 30
= 390
The answer is A.
3 sin = sin 2
3
3
9x =

, y = 2 cos 3 sin
3
3

= sin
3
10 Period =
2
= 5 cos
2x =

= 5 cos
3
1
=5
2
5
=
2
4
3 7
5
=
,
,
,
4
4
4
4
5 3 7
x = ,
,
,
8
8
8
8
The answer is D.
2 + 2
3 3
2
, 2 +
23 3
2
The answer is D.
3.5 1.5
2
= 2.5
b = 2.5
11 Amplitude =
Period = 3
2
=
n
2
n =
3
3.5 1.5
a=
2
=1
The answer is A.
, 2
=1
1
3
= 3
4
tan(2x) < 0 in quadrants 2 and 4.
4
1
3
3
2
2
The answer is E.
3
2
The answer is D.
4
a = 3,
2
Period =
2
=
Range = [3 1, 3 1]
= [4, 2]
The answer is C.
2
5
Period =
1
2
= 4
1
1
sin (x + ) =
2
2
1 solution, over [0, 2]
The answer is B.
6 sin(2x) + cos(2x) = 0, x
tan(2x) + 1 = 0 2 2x 2
tan(2x) = 1
=2
Basic angle is
8 Domain = [0, ]
2
Period =
3
A full cycle is completed.
Range = [4 + 2, 4 + 2]
= [2, 6]
The answer is B.
180
13 f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2 + 2

a Domain of f(x) is R
Range of g(x) is [2, )
Since range of g(x) is of
domain of f(x), f(g(x)) is defined.
b f(g(x)) = sin(x2 + 2)
c Domain of f(g(x)) is R (same as
domain of g(x))
Range of f(g(x)) is [1, 1]
3
4
=
3
The answer is C.
Multiple choice
12 a, b and c
12 bsin(x c) = 0
sin(x c) = 0
x c = 0, , 2
x = c, + c, 2 + c
Over [0, 2] x = c, + c only since
0c
The answer is E.
13 2 2 sin(t) = 0
2 sin(t) = 2
sin(t) = 1
t =
2
t = 0.5
The answer is C.
MM12-6
148
14 tan(2x) = 1
Basic angle =
st
1 quadrant: 2x =
x=
B
Extended response
1
a = (10 + 0)
1 a
2
=5
1
b = (10 0)
2
=5
2
= 24
n
24n = 2
n=
12
D = 5 5 sin (t + c)
12
When D = 5, t = 6
5 = 5 5 sin (6 + c)
12
sin (6 + c) = 0
12
12
(6 + c) = 6 or
c = 6, or
12
(6 + c) =
6 + c = 12
c=6
c = 6 since it is positive.
Hence D(t) = 5 5 sin (t + 6)

12
b t = 6, D = 5 5 sin()
=5
The angle at 6 am is 5.
27
t = 21, D = 5 5 sin
12
2 0.6435 = 3.7851, 5.6397

t + 6 = 14.458, 21.542
t = 8.458, 15.542
= 8 hours and 28 minutes,
15 hours and 32 minutes.
The actual times are 8.28 am and
3.32 pm. Differences occur due to
inaccuracy of graphical answers.
e At t = 0, D = 5
Translate D(t) up 5 units
G(t) = 5 5 sin (t + 6) + 5
12
= 10 5 sin (t + 6)
12

2 d = 10.5 9 cos t
30
a t=0
0
d = 10.5 9 cos
30
= 10.5 9
= 1.5 m
b Maximum distance is 10.5 9
= 19.5 m
c 99
= 18 m
d 1 full circle is the period.
2
;n=
Period =
n
30
2
=
30
= 60 seconds
e i Time for 1 full circle is
60 seconds.
Circle circumference is 18
18
Average speed =
60
3
=
m/s
10
3
ii
= 0.94 m/s
10
f 2.5 minutes = 2.5 cycles of the
graph

= 5 5 sin
4
=5
5 2
2
= 1.46
The angle at 9 pm is 1.46.
c From the graph, D = 8 when
t = 8.5 and 15.5.
That is, at 8.30 am and 3.30 pm
and again at 8.30 am the next day.
d 5 5 sin (t + 6) = 8
12
5 sin (t + 6) = 3
12
sin (t + 6) = 0.6
12
12
(t + 6) = + 0.6435,
a For the function to be continuous,

then m = C(8) or C(16)
C(8) = 1000(cos(0) + 2)2 1000
C(8) = 1000(1 + 2)2 1000
C(8) = 9000 1000
C(8) = 8000
Hence, for the function to be
continuous, m = 8000
b
g Translation 6 units

d = 10.5 9 cos (t 6)
30
h t = 2.5 minutes (150 seconds)
d = 10.5 9 cos (150 6)

30
= 10.5 7.28
= 17.78 m (correct to 2 decimal
places.)
(t 8)
3 C(t) = 1000 cos
+ 2
2
1000
c Minimum concentration occurs

when
(t 8)
cos
= 1
2
hence
C(t) = 1000(1 + 2)2 1000
C(t) = 0
this occurs at t = 10 and t = 14
2
(t 8)
d 1250 = 1000 cos
+ 2
2
1000
On a calculator page, complete the
entry line as:
Solve
(t 8)
(1250 = 1000 cos
+ 2
2
1000, t)
Solving 1250 =
2
(t 8)
1000 cos
+ 2 1000
2
for t gives
28
t=
, hence 9:20 am
3
e All values of t within the domain
28 32 40 44
are
, , ,
3 3 3 3
From graph at can be seen that the
concentration is less than 1250
from
28
32
4
hrs
3
3
3
40
44
4
hrs
3
3
3
Hence, total time the concentration
is less than 1250:
4
8
= hrs
2
3
3
= 2 hours 40 minutes
Exam practice 2
Short answer
1 log2(2x 3) log2(3) = 1
log2 2 x 3 = 1
2x 3
=2
3
2x 3 = 6
2x = 9
x= 4
2
1
2
32x + 333 = 9
32x + 6 = 32
2x + 6 = 2
x = 2
3 a Reflected in y-axis f(x) = ex

Translated 2 units left so x x + 2
f(x) = e(x + 2) = ex 2
Translated 3 units up
f(x) = ex 2 + 3
b f(2) = e0 + 3
=4
f(0) = e2 + 3
1
= 2 +3
e
1
So the range is 2 + 3, 4 .
e
4 a Dilation of from the x-axis, dilation of
from the y-axis. Translation of

left.
3
2
b Dilation of from the x-axis

1
y = sin( x )
2
Dilation of from the y-axis
1
y = sin(2 x)
2
Translation of
left y =
5 sin(3x) cos(3x) = 0
sin(3x) = cos(3x)
tan(3x) = 1
basic angle:
3x =
sin 2 x +
2
3
domain: [0, ]
domain: [0, 3]
, + , 2 +
4
4
4
5 9
3x = ,
,
4 4 4
5 3
x =
,
,
12 12 4
6 f: [
) R, f(x) = 2 tan 2 x + 1
4
8
We need a sketch of tan 2 x in order to determine any discontinuity or areas where f is not defined.
4
and is translated
to the right.
tan 2 x = tan 2 x so the period is
8
4
2
8
MM12-6
149
MM12-6
150

The interval [ , ) corresponds to [0.25, 0.125).
4 8
tan 2 x is continuous in that interval and is positive so

4

3
f = 2 tan
4
4
=21+1
=3

f =
8
So the range is [3, )
tan 2 x is defined.
4
+ 1.
7 e2x ex = 2
Let a = ex
a2 a = 2
a2 a 2 = 0
(a 2)(a + 1) = 0
a = 2 or a = 1
Substitute back in for a = ex
or
ex = 1
ex = 2
no real solution
x = loge(2)
x = loge(2)
8 a f: [1, 3] R where f(x) = x sin(x)
b Minimum value is 0.
c Maximum value between 1 and 2. We need some specific values to help here.
When x =
When x =
, sin(x) = 1 and x sin(x) =
1.6
2
3
and x sin(x) =
, sin(x) =
2
3
3
1.7
3
3
2
3 2
and x sin(x) =
, sin(x) =
1.5
2
8
4
The maximum is at least 1.7. Best estimate to one decimal place would be 1.8.
When x =
Multiple choice
1
y = 2abx 1 + 5
y 5
abx 1 =
2
bx 1 = loga y 5
2
y 5
log a
+1
2
x=
b
The answer is E.
2 e2x 3ex = 4
Let a = ex
a2 3a = 4
a2 3a 4 = 0
(a 4)(a + 1) = 0
a = 4 or a = 1
Substitute back in for a = ex
or
ex = 1
ex = 4
x = loge(4) or
no real solution
x = loge(4)
The answer is C.
3 f: [2, 5] R where f(x) = loge(x)

Reflection in the y-axis domain is [5, 2].
Translating 2 units left domain is [7, 4].
The vertical translation of 3 has no effect on the domain.
The answer is C.
4 f: [1, ) R where f(x) = x2 + 1
Let y = x2 + 1.
For the rule of the inverse function, interchange x and y
x = y2 + 1.
y2 = x 1
y = x 1
Since the domain of the function is [1, ) the appropriate
choice is y = x 1. The range of the function is [2, ) so
this will be the domain of the inverse function.
The answer is B.
5 a sin(3 ) b = 0
b
sin(3 ) =
a
b
b
3 = sin1 or sin1 .
a
a
If = 2 then 3 = 6
so 3 = 6 is also a possibility. Hence =
2 could
be a solution.
The corresponding general solutions would be
b
b
3 = sin1 = sin1 + 2n
a
a
1
2n
= 6+
3
3
=2+
or =
2n
3
1
2n
( 6) +
3
3
= 2 +
(2n + 1)
3
If n = 1 then 2 +
2
is a solution.
3
The answer is D.
6 Basic graph is sine or cosine.
Period is T, so A and E are eliminated.
Amplitude is 2a so C is eliminated.
Check B amplitude of 2a produces reflected cosine
graph with no horizontal translation.
This fits
to the right.
2
In this case the translation has to be a function of T so D
cannot be correct.
The answer is B.
7 If x = a is one solution to an equation of the form
cos(2x) = k, then x = a will also be a solution. The third
solution will be a period beyond x = a at x = a + .
So the two adjacent solutions are x = a and x = a + . The
difference between them will be (a + ) a = 2a
The answer is E.
Check D Need a sine graph translated
MM12-6
151
Extended response
500 100
1 a
= 200 birds
2
b takes 6 months from maximum to minimum. period
is 12 months.
500 + 100
c mean population
= 300 birds
2
d Population is a minimum after 7 months
e P(t) = a sin(b(t + c)) + d
a is the amplitude so is 200
2
2
b is related to the period by T =
12 =
b
b
6
c is the horizontal translation which is two months left
so c = 2
d is the vertical translation so d = 300
So P(t) = 200 sin (t + 2) + 300

6

f Initial population: P(0) = 200 sin + 300
3
3
= 200
+ 300
2
= 473 birds
g Q(t) = Aekt
(0, 500) 500 = Aek 0
A = 500
(60, 370) 370 = 500ek 60
370 = 500e60
370
e60 =
500
= 0.74
60k = loge(0.74)
log e (0.74)
k =
60
k = 0.005018
So Q(t) = 500e0.005018t
P( x)Q( x)
h Population =
500
0.005018t
200sin 6 (t + 2) + 300 500 e
=
500
b=
= e 0.005018t 200sin (t + 2) + 300

6

t = 0 Population = 1 [200 sin + 300]
3
= 200
3
+ 300
2
= 473
This value is consistent with the sine model and close to
the exponential model.
t = 7 population = 96.5
This is consistent with the sine model
t = 60 population = 350
This is consistent with the exponential model.
t = 120 population = 259
This is consistent with the exponential model.
MM12-7
152
Differentiation
Chapter 7 Differentiation
Exercise 7A Review
gradient and rates of change
rise
run
1
=
1
=1
gradient function
y=1
1 a m=
rise
run
3
=
1
= 3
gradient function
y = 3
e m=0
d g(x) < 0 if x < 3

g(x) = 0 if x = 3
g(x) > 0 if x > 3
b m=
rise
run
1
=
2
1
=
2
gradient function
1
y=
2
rise
run
2
=
1
=2
The answer is B.
b The graph of the gradient
function is given by f (x) = 2.
The answer is C.
3 a g(x) < 0 if x < 0
g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) > 0 if x > 0
2 a m=
c m=
rise
run
5
=
or 2.5
2
gradient function
5
y=
2
b g(x) > 0 if x < 0

g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) < 0 if x > 0
d m=
c g(x) < 0 if x < 0

g(x) = 0 if x = 0
g(x) > 0 if x > 0
e g(x) > 0 if x < 2

g(x) = 0 if x = 2
g(x) < 0 if x > 2
4 a f (x) > 0 if x < 0 and the graph is

becoming less sleep
f (x) = 0 if x = 0
f (x) < 0 if x > 0
Hence f (x) is always decreasing.
The answer is B.
b f (x) > 0 if x < 0
f (x) = 0 if x = 0
f (x) < 0 if x > 0
The answer is A.
5 a f (x) > 0 for 3 < x < 2
f (x) = 0 for x = 3 and x = 2
f (x) < 0 for x < 3 and x > 2
Since f (x) is cubic, f (x) is
quadratic (parabola).
Differentiation
b f (x) > 0 for x < 1 and x > 4

f (x) = 0 for x = 1 and x = 4
f (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 4
g f (x) > 0 for x < 0 and x > 0

f (x) = 0 for x = 0
quadratic (parabola)
c f (x) > 0 for 0 < x < 5

f (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 5
f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and x > 5
d f (x) > 0 for x < 0 and x > 0

f (x) = 0 for x = 0
e f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and x > 0

f (x) = 0 for x = 0
f f (x) > 0 for 3 < x < 0

f (x) = 0 for x = 3 and x = 0
f (x) < 0 for x < 3 and x > 0
h
6 a Positive gradient occurs when f (x)
slopes upward from left to right,
that is x < 1 and x > 2.
The answer is D.
b Negative gradient occurs when f (x)
slopes downward from left to right
that is 1 < x < 2.
The answer is C.
c f (x) > 0 for x < 1 and x > 2
f (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 2
Gradient function has a unique
value throughout its domain (no
sharp points)
since f (x) is smooth and
continuous.
The answer is E.
7 a i n/a since f (x) has no stationary
points.
ii R since gradient is always
positive.
iii n/a since gradient is always
positive.
iv n/a since f (x) is smooth and
continuous.
b i n/a since f (x) has no stationary
points.
ii n/a since gradient is always
negative.
iii R since gradient is always
negative.
continuous.
c i x = 1 since local maximum
ii (, 1)
iii (1, )
iv n/a since g(x) is smooth and
continuous
d i x = 4 since local minimum
ii (4, )
iii (, 4)
continuous.
e i x = 0 since stationary point of
inflection
ii n/a since gradient is negative
either side of x = 0
8 a
MM12-7
153
iii R\{0}
continuous.
i x = 2 and x = 3 since local
minimum and local
maximum respectively.
ii (2, 3) since f (x) slopes
upward from left to right.
iii (, 2) (3, ) since f (x)
slopes downward for x < 2
and x > 3 moving left to right.
continuous.
i x = 2 since stationary point of
inflection.
ii R\{2} since gradient is
positive either side of x = 2.
iii n/a since f (x) slopes upward
from left to right.
continuous.
i x = 1 and x = 2 since local
maximum and local
minimum respectively.
ii (, 1) (2, ) since g(x)
slopes upward for x < 1 and
x > 2 moving left to right.
iii (1, 2) since g(x) slopes
downward for 1 < x < 2
moving left to right.
continuous.
i n/a since no stationary points
exist
ii (, 0) as f (x) slopes upward
for x < 0 moving left to right
iii (0, ) as f (x) slopes downward
for x > 0 moving left to right.
iv x = 0 since f (x) is discontinuous
at x = 0.
i n/a since no stationary points
exist
ii (, 0) as f (x) slopes upward
for x < 0 moving left to right.
iii (0, ) as f (x) slopes downward
for x > 0 moving left to right.
iv x = 0 since f (x) is discontinuous
at x = 0.
MM12-7
154
Differentiation
lim( x3 5 x + 2)
x 3
= (3)3 5(3) + 2
= 14
g
lim (10 x + x 2 x3 )
x 2
= 10 (2) + (2)2 (2)3

= 24
x2 + 5x + 6
x 0
x+2
h lim
d
(0) 2 + 5(0) + 6
0+2
6
=
2
=3
=
x2 2 x 3
x 1
x3
lim
(1)2 2(1) 3
1 3
4
=
2
=2
9 a R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at

x = 2.
b R\{0} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 0.
c R since f(x) smooth and
continuous.
d R\{1, 2} since f(x) discontinuous
at x = 1, not smooth or
continuous at x = 2.
e R\{3} since f(x) not smooth at
x = 3.
f R\{0} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 0.
g R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 2.
h R\{2} since f(x) discontinuous at
x = 2.
i R\{5} since f(x) not smooth at
x = 5.
j R\{5, 4} since f(x) discontinuous
at x = 5, not smooth at x = 4.
Exercise 7B Limits and

differentiation from first
principles
x 2 + 3x
x 0
x
x( x + 3)
= lim
x 0
x
= lim( x + 3), x 0
2 a lim
x 0
=0+3
=3
3x 2 3x
b lim
x 1 x 1
3 x( x 1)
= lim
x 1 ( x 1)
= lim3 x, x 1
x 1
= 3(1)
=3
2 x2 + 2 x
c lim
x 1
x +1
2 x( x + 1)
= lim
x 1
x +1
= lim 2 x, x 1
x 1
= 2(1)
= 2
1 a lim( x + 4)
x 2
=2+4
=6
b lim (2 p 3)
x2 4
x 2 x 2
( x + 2)( x 2)
= lim
x2
( x 2)
d lim
p 2
= 2(2) 3
= 7
c lim(8 3h)
= lim( x + 2), x 2
x2
h 0
=2+2
=4
= 8 3(0)
=8
d lim( x 2 5)
x 3
= (3)2 5
=4
e
lim ( x 2 + 4 x 3)
x 1
= (1)2 + 4(1) 3
= 6
x 2 + 3x + 2
x 1
x +1
( x + 2)( x + 1)
= lim
x 1
( x + 1)
lim
= lim ( x + 2), x 1
x 1
= 1 + 2
=1
Differentiation
x2 5x 6
x 6
x6
( x + 1)( x 6)
= lim
x 6
( x 6)
lim
(h3 64)
h4 ( h 4)
e lim
2
= lim (h 4)(h + 4h + 16)
h4
(h 4)
= lim( x + 1) x 6
= lim h 2 + 4h + 16, h 4
x 6
h4
=6+1
=7
= (4)2 + 4(4) + 16
= 48
h3 8
h2 h 2
g lim
= (2)3 + (2)2 6
= 8 + 4 6
= 10
(h 2)(h 2 + 2h + 4)
= lim
h 2
(h 2)
= lim( h 2 + 2h + 4), h 2
h2
= (2) + 2(2) + 4
= 12
x 2 + 3x
x 3 x 1
g lim
x3 + 27
h lim
x 3 x + 3
= lim
x 3
( x + 3)( x 3 x + 9)
( x + 3)
2
= lim ( x 3 x + 9), x 3
x 3
x2 9
x 3 x + 3
( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
x 3
( x + 3)
= lim x 3, x 3
x 3
= 3 3
= 6
x2 + x 6
x2
x2
( x + 3)( x 2)
= lim
x 2
( x 2)
c lim
= lim( x + 3), x 2
x 2
=2+3
=5
3
d lim
x 1
x +4
x+2
(1)3 + 4
1+ 2
5
=
3
=
(1)3 + 1
1 1
0
2
x 2 + 7 x + 12
x 4
x+4
lim
= lim
x 4
( x + 4)( x + 3)
( x + 4)
= lim ( x + 3), x 4
x 3
b lim
18
2
=0
= 5 1
= 6
3 a lim 3 x 4
= 3(3) 4
=5
x3 + 1
x 1 x 1
x2 + 4 x 5
x 5
x+5
( x + 5)( x 1)
= lim
x 5
( x + 5)
x 5
3(3 + 3)
3 1
h lim
lim
= lim ( x 1), x 5
=9
= (3)2 3(3) + 9
= 27
i
lim x 3 + x 2 6
x 2
x 4
= 4 + 3
= 1
4 Gradient
= f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
f (2 + h) f (2)
=
h
=
(2 + h) 2 + 1 (22 + 1)
h
4 + 4h + h 2 + 1 5
h
4h + h 2
h
h(4 + h)
h
= 4 + h, h 0
5 Gradient of tangent
f (( x + h) f )( x)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(4 + h)
h 0
=4
The answer is E.
MM12-7
155
MM12-7
156
Differentiation
h(2 x h)
h
= lim(2 x h) h 0
= lim
h 0
h 0
= 2x
f (2) = 2(2)
= 4
9
a Gradient chord PQ
f (1 + h) f ( 1)
=
(1 + h) (1)
( 1 + h)( 1 + h + 2) (1)( 1 + 2)
1 + h + 1
(h 1)(h + 1) (1)(1)
=
h
h2 1 + 1
h
a Gradient =
h
h
= h, h 0
b f (x) = lim(h)
=
Gradient at x = 1 is approximately
b f (x) = lim
h 0
=0
Gradient at x = P is given by f (1) = 0.
f (1 + h) f (1)
7 Gradient of the chord is
h
=
=
(1 + h) + 2(1 + h) + 3 (1 + 2 + 3)
h
4h + h 2
=
h
=4+h
If h is very small, the gradient of the curve at the point
when x = 1, is approximately 4.
b f (x) = lim
h 0
rise
run
16
= 4
4
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
4 ( x + h)2 (4 x 2 )
h 0
h
= lim
4 ( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 4 + x 2
h 0
h
= lim
4 x 2 2 xh h 2 4 + x 2
h 0
h
= lim
2 xh h 2
h 0
h
= lim
30
= 10
3
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
2( x + h) 2 6( x + h) (2 x 2 6 x)
h 0
h
= lim
2( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 6 x 6h 2 x 2 + 6 x
h 0
h
= lim
2 x 2 + 4 xh + 2h 2 6 x 6h 2 x 2 + 6 x
h 0
h
1 + 2 h + h + 2 + 2h + 3 1 2 3
h
Gradient at x = 2 is approximately
h 0
= lim
a Gradient =
rise
run
2h 2 + 4 xh 6h
h 0
h
h(2h + 4 x 6)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2h + 4 x 6), h 0
= lim
h 0
= 4x 6
f (1) = 4(1) 6
= 4 6
= 10.
f ( x + h) f ( x)
10 Gradient = lim
h 0
h
Gradient at x = 3
f (3 + h) f (3)
= lim
h 0
h
The answer is C.
f ( x + h) f ( x)
11 a f (x) = lim
h 0
h
3( x + h) + 5 (3x + 5)
= lim
h 0
h
3x + 3h + 5 3 x 5
= lim
h 0
h
3h
= lim
h0 h
= lim 3, h 0
h 0
=3
b f (x) = lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
( x + h) 2 3 ( x 2 3)
h 0
h
= lim
Differentiation
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 3 x 2 + 3
h 0
h
3x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
h 0
h
h(3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 )
h 0
h
2 xh + h 2
h 0
h
h(2 x + h)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2 x + h), h 0
= lim
= lim
= lim(3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 ), h 0
h 0
= 3x2
12 a Let y = f(x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
h 0
= 2x
h 0
= lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
2
h 0
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 6 x + 6h x 2 6 x
= lim
h 0
h
2 xh + h + 6h
h
h(2 x + h + 6)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2 x + h + 6), h 0
h 0
h 0
= 2x + 6
f ( x + h) f ( x)
d f (x) = lim
h 0
h
( x + h 4)( x + h + 2) ( x 4)( x + 2)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim
h 0
= lim
h 0
( x + h) 2( x + h) 8 ( x 2 x 8)
h
2
x + 2 xh + h 2 x 2h 8 x + 2 x + 8
h
2
2 xh + h 2h
h
h(2 x + h 2)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2 x + h 2), h 0
= lim
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
9 4( x + h) (9 4 x)
lim
h 0
h
9 4 x 4h 9 + 4 x
lim
h 0
h
4h
lim
h 0
h
lim(4), h 0
= lim
( x + h) + 6( x + h) ( x + 6 x)
h
= lim
h 0
h 0
= 2x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x)
e f (x) = lim
h 0
h
8 3( x + h)2 (8 3 x 2 )
h 0
h
= lim
h 0
= 4
b Let y = f(x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
= lim
h 0
( x + h)2 + 3( x + h) ( x 2 + 3 x)
h 0
h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 3 x + 3h x 2 3 x
h 0
h
= lim
2 xh + h 2 + 3h
h
h(2 x + h + 3)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2 x + h + 3), h 0
= lim
h 0
h 0
= 2x + 3
c Let y = f(x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
f (( x + h) f )( x)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim
8 3 x 2 6 xh 3h 2 8 + 3x 2
= lim
h 0
h
= lim
6 xh 3h 2
= lim
h 0
h
h(6 x 3h)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(6 x 3h), h 0
= lim
h 0
= 6x
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
( x + h)3 + 2 ( x3 + 2)
h 0
h
= lim
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 2 x3 2
h 0
h
= lim
f ( x + h) f ( x)
h
= lim
8 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 8 + 3 x 2
= lim
h 0
h
f f (x) = lim
157
= lim
= lim
c f (x) = lim
MM12-7
h 0
3( x + h) 2 + 8( x + h) 5 (3x 2 + 8 x 5)
h
3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) + 8 x + 8h 5 3 x 2 8 x + 5
h 0
h
3x 2 + 6 xh + 3h 2 + 8 x + 8h 5 3 x 2 8 x + 5
h 0
h
6 xh + 3h 2 + 8h
h 0
h
h(6 x + 3h + 8)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(6 x + 3h + 8), h 0
= lim
h 0
= 6x + 8
d Let y = f(x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
h 0
h
MM12-7
158
Differentiation
( x + h)3 4( x + h) ( x3 4 x)
h 0
h
= lim
x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 4 x 4h x3 + 4 x
h 0
h
= lim
3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 4h
h 0
h
= lim
h(3 x 2 + 3xh + h 2 4)
h 0
h
= lim
= lim(3 x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 4), h 0
h 0
2
= 3x 4
e Let y = f (x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
h 0
h
5( x + h) 2( x + h)3 (5 x 2 x3 )
h 0
h
= lim
5 x + 5h 2( x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 ) 5 x + 2 x3
h 0
h
= lim
5 x + 5h 2 x3 6 x 2 h 6 xh 2 2h3 5 x + 2 x3
h 0
h
= lim
5h 6 x 2 h 6 xh 2 2h3
= lim
h 0
h
y = 5x4
dy
= 5(4)x4 1
dx
= 20x3
d
y = x20
dy
= 20x20 1
dx
= 20x19
e
y = 4x3
dy
= 4(3)x3 1
dx
= 12x2
f
y = 5x
dy
= 5(1)x1 1
dx
= 5x0
= 5
1
g
y = x3
2
dy
1
= (3)x3 1
dx
2
3 2
= x
2
c
h(5 6 x 2 6 xh 2h 2 )
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(5 6 x 2 6 xh 2h 2 ), h 0
h 0
= 5 6x2
f Let y = f(x)
dy
= f (x)
dx
f ( x + h) f ( x)
= lim
h 0
h
( x + h)2 2( x + h) ( x 2 2 x)
h 0
h
= lim
( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) 2 x 2h + x 2 + 2 x
h 0
h
= lim
x 2 2 xh h 2 2 x 2h + x 2 + 2 x
h 0
h
= lim
2 xh h 2 2h
h 0
h
h(2 x h 2)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim( 2 x h 2), h 0
= lim
h 0
= 2x 2
Exercise 7C The derivative of xn

1 a y = x6
dy
= 6x6 1
dx
= 6x5
b
y = 3x2
dy
= 3(2)x2 1
dx
= 6x
y =
x4
3
dy
(4) x 4 1
=
3
dx
4 3
= x
3
y = 10
dy
=0
dx
y = 8x5
dy
= 8(5)x5 1
dx
= 40x4
2 a f(x) = 4x3 + 5x
f (x) = 4(3)x3 1 + 5(1)x1 1
= 12x2 + 5
b g(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 1
g(x) = 5(2)x2 1 + 6(1)x1 1
= 10x + 6
c h(x) = 9 +
h(x) = 0 +
x3
5
3x31
5
3 2
x
5
d h(x) = 4 3x + 6x2 + x3
h(x) = 0 3(1)x1 1 + 6(2)x2 1 + 3x3 1
= 3 + 12x + 3x2
e g(x) = 7x11 + 6x5 8
g(x) = 7(11)x11 1 + 6(5)x5 1 0
= 77x10 + 30x4
=
f(x) =
2 x5
x3
+
+ 10
5
3
2(5) 5 1 3x31
x
+
+0
3
5
4
2
= 2x + x
f (x) =
Differentiation
3 a
f(x) = 6x + 3x2 4x3

f (x) = 6(1)x1 1 + 3(2)x2 1
4(3)x3 1
= 6x0 + 6x 12x2
= 6 + 6x 12x2
g(x) = 7x2 4x + 2
3
g(x) = 7(2)x2 1 4(1)x1 1 + 0
= 14x 4x0
= 14x 4
h(x) = (x + 4)(x 1)
= x2 + 4x x 4
= x2 + 3x 4
h(x) = 2x2 1 + 3(1)x1 1 0
= 2x + 3x0
= 2x + 3
f(x) = (x2 + 2x)(3x 6)
= 3x3 + 6x2 6x2 12x
= 3x3 12x
f (x) = 3(3)x3 1 12(1)x1 1
= 9x2 12x0
= 9x2 12
2
Let y = 3
x
y = 2x3
dy
= 2(3)x3 1
dx
= 6x 4
6
= 4
x
b Let y = 3 x
1
y = 3x 2
1
dy
1 1
= 3 x 2
dx
2
1
3 2
x
2
= 3
1
2x 2
=
c Let y =
2 x
dy
=
dx
d Let y = 4x 4
5
dy
5 1
= 4 x 4
dx
4
=
e Let y =
=
1
5x 4
=
=
l Let y =
x 2x2
1
x2
2x
1
dy
1 1
= x 2 2(2) x 2 1
dx
2
3x 1
4
3
(1)x 2
4
3
4x 2
2
5x 2
2 2
x
5
2
(2)x2 1
5
4 3
x
5
4
5x3
2 + 3x2
x
2
1
x2
= 2x
+ 3x 2
1
2
+ 3 x 2
3
2
6 x 3
6
x3
3
x2
1 3
x 4x + x3
3
dy
1
= (3)x3 1 4(1)x1 1
dx
3
3x3 1
= x2 4x0 3x 4
= x2 4 3x4
x 2 + x3
i Let y =
x
= x + x2
dy
= 1x1 1 + 2x2 1
dx
= x0 + 2x
= 1 + 2x
3
j Let y =
4x
3x 3
m Let y =
+ x3
k Let y =
1 3
x
3
= 1
x + x4
n Let y =
x
1
2
= x 2+ x 3
2
3
x+3
h Let y =
x
3
=1+
x
= 1 + 3x1
dy
= 0 + 3(1)x1 1
dx
= 3x 2
3
= 2
x
1 1
dy
= x3
3
dx
1
2
dy
=
dx
1
x3
= x
1 1 2 1
dy
= x 2 + x3
2
3
dx
1
1
dy
1
= 2 x 2
+ 3( 2) x 2 1
dx
2

1 2
x 4x
2
= 1 4x
2 x
1
f Let y =
+ x2
x
= x1 + x2
dy
= 1x1 1 + 2x2 1
dx
= x2 + 2x
1
= 2 + 2x
x
=
g Let y = x
159
MM12-7
x + x4
1
x2
1
x
1
x2
x4
x2
= x2 + x4
1
dy
1 1 1 1
= x2 x 4
dx
2
4
1
1 2 1 4
x x
2
4
1
1
=
5
1
2x 2
1
2 x
4x 4
1
5
4x 4
4 a f(x) = 2x5 10x + 5

f (x) = 2(5)x5 1 10(1)x1 1 + 0
= 10x4 10x0
= 10x4 10
b f (2) = 10(2)4 10
= 160 10
= 150
5 f(x) = x2 6x
f (x) = 2x2 1 6(1)x1 1
= 2x 6
f (4) = 2(4) 6
=2
The answer is D.
3
f(x) = x2 + x 2 10 x
3
f (x) = 2x2 1 +
= 2x +
3 2 1
x 10(1) x11
2
1
3 2
x 10
2
1
3
f (9) = 2(9) + (9) 2 10
2
3
= 18 + (3) 10
2
160
MM12-7
= 18 +
Differentiation
9
10
2
b f (4) = 6(4)2 2(4)
= 12 1
2
The answer is C.
1
+ 3x 8
x2
2
= x + 3x 8
g(x) = 2x2 1 + 3(1) x1 1 0
= 2x3 + 3x0
= 2x3 + 3
2
= 3 +3
x
2
g(2) =
+3
( 2)3
c f (9) = 6(9)2 2(9)
2(9) 2
= 486 18 1
54
53
= 467
54
10 a g(x) = 3 x + 4x
1
= x 3 + 4x
= 2 + 3
8
1
=
+3
4
=31
4
g(x) =
1 3 1
x + 4(1) x11
3
2
1 3
x + 4 x0
3
1
=
+4
2
8 y = 5
x4
= 5x4
b g(1) =
Gradient = dy = 5(4)x4 1
dx
= 20x5
= 20
x5
20
a Gradient at x = 2 is 5
2
1
+4
12
1
=4
12
1
+4
d g(8) =
2
20
05
3(8) 3
1
+4
12
1
=4
12
=
Undefined
1
x
y =k
=k1
= kx0
dy
= k(0)x0 1
dx
= 0x1
=0
12 a i Let y = (x + 1)2
= x2 + 2x + 1
dy
ii
= 2x2 1 + 2(1)x1 1 + 0
dx
= 2x + 2x0
= 2x + 2
iii 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1)
b i Let y = (x + 1)3
= x3 + 3x2(1) + 3(1)2x + 13
= x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
11
1
2
1
1 2 1
f (x) = 2(3)x3 1 2x2 1 2 x
3
1
= 6x2 2x x 2
2
1
3
2x 2
a f (1) = 6(1)2 2(1)
1
3
2(1) 2
=62 1
2
1
= 3
2
+4
3(8) 3
= 20
0
= 2x3 x2 + x
2
3(1) 3
1
+4
3
1
=4
3
1
c g(8) =
+4
2
5
8
b Gradient at x = 0 is
3x 3
1
20
=
32
= 6x2 2x
3
2(4) 2
= 96 8 1
16
15
= 87
16
7 g(x) =
9 f(x) = 2x3 x2 +
dy
= 3x3 1 + 3(2)x2 1 +
dx
3(1)x1 1 + 0
= 3x2 + 6x + 3x0
= 3x2 + 6x + 3
2
iii 3x + 6x + 3
= 3(x2 + 2x + 1)
= 3(x + 1)2
c i Let y = (2x + 1)2
= 4x2 + 4x + 1
d
y
ii
= 4(2)x2 1 4(1)x1 1 + 0
dx
= 8x + 4x0
= 8x + 4
iii 8x + 4 = 4(2x + 1)
d i Let y = (2x + 1)3
= (2x)3 + 3(2x)2(1) +
3(2x)(1)2 + 1
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1
dy
ii
= 8(3)x3 1 + 12(2)x2 1 +
dx
6(1)x1 1 + 0
= 24x2 + 24x + 6x0
= 24x2 + 24x + 6
2
iii 24x + 24x + 6
= 6(4x2 + 4x + 1)
= 6(2x + 1)2
e i Let y = (3x + 1)2
= 9x2 + 6x + 1
d
y
ii
= 9(2)x2 1 + 6(1)x1 1 + 0
dx
= 18x + 6x0
= 18x + 6
iii 18x + 6 = 6(3x + 1)
f i Let y = (3x + 1)3
= (3x)3 + 3(3x)2(1) +
3(3x)(1)2 + 13
= 27x3 + 27x2 + 9x + 1
dy
ii
= 27(3)x3 1 + 27(2)x2 1 +
dx
9(1)x1 1 + 0
= 81x2 + 54x + 9x0
= 81x2 + 54x + 9
2
iii 81x + 54x + 9
= 9(9x2 + 6x + 1)
= 9(3x + 1)2
13 Let y = (ax + b)n
dy = na(ax + b)n 1
dx
ii
Exercise 7D The chain rule

5x 4 ii 3
1
b i 3x + 1 ii
2
c i 2x + 3 ii 4
d i 7 4x ii 1
e i 5x + 3 ii 6
4
f i 4 3x ii
3
2 y = (x + 3)5
y = u5
u=x+3
The answer is B.
1 a i
Differentiation
3 a y = (3x + 2)2
i Let u = 3x + 2
y = u2
dy
= 2u
du
ii u = 3x + 2
du
=3
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
= 2u 3
= 6u
= 6(3x + 2)
b y = (7 x)3
i Let u = 7 x
y = u3
dy
= 3u2
du
ii u = 7 x
du
= 1
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
2
= 3u 1
= 3(7 x)2
1
c y=
= (2x 5)1
2x 5
i Let u = 2x 5
y = u1
dy
= u2
du
1
= 2
u
ii u = 2x 5
du
=2
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
1
= 2 2
u
2
= 2
u
2
=
(2 x 5)2
d y=
1
= (4 2x) 4
(4 2 x) 4
i Let u = 4 2x
y = u4
dy
= 4u5
du
= 4
u5
ii
u = 4 2x
du
= 2
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
4
=
2
u5
8
u5
8
(4 2 x)5
1
y = u2
1
1
dy
= u 2
du
2
1
1
2u 2
1
2 u
ii u = 5x + 2
dy
=5
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
5
2 u
5
=
2 u
5
=
2 5x + 2
3
f i y=
3x 2
3
=
1
(3 x 2) 2
= 3(3 x 2)
Let u = 3x 2
y = 3u
1
i i y = x +
x
1
2
2u 2
ii u = 3x 2
du
=3
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
3
=
3
3
2u 2
9
3
2u 2
Let u = x + 1
x
= x + x1
y = u6
dy
= 6u5
du
ii u = x + x1
du
= 1 x2
dx
1
=1 2
x
j i y = 4(5 6x)4
u = 5 6x
y = 4u4
dy
= 16u5
du
ii u = 5 6x
du
= 6
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
= 16u5 6
= 96u5
= 96(5 6x)5
2(3x 2) 2
4 y = u2
g i y = 3(2x2 + 5x)5
Let u = 2x2 + 5x
y = 3u5
dy
= 15u4
du
ii u = 2x2 + 5x
du
= 4x + 5
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 15u4 (4x + 5)
= 15(4x + 5)(2x2 + 5x)4
h i y = (4x 3x2)2
Let u = 4x 3x2
y = u2
dy = 2u3
du
ii u = 4x 3x2
du
= 4 6x
dx
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
= 2u3 (4 6x)
= 2(4 6x)(4x 3x2)3
= 4(2 3x)(4x 3x2)3
x2 1
x2
dy
dy
du
iii
=
dx
du
dx
1
5
= 6u 1 2
x
5
1 x2 1
= 6 x + 2
x x
1
2
dy
3 2
=
u
du
2
3
=
3
161
iii
e y = 5 x + 2 = (5 x + 2) 2
i Let u = 5x + 2
MM12-7
1
dy
= u 2
2
du
1
=
1
2u 2
1
=
2 u
The answer is C.
MM12-7
5 y=
162
Differentiation
x 2 3x + 2
1
y = ( x 2 3x + 2) 2
If u = x2 3x + 2
du
= 2x 3
dx
The answer is A.
dy
dy
du
6
=
dx
du
dx
1
(2x 3)
=
2 u
2x 3
=
2 u
2x 3
=
2 x2 3x + 2
The answer is B.
7 a y = (8x + 3)4
Let u = 8x + 3
y = u4
dy
= 4u3
du
du
=8
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4u3 8
= 32u3
= 32(8x + 3)3
b y = (2x 5)3
Let u = 2x 5
y = u3
dy
= 3u2
du
du
=2
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3u2 2
= 6u2
= 6(2x 5)2
c f(x) = (4 3x)5 = y
Let u = 4 3x
y = u5
dy
= 5u4
du
du
= 3
dx
dy
dy
du
= f (x) =
dx
du
dx
= 5u4 3
= 15u4
= 15(4 3x)4
d y = (3x 2 4)
1
= (3x 2 4) 2
Let u = 3x2 4
1
u2
y =
1
dy
1
= u 2
du
2
1
=
2 u
du
= 6x
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
6x
2 u
3x
=
u
3x
=
3x2 4
1
1
= 6 1 1 + 2
x
x
1 1
or 6 1 + 2 1
x
x
h y = (x2 3x)1
Let u = x2 3x
y = u1
dy
= u2
du
du = 2x 3
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= u2 (2x 3)
= (2x 3)(x2 3x)2
1
8 f(x) =
4x + 7
e f(x) = ( x 2 4 x) 3 = y
Let u = x2 4x
1
y = u3
2
1
dy
= u 3
du
3
= 1
y = (4 x + 7)
Let u = 4x + 7
3u 3
du
= 2x 4
dx
y = u
1
2
3u 3
(2x 4)
2x 4
3( x
1
2
1
dy
= u 2
du
2
du = 4
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
2
1
= u 2 4
2
2
4 x) 3
2
2
( x 2)( x 2 4 x) 3
3
f g(x) = (2x3 + x)2 = y
Let u = 2x3 + x
y = u2
dy
= 2u3
du
du
= 6x2 + 1
dx
g(x) = dy = dy du
dx
du
dx
3
2
= 2u (6x + 1)
= 2(6x2 + 1)(2x3 + x)3
6
1
g g(x) = x = y
x
1
Let u = x
x
= x x1
y = u6
dy
= 6u5
du
du
= 1 + x2
dx
=1+ 1
x2
dy
dy
du
=
g(x) =
dx
du
dx
= 6u5 1 + 2
x
= 2u
3
2
= 2 (4 x + 7)
2
=
3
2
=
9 a y=
(4 x + 7) 2
2
(4 x + 7)3
6x 5
6x 5
1
(6 x 5) 2
=
(6 x 5)
= (6 x 5) 2
Let u = 6x 5
y= u
1
2
3
1
dy
= u 2
du
2
du
=6
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
1
= u 2 6
2
= 3u 2
3
=
(6 x 5) 2
Differentiation
2
2
b f(x) = ( x + 2)
2
x +2
2
(
x
+ 2) 2
=
y = u2
1
dy
3
= u2
du
2
du
= 8x3 6x
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
( x 2 + 2) 2
3
= ( x 2 + 2) 2
Let u = x2 + 2
3
y
dy
du
du
dx
dy
dx
= u2
=
3
dy
= u 2 (8 x3 6 x)
2
dx
1
3 2
u
4
2
= 3 2 x 3x + 1 2x(4x2 3)
2
= 2x
= 3x(4x2 3) 2 x 4 3x 2 + 1
11 f(x) = (2x 1)6
Let g(x) = 2x 1
g(x) = 2
f (x) = 6(2x 1)6 1(2)
= 12(2x 1)5
f (3) = 12(6 1)5
= 12(5)5
= 37 500
12 g(x) = (x2 3x)2
Let h(x) = x2 3x
h(x) = 2x 3
g(x) = 2(x2 3x)3 (2x 3)
2(2 x 3)
=
( x 2 3 x )3
3 2
u 2x
2
1
= 3xu 2
= 3x x 2 + 2
10 a f(x) = (x2 + 5x)8
Let y = (x2 + 5x)8
Let u = x2 + 5x
y = u8
dy
= 8u7
du
du
= 2x + 5
dx
dy
= dy du
dx
du
dx
= 8u7(2x + 5)
= 8(2x + 5)(x2 + 5x)7
= 8x7(2x + 5)(x + 5)7
b y = (x3 2x)2
Let u = x3 2x
y = u2
dy
= 2u
du
du
= 3x2 2
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2u(3x2 2)
= 2(3x2 2)(x3 2x)
= 2x(3x2 2)(x2 2)
14
1000
7
or 0.014
=
500
13 f(x) =
x2 2 x + 1
a f(3) =
b f(x) = ( x 2 2 x + 1) 2
Let u = x2 2x + 1
du
= 2x 2
dx
1
f (x) =
y = u5
4
5
dy
1
= u
du
5
dy
dy
du
dx
du
dx
1 3
( x + 2 x 2 7) 5 (3 x 2 + 4 x)
5
3x 2 + 4 x
4
5( x 3 + 2 x 2 7) 5
3
d y = (2 x 4 3x 2 + 1) 2
u = 2x4 3x2 + 1
32 2(3) + 1
= 4
=2
2(4 3)
(4 + 6)3
g(2) =
c f(x) = ( x3 + 2 x 2 7) 5
Let u = x3 + 2x2 7
du
= 3x2 + 4x
dx
MM12-7
1
1 2
( x 2 x + 1) 2 (2 x 2)
2
x 1
x2 2 x + 1
3 1
c f (3) =
9 6 +1
2
=
4
2
=
2
=1
d When x = 2
f (x) = f (2)
2 1
=
4 4 +1
=1
163
164
MM12-7
14 h(x) =
Differentiation
(3x 2 + 2 x)
1
= (3x 2 + 2 x) 2
1
h(x) =
1
1
(3 x 2 + 2 x) 2 (6 x + 2)
2
3x + 1
2
(3x + 2 x)
7
4
3
5 4x
15 f(x) =
= 3(5 4 x)
Let g(x) = 5 4x
g(x) = 4
f (1) =
3
2
6
(5 4 x)3
6
(5 4(1))3
6
(9)3
6
=
729
6
=
27
2
=
9
16 f(x) = (2x 1)5
f (x) = 5(2x 1)4 2
= 10(2x 1)4
n =4
17 f(x) = (3x + 2)7
f (x)= 7(3x + 2)6 3
a=7
18 If f(x) = (5x 3)10
f (x) = 10(5x 3)9 5
= 10 5(5x 3)9
m =5
Exercise 7E The derivative

of ex
1 a y = e10x
Let u = 10x
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
du
= 10
dx
1 3
e
3
c y = e4
1
1
f (x) = 3(5 4 x) 2 (4)
2
1
2
= 6 (5 4 x)
1
x
3
du
1
=
dx
3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= eu
3
7
16
b y = e3
Let u =
When x = 2
h(x) = h(2)
3(2) + 1
=
3(4) + 2(2)
=
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 10
= 10eu
= 10e10x
x
4
du
1
=
dx
4
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
u
=e
4
Let u =
1 4
e
4
d y = ex
Let u = x
du
= 1
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 1
= ex
e y = 2e3x
Let u = 3x
du
=3
dx
y = 2eu
dy
= 2eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2eu 3
= 6e3x
5x
f y = 4e
Let u = 5x
du
= 5
dx
2 a
y = 4eu
dy
= 4eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4eu 5
= 20e5x
y = 6e2x
Let u = 2x
du
= 2
dx
y = 6eu
dy
= 6eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6eu 2
= 12e2x
y = 5e0.2x
Let u = 0.2x
du
= 0.2
dx
y = 5eu
dy
= 5eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5eu 0.2
= eu
= e0.2x
y = 2e11x
Let u = 11x
du
= 11
dx
y = 2eu
dy
= 2eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2eu 11
= 22e11x
6x 2
y=e
Let u = 6x 2
du
=6
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 6
= 6eu
= 6e6x 2
8 6x
y=e
Let u = 8 6x
du
= 6
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
Differentiation
= eu 6
= 6eu
= 6e8 6x
y = 2e5x + 3
Let u = 5x + 3
du
=5
dx
y = 2eu
dy
= 2eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2eu 5
= 10eu
= 10e5x + 3
y = 4e7 2x
Let u = 7 2x
du
= 2
dx
y = 4eu
dy
= 4eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4eu 2
= 8eu
= 8e7 2x
y = 3e8x + 1
Let u = 8x + 1
du
=8
dx
y = 3eu
dy
= 3eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3eu 8
= 24eu
= 24e8x + 1
y = 2e6 5x
Let u = 6 5x
du
= 5
dx
y = 2eu
dy
= 2e u
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2eu 5
= 10eu
= 10e6 5x
y = 10e6 9x
Let u = 6 9x
du
= 9
dx
y = 10eu
dy
= 10eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 10eu 9
= 90eu
= 90e6 9x
h y = 5e3x + 4
Let u = 3x + 4
du
=3
dx
y = 5eu
dy
= 5eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5eu 3
= 15eu
= 15e3x + 4
i y = 6e7x
Let u = 7x
du
= 7
dx
y = 6eu
dy
= 6eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6eu 7
= 42eu
= 42e7x
x
j y = 2e 2
+1
x
+1
2
1
du
=
dx
2
y = 2eu
dy
= 2eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= 2eu
2
= eu
Let u =
= e2
k y = 3e
+1
x
3
Let u = 2
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
x
3
1
3
= 3eu
= 3eu
dy
du
du
dx
1
= 3eu
3
= eu
= e
x
l y = 4e 4
Let u =
x
3
+5
x
+5
4
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
MM12-7
165
1
4
= 4eu
= 4eu
dy
du
du
dx
1
= 4eu
4
= eu
= e 4
+5
3x + 2
3 y=e
Let u = 3x + 2
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
du
=3
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3eu
= 3e3x + 2
The answer is A.
4 a f(x) = 2(ex + 1)
Let u = ex + 1
du
= ex
dx
y = 2u
dy
=2
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2ex
b f(x) = 3e2x(ex + 1)
= 3e2x + x + 3e2x
= 3e3x + 3e2x
f (x) = 9e3x + 6e2x
c f(x) = 5(e4x + 2x)
= 5e4x + 10x
f (x) = 20e4x + 10
d f(x) = (ex + 2)(ex + 3)
= e0 + 2ex + 3ex + 6
= 1 + 2ex + 3ex + 6
= 3ex + 2ex + 7
f (x) = 3ex 2ex
3e3 x + e 6 x
e f(x) =
ex
3e3 x e 6 x
= x + x
e
e
= 3e3x x + e6x x
= 3e2x + e7x
f (x) = 6e2x 7e7x
4e7 x 2e x
e 2 x
7x
4e
2e x
= 2 x 2 x
e
e
= 4e7x (2x) 2ex (2x)
= 4e9x 2ex
f (x) = 36e9x 2ex
g f(x) = ex + e2
f (x) = ex + 0
= ex
f f(x) =
MM12-7
166
Differentiation
f(x) = 4e5x + 2x2 e3

f (x) = 20e5x + 4x 0
= 20e5x + 4x
2
5 a y = e x +3x
Let u = x2 + 3x
du
= 2x + 3
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) e x
2 +3 x
b y = e x 3x + 1
Let u = x2 3x + 1
du
= 2x 3
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu (2x 3)
= (2x 3) e
x2 3 x + 1
x2 2 x
c y= e
Let u = x2 2x
du
= 2x 2
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu(2x 2)
= 2(x 1)eu
j f(x) = e(4 x )
Let u = (4 x)4
du
= 4(4 x)3(1) chain rule
dx
= 4(4 x)3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 4(4 x)3
f g(x) = e x
3 +3x 2
3
Let y = e x + 3 x 2
Let u = x3 + 3x 2
du
= 3x2 + 3
dx
= 3(x2 + 1)
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
g(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 3(x2 + 1)
= 3(x2 + 1) e x
g h(x) = 3e4 x
= 4(4 x)3 e(4 x )
Let y = e6 3 x + x
Let u = 6 3x + x2
du
= 3 + 2x
dx
= 2x 3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
k g(x) = e( x + 2)
Let u = (x + 2)2
du
= 2(x + 2)3(1) chain rule
dx
= 2(x + 2)3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 2(x + 2)3
3 +3 x 2
2 7 x
2
Let y = 3e4 x 7 x
Let u = 4x2 7x
du
= 8x 7
dx
y = 3eu
dy
= 3eu
du
dy
dy
du
h(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= 3eu (8x 7)
= 2(x + 2)3 e( x + 2)
l y = e (3 x + 4)
1
= e
(3 x + 4) 2
1
Let u = (3 x + 4) 2
1
1
du
= (3 x + 4) 2 (3)
2
dx
2 7 x
3
(3x + 4) 2
2
3
=
2 (3 x + 4)
1 2 x 3 x 2
= (2x 3) e6 3 x + x
= 3(8x 7) e4 x
= 2(x 1) e x 2 x
d f(x) = e2 5x
Let y = e2 5x
Let u = 2 5x
du
= 5
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 5
= 5eu
= 5e2 5x
e f(x) = e6 3 x + x
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu (2x 3)
= (2x 3)eu
f (x) =
h y = 5e
Let u = 1 2x 3x2
du
= 2 6x
dx
= 2(1 + 3x)
y = 5eu
dy
= 5eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5eu 2(1 + 3x)
= 10(1 + 3x)eu
= 10(1 + 3x) e1 2 x 3 x
(2 x +1)3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
u
=e
2 (3 x + 4)
=
2
i y= e
Let u = (2x + 1)3
du
= 3(2x + 1)2(2) chain rule
dx
= 6(2x + 1)2
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 6(2x + 1)2
3
= 6(2x + 1)2 e(2 x + 1)
3e (3 x + 4)
2 (3 x + 4)
m f(x) = e( x +1)
1
3
Let y = e( x +1)
1
3
1
Let u = ( x + 1) 3
2
1
du
= ( x + 1) 3 chain rule
3
dx
1
=
2
3( x + 1) 3
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
Differentiation
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
u
= e
2
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2eu (2x 3)
g(x) =
f (x) =
= 2(2x 3) e x
g(0) = 2(3)e2
= 6e2
3( x + 1) 3
1
( x +1) 3
3( x
n h(x) = e
9 h(x) = 5e x
2
+ 1) 3
Let y
Let u
du
dx
y
dy
du
( x 2 + 3 x )2
2
Let y = e( x + 3 x )
Let u = (x2 + 3x)2
du
= 2(x2 + 3x)(2x + 3) chain rule
dx
= 2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
h(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)
= 2x(x + 3)(2x + 3)
e( x
2 3 x + 2
3 +2x
3
= 5e x + 2 x
= x3 + 2x
= 3x2 + 2
= 5eu
= 5eu
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5eu (3x2 + 2)
h(x) =
= 5(3x2 + 2) e x + 2 x
h(1) = 5(3(1)2 + 2)
3
e( 1) + 2( 1)
= 5(5)e1 2
= 25e3
2 + 3 x )2
6 y = 6 e x 5 x
Let u = x3 5x
du
= 3x2 5
dx
y = 6eu
dy
= 6eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6eu (3x2 5)
3
= 6(3x2 5) e x 5 x
The answer is B.
7 f(x) = 5e9 4x
Let y = 5e9 4x
Let u = 9 4x
du
= 4
dx
y = 5eu
dy
= 5eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
= 5eu 4
= 20eu
= 20e9 4x
f (2) = 20e9 4(2)
= 20e1
= 20e
8 g(x) = 2e x
2 3 x + 2
2
Let y = 2e x 3 x + 2
Let u = x2 3x + 2
du
= 2x 3
dx
y = 2eu
dy
= 2eu
du
Exercise 7F The derivative

of loge(x)
1 a
b
c
d
2 a
y = loge(4x)
y = loge(u)
u = 4x
du
=4
dx
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
4
u
4
=
u
4
=
4x
1
=
x
y = loge(10x)
Let u = 10x
du
= 10
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
10
u
10
=
u
10
=
10x
1
=
x
MM12-7
y = loge(5x)
Let u = 5x
du
=5
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
5
u
5
=
u
5
=
5x
1
=
x
c
y = loge(x)
Let u = x
du
= 1
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
1
u
1
=
u
1
=
x
1
=
x
d
y = loge(6x)
Let u = 6x
du
= 6
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
6
u
6
=
u
6
=
6x
1
=
x
e
y = 3 loge(4x)
Let u = 4x
du
=4
dx
y = 3 loge(u)
dy
3
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
b
167
MM12-7
168
3
4
u
= 12
u
12
=
4x
3
=
x
f
y = 6 loge(9x)
Let u = 9x
du
=9
dx
y = 6 loge(u)
dy
6
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
6
=
9
u
54
=
u
54
=
9x
6
=
x
y = loge x
2
x
Let u =
2
du
1
=
dx
2
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
1
=
u
2
1
=
2u
1
=
x
y = loge x
3
x
Let u =
3
du
1
=
dx
3
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
1
=
u
3
1
=
3u
1
=
x
Differentiation
y = 4 loge x
5
x
Let u =
5
du
1
=
dx
5
y = 4 loge(u)
dy
4
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
4
1
=
u
5
4
=
5u
4
=
x
y = 5 loge 2 x
3
2 x
Let u =
3
du
2
=
dx
3
y = 5 loge(u)
dy
5
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
5
2
=
u
3
10
=
3u
10
=
2x
5
=
x
3 Let y = loge(8x)
Let u = 8x
du
=8
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
8
u
8
=
u
8
=
8x
1
=
x
The answer is D.
4 a y = loge(3x + 7)
Let u = 3x + 7
The answer is A.
5 a
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
du
=3
dx
The answer is D.
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3
u
3
=
u
3
=
3x + 7
The answer is C.
y = loge(2x + 5)
Let u = 2x + 5
du
=2
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
2
u
2
=
u
2
=
2x + 5
y = loge(6x + 1)
Let u = 6x + 1
du
=6
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
6
u
6
=
u
6
=
6x + 1
y = loge(3x 4)
Let u = 3x 4
du
=3
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3
u
3
=
u
3
=
3x 4
Differentiation
y = loge(8x 1)
Let u = 8x 1
du
=8
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
8
u
8
=
u
8
=
8x 1
e
y = loge(3 5x)
Let u = 3 5x
du
= 5
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
5
u
5
=
u
5
=
3 5x
5
or
5x 3
f
y = loge(2 x)
Let u = (2 x)
du
= 1
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
1
u
1
=
u
1
=
2 x
1
or
x2
g
y = loge(4 7x)
Let u = 4 7x
du
= 7
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
7
u
d
7
u
= 7
4 7x
7
or
7x 4
h
y = 6 loge(5x + 2)
Let u = 5x + 2
du
=5
dx
y = 6 loge(u)
dy
6
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
6
=
5
u
30
=
u
30
=
5x + 2
i
y = 8 loge(4x 2)
Let u = 4x 2
du
=4
dx
y = 8 loge(u)
dy
8
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
8
=
4
u
32
=
u
32
=
4x 2
32
=
2(2 x 1)
=
16
2x 1
j
y = 4 loge(12x + 5)
Let u = 12x + 5
du
= 12
dx
y = 4 loge(u)
dy
4
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
4
=
12
u
48
=
u
48
=
12 x + 5
k
y = 7 loge(8 9x)
Let u = 8 9x
du
= 9
dx
y = 7 loge(u)
MM12-7
169
dy
7
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
7
=
9
4
63
=
u
63
=
8 9x
6 a
y = loge(3x4)
Let y = 3x4
du
= 12x3
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
12x3
u
12x3
u
12 x3
3x4
4
=
x
b
y = loge(x2 + 3)
Let u = x2 + 3
du
= 2x
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
2x
u
2x
=
u
2x
= 2
x +3
c
y = loge(x3 + 2x2 7x)
Let u = x3 + 2x2 7x
du
= 3x2 + 4x 7
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
(3x2 + 4x 7)
u
3x2 + 4 x 7
x3 + 2 x 2 7 x
d
y = loge(x2 2x3 + x4)
Let u = x2 2x3 + x4
du
= 2x 6x2 + 4x3
dx
y = loge(u)
MM12-7
170
Differentiation
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
(2x 6x2 + 4x3)
u
=
e
1
5
3u
1
5
=
3(5 x + 2)
1
loge(2 3x)
5
Let u = 2 3x
du
= 3
dx
1
y = loge(u)
5
dy
1
=
du
5u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
3
=
5u
1
3
=
5(2 3 x)
y = loge 3 4x
1
= loge(3 4x)
2
Let u = 3 4x
du
= 4
dx
1
y = loge(u)
2
dy
1
=
du
2u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
4
=
2u
1
2
=
u
2
2
=
or
3 4x
4x 3
y = log e (5 x + 2) 3
1
loge(5x + 2)
3
Let u = 5x + 2
du
=5
dx
1
y = loge(u)
3
dy
1
=
du
3u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
12
3x 2
k f(x) = loge(5x + 8)2
Let y = loge(5x + 8)2
Let u = (5x + 8)2
du
= 2(5x + 8)3 (5) chain rule
dx
10
=
(5 x + 8)3
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
10
1
=
u
(5 x + 8)3
3
5(3 x 2)
f(x) = loge 1
x + 3
Let y = loge 1
x + 3
1
Let u =
x+3
= (x + 3)1
du
= (x + 3)2
dx
1
=
( x + 3)2
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
1
1
=
u
( x + 3)2
f(x) = log e (2 3 x) 5 = y
or
( x + 3)
( x + 3) 2
1
( x + 3)
12(3 x 2)3
(3x 2) 4
2 x 6 x 2 + 4 x3
x 2 2 x3 + x 4
y = loge 2 x + 1
1
= loge(2x + 1)
2
Let u = 2x + 1
du
=2
dx
1
y = loge(u)
2
dy
1
=
du
2u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
2
=
2u
1
1
=
u
1
=
2x + 1
f(x) = loge(3x 2)4

Let y = loge(3x 2)4
Let u = (3x 2)4
du
= 4(3x 2)3 (3) chain rule
dx
= 12(3x 2)3
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
1
=
12(3x 2)3
u
10
(5 x + 8)2 (5 x + 8)3
10
5x + 8
f(x) = loge 2
4 + 3x
Let y = loge 2
4 + 3x
2
Let u =
4 + 3x
= 2(4 + 3x)1
du
= 2(4 + 3x)2 (3) chain rule
dx
6 ---------------------(
4
+
3x )2
=
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
6
1
=
u
(4 + 3x)2
6
= (4 + 3 x)
2
(4 + 3 x)2
= 3
4 + 3x
7 a
y = loge(x2 + 1)2 y = 2loge(x2 + 1)
u = x2 + 1
du
= 2x
dx
y = 2loge(u)
dy
2
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
2x
= 2
1
x +1
4x
= 2
x +1
Differentiation
y
y
u
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
= loge(3 x2)2
= 2loge(3 x2)
= 3 x2
= 2x
= 2loge(u)
2
=
u
dy
du
=
du
dx
2
=
2x
3 x2
4x
= 2
x 3
c
y = loge(x2 2x + 3)3
= 3loge(x2 2x + 3)
u = x2 2x + 3
du
= 2x 2
dx
y = 3loge(u)
dy
3
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
= 2
2x 2
x 2x + 3
6( x 1)
=
( x 3)( x + 1)
d
y
y
u
du
dx
= loge(x2 + 4x + 4)3
= 3loge(x2 + 4x + 4)
= x2 + 4x + 4
= 2x + 4
y = 3loge(u)
dy
3
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
= 2
2(x + 2)
x + 4x + 4
6( x + 2)
=
( x + 2)( x + 2)
6
=
x+2
f(x) = loge(x 5x + 2) = y
Let u = x2 5x + 2
du
= 2x 5
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
du
dy
dy
=
dx
du
dy
1
(2x 5)
u
2x 5
=
u
2x 5
= 2
x 5x + 2
The answer is E.
f(x)
Let y
Let u
du
dx
y
dy
du
MM12-7
= 6 loge(4 3x)
= 6 loge(4 3x)
= 4 3x
= 12 +
20
6
2
6
1
= 15
3
= 15
= 3
= 6 loge(u)
6
=
u
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
6
=
3
u
18
=
u
18
=
4 3x
18
f (1) =
4 3(1)
18
=
7
10 g(x) = 3 loge(3x + 5)
Let y = 3 loge(3x + 5)
Let u = 3x + 5
du
=3
dx
y = 3 loge(u)
dy
3
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
g(x) =
dx
du
dx
3
=
3
u
9
=
u
9
=
3x + 5
9
g(0) =
5
11 f(x) = 3x2 + 4 loge(x2 + x)
Let g(x) = 3x2
g(x) = 6x
Let h(x) = 4 loge(x2 + x) = y
Let u = x2 + x
du
= 2x + 1
dx
y = 4 loge(u)
dy
4
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
4
=
(2x + 1)
u
4(2 x + 1)
=
x2 + x
since f(x) = g(x) + h(x)
f (x) = g(x) + h(x)
4(2 x + 1)
= 6x +
x2 + x
4(4 + 1)
f (2) = 6(2) + 2
2 +2
171
12 a
y = eloge(x)
Let u = loge(x)
du
1
=
x
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= eu
x
log ( x )
e
log ( x )
e e
=x
Now
so
dy
x
=
=1
x
dx
log (1)
i when x = 1,
dy
e e
=
1
dx
=1
log (2)
ii when x = 2,
dy
e e
=
2
dx
2
=
=1
2
log (4)
iii When x = 4,
dy
e e
=
4
dx
4
=
=1
4
log (10)
dy
e e
=
10
dx
10
=
=1
10
Gradient is always one since
iv When x = 10,
log ( x )
e
13 a f(x) =
Let y
Let u
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
=x
log ( x 2 )
e e
log ( x 2 )
= e e
= loge(x2)
1
= 2 2x chain rule
x
= eu
= eu
dy
du
du
dx
2x
= eu 2
x
=
=
2 xeu
x2
2 xe
log ( x 2 )
e
x2
MM12-7
172
=
But
2e
Differentiation
log ( x 2 )
e
log ( x 2 )
e e
= x2
dy
2x 2
=
= 2x
x
dx
b i f (1) = 2(1)
=2
ii f (5) = 2(5)
= 10
iii f (2) = 2(2)
= 4
Exercise 7G The derivatives

of sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x)
1 a y = sin(8x)
Let u = 8x
du
=8
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 8 cos(u)
= 8 cos(8x)
b y = sin (6x)
Let u = 6x
du
= 6
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6 cos(u)
= 6 cos(6x)
c y = sin(x)
dy
= cos(x)
dx
x
d y = sin
3
x
Let u =
3
du
1
=
dx
3
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= cos(u)
3
1
x
= cos
3
3
x
e y = sin
2
x
Let u =
2
du
1
=
dx
2
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
cos(u)
2
1
x
cos
2
2
2
x
f y = sin

3
2x
Let u =
3
du
2
=
dx
3
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
= cos(u)
3
2
2x
cos
3
3
2 a y = cos(3x)
Let u = 3x
du
=3
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin(3x)
b y = cos(2x)
Let u = 2x
du
= 2
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2 sin(u)
= 2 sin(2x)
x
c y = cos
3
x
Let u =
3
du
1
=
dx
3
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= sin(u)
3
1
x
= sin
3
3
x
d y = cos
Let u =
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
4
= cos(u)
= sin(u)
=
dy
du
du
dx
=
=
sin(u)
x
sin
x
e y = cos
8
Let u =
x
8
du
1
=
dx
8
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
sin(u)
8
1
x
sin
8
8
2x
f y = cos
5
Let u =
2x
5
du
2
=
dx
5
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
sin(u)
5
2
2x
sin
5
5
3 a y = tan(2x)
du
u = 2x so
=2
dx
y = tan(u), so
= sec2(u)
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
Differentiation
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
=
or 2 sec2(u)
cos 2 (u )
2
or 2 sec2(2x)
2
cos (2 x)
b y = tan(4x)
du
= 4
dx
1
dy
y = tan(u), so
=
du
cos 2 (u )
= sec2(u)
dy dy
du
=
dx du
dx
4
=
or 4 sec2(u)
cos 2 (u )
u = 4x
so
4
=
or 4 sec2 (4x)
cos 2 ( 4 x)
c y = tan x
5
x
u=
5
so
y = tan(u)so
du
1
=
dx
5
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
= sec2(u)
dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
1
1
or sec2(u)
=
2
5
5cos (u )
x
sec2
5
=
or
5
2 x
5cos
5
1
3 x
d y = tan
4
3 x
so
u=
4
y = tan(u) so
du
3
=
dx
4
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
= sec2(u)
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
3
=
or sec2(u)
4
4cos 2 (u )
3
or
3 x
4cos 2
4
3x
3
sec2 4
4
4 a Let y = sin(6x)
Let u = 6x
du
=6
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6 cos(u)
= 6 cos(6x)
The answer is A.
Let y = cos(4x)
Let u = 4x
du
=4
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4 sin(u)
= 4 sin(4x)
The answer is E.
Let y = sin (4x)
Let u = 4x
du
= 4
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4 cos(u)
= 4 cos(4x)
The answer is D.
Let y = cos(8x)
Let u = 8x
du
= 8
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 8 sin(u)
= 8 sin(8x)
The answer is B.
y = tan(7x)
u = 7x, du = 7
dx
1
dy
y = tan(u), so
=
du
cos 2 (u )
= sec2(u)
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
7
=
= 7 sec2(u)
cos 2 (u )
7
= 7 sec2(7x)
cos (7 x)
The answer is C.
5 a
y = sin(4x + 3)
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
b
u = 4x + 3
du
=4
dx
6 a
7 a
MM12-7
173
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4 cos(u)
= 4 cos(4x + 3)
y = cos(3x + 1)
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
u = 3x + 1
du
=3
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin(3x + 1)
y = sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 3
du
=2
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2 cos(u)
= 2 cos(2x + 3)
y = sin(6 7x)
Let u = 6 7x
du
= 7
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 7 cos(u)
= 7 cos (6 7x)
y = sin (5x 4)
Let u = 5x 4
du
=5
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5 cos(u)
= 5 cos (5x 4)
3x + 2
y = sin
4
3x + 2
Let u =
4
3x
1
=
+
4
2
du
3
=
dx
4
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
MM12-7
174
=
Differentiation
3
cos(u)
4
3
3x + 2
cos
4
4
e
y = 5 sin(2x)
Let u = 2x
du
= 2
dx
y = 5 sin(u)
dy
= 5 cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (2)(5 cos(u))
= 102cos(2x)
3x
f y = 4 sin
8
3x
8
du
3
=
dx
8
y = 4 sin(u)
dy
= 4 cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
Let u =
3
= (4cos(u))
8
3
3x
cos
2
8
8 a y = cos(3x 2)
Let u = 3x 2
du
=3
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3 sin(u)
= 3 sin (3x 2)
b y = cos(4x + 7)
Let u = 4x + 7
du
=4
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4 sin(u)
= 4 sin(4x + 7)
c y = cos(6 5x)
Let u = 6 5x
du
= 5
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5 sin(u)
= 5 sin(6 5x)
2x + 3
d y = cos
3
2x + 3
Let u =
3
2
= x+1
3
du
2
=
dx
3
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
= sin(u)
3
2
2x + 3
sin
3
3
f y = 6 cos(2x)
Let u = 2x
du
= 2
dx
y = 6 cos(u)
dy
= 6 sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (2)(6 sin(u))
= 12 sin(2x)
9 a y = tan(2x + 1)
u = 2x +1 so
du
=2
dx
y = tan(u) so
1
dy =
2
cos
(u )
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
=
cos 2 (u )
2
cos (2 x + 1)
2
b y = tan(8 x)
1
cos 2 (u )
1
cos (8 x)
c y = tan(5x 2)
u = 5x 2 so du = 5
dx
1
dy
y = tan(u), so
=
du
cos 2 (u )
=
e y = 4 cos(10x)
Let u = 10x
du
= 10
dx
y = 4 cos(u)
dy
= 4 sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (10)(4 cos(u))
= 402 sin(10x)
dy
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
cos 2 (u )
y = tan(u) so
u = 8 x so du = 1
dx
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
5
=
cos2 (u )
5
=
2
cos (5 x 2)
d
y = tan 2(x + 1)
u = 2(x + 1)
= 2x + 2
du
=2
dx
y = tan(u)
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
5
=
cos 2 2( x + 1)
e
y = 3 tan(x)
du
= 1
u = x
dx
y = 3 tan(u)
3
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
= 1
cos 2 (u )
3
=
2
cos ( x)
10 a Let y = cos (x2 4x + 3)
Let u = x2 4x + 3
du
= 2x 4
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (2x 4)sin(u)
= (4 2x)sin (x2 4x + 3)
= 2(2 x)sin (x2 4x + 3)
b Let y = sin(10 5x + x2)
Let u = 10 5x + x2
du
= 5 + 2x
dx
= 2x 5
Differentiation
y = sin (u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (2x 5)cos(u)
= (2x 5)cos(10 5x + x2)
c Let y = sin (ex)
Let u = ex
du = ex
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= excos(u)
= excos(ex)
d Let y = cos(x2 + 7x)
Let u = x2 + 7x
du
= 2x + 7
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= (2x + 7)sin(u)
= (2x + 7)sin(x2 + 7x)
e
y = tan(4x x2)
u = 4x x2
du
= 4 2x
dx
y = tan(u)
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
4 2x
=
cos 2 (u )
=
f
y
u
du
dx
y
dy
du
4 2x
cos (4 x x 2 )
2
= tan(x2 + 3x)
= x2 + 3x
= 2x + 3
= tan(u)
1
=
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2x + 3
=
cos 2 ( x 2 + 3 x)
g Let y = cos (loge(x))
Let u = loge(x)
du
1
=
dx
x
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= sin(u)
x
1
= sin (loge(x))
x
h Let y = sin(e4x)
Let u = e4x
du
= 4e4x
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4e4x cos(u)
= 4e4x cos(e4x)
1
i Let y = cos
x
1
Let u =
x
= x 1
du
= x2
dx
1
= 2
x
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= 2 sin(u)
x
1
1
= 2 sin
x
x
j Let y = sin [loge(2x 1)]
Let u = loge(2x 1)
1
du
=
2
(2 x 1)
dx
2
2x 1
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
=
cos(u)
(2 x 1)
2
cos [loge(2x 1)]
(2 x 1)
k Let y = cos (2e3x)

Let u = 2e3x
du
= 2e3x 3
dx
= 6e3x
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
MM12-7
175
= 6e3x sin(u)
= 6e3x sin(2e3x)
l Let y = 3 cos(loge10x)
Let u = loge10x
du
1
=
10
dx
10x
1
=
x
y = 3 cos(u)
dy
= 3 sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
3
= sin(u)
x
3
= sin (loge10x)
x
m y = 4 tan(x3 + 2x2)
u = x3 + 2x2
du
= 3x2 + 4x
dx
y = 4 tan(u)
4
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
4 x(3 x + 4)
=
cos 2 ( x3 + 2 x 2 )
n
3x
y = 8 tan
5
3 x
u=
5
du
3
=
dx
5
y = 8 tan(u)
8
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
24
=
3 x
5cos 2
x
o Let y = 2 cos
4
x
Let u =
4
du
1
=
dx
4
y = 2 cos(u)
dy
= 2 sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
= (2 sin(u))
4
1
x
sin
2
4
MM12-7
176
Differentiation
p Let y = cos (x2 + 2x) + sin (3x 9)

dy
= (2x + 2)[ sin(x2 + 2x)]
dx
+ 3[cos(3x 9)]
= 2(x + 1)sin(x2 + 2x)
+ 3 cos(3x 9)
11 f(x) = 3 sin(x2 + x)
Let y = 3 sin(x2 + x)
Let u = x2 + x
du
= 2x + 1
dx
y = 3 sin(u)
dy
= 3 cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= 3(2x + 1) cos(u)
= 3(2x + 1) cos (x2 + x)
f (1) = 9 cos(2)
= 3.745
12 g(x) = 2 cos (x3 3x)
Let y = 2 cos (x3 3x)
Let u = x3 3x
du
= 3x2 3
dx
y = 2 cos(u)
dy
= 2 sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
g(x) =
dx
du
dx
= 2(3x2 3) sin(u)
= 6(1 x2) sin(x3 3x)
Gradient at x = 0 is given by g(0).
g(0) = 6 sin(0)
=0
13 a i f(x) = esin(x)
Let y = esin(x)
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
= cos (x) eu
= cos (x) esin(x)
sin

ii f = cos e 6
6
6
1
b i
f(x)
Let y
Let u
du
dx
y
3 2
e
2
(3e)
2
= ecos(x)
= ecos(x)
= cos(x)
= sin(x)
= eu
ii
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
= sin(x)ecos(x)
cos
x
f = sin e 6
6
6
3
1
= e2
2
c i
f(x) = loge(sin(x))
Let y = loge(sin(x))
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
f (x) =
dx
du
dx
1
=
cos(x)
u
cos( x)
=
sin( x)
or cot(x)

cos

6
ii f =
6
sin

6
3
1
2
2
3
2
2
= 3
d i f(x) = loge(cos(x))
Let y = loge(cos(x))
Let u = cos(x)
du
= sin(x)
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
sin( x)
=
u
sin( x)
=
cos( x)
or tan(x)

sin

6
ii f =

cos
6
1
3
2
2
2
1
=
2
3
1
=
3
=
Exercise 7H The product

rule
1 a y = (x + 3)(2x2 5x)
y =uv
u = x + 3, v = 2x2 5x
du
dv
b
= 1,
= 4x 5
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
c
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= (x + 3)(4x 5) + (1)(2x2 5x)
= 4x2 + 12x 5x 15 + 2x2 5x
= 6x2 + 2x 15
2 a
y = 4x3 loge(6x)
y =uv
u = 4x3, v = loge(6x)
du
dv
1
= 12x2,
=
6
dx
dx
6x
1
=
x
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
= 4x3
+ 12x2 loge(6x)
x
= 4x2 + 12x2 loge(6x)

= 4x2(1 + 3 loge(6x)
b g(x)
g(x)
u(x)
u(x)
= (3x 2)loge(2x)
= u(x) v(x)
= 3x 2
=3
v(x) = loge(2x)
1
2
2x
1
=
x
g(x) = u(x) v(x) + v(x) u(x)
1
= (3x 2)
+ loge(2x) 3
x
3x 2
=
+ 3 loge(2x)
x
3 f(x) = x2 sin(2x)
Let u = x2, v = sin(2x)
du
dv
= 2x,
= 2 cos(2x) (chain rule)
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= 2x2 cos(2x) + 2x sin(2x)
The answer is D.
4 a y = x cos(x)
Let u = x, v = cos(x)
du
dv
= 1,
= sin(x)
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= x sin(x) + cos(x) 1
= x sin(x) + cos(x)
b y = 3x sin(x)
Let u = 3x, v = sin(x)
du
dv
= 3,
= cos(x)
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
v(x) =
Differentiation
= 3x cos(x) + sin(x) 3
= 3x cos(x) + 3 sin(x)
y = (5x 2)ex
Let u = 5x 2, v = ex
du
dv
= 5,
= ex
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= (5x 2) ex + ex 5
= 5xex 2ex + 5ex
= 3ex + 5x ex
y = e3x(2 11x)
Let u = e3x, v = 2 11x
du
dv
= 3e3x,
= 11
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= e3x 11 + (2 11x) 3e3x
= 11e3x + 6e3x 33xe3x
= 5e3x 33xe3x
y = x5 cos(3x + 1)
Let u = x5, v = cos (3x + 1)
du
dv
= 5x4,
= 3sin(3x + 1)
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= x5 3 sin(3x + 1) + cos(3x + 1) 5x4
= 5x4 cos(3x + 1) 3x5 sin(3x + 1)
y = 2x3 loge(7x)
Let u = 2x3, v = loge(7x)
du
dv
1
= 6x2,
=
7
dx
dx
7x
1
=
x
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
= 2x3
+ loge(7x) 6x2
x
= 6x2 loge(7x) + 2x2
y = e2x loge(2x 5)
Let u = e2x, v = loge(2x 5)
2
du
dv
= 2e2x,
=
(2 x 5)
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
2
= e2x
+ loge(2x 5) 2e2x
(2 x 5)
= 2e2x loge(2x 5) +
2e2 x
2x 5
h y = 8 tan(5x) loge(5x)
Let u = 8 tan(5x),
v = loge(5x)
58
du
=
dx
cos 2 (5 x)
dv
1
=
dx
x
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
40log e (5 x)
8 tan(5 x)
=
+
x
cos 2 (5 x)
i y = 5 cos(2x) sin(x)
Let u = 5 cos(2x), v = sin(x)
MM12-7
177
du
dv
= 5 sin(2x) 2,
= cos(x)
dx
dx
= 10 sin(2x)
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= 5 cos(2x) cos(x) 10 sin(2x) sin(x)
4x
j y = sin cos(x)
3
4x
Let u = sin , v = cos(x)
3
du
4
4x
= cos
3
dx
3

4
4x
cos
3
3
dv
= sin(x)
dx
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
4
4x
4x
= sin sin(x) + cos(x) cos
3
3
3
4
4x
4x
cos cos(x) sin sin(x)
3
3
3
k f(x) = e4x 3 loge(6x)
Let y = e4x 3 loge(6x)
v = loge(6x)
Let u = e4x 3,
du
dv
6
4x 3
= 4e
,
=
dx
dx
6x
1
=
x
dy
dv
du
f (x) =
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
4x 3
=e
+ loge(6x) 4e4x 3
x
=
e4 x 3
+ 4e4x 3loge(6x)
x
l f(x) = 4e5x sin(2 x)
Let y = 4e5x sin(2 x)
Let u = 4e5x, v = sin(2 x)
du
= 4(5)e5x,
dx
= 20e 5x
dv
= cos(2 x) 1
dx
= cos(2 x)
dy
dv
du
f (x) =
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= 4e5x cos(2 x) + sin(2 x) 20e5x
= 4e5x cos(2 x) 20e5x sin(2 x)
1
m f(x) =
cos(6x)
x
1
cos(6x)
Let y =
x
1
Let u =
, v = cos(6x)
x
=
= x
1
2
3
1 2
du
=
x ,
dx
2
dv
= 6 sin(6x)
dx
MM12-7
178
=
Differentiation
2 x3
dy
dv
du
f (x) =
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
1
=
6 sin(6x) + cos(6x)
x
2 x3
6sin(6 x )
cos(6 x)
=
x
2 x3
n
f(x) =
xe 3x
Let y =
xe 3 x
Let u =
x , v = e3x
1 dv
du
= x 2,
= 3e3x
2
dx
dx
1
=
2 x
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
f (x) =
dx
dx
dx
1
3x
3x
= x 3e + e
2 x
e 3 x
3 x e3x
2 x
o f(x) = 2x3 sin(2x + 3)
Let y = 2x3 sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x3, v = sin(2x + 3)
du
= 6x4,
dx
dv
= cos(2x + 3) 2
dx
= 2 cos(2x + 3)
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
f (x) =
dx
dx
dx
= 2x3 2 cos(2x + 3) + sin(2x + 3) 6x4
= 4x3cos(2x + 3) 6x4sin(2x + 3)
p f(x) = e2x loge(3x2 + 5)
Let y = e2x loge(3x2 + 5)
Let u = e2x, v = loge(3x2 + 5)
du
dv
6x
= 2e2x,
=
dx
dx
x
3 2 +5
dy
f (x) =
dx
dv
du
+v
=u
dx
dx
6
x
= e2x
+ loge(3x2 + 5) 2e2x
3x2 + 5
=
6 xe 2 x
2e2x log(3x2 + 5)
3x 2 + 5
q f(x) = (x2 + e3x)(4 e3x)
Let u = x2 + e3x,
v = 4 e3x
du
dv
= 2x + 3e3x,
= 3e3x
dx
dx
dy
f (x) =
dx
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
= (x2 + e3x) 3e3x + (4 e3x) (2x + 3e3x)
= 3x2e3x + 3e0 + 8x 2xe3x + 12e3x 3e0
= 3x2e3x 2xe3x + 12e3x + 8x
f(x) = (x2 6)(2 + 3x x2)

Let y = (x2 6)(2 + 3x x2)
Let u = x2 6, v = 2 + 3x x2
du
dv
= 2x,
= 3 2x
dx
dx
dy
f (x) =
dx
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
= (x2 6)(3 2x) + (2 + 3x x2)(2x)
= 3x2 18 2x3 + 12x + 4x + 6x2 2x3
= 4x3 + 9x2 + 16x 18
f(x) = (2x + 1) loge(x + 3)
Let y = (2x + 1) loge(x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 1, v = loge(x + 3)
du
dv
1
= 2,
=
dx
dx
x+3
dy
dv
du
f (x) =
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
= (2x + 1)
+ 2 loge(x + 3)
x+3
2x + 1
=
+ 2 loge(x + 3)
x+3
2 +1
f (1) =
+ 2 loge(4)
1+ 3
3
=
+ 2 loge(4)
4
2x
g(x) = 5e cos(4x)
Let y = 5e2x cos(4x)
Let u = 5e2x, v = cos(4x)
du
dv
= 10e2x,
= 4 sin(4x)
dx
dx
dy
g(x) =
dx
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
= 5e2x 4 sin(4x) + 10e2x cos(4x)
= 10e2x cos(4x) 20e2x sin(4x)
g(0) = 10e0 cos(0) 20e0 sin(0)
= 10
f(x) = (x2 + 2) sin(4 3x)
Let y = (x2 + 2) sin(4 3x)
Let u = x2 + 2,
v = sin(4 3x)
du
dv
= 2x,
= 3 cos(4 3x)
dx
dx
dy
f (x) =
dx
dv
du
+v
=u
dx
dx
= (x2 + 2) 3 cos(4 3x) + 2x sin(4 3x)
= 3(x2 + 2) cos (4 3x) + 2x sin(4 3x)
f (2) = 3(4 + 2) cos(10) 4 sin(10)
= 18 cos(10) 4 sin(10)
= 17.279
g(x) = (6x + x2)ex 3
Let y = (6x + x2)ex 3
Let u = 6x + x2, v = ex 3
du
dv
= 6 + 2x,
= ex 3
dx
dx
dy
g(x) =
dx
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
Differentiation
= (6x + x2)ex 3 + (6 + 2x)ex 3

= (x2 + 6x + 2x + 6)ex 3
= (x2 + 8x + 6)ex 3
g(2) = (4 + 16 + 6)e2 3
= 26e1
26
=
e
9 f(x) = (3 x)(tan(2x))
u(x) = 3 x, v(x) = tan(2x)
2
u(x) = 1 v(x) =
cos 2 (2 x)
f (x) = u(x)v(x) + v(x)u(x)
2(3 x)
=
tan(2x)
cos 2 (2 x)
2(3 )
tan(2)
cos 2 (2 )
= 2(3 ) 0
= 2(3 )
= 6 2
f () =
Exercise 7I The quotient rule

x+3
x+7
u
f(x) =
v
u = x + 3, v = x + 7
du
dv
b
= 1,
=1
dx
dx
d u
dy
c
=

dx v
dx
du
dv
v
u
x
x
d
d
=
v2
( x + 7) ( x + 3)
=
( x + 7) 2
1 a f(x) =
x+7 x3
( x + 7) 2
4
( x + 7) 2
v( x)u( x) u ( x)v( x)
[v( x)]2
cos( x)cos( x) sin( x)( sin( x))

cos 2 ( x)
cos 2 ( x) + sin 2 ( x)
cos 2 ( x)
= sec2(x)
2x
x 4x
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 2x
du
=2
dx
v = x2 4x
dv
= 2x 4
dx
dv
dv
v u
x
d
dx
f (x) =
v2
4 a Let f(x) =
2( x 2 4 x) 2 x(2 x 4)
( x 2 4 x) 2
2 x2 8x 4 x2 + 8x
x 2 ( x 4) 2
2 x 2
x 2 ( x 4) 2
2
( x 4)2
x2 + 7 x + 6
3x + 2
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = x2 + 7x + 6
du
= 2x + 7
dx
v = 3x + 2
dv
=3
dx
du
dv
v
u
x
d
dx
f (x) =
v2
x2 + 2 x
5 x
u ( x)
f(x) =
v( x)
u(x) = x2 + 2x, v(x) = 5 x

b u(x) = 2x + 2, v(x) = 1
v( x)u( x) u ( x)v( x)
c f (x) =
[v( x)]2
179
b Let f(x) =
2 a f(x) =
f (x) =
MM12-7
(5 x)(2 x + 2) + ( x + 2 x)
(5 x) 2
2
10 x 2 x + 10 2 x + x + 2 x
(5 x)2
x 2 + 10 x + 10
=
(5 x) 2
3 f(x) = tan(x)
sin( x)
f(x) =
cos( x)
u(x) = sin(x) and v(x) = cos(x)

u(x) = cos(x) and v(x) = sin(x)
(3 x + 2)(2 x + 7) 3( x 2 + 7 x + 6)
(3x + 2) 2
6 x 2 + 4 x + 21x + 14 3 x 2 21x 18
(3 x + 2) 2
3x 2 + 4 x 4
(3 x + 2)2
cos( x)
ex
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = cos(x)
du
= sin(x)
dx
v = ex
c Let f(x) =
MM12-7
180
Differentiation
dv
= ex
dx
f (x) =
=
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
e x sin( x) e x cos( x)
(e x ) 2
e x sin( x) e x cos( x)
=
e2 x
=
d Let f(x) =
e x (sin( x) + cos( x))

e2 x
4x 7
10 x
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 4x 7
du
=4
dx
v = 10 x
dv
= 1
dx
du
dv
u
x
d
dx
f (x) =
v2
4(10 x) + (4 x 7)
=
(10 x)2
v
v = loge(4x)
dv
1
=
4
dx
4x
=
f (x) =
1
x
v
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
6 x log e (4 x) 3 x
(log e (4 x)) 2
3x(2log e (4 x) 1)
(log e (4 x))2
g Let f(x) =
Let f(x) =
sin(2 x)
cos(2 x)
u
v
u = sin (2x)
du
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
v = cos(2x)
dv
= 2 sin (2x)
dx
f (x) =
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
2cos(2 x)cos(2 x ) + 2sin(2 x)sin(2 x)

(cos(2 x))2
2cos(2 x)cos(2 x ) + 2sin(2 x)sin(2 x)

cos 2 (2 x)
2x
2cos 2 (2 x) + 2sin 2 (2 x )
cos 2 (2 x)
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = e2x
du
= 2e2x
dx
v=x
dv
=1
dx
2(cos 2 (2 x) + 2sin 2 (2 x))

cos 2 (2 x)
2
cos (2 x)
40 4 x + 4 x 7
=
(10 x) 2
33
=
(10 x) 2
e Let f(x) =
f (x) =
e
x
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
2 xe 2 x e 2 x
x2
e2 x (2 x 1)
x2
f Let f(x) =
Let f(x) =
3x 2
log e (4 x )
u
v
u = 3x2
du
= 6x
dx
h Let f(x) =
Let f(x) =
log e ( x + 1)
x2 + 2
u
v
u = loge(x + 1)
du
1
=
dx
x +1
v = x2 + 2
dv
= 2x
dx
f (x) =
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
x2 + 2
2 x log e ( x + 1)
= x +1 2
( x + 2)2
=
x 2 + 2 2 x ( x + 1) log e ( x + 1)
( x + 1)( x 2 + 2) 2
Differentiation
i Let f(x) =
Let f(x) =
e3 x + 2
cos(2 x)
u
v
u = e3x + 2
du
= 3e3x + 2
dx
v = cos(2x)
dv
= 2 sin(2x)
dx
du
dv
v
u
x
d
dx
f (x) =
v2
3e3 x + 2 cos(2 x) + 2e3 x + 2 sin(2 x)

cos 2 (2 x)
e3 x + 2 (3cos(2 x) + 2sin(2 x))

cos 2(2 x)
4x
j Let f(x) =
x 2 + 3x 2
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 4x
du
=4
dx
v = x2 + 3x 2
dv
= 2x + 3
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
4( x 2 + 3 x 2) 4 x(2 x + 3)
=
( x 2 + 3 x 2) 2
4 x 2 + 12 x 8 8 x 2 12 x
( x 2 + 3 x 2) 2
4 x 2 8
( x + 3 x 2)2
4( x 2 + 2)
( x 2 + 3 x 2)2
2x + 7 x
e5 x
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 2x3 + 7x
du
= 6x2 + 7
dx
v = e5x
dv
= 5e5x
dx
du
dv
v u
x
d
dx
f (x) =
v2
e5 x (6 x 2 + 7) 5e5 x (2 x3 + 7 x)
=
(e5 x ) 2
k Let f(x) =
6 x 2 + 7 5(2 x3 + 7 x)
e5 x
3
10 x + 6 x 2 35 x + 7
=
e5 x
=
MM12-7
x2 5
x
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = x2 5
du
= 2x
dx
l Let f(x) =
v =
=
x
1
x2
1
dv
1
= x 2
dx
2
1
=
2 x
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
=
=
=
( x 2 5)
2 x
( x )2
2x x
4 x 2 ( x 2 5)
2 x ( x )2
3x2 + 5
2 x3
e 3 x
3x + 8
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = e3x
du
= 3e3x
dx
v = 3x + 8
dv
=3
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
m Let f(x) =
3e 3 x (3 x + 8) 3e 3 x
(3x + 8)2
9 xe 3 x 24e 3 x 3e 3 x
(3 x + 8)2
9 xe 3 x 27e 3 x
(3 x + 8) 2
9( x + 3)e 3 x
(3 x + 8) 2
4log e (8 x)
x2 2 x
u
Let f(x) =
v
n Let f(x) =
u = 4 loge(8x)
du
1
=4
8
dx
8x
4
=
x
v = x2 2x
181
MM12-7
182
Differentiation
dv
= 2x 2
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
( x 2 2 x)
3e 2 7 x
x+3
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 3e2 7x
du
= 3(7)e2 7x
dx
= 21e2 7x
v =x+3
dv
=1
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
q Let f(x) =
4
(2 x 2) 4log e (8 x)
x
( x 2 2 x) 2
4( x 2) 8( x 1)log e (8 x)
[ x( x 2)]2
4[ x 2 2( x 1)log e (8 x)]
x 2 ( x 2) 2
sin x
x
u
Let f(x) =
v
o Let f(x) =
u = sin
21( x + 3)e 2 7 x 3e 2 7 x
( x + 3) 2
3e 2 7 x[7( x + 3) + 1]
( x + 3) 2
3e 2 7 x (7 x + 22)
( x + 3) 2
1
du
= cos x x 2
dx
2
cos x
2 x
v=x
dv
=1
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
e2 x
2x 3
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = e2x,
du
= 2e2x,
dx
du
v
f (x) = dx
r f(x) =
x cos x
sin x
= 2 x 2
x
=
x cos x
sin x
2
2
x
x cos x 2sin x
2x2
2cos(3 2 x)
p Let f(x) =
x2
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = 2 cos(3 2x)
du
= 2 sin(3 2x) 2
dx
= 4 sin(3 2x)
v = x2
dv
= 2x
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
=
4 x 2 sin(3 2 x ) 4 x cos(3 2 x)
( x 2 )2
4 x 2 sin(3 2 x) 4 x cos(3 2 x)
x4
(4 x)[ x sin(3 2 x) cos(3 2 x)]
=
x4
4[ x sin(3 2 x ) cos(3 2 x)]
=
x3
=
v = 2x 3
dv
=2
dx
dv
u
dx
v2
(2 x 3) 2e 2 x e 2 x 2
(2 x 3)2
2e 2 x [2 x 3 1]
(2 x 3) 2
2e 2 x [2 x 4]
(2 x 3)2
2e 2 x 2[ x 2]
(2 x 3)2
4e 2 x ( x 2)
(2 x 3) 2
8 3x 2
x
u
Let h(x) =
v
u = 8 3x2
du
= 6x
dx
v =x
dv
=1
dx
du
dv
u
v
d
dx
x
h(x) =
v2
6 x 2 (8 3 x 2 )
=
x2
2
6 x 8 + 3 x 2
=
x2
h(x) =
Differentiation
3 x 2 8
x2
The answer is D.
sin(4 x)
6
f(x) =
4x + 1
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = sin(4x)
du
= 4 cos(4x)
dx
v = 4x + 1
dv
=4
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
4(4 x + 1) cos(4 x) 4sin(4 x)
=
(4 x + 1) 2
The answer is D.
cos(3 x 2)
7
g(x) =
ex
u
Let g(x) =
v
u = cos(3x 2)
du
= 3sin(3x 2)
dx
v = ex
dv
= ex
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
g(x) =
v2
=
3e x sin(3 x 2) e x cos(3x 2)
e2 x
The answer is E.
cos(2 x)
8 y=
e3 x
Let u = cos(2x)
du
= 2 sin(2x)
dx
Let v = e3x
dv
= 3e3x
dx
du
dv
v
u
dy
d
dx
x
=
dx
v2
=
2e3 x sin(2 x) 3e3 x cos(2 x)

( e3 x ) 2
e3 x (2sin(2 x) + 3cos(2 x))

(e 3 x ) 2
(2sin(2 x) + 3cos(2 x))

e3 x
when x = 0,
dy
(2sin(0) + 3cos(0))
=
dx
e0
(0 + 3)
=
1
= 3
f(x) =
MM12-7
183
2 x 3x2
log e (3 x + 4)
u
v
u = 2x 3x2
du
= 2 6x
dx
v = loge(3x + 4)
3
dv
=
(3 x + 4)
dx
Let f(x) =
f (x) =
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
3(2 x 3x 2 )
(3 x + 4)
[log e (3x + 4)]2
(2 6 x )log e (3 x + 4)
=
When x = 1
f (1) =
=
3(2 3)
3 + 4
[log e ( 3 + 4)]2
(2 + 6)log e (3 + 4)
8log e (1 + 15)
[log e (1)]2
15
which is undefined.
02
f (x) does not exist at x = 1.
4log e (2 x)
10
g(x) =
3x
u
Let g(x) =
v
u = 4 loge(2x)
du
1
=4
2
dx
2x
4
=
x
v = 3x
dv
=3
dx
du
dv
v
u
x
d
dx
g(x) =
v2
12 12log e (2 x)
=
(3 x) 2
12(1 log e (2 x))

9 x2
4(1 log e (2 x ))
=
3x 2
4(1 log e (10))
g(5) =
3(5)2
4(1 log e (10))

75
Exercise 7J Mixed problems on differentiation

1 a f(x) = loge(8x)
chain rule (C)
b f(x) = 3x sin(x)
product rule (P)
3x + 7
c g(x) =
4 x2
quotient rule (Q)
MM12-7
184
Differentiation
4x
cos( x)
quotient rule (Q)
e g(x) = e5x sin(x)
product rule (P)
d h(x) =
x2 + 9 x 8
log e ( x)
quotient rule (Q)
h(x) = cos(x2 4x)
chain rule (C)
f(x) = ex loge(5x)
product rule (P)
g(x) = loge(sin(x))
chain rule (C)
f(x) = sin2(x)
chain rule (C)
x2
h(x) =
ex
quotient rule (Q)
f g(x) =
g
h
i
j
k
l f(x) =
(log e ( x))
chain rule (C)

m g(x) = ecos(x)
chain rule (C)
n f(x) = tan(x)
quotient rule (Q)
2 a f(x) = loge(8x)
Let u = 8x
du
=8
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
u
du
dy
dy
du
f(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
8
u
8
=
u
8
=
8x
1
=
x
b f(x) = 3x sin(x)
Let u = 3x
du
=3
dx
Let v = sin(x)
dv
= cos(x)
dx
dv
du
f (x) = u
+v
dx
dx
= 3x cos(x) + 3 sin(x)
= 3(x cos(x) + sin(x))
3x + 7
c g(x) =
4 x2
u
Let g(x) =
v
u = 3x + 7
du
=3
dx
v = 4x2
dv
= 8x
dx
du
dv
u
v
g(x) = dx 2 dx
v
2
12 x 8 x(3x + 7)
=
(4 x 2 ) 2
12 x 2 24 x 2 + 56 x
16 x 4
2
12 x 56 x
=
16 x 4
3 x 14
=
4 x3
4x
d h(x) =
cos( x)
=
Let h(x) =
u
du
dx
v
dv
dx
u
v
= 4x
=4
= cos(x)
= sin(x)
du
dv
u
x
d
dx
h(x) =
v2
4cos( x) + 4 x sin( x)
=
cos 2 ( x)
4(cos( x) + x sin( x))
=
cos 2 ( x)
e g(x) = e5x sin(x)
Let u = e5x
du
= 5e5x
dx
Let v = sin(x)
dv
= cos(x)
dx
dv
du
g(x) = u
+v
dx
dx
= e5x cos(x) + 5e5x sin(x)
= e5x(cos(x) + 5 sin(x))
v
f g(x) =
x2 + 9 x 8
log e ( x)
u
v
u = x2 + 9x 8
du
= 2x + 9
dx
v = loge(x)
1
dv
=
dx
x
du
dv
v u
d
dx
x
g(x) =
v2
Let g(x) =
=
=
( x 2 + 9 x 8)
x
(log e ( x)) 2
(2 x + 9)log e ( x)
x(2 x + 9) log e ( x ) x 2 9 x + 8
x(log e ( x)) 2
Differentiation
g h(x) = cos(x2 4x)

Let y = cos(x2 4x)
Let u = x2 4x
du
= 2x 4
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
h(x) =
du
dx
dx
= (2x 4) sin(u)
= (4 2x) sin(x2 4x)
= 2 (2 x) sin(x2 4x)
h f(x) = ex loge(5x)
Let u = ex
du
= ex
dx
Let v = loge(5x)
1
dv
=
5
dx
5x
1
=
x
dv
du
f (x) = u
+v
dx
dx
e x log e (5 x)
= ex x log e (5 x)
i g(x) = loge (sin(x))
Let y = loge (sin(x))
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
y = loge(u)
1
dy
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
g(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
cos(x)
u
cos( x)
=
sin( x)
j f(x) = sin2(x)
Let y = sin2(x)
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
y = u2
dy
= 2u
du
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= 2u cos(x)
= 2 sin(x) cos(x)
x2
k h(x) =
ex
u
Let h(x) =
v
u =x2
du
=1
dx
v = ex
dv
= ex
dx
h(x) =
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
e x e x ( x 2)
(e x ) 2
e x [1 ( x 2)]
(e x ) 2
1 x + 2
ex
3 x
=
ex
l f(x) =
(log e ( x))
Let y =
(log e ( x))
Let u = loge(x)
1
du
=
dx
x
y=
=
u
1
u2
1
1
dy
= u 2
2
du
1
=
2 u
dy
dy
du
f(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
1
1
=
x
2 u
1
=
2 x log e ( x)
m g(x) = ecos(x)
Let y = ecos(x)
Let u = cos(x)
du
= sin(x)
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
g(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= eu sin(x)
= ecos(x) sin(x)
or sin(x) ecos(x)
n f(x) = tan(x)
sin( x)
=
cos( x)
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
v = cos(x)
dv
= sin(x)
dx
MM12-7
185
MM12-7
186
Differentiation
du
dv
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
cos 2 ( x) + sin 2 ( x)
=
cos 2 ( x)
1
=
or sec2(x)
cos2 ( x)
3 a y = e5x cos(4x 7)
Let u = e5x
du
= 5e5x
dx
v = cos(4x 7)
dv
= sin(4x 7) 4
dx
= 4 sin(4x 7)
dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= 4e 5x sin(4x 7) 5e5x cos(4x 7)
= e5x[4 sin(4x 7) + 5 cos(4x 7)]
x2
b y=
3x + 1
Let u = x 2
du
=1
dx
v
Let v =
3x + 1
1
1
dv
= (3x + 1) 2 (3)
2
dx
3
=
2 3x + 1
du
dv
v u
dy
d
dx
x
=
dx
v2
3( x 2)
3x + 1
2
3x + 1
=
( 3 x + 1)2
2(3x + 1) 3( x 2)
2 3x + 1(3x + 1)
6 x + 2 3x + 6
3
2(3 x + 1) 2
=
3x + 8
2 (3x + 1)3
c y = loge(x + 1)3
Let u = (x + 1)3
du
= 3(x + 1)2
dx
y = loge(u)
1
dy
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3(x + 1)2
u
3( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)3
3
x +1
u
v
u = sin(2x)
du
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
v = cos(2x)
dv
= 2 sin(2x)
dx
du
dv
v u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
2cos 2 (2 x) + 2sin 2 (2 x )
=
cos 2 (2 x)
Let f(x) =
= (3x + 1) 2
d y = cos (x2 6x)

Let u = x2 6x
du
= 2x 6
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= sin(u) (2x 6)
= (2x 6) sin(x2 6x)
= 2(3 x) sin(x2 6x)
e f(x) = ex cos(2x)
Let u = ex
du
= ex
dx
Let v = cos(2x)
dv
= 2 sin(2x)
dx
dv
du
+v
f (x) = u
dx
dx
= 2ex sin(2x) + ex cos(2x)
= ex(cos(2x) 2 sin(2x))
sin(2 x)
f f(x) =
cos(2 x)
2
2
= 2(sin (2 x )2+ cos (2 x))
cos (2 x)
2
=
cos 2 (2 x)
1
g f(x) =
sin( x)
Let f(x) = u
v
u =1
du
=0
dx
v = sin(x)
dv
= cos(x)
dx
du
dv
v u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
0 cos( x)
=
sin 2 ( x)
cos( x)
=
sin 2 ( x)
Differentiation
h y = loge(sin(3x))
Let u = sin(3x)
du
= 3 cos(3x)
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3 cos(3x)
u
3cos(3x)
=
sin(3 x)
2
i y = 4e 3 x 5 x + 2
Let u = 3x2 5x + 2
du
= 6x 5
dx
y = 4eu
dy
= 4eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 4eu(6x 5)
= 4e 3 x
2 5 x + 2
(6x 5)
3 x2 5 x + 2
= 4(6x 5) e
j f(x) = (x 1)(x2 + 5x + 3)
Let u = x 1
du
=1
dx
Let v = x2 + 5x + 3
dv
= 2x + 5
dx
dv
du
f (x) = u
+v
dx
dx
= (x 1)(2x + 5) + x2 + 5x + 3
= 2x2 2x + 5x 5 + x2 + 5x + 3
= 3x2 + 8x 2
k g(x) = ex(x2 + 3)
Let u = ex
du
= ex
dx
Let v = x2 + 3
dv
= 2x
dx
dv
du
g(x) = u
+v
dx
dx
x
2
= 2xe + (x + 3) ex
= ex (x2 + 2x + 3)
5
(2 x + 3)
x3 5
u
Let g(x) =
v
u = (2x + 3)5
du
= 5(2x + 3)4(2)
dx
= 10(2x + 3)4
v = x3 5
l g(x) =
MM12-7
dv
= 3x2
dx
du
dv
v u
x
d
dx
g(x) =
v2
10( x3 5)(2 x + 3) 4 3 x 2 (2 x + 3)5

( x 3 5)2
(2 x + 3)4 [10( x3 5) 3x 2 (2 x + 3)]

( x3 5) 2
(2 x + 3) 4 (10 x3 50 6 x3 9 x 2 )
( x3 5)2
(2 x + 3) 4 (4 x3 9 x 2 50)
( x3 5) 2
m f(x) = e4x cos(4x 3)

Let u = e4x
du
= 4e4x
dx
Let v = cos(4x 3)
dv
= 4 sin(4x 3)
dx
dv
du
f (x) = u
+v
dx
dx
= 4e4x sin(4x 3) 4e4x cos(4x 3)
= 4e4x[sin(4x 3) + cos(4x 3)]
n y = cos2(3x)
Let u = cos(3x)
du
= 3 sin(3x)
dx
y = u2
dy
= 2u
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 2u 3 sin(3x)
= 6 cos(3x) sin(3x)
o y = loge(cos 3x)
Let u = cos(3x)
du
= 3 sin(3x)
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3 sin(3x)
u
3sin(3 x)
=
cos(3 x)
= 3 tan(3x)
sin( x 4 )
p f(x) =
x2
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = sin(x4)
du
= 4x3 cos(x4)
dx
v = x2
dv
= 2x
dx
187
MM12-7
188
f (x) =
Differentiation
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
4 x5 cos( x 4 ) 2 x sin( x 4 )
( x 2 )2
2 x(2 x 4 cos( x 4 ) sin( x 4 )

x4
2(2 x 4 cos( x 4 ) sin( x 4 )

x3
cos(2 x)
q f(x) =
sin(2 x)
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = cos(2x)
du
= 2 sin(2x)
dx
v = sin(2x)
dv
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
du
dv
v u
f (x) = dx 2 dx
v
2sin 2 (2 x) 2cos 2 (2 x)
sin 2 (2 x)
2(sin 2 (2 x) + cos 2 (2 x))

sin 2 (2 x )
2
sin 2 (2 x)
r f(x) = [loge(5x 1)]4

Let u = loge(5x 1)
1
du
=
5 chain rule
5x 1
dx
5
=
5x 1
y = u4
dy
= 4u3
du
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
5
= 4u3
5x 1
=
s y=
20[log e (5 x 1)]3
5x 1
log e x
x
Let u = loge x
= log e
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
x
log e x
2
= x
x2
1
log e x
= 2
x2
dy
=
dx
=
t y = sin
1 2log e x
(2 x) 2
( x + 3)
( x 2)
x+3
x2
Let v = x + 3
dv
=1
dx
Let w = x 2
dw
=1
dx
dv
dw
w v
du
= dx 2 dx
dx
w
x 2 ( x + 3)
=
( x 2)2
Let u =
5
( x 2)2
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= cos(u)
=
5
( x 2)2
5
x +3
cos
2
( x 2)
x 2
u f(x) = 3x5 cos(2x + 1)

Let u = 3x5
du
= 15x4
dx
Let v = cos(2x + 1)
dv
= 2 sin(2x + 1)
dx
dv
du
+v
f (x) = u
dx
dx
= 6x5 sin(2x + 1) + 15x4 cos(2x + 1)
= 3x4[5 cos(2x + 1) 2x sin(2x + 1)]
3
1
x2
x2
log e
x2
u
Let g(x) =
v
v g(x) =
1
1 1
du
= 1 x 2
2
dx
x2
1
=
2x
Let v = x
dv
=1
dx
3
u = log e x 2

du
dx
1
3
x2
3
x2
2
Differentiation
y = loge(u)
1
dy
=
u
du
dy
dy
du
=
h(x) =
dx
du
dx
1
=
10x
u
= 10 x
5x2
2
=
x
3
2x
v = x2
dv
= 2x
dx
du
dv
v u
x
d
dx
g(x) =
v2
x2
=
3
3
2 x log e x 2

2x

( x2 )2
Let p(x) = 4e 2
x
Let u =
2
1
du
=
dx
2
y = 4eu
dy
= 4eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
u
= 4e
2
3
3x
2 x log e x 2

2

x4
3
3x 4 x log e x 2

=
4
2x
3
x 3 4log e x 2

=
2x4
3
3 4log e x 2

=
3
2x
w y = ex sin(x)
Let u = x sin(x)
du
= x cos(x) + sin(x)
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu (x cos(x) + sin(x))
= (sin(x) + x cos(x))ex sin(x)
x f(x) = 3 cos2(x) + e7x x3
Let g(x) = 3 cos2(x)
Let u = cos(x)
du
= sin(x)
dx
y = 3u2
dy
= 6u
du
dy
dy
du
g(x) =
=
dx
du
dx
= 6u (sin (x))
= 6 sin(x) cos(x)
h(x) = e7x
h(x) = 7e7x
Now let p(x) = x3
p(x) = 3x2
f (x) = g(x) + h(x) + p(x)
= 6 sin (x) cos(x) 7e7x 3x2
x
y f(x) = 3 sin(6x) + loge(5x2) 4e 2

Let g(x)
g(x)
Let h(x)
Let u
du
dx
= 3 sin(6x)
= 18 cos(6x)
= loge(5x2)
= 5x2
= 10x
MM12-7
= 2e 2
Now f (x) = g(x) + h(x) + p(x)
x
= 18 cos(6x) +
2
2e 2
x
z h(x) = cos3(x)
Let y = cos3(x)
Let u = cos(x)
du
= sin(x)
dx
y = u3
dy
= 3u2
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 3u2 sin(x)
= 3 sin(x) cos2(x)
4 a f(x) = x 2 1
i
1
f (x) = 2 x
1
2 x if
f (x) =
2 x if
if x 2 1 > 0
if x 2 1 < 0
x2 1 > 0
x2 1 < 0
2 x if x < 1 or x > 1
f (x) =
2 x if 1 < x < 1
ii
189
MM12-7
190
Differentiation
b f(x) = x 2 + 2 x
i
1 if x 2 + 2 x > 0
f (x) = 2x + 2
2
1 if x + 2 x < 0
Chapter review
Short answer
1
2 x + 2 if x 2 + 2 x > 0
f (x) =
2
2 x 2 if x + 2 x < 0
2 x + 2 if x < 2 or x > 0
f (x) =
2 x 2 if 2 < x < 0
ii
f (x) < 0 if x < 1
f (x) > 0 if 1< x < 2
f (x) < 0 if x > 2
5 a f(x) = |sin(2x)| for x [0, ]

1 if sin(2 x) > 0
i f (x) = 2 cos (2x)
1 if sin(2 x) < 0
2cos(2 x) if sin(2 x) > 0
f (x) =
2cos(2 x) if sin(2 x) < 0
2cos(2 x) if 0 < x < 2

f (x) =
2cos(2 x) if < x <
2
ii
b f (x) = |cos(x)| for x [0, 2]

1 if cos ( x ) > 0
i f (x) = sin(x)
1 if cos ( x ) < 0
sin( x) if cos( x ) > 0
f (x) =
sin( x) if cos( x) < 0
sin( x) if 0 < x < 2 or 2 < x < 2

f (x) =
sin( x) if < x < 3
2
2
ii
h3 + (2h) 2 + 4h
h0
h
h(h 2 + 2h + 4)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim (h2 + 2h + 4) h 0
2 lim
h 0
=4
3 a f(x) = x3 + 2x
f (x) = lim f ( x + h) f ( x)
h0
h
( x + h)3 + 2( x + h) ( x3 + 2 x)
= lim
h 0
h
( x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 + 2 x + 2h x3 2 x
= lim
h 0
h
3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 + 2h
= lim
h0
h
h(3x 2 + 3 xh + h 2 + 2)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim (3x2 + 3xh + h2 + 2), h 0
h 0
= 3x2 + 2
b When x = 1
Gradient = f (1)
= 3(1)2 + 2
=5
x3
4 a g(x) =
4x
3
1
g(x) = (3) x3 1 4x1 1
3
= x2 4
b When x = 3
g(3) = (3)2 4
=5
3x 4
x3
5 h(x) =
+
3x
2
4
3
1
a h(x) = (4)x4 1 + (3)x3 1 3x1 1
2
4
3 2
3
= 6x + x 3
4
Differentiation
b i h(1) = 6(1)3 +
3
3
4
= 6 +
= 8
3
( 1)2 3
4
1
4
3 2
(2) 3
4
= 48 + 3 3
= 48
ii h(2) = 6(2)3 +
6 a y = (4 x + 1) 2
Let u = 4x + 1
du
=4
dx
3
dy
= u2
2
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
3 2
u 4
2
f (x) = 2 xe x
b f (x) = 0
1
6u 2
1
gradient = 6(4(2) + 1) 2
1
= 6(9) 2
= 18
b When x = 1
1
6(4(1) + 1) 2
1
= 6(5) 2
xe x = 0
2
Either x = 0 or e x = 0
2
Now there are no real solutions when e x = 0

x=0
10 y = loge(2x3 4)
6x2
dy
=
dx
(2 x3 4)
= 6 5
7 Let y =
( x 2 + 4)
1
= ( x 2 + 4) 2
Let u = x2 + 4
du
= 2x
dx
y=
1
u2
1
1
dy
= u 2
2
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
=
1 2
u 2x
2
x
1
u2
x
( x2 +
1
4) 2
x
2
( x + 4)
2 xe x = 0
= 6(4 x + 1) 2
When x = 2,
gradient =
8 f(x) = e2x 1
Let y = e2x 1
u = 2x 1
du
=2
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 2
= 2e2x 1
2
191
9 a f(x) = e x = y
Let u = x2
du
= 2x
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu (2x)
y = u2
MM12-7
6x2
2( x3 2)
3x 2
x3 2
11 f(x) = loge(ax 1)
a
f (x) =
ax 1
=
a
=1
2a 1
a = 2a 1
a =1
When x = 2, f (2) =
12 f(x) = 3 sin(2x)
f (x) = 6 cos(2x)
f (2) = 6 cos(4)
=61
=6
13 f(x) = tan(5x)
5
f (x) =
2
cos (5 x)
14 f(x) = tan(2x2 3)
Let y = tan(2x2 3)
Let u = 2x2 3
du
= 4x
dx
MM12-7
192
Differentiation
b R\{0, 3}
y = tan(u)
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
19 f(x) = x 2 2 x
1 if x 2 2 x > 0
f (x) = 2x 2
2
1 if x 2 x < 0
dy
dy
du
f (x) =
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
4x
cos 2 (u )
2 x 2 if x 2 2 x > 0
f (x) =
2
2 x + 2 if x 2 x < 0
4x
cos 2 (2 x 2 3)
15 y = 3x2 loge(6x)
Let u = 3x2
du
= 6x
dx
Let u = loge(6x)
dv
1
=
6
dx
6x
1
=
x
dy
du
dv
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
1
2
= 3x
+ 6x loge(6x)
x
= 3x + 6x loge(6x)
= 3x(1 + 2 loge(6x)
=
cos( x 2 )
x
u
Let f(x) =
v
u = cos(x2)
du
= 2x(sin(x2))
dx
= 2x sin(x2)
v =x
dv
=1
dx
du
dv
v
u
d
dx
x
f (x) =
v2
16 f(x) =
18 a
1 if sin( x) > 0
f (x) = cos (x)
1 if sin( x) < 0
cos( x) if sin( x) > 0
f (x) =
cos( x ) if sin( x) < 0
cos( x) if 0 < x < 2

f (x) =
cos( x ) if < x < 0
2
Multiple choice
1 f (x) < 0 if x < 3
f (x) = 0 if x = 3
f (x) > 0 if x > 3
The answer is B.
2 g(x) is undefined at x = 1 since g(x) is not smooth.

g(x) is undefined at x = 4 since g(x) is not continuous.
The answer is D.
2
2 x sin( x ) cos( x )
x2
sin(2x)
17 Let y = e
Let u = sin(2x)
du
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 2 cos(2x)
= 2 cos(2x) esin(2x)
=
2 x 2 if x < 0 or x > 2
f (x) =
2 x + 2 if 0 < x < 2
20 f(x) = sin( x)
x2 2 x 8
x 4
x4
( x 4)( x + 2)
= lim
x4
x4
= lim (x + 2), x 4
3 lim
x 4
=6
The answer is E.
4 lim
x 3
x3 5 x
x +1
(3)3 5(3)
3 + 1
27 + 15
=
2
12
=
2
=6
The answer is C.
5 f(x) = 4x3 x2 + 3x
f (x) = 4(3)x3 1 2x2 1 + 3x1 1
= 12x2 2x + 3
The answer is A.
=
Differentiation
6 g(x) =
1
2 x
x2
1
= x 2 2x 2
g(x) = 2x
2 1
10
1
1
1
2 x 2
2

= 2x 3 x 2
2 1
= 3 1
x
x2
2 1
= 3
x
x
The answer is C.
7 Let y = (2x + 5)6
Let u = 2x + 5
du
=2
dx
y = u6
dy
= 6u5
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 6u5 2
= 12(2x + 5)5
The answer is D.
1
8 Let y =
4x 9
1
=
1
11
(4 x 9) 2
= (4 x 9)
Let u = 4x 9
du
=4
dx
y = u
1
2
12
1
2
3
1
dy
= u 2
2
du
1
=
3
(2u ) 2
=
1
2 (4 x 9)3
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
4
2 (4 x 9)3
13
2
(4 x 9)3
The answer is B.
9 y = 5e6x
Let u = e6x
du
= 6e6x
dx
y = 5u
dy
=5
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
14
= 5 6e6x
= 30e6x
The answer is A.
y = e4x + 7
Let u = 4x + 7
du
=4
dx
y = eu
dy
= eu
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= eu 4
= 4e4x + 7
The answer is D.
Let y = loge(3x 2)
Let u = 3x 2
du
=3
dx
y = loge(u)
dy
1
=
du
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
3
u
3
=
u
3
=
3x 2
The answer is E.
Let y = 2 loge(x2 + x)
Let u = x2 + x
du
= 2x + 1
dx
y = 2 loge(u)
dy
1
=2
du
u
2
=
u
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
2
=
(2x + 1)
u
2(2 x + 1)
=
x2 + x
The answer is A.
y = cos(8x)
Let u = 8x
du
=8
dx
y = cos(u)
dy
= sin(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= sin(u) 8
= 8 sin(8x)
The answer is C.
y = 2sin(2x + 3)
Let u = 2x + 3
MM12-7
193
194
MM12-7
du
dx
y
dy
du
dy
dx
Differentiation
=2
= 2sin(u)
= 2cos(u)
dy
du
du
dx
= 2cos(u) 2
= 4cos(2x + 3)
The answer is C.
15 y = tan(6 5x)
Let u = 6 5x
du
= 5
dx
y = tan(u)
1
dy
=
du
cos 2 (u )
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
1
=
5
cos 2 (u )
5
cos 2 (6 5 x)
The answer is A.
16 f(x) = x2e2x
Let u = x2
du
= 2x
dx
Let v = e2x
dv
= 2e2x
dx
dv
du
dy
f (x) =
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx
= x2 2e2x + e2x 2x
= 2x2e2x + 2x e2x
The answer is A.
17 g(x) = 2x loge(3x)
Let u = 2x
du
=2
dx
Let v = loge(3x)
dv
1
=
3
dx
3x
1
=
x
dv
du
dy
=u
+v
g(x) =
dx
dx
dx
1
= 2x
+ loge(3x) 2
x
= 2 + 2loge(3x)
The answer is B.
2x + 1
18 Let y =
x2
Let u = 2x + 1
du
=2
dx
Let v = x 2
dv
=1
dx
=
du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
2( x 2) (2 x + 1)
=
( x 2) 2
dy
=
dx
2x 4 2x 1
( x 2) 2
5
( x 2)2
The answer is E.
=
e4 x
x2
4x
Let u = e
du
= 4e4x
dx
Let v = x2
dv
= 2x
dx
du
dv
v
u
dy
d
dx
x
=
dx
v2
19 Let y =
4 x 2e 4 x 2 xe 4 x
( x 2 )2
(4 x 2 2 x)e4 x
x4
2 x(2 x 1)e4 x
x4
2(2 x 1)e 4 x
x3
The answer is C.
=
20 g(x) = (x2 + 3x 7)5

Let y = (x2 + 3x 7)5
Let u = x2 + 3x 7
du
= 2x + 3
dx
y = u5
dy
= 5u4
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= 5u4 (2x + 3)
= 5(2x + 3)(x2 + 3x 7)4
The answer is D.
21 Let y = sin(x) cos(x)
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
Let v = cos(x)
dv
= sin(x)
dx
dv
du
dy
=u
+u
dx
dx
dx
= sin(x) sin(x) + cos(x) cos(x)
= cos2(x) sin2(x)
The answer is D.
22 f (x) = 2 for all x < 2
f (x) = 2 for all x > 2
Hence, the derivative function jumps at x = 2
Differentiation
Therefore f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2

B
23 y = |cos(x)|
3
For < x < , |cos(x)| = cos(x)
2
2
y = cos(x)
dy
= sin(x)
dx
x=k
Hence the rate of change of y is sin(k)
B
24 Let y = f (e2x)
By Chain Rule, where u = e2x and y = f (u):
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
dy
= f (u ) 2e 2 x
dx
dy
= 2e 2 x f (e 2 x )
dx
C
Extended response
1 a i Gradient is zero at stationary points.
x = 20, x = 0
ii Gradient is positive when y is increasing.
(28, 20) (0, 12)
iii Gradient is negative when y is decreasing.
(20, 0)
b
f
g
2 a
MM12-7
= 900 or 4.5
200
Yes, the largest numerical value of the gradient over the
domain [25, 10] is 4.5, that is, the steepest section.
Evaluate function at turning points and end points which
are likely maxima.
f(20) = 1 [(20)3 + 30(20)2]
200
= 20 m
1
f(12) =
[123 + 30(12)2]
200
= 30.24 m
Maximum value occurs when x = 30.24 m (highest point).
f(x) = 2 x
g(x) = x2 +1
Domain: x [0, )
Domain: x R
Range: y [0, )
Range: y [1, )
i f(g(x)) = 2 x 2 + 1
ii g(f(x)) = (2 x ) 2 + 1
g(f(x)) = 4x + 1
c f(g(x))
Domain: x R
Range: y [2, )
g(f(x))
Domain: x [0, )
Range: y [1, )
1
d i
1
d
(f(g(x)) = 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2 2 x
2
dx
= 2 x( x 2 + 1)
2x
=
x2 + 1
1
2
d
(g(f(x)) = 4
dx
4
e i f (g(2)) = 2 2 =
2
5
2 +1
ii g (f(2)) = 4
4 x 2 , x 2
3 f(x) = 2 x 4, 2 < x < 5

x 1, x 5
ii
c For the domain [25, 10], the gradient appears to be

steepest at x = 10 since graph is symmetrical about
x = 10. (That is x = 10 is further from axis of symmetry).
1
d
y=
(x3 + 30x2)
200
dy
1
=
(3x2 + 60x)
dx
200
3x
=
(x + 20)
200
e i When x = 25,
dy
= 3( 25) [25 + 20]
dx
200
3
5
=
8
= 15 or 1.875
8
ii When x = 10,
dy
3( 10)
=
[10 + 20]
dx
200
3
=
or 1.5
2
iii When x = 10,
dy
= 3(10) [10 + 20]
dx
200
195
b f(x) is discontinous for x = 5

c f(x) is not differentiable for x = 2 and x = 5
2 x,
x<2
d f ( x) = 2, 2 < x < 5
1,
x>5
MM12-8
196
Applications of differentiation
Chapter 8 Applications of differentiation

Exercise 8A Equations of
tangents and normals
1 y = x2 + x (2, 6)
dy
= 2x + 1
dx
dy
At x = 2,
= 5.
dx
(gradient of tangent)
Therefore y 6 = 5(x 2)
y 6 = 5x 10
y = 5x 4
2 y = x2 + 5x 6
dy
= 2x + 5
dx
0 = x2 + 5x 6
= (x + 6) (x 1)
x = 6 or 1
(6, 0) (1, 0)
Tangent at (6, 0):
dy
= 2 6 + 5
At x = 6,
dx
= 12 + 5
= 7
y = 7x 42
y + 7x + 42 = 0
Tangent at (1, 0):
dy
=7
At x = 1,
dx
y = 7x 7
3 y = 3x2 5x + 4
when x = 1, y = 3 5 + 4 = 2
dy
= 6x 5
dx
dy
At x = 1,
=1
dx
Gradient of normal = 1
Equation of normal at (1, 2):
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y 2 = x + 1
y+x3=0
1
4 y = x2 + 3x 7
2
y-axis when x = 0 y = 7.
dy
=x+3
dx
dy
At x = 0,
=3
dx
1
Gradient of normal = .
3
Equation of normal at point (0, 7)
1
y (7) = (x 0)
3
x
y+7 =
3
3y + 21 + x = 0
5 a y = x2 + 1 x = 1, y = 2
dy
= 2x
dx
dy
At x = 1,
=2
dx
i Equation of tangent:
y 2 = 2(x 1)
y 2 = 2x 2
y = 2x
ii Gradient of normal =
1
2
Equation of normal:
1
y 2 = (x 1)
2
2y 4 = x + 1
2y + x 5 = 0
b y = x3 6x, x = 2, y = (2)3 + 12
= 8 + 12
=4
dy
= 3x2 6
dx
dy
At x = 2,
=346
dx
=6
y 4 = 6(x + 2)
y 4 = 6x + 12
y = 6x + 16
1
6
Equation of normal:
1
y 4 = (x + 2)
6
x 2
y4=
6 6
6y 24 = x 2
6y + x 22 = 0
1
1
c y = , x = 2, y =
x
2
y = x1
dy
= 1x2
dx
dy
1
= 2
dx
x
dy
1
At x = 2,
=
dx
4
Gradient of normal = 4.
1
1
= (x 2)
y
2
4
4y 2 = x + 2
4y + x = 4
ii Equation of normal:
1
= 4(x 2)
y
2
1
= 4x 8
y
2
2y 1 = 8x 16
2y = 8x 15
d y = (x 1)(x2 + 2), x = 1
y = x3 + 2x x2 2
y = x3 x2 + 2x 2
dy
= 3x2 2x + 2
dx
dy
At x = 1,
=3+2+2
dx
=7
x = 1, y = 2 3
y = 6
y (6) = 7(x (1))
y + 6 = 7x + 7
y = 7x + 1
1
7
Equation of normal:
1
y (6) = (x + 1)
7
7y + 42 = x 1
7y + x + 43 = 0
1
e y = x2
x = 4, y = 2
1
1
dy
= x 2
2
dx
1
=
2 x
dy
1
1
=
=
At x = 4,
dx
4
2 4
1
y 2 = (x 4)
4
4y 8 = x 4
4y = x + 4
ii Gradient of normal = 4
Equation of normal:
y 2 = 4(x 4)
y 2 = 4x + 16
y + 4x = 18
f y=
(2 x + 3)
x = 3, y =
Using the Chain Rule:

1
y = u 2 where u = 2x + 3
1
dy
1
= u 2
du
2
1
du
=2
dx
1
dy
= u 2 2
dx
2
1
dy
=
dx
2x + 3
1
dy
1
=
=
At x = 3,
dx
3
9
1
y 3 = (x 3)
3
3y 9 = x 3
3y = x + 6
=3
y 3 = 3(x 3)
y 3 = 3x + 9
y + 3x = 12
y = x(x + 2)(x 1), x = 1
y = 1(1)(2)
=2
y = (x2 + 2x)(x 1)
= x3 x2 + 2x2 2x
= x3 + x2 2x
dy
= 3x2 + 2x 2
dx
dy
=322
At x = 1,
dx
= 1
Therefore gradient of normal = 1
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y 2 = x 1
y+x =1
y 2 = 1(x 1)
y2 =x+1
y =x+3
y = x3 3x2 + 4x x = 0, y = 0
dy
= 3x2 6x + 4
dx
dy
=4
At x = 0,
dx
y 0 = 4(x 0)
y = 4x
1
4
Equation of normal:
1
y 0 = (x 0)
4
1
y = x
4
4y + x = 0.
y = 2x3 + x2 6x + 2
x = 1, y = 2 + 1 6 + 2
= 1
dy
= 6x2 + 2x 6
dx
dy
=6+26
At x = 1,
dx
=2
y 1 = 2(x 1)
y + 1 = 2x 2
y = 2x 3
1
2
Equation of normal:
1
y 1 = (x 1)
2
2y + 2 = x + 1
2y + x = 1
y = e2x, x = 0, y = 1
dy
= 2e2x
dx
dy
=2
At x = 0,
dx
y 1 = 2(x 0)
y 1 = 2x
y = 2x + 1
MM12-8
197
3 x
2
2y 2 loge(3) = 3x
2y + 3x = 2 loge(3)
n y = sin(2x)
dy
= 2 cos(2x)
dx
2
x = , y = sin
3
3
y loge(3) =
1
2
Equation of normal:
1
y 1 = (x 0)
2
x
y1 =
2
2y 2 = x
2y + x = 2
k y = e3x + 2, x = 1 y = e3 + 2
y = e1
dy
= 3e3x + 2
dx
dy
= 3e1
At x = 1,
dx
y e1 = 3e1(x + 1)
y e1 = 3e1x + 3e1
y = 3e1x + 4e1
ii Gradient of normal:
1
e1
1 =
3
3e
Equation of normal:
e
y e1 = (x + 1)
3
3y 3e1 = ex e
3y + ex = 3e1 e
l y = loge(x) x = 2, y = loge(2)
dy
1
=
x
dx
dy
1
=
At x = 2,
dx
2
1
y loge(2) = (x 2)
2
2y 2 loge(2) = x 2
2y = x 2 + 2 loge(2)
Equation of normal:
y loge(2) = 2(x 2)
y loge(2) = 2x + 4
y + 2x = 4 + loge(2)
m y = loge(2x + 3), x = 0, y = loge(3)
dy
2
=
dx
2x + 3
dy
2
=
At x = 0,
dx
3
2
y loge(3) = (x 0)
3
2
y loge(3) = x
3
3y 3 loge(3) = 2x
3y = 2x + 3 loge(3)
3
2
Equation of normal:
3
y loge(3) = (x 0)
2
3
2
dy
2
= 2 cos
dx
3
1
=2
2
= 1
y
= 1 x
3
2
= x +
2
3
3
+
2
3
Equation of normal:
y
= 1 x
3
2
y+x =
y =x
3
2

o y = 3 cos , x = , y = 3 cos
2
2
=0
dy
3
1
= sin x
dx
2
2
dy
3

At x = ,
= sin
dx
2
2
3
= 1
2
3
=
2
3
y0=
(x )
2
3 x 3
y0=
+
2
2
2y = 3x + 3
3x + 2y = 3
2
ii Gradient of normal = .
3
Equation of normal:
2
y 0 = (x )
3
3y = 2x 2

p y = sin 2 x + , x = 0, y = sin
4
4
dy
= 2cos 2 x +
4
dx
2
2
198
MM12-8
At x = 0,
dy
= 2cos
dx
4
=2
x2 + 1 u
y= 2
x 1 v
du
dv
v
u
dy
x
d
dx
=
dx
v2
( x 2 1) 2 x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x
=
( x 2 1) 2
2
2
= 2
2
y
= 2 (x 0)
2
y
2
=
2
y =
2x
2x+
1
2
Equation of normal:
y
2
1
(x 0)
=
2
2
y 2 1 = x
x+ 2y =1
6 a y = (2x + 3)4
dy
= 4(2)(2x + 3)3
dx
= 8(2x + 3)3
At x = 1
dy
= 8(2 + 3)3
dx
=8
Equation of normal at point
1
(1, 1) with m = :
8
1
y 1 = (x + 1)
8
8y 8 = x 1
8y + x 7 = 0
The answer is B.
b Gradient parallel to x-axis means
dy
= 0.
dx
8(2x + 3)3 = 0
2x + 3 = 0
3
x=
2
The answer is C.
7 Gradient of line y = 2x + 3 is 2.
f (x) = x2 + 4x + 1
f (x) = 2x + 4
2 = 2x + 4
2 = 2x
1 = x
f(1) = (1)2 + 4(1) + 1
= 2
Tangent parallel to y = 2x + 3 goes
through point (1, 2).
Equation of tangent:
(y 2) = 2(x 1)
y + 2 = 2(x + 1)
y + 2 = 2x + 2
y = 2x
2
x +1
at x = 0, y = 1.
x2 1
By Quotient Rule:
8 y=
2 x( x 2 1 x 2 1)
( x 2 1) 2
4 x
= 4
x 2 x2 + 1
dy
4 x
= 4
dx
x 2 x2 + 1
dy
= 0.
At x = 0,
dx
y 1 = 0(x 0)
y+1 =0
y = 1
2
2
2 x[ x 2 1 ( x 2 + 1)]
( x 2 1) 2
9 y = x sin(x) at x =

y = sin
2
2
y=
1
2
y=
2
Using the Product Rule,
dy
= x cos(x) + sin(x)
dx
dy

= cos + sin
At x = ,
2
2 dx
2
2
=
0+1
2
=1
So gradient of normal is 1
Equation of normal:
y
= 1 x
2
2
y
= x +
2
2
y+x=
10 Gradient of line y + 3x 5 = 0 is
m = 3. The normal has this gradient
1
so the tangents gradient is .
3
When does this occur on
y = loge(x + 2)?
dy
1
1
=
=
dx
x+2
3
3 =x+2
1 =x
x = 1, y = loge(1 + 2)
= loge(3)
Equation of normal:
y loge(3) = 3(x 1)
y loge(3) = 3x + x
3x + y = 3 + loge(3)
11 a f(x) = x2 + 1 at x = a
f(a) = a2 + 1
(a, a2 + 1) is the point of

tangency
f (x) = 2x
f (a) = 2a
mT = 2a
1
mN =
2a
y y1 = mT (x x1)
y (a2 + 1) = 2a(x a)
y = 2ax 2a2 + a2 + 1
y = 2ax a2 + 1
Equation of normal:
y y1 = mN (x x1)
1
(x a)
y (a2 + 1) =
2a
1
x
y=
+ + a2 + 1
2a 2
3
x
y=
+ a2 +
2a
2
b f(x) =
x at x = a
f(a) =
(a, a ) is the point of tangency.

f(x) =
f (x) =
x
1
2 x
f (a) =
mT =
1
2 a
1
2 a
mN = 2 a
y y1 = mT (x x1)
1
y a =
(x a)
2 a
x
a
y=
+ a
2 a 2 a
y=
x
a
+ a
2
2 a
a
2
2 a
Equation of normal:
y y1 = mN(x x1)
y a = 2 a (x a)
y=
y = 2 ax + 2a a + a
y = 2 ax + a (2a + 1)
2
c f(x) = e x at x = 2a
f(x) = e x
2
f(2a) = e( 2 a )
f(2a) = e4a
(2a, e4 a ) is the point of

tangency
f (x) = 2 xe x
f (2a) = 2 2ae( 2 a )
f (2a) = 4ae 4 a
mT = 4ae4 a
4ae4 a
y y1 = mT (x x1)
y e
4a 2
= 4ae
Exercise 8B Sketching
curves
4a2
( x 2a )
2
y = 4ae4 a x 8a 2e4 a + e 4 a
2
y = 4ae4 a x + e 4 a (1 8a 2 )
Equation of normal:
y y1 = mN (x x1)
2
1
y e4a =
(x 2a)
2
4ae4 a
2
x
2a
y=
+
+ e4a
4a2
4a2
4ae
4ae
2
2
x
1
y=
+ e 4 a + e4 a
4a2
2
4ae
12 f(x) = e4x
f (x) = 4e4x
As the tangent is perpendicular to
x
1
the line y = + 2 , mN = .
8
8
mT = 8
f (x) = 8
4e4x = 8
e4x = 2
4x = ln (2)
1
x = ln (2)
4
f ln (2)
4
= e
1 a y = 8 x2
dy
= 2x
dx
dy
If
= 2x = 0
dx
0
x=
2
x=0
When x = 0, y = 8 02
y =8
The stationary point is (0, 8).
dy
Nature: if x = 1,
= 2x
dx
= 2 1
= 2 (that is, positive)
dy
if x = 0,
= 2x
dx
= 2 0
=0
dy
= 2x
if x = 1,
dx
= 2 1
= 2 (that is, negative)
Gradient table:
1
4 ln(2)
4
= eln ( 2 )
=2
1
ln (2), 2 is the point of

4
tangency.
Equation of tangent at the point
1
ln(2), 2
4
y y1 = mT (x x1)
1
y 2 = 8 x ln (2)
4
y = 8x 2 ln(2) + 2
y = 8x + 2(1 ln(2))
13 y = x
1
1
dy
= x 2
2
dx
1
dy
=
dx
2 x
mN = 8
1
mT =
8
1
1
=
8
2 x
2 x =8
x =4
x = 16
x = 16, y = 16
y = 4 (16, 4)
y = 8x + b
when x = 2, g(2) = 2 22 8 2
= 8
So (2, 8) is the stationary point
Gradient table:
4 = 8 16 + b
b = 128 + 4
b = 132
mN =
dy
dx
Slope
Therefore (0, 8) is a local

maximum.
b f(x) = x3 3x
f (x) = 3x2 3
For stationary value
3x2 3 = 0
3 (x2 1) = 0
x2 1 = 0
x2 = 1
x = 1
When x = 1, f(1) = 13 3
= 2
so (1, 2) is one stationary point
When x = 1, f(1) = 13 3 1
= 1 + 3
=2
So (1, 2) is another stationary point
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
2
9
1
0
3
\
1
0
2
9

minimum stationary point and
(1, 2) is a local maximum
stationary point.
c g(x) = 2x2 8x
g(x) = 4x 8
4x 8 = 0
x =2
199
MM12-8
x
g(x)
Slope
1
4
\
2
0
3
4
/

minimum stationary point.
d f(x) = 4x 2x2 x3
f (x) = 4 4x 3x2
f (x) = 0 for a stationary value.
3x2 4x + 4 = 0
1(3x2 + 4x 4) = 0
1(3x 2)(x + 2) = 0
2
or 2.
x=
3
2
When x = ,
3
2
2
2 2
2
3
3 3
8
8
8
=
3
9
27
13
=1
27
f(x) = 4
2 13
So , 1 is one stationary
3 27
point.
When x = 2,
f(x) = 4 2 2 (2)2 (2)3
= 8 8 + 8
= 8
So (2, 8) is another stationary
point.
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
11
\
4
/
2
--3
3
\
2 13
Therefore , 1 is a local
3 27
maximum stationary point and
(2, 8) is a local minimum
stationary point.
e g(x) = 4x3 3x4
g(x) = 12x2 12x3
g(x) = 0 for stationary values.
12x2(1 x) = 0
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, g(0) = 0
So (0, 0) is one stationary point.
When x = 1, g(1) = 4 3
=1
So (1, 1) is another stationary point.
Gradient table:
x
g(x)
Slope
24
/
1
--2
1.5
/
48
\
MM12-8
200
Therefore (0, 0) is a positive

stationary point of inflection and
stationary point.
f y = x2 (x + 3)
y = x3 + 3x2
dy
= 3x2 + 6x
dx
dy
= 0 for a stationary value.
Now
dx
3x (x + 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2
When x = 0, y = 02 (0 + 3)
y =0
When x = 2, y = (2)2(2 + 3)
=4
point.
Gradient table:
x
dy
dx
Slope

stationary point.
g y = 5 6x + x2
dy
= 6 + 2x
dx
dy
= 0 for stationary value.
dx
x=3
When x = 3, y = 5 6 3 + 32
y = 4
So (3, 4) is the stationary point.
Gradient table:
x=

point.
Gradient table:
1
2
When x =
1
,
2
1
1
y = + 6
2
2
25
=
4
1 1
So , 6 is the stationary
2 4
point.
Gradient table:
1
2
dy
dx
Slope
1 1
2 4
maximum stationary point.
j y = 3x4 8x3 + 6x2 + 5
dy
= 12x3 24x2 + 12x
dx
dy
dx
12x(x2 2x + 1) = 0
12x(x 1) (x 1) = 0
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, y = 5
When x = 1,
y = 3(1)4 8(1)3 + 6(1)2 + 5
y=6
Gradient table:
dy
dx
1
2
1.5
24
48
Slope
dy
dx
Slope

minimum stationary point.
h f (x) = x3 + 8
f (x) = 3x2
f (x) = 0 for a stationary value.
x=0
When x = 0, f(0) = 8
So (0, 8) is the stationary point.
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
1
3
/
0
0
1
3
/
Therefore (0, 8) is a positive

stationary point of inflection.
i y = x2 x + 6
dy
= 2x 1
dx
dy
dx

(1, 6) is a positive stationary point
of inflection.
k g(x) = x (x2 27)
g(x) = x3 27x
g(x) = 3x2 27
g(x) = 0 for stationary value.
3(x2 9) = 0
x = 3 or 3
When x = 3,
g(3) = (3)3 27 3
= 54
So (3, 54) is one stationary
point.
When x = 3
g(3) = 33 27 3
= 54
g(x)
21
27
21
Slope

maximum stationary point and
stationary point.
l y = x3 + 4x2 3x 2
dy
= 3x2 + 8x 3
dx
dy
= 0 for stationary values.
Now
dx
(3x 1)(x + 3) = 0
1
x = or 3
3
1
When x = ,
3
3
1
1
1
y = + 4 3 2
3
3
3
14
y = 2
27
14
1
So , 2 is one stationary
27
3
point.
When x = 3,
y = (3)3 + 4(3)2 3 3 2
y = 16
point.
Gradient table:
1
--3
dy
dx
13
Slope
14
1
27
3
minimum stationary point, and
stationary point.
m h(x) = 12 x3
h(x) = 3x2
h(x) = 0 for stationary value.
x=0
When x = 0, h(0) = 12
So (0, 12) is a stationary point.
Gradient table:
x
h(x)
Slope
1
3
\
0
0
3
\
Therefore (0, 12) is a negative

stationary point of inflection.
n g(x) = x3(x 4)
g(x) = x4 4x3
g(x) = 4x3 12x2
4x2(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3
When x = 0,
g(0) = 03(0 4)
g(0) = 0
When x = 3,
g(3) = 34 4 33
= 27
point.
Gradient table:
g(x) 16
\
Slope
8
\
64
/
Therefore (0, 0) is a negative

stationary point of inflection and
stationary point.
2 a
MM12-8
201
3 a f (x) = x3 2x2 7x 4
f (x) = 3x2 4x 7
f (x) = 0 for stationary values.
(3x 7) (x + 1) = 0
7
x=
or 1
3
7
When x = ,
3
3
7
7
7
f = 2
3
3

3
7
7
4
3
14
= 8
27
14
7
So , 18 is one
27
3
stationary point.
When x = 1,
f (1) = (1)3 2(1)2 7 1 4
=0
So, (1, 0) is another stationary
point.
Gradient table:
7
3
f (x)
Slope
13
/
7
\
3
8
/
14
7
Therefore , 18 is a
27
3
(1, 0) is a maximum stationary
point.
b f(4) = 43 2(4)2 7 4 4
= 64 32 28 4
=0
Therefore f(x) passes through
(4, 0).
c f(x) = x3 2x2 7x 4
As f(4) = 0 then x 4 is a factor
of f(x).
f(x) = (x 4)(x2 + 2x + 1)
= (x 4)(x + 1)(x + 1)
= (x 4)(x + 1)2
MM12-8
202
The x-intercept are (1, 0) and (4, 0)

f(0) = 03 2 02 7 0 4
= 4
The y-intercept is (0, 4)
5 a g(x) = x4 4x2
g(x) = 4x3 8x
4x(x2 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2 .
When x = 0, g(x) = 0.
Therefore (0, 0) is a stationary point.
When x = 2 ,
g(x) = ( 2 )4 4 ( 2 )2
= 4
Therefore ( 2 , 4) is a stationary point.
When x = 2 ,
4 a y = x3 x2 16x + 16
dy
= 3x2 2x 16
dx
dy
dx
(3x 8)(x + 2) = 0
8
x = or 2
3
8
When x = ,
3
3
2
8
8 8
y = 16 + 16
3
3
3

22
y = 14
27
8
22
So , 14 is one stationary point.
27
3
When x = 2,
y = (2)3 (2)2 16 2 + 16
= 36
Gradient table:
x
8
3
dy
dx
17
16
Slope
22
8
Therefore , 14 is a local minimum
27
3
stationary point and (2, 36) is a local maximum
stationary point.
b y = 13 12 16 1 + 16
=0
Therefore the curve passes through (1, 0).
y = x3 x2 16x + 16
As y = 0 when x = 1, then (x 1) is a factor.
y = (x 1)(x2 16)
= (x 1)(x 4) (x + 4)
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) (4, 0) (4, 0)
y = 03 02 16 0 + 16
y = 16
g(x) = ( 2 )4 4 ( 2 )2
= 4
Therefore ( 2 , 4) is a stationary point.
Gradient table:
x
g(x)
Slope
16
\
4
/
4
\
16
/
Therefore ( 2 , 4) and ( 2 , 4) are local

minimum stationary points and (0, 0) is a local
b x4 4x2 = 0
x2(x2 4) = 0
x2(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x = 0, 2 or 2
The x-intercepts are (0, 0) (2, 0) (2, 0)
c
6 a y = x4 6x2 + 8x 3
dy
= 4x3 12x + 8
dx
dy
Now
dx
(x 1)(4x2 + 4x 8) = 0
(x 1) 4(x2 + x 2) = 0
(x 1) 4(x + 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or 2
When x =1,
y = 14 6 12 + 8 1 3
y=0
When x = 2
y = (2)4 6 (2)2 + 8 2 3
= 27
Gradient table:
x
dy
dx
64
16
Slope
Therefore (1, 0) is a positive stationary point of

inflection and (2, 27) is a local minimum value.
b y = 14 6 12 + 8 1 3
=0
Therefore (1, 0) lies on the curve.
c (x 1) is a factor of y = x4 6x2 + 8x 3
y = (x 1)(x3 + x2 5x + 3)
y = (x 1)(x 1)(x2 + 2x 3)
y = (x 1)(x 1)(x + 3)(x 1)
y = (x 1)3(x + 3)
x = 1 or 3 are x-intercepts.
The x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (3, 0)
y = 04 6 02 + 8 0 3
y = 3
8 a f(x) = x4 x2
f (x) = 4x3 2x
f (x) = 0 gives stationary values.
2x(2x2 1) = 0
1
x = 0 or
2
When x = 0, f(x) = 0.
1
When x =
,
2
4
1 1
f(x) =

2 2
1 1
=
4 2
1
=
4
1
When x =
,
2
7 a y = x4 + x3 5x2 6
dy
= 4x3 + 3x2 10x
dx
dy
dx
(x + 2)(4x2 5x) = 0
(x + 2) x(4x 5) = 0
5
x = 2, 0, or
4
When x = 2,
y = (2)4 + (2)3 5 (2)2 6
y = 16 8 20 6
= 18
When x = 0,
y = (0)4 + (0)3 5 (0)2 6
y = 6
5
When x = ,
4
3
203
MM12-8
1 1
f(x) =

2
2
1
=
4
1
1
1
1
, and
,
Stationary points are (0, 0),
4
4
2
2
Gradient table:
5 5
5
y = + 5 6
4 4
4
107
y = 9
256
107
5
Therefore , 9
is another stationary point.
4
256
Gradient table:
5
4
dy
dx
51
24
Slope
107
5
Therefore (2, 18) and , 9
are local
256
4
minimum stationary points and (0, 6) is a local
b y = 04 + 03 5 02 6
y = 6
f (x)
Slope
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Local minimum stationary points

1
1
1
1
, and
, .
4
4
2
2
Local maximum stationary point (0, 0).
(1) x-intercepts x4 x2 = 0
x2(x2 1) = 0
x-intercepts (0, 0) (1, 0) (1, 0).
(2) y-intercept f(0) = 0, (0, 0)
b f(x) = x3 3x2
f (x) = 3x2 6x
3x(x 2) = 0 for stationary points.
MM12-8
204
x = 0 or 2
When x = 0, f(x) = 0
When x = 2, f(x) = 8 12
= 4
Stationary points (0, 0) and (2, 4)
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
Local maximum stationary point

(0, 0).
Local minimum stationary point
(2, 4).
(1) x-intercepts when f(x) = 0
x3 3x2 = 0
x2(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3.
(2) y-intercepts when x = 0
f(x) = 03 3 02
=0
c g(x) = x3 + 3x4
g(x) = 3x2 + 12x3
3x2(1 + 4x) = 0 for stationary values.
1
x = 0 or
4
When x = 0, g(x) = 0.
1
When x = ,
4
3
1
1
g(x) = + 3
4
4
1
3
= +
64 256
4 + 3
=
256
1
=
256
Gradient table:
g(x)
Slope
1
8
3
128
15
1
4
1
1
,
local minimum
4
256
stationary point and

(0, 0) is a positive stationary point
of inflection.
(1) x-intercepts when g(x) = 0
x3 + 3x4 = 0
x3(1 + 3x) = 0
e h(x) = x3 4x2 11x + 30

h(x) = 3x2 8x 11
(3x 11)(x + 1) = 0 for stationary
values.
11
x=
or 1
3
11
When x =
3
1
3
(2) y-intercept when x = 0
g(x) = 0
x = 0 or
d g(x) = x3 4x2 + 4x
g(x) = 3x2 8x + 4
(3x 2)(x 2) = 0 for stationary
values.
2
x=
or 2.
3
2
When x = ,
3
3
2
2
2
g(x) = 4 + 4
3
3
3

8 16 8
=
+
27 9 3
8 48 + 72
=
27
32
=
27
5
= 1
27
When x = 2
g(x) = 23 4(2)2 + 4 2
= 8 16 + 8
=0
Gradient table:
g(x)
Slope
4
/
2
3
0
1
\
7
/

5
2
,1 .
3
27

(2, 0)
(1) x-intercepts when g(x) = 0
x3 4x2 + 4x = 0
x(x2 4x + 4) = 0
x(x 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2
03 4 02 + 4 0 = 0
11
11
h(x) = 4
3
3
11
+ 30
11
3
1331 484 121 810
=
+
27
9
3
27
1331 1452 1089 + 810
=
27
400
22
=
or 14
27
27
When x = 1
h(x) = (1)3 4(1)2 11 1 + 30
= 1 4 + 11 + 30
= 36
Gradient table:
h(x)
Slope
17
/
11
\
11
3
4
5
/

(1, 36)
22
11
, 14
27
3
(1) x-intercepts when h(x) = 0
x3 4x2 11x + 30 = 0
(x 2)(x2 2x 15) = 0
(x 2)(x 5) (x + 3) = 0
x-intercepts are 2, 5, and 3
(2) y-intercepts when x = 0
h(x) = 30
f h(x) = x (x + 3)(x 5)
= (x2 + 3x)(x 5)
= x3 5x2 + 3x2 15x
= x3 2x2 15x
h(x) = 3x2 4x 15
(3x + 5)(x 3) = 0 for stationary
values.
5
x = or 3
3
5
When x =
3
3
5
5
5
h(x) = 2 15
3
3
3
MM12-8
205
125 50 75
+
27
9
3
125 150 + 675
=
27
400
22
or 14
27
27
When x = 3
h(x) = 33 2 32 15 3
= 27 18 45
= 36
Gradient table:
h(x)
Slope
5
/
5
3
11
\
17
/
h f (x) = x(x2 + 1)
f (x) = x3 + x
f (x) = 3x2 + 1
3x2 = 1 for stationary values
1
x2 =
3
Cant take the square root of a negative number,
so there are no stationary points.
(1) x-intercepts when f(x) = 0
0 = x(x2 + 1)
x=0
f(0) = 0
Find points to graph.
Let x = 1 then f(1) = 2
Let x = 1 then f(1) = 1 1
= 2
22
5
, 14 local maximum stationary point.
27
3
(3, 36) local minimum stationary point.
(1) x-intercept h(x) = 0
0 = x3 2x2 15x
0 = (x + 3)(x2 5x)
0 = (x + 3)x(x 5)
x-intercepts 3, 0, 5
(2) y-intercept x = 0
h(x) = 0
g f (x) = x4 2x2 + 1
f (x) = 4x3 4x
4x (x2 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, f(0) = 1
When x = 1, f(1) = 1 2 + 1
=0
When x = 1, f(1) = 1 2 + 1
=0
Gradient table:
1
2
f (x)
Slope
24
/
1.5
\
0
0
1
2
1.5
/
24
\
Local minimum stationary points (1, 0) and (1, 0)

Local maximum stationary point (0, 1)
(1) x-intercept f(x) = 0
0 = x4 2x2 + 1
0 = (x2 1)(x2 1)
0 = (x 1)2(x + 1)2
x = 1, or 1
(2) y-intercept x = 0
f(0) = 1
i g(x) = x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 20

g(x) = 3x2 + 18x + 24
= 3(x2 + 6x + 8)
0 = 3(x + 4)(x + 2) for stationary values.
x = 4 or 2
When x = 4
g(x) = (4)3 + 9 (4)2 + 24 4 + 20
= 64 + 144 96 + 20
g(x) = 4
When x = 2
g(x) = (2)3 + 9(2)2 + 24 2 + 20
= 8 + 36 48 + 20
=0
Gradient table:
x
g(x)
Slope
5
9
/
4
0
3
3
\
2
0
Local maximum stationary point (4, 4)

Local minimum stationary point (2, 0)
(1) x-intercept, g(x) = 0
0 = x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 20
= (x + 2)(x2 + 7x + 10)
= (x + 2)(x + 5)(x + 2)
x-intercepts 2 and 5
(2) y-intercepts, x = 0
g(0) = 20
1
9
/
MM12-8
206
j h(x) = (x2 1)3

h(x) = 3 2x (x2 1)2
= 6x (x2 1)2
6x(x2 1)2 = 0 gives stationary values.
x = 0 or 1
When x = 0, h(0) = 1
When x =1, h(1) = 0
When x = 1, h(1) = 0
Stationary values occur at (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 0)
Gradient table:
h(x) 108
\
Slope
1
2
1.687
\
1
2
0
0
1.687
/
108
/
Stationary points of inflection occur at (1, 0) and

(1, 0). A local minimum occurs at (0, 1).
(1) x-intercepts occur when (x2 1)3 = 0, that is
x = 1 (1, 0) and (1, 0) are the x-intercepts.
(2) When x = 0, y = 1
(0, 1) is the y-intercept.
12 h = 2, k = 1
y = a (x 2)2 + 1
Either C or E. Test with y-intercept (0, 9)
C y = (0 2)2 + 1
y=4+1
y=5
E y = 2(x 2)2 + 1
y = 2(2)2 + 1
=8+1
=9
The answer is E.
13 a Gradient table:
x
Slope
4
\
2
/
1
/
1
\
A local minimum at x = 3 and a local maximum at

x = 0.
b Gradient table:
3
/
x
Slope
0
\
1
\
2
/
3
/
5
\
Local maximums at x = 2 and x = 4; a local minimum

at x = 1.
c Gradient table:
x
Slope
3
\
1
\
2
\
4
/
A negative stationary point of inflection at x = 2 and

a local minimum at x = 3.
d Gradient table:
x
Slope
6
\
1
/
5 4
/
3
/
A local minimum at x = 5 and a positive stationary

point of inflection at x = 2.
e Gradient table:
x
4
Slope /
9 Gradient table:
<2
x
positive
f (x)
Slope
2
zero
>2
negative
3
4
dy
dx
Slope
The answer is C.
1
2
2
\
1
\
1
/
3
\
Local maximums at x = 3 and x = 2. Local minimum

at x = 0.
f Gradient table:
x
Slope
The answer is B.
10 f(x) = x3 + x2 8x 3
f (x) = 3x2 + 2x 8
(3x 4) (x + 2) = 0 for stationary values.
4
x=+
or 2
3
The answer is A.
11 y = x4 + x3
dy
= 4x3 + 3x2
dx
x2(4x + 3) = 0 for stationary values
3
x = 0 or .
4
Gradient table:
x
0
/
2
\
4
\
6
/
Local maximum at x = 1 and local minimum at x = 5.

14 f(x) = x2 4x + 3
f (x) = 2x 4 = 0
2x = 4
x =2
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
0.25
1
214
\
2
0
3
64
/
The gradient decreases to the left of x = 2 and increases

to the right of x = 2, as is seen in the graph of the gradient
function.
1
15 a f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 2
3
i f (x) = x2 + 4x
x(x + 4) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or 4
MM12-8
207
16
x
f (x)
Slope
3
pos
/
2
0
0
neg
\
3
0
4
pos
/
Graphs will vary.

Stationary points at x = 2 and x = 3.
f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx
f (x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
f (2) = 0
0 = 3 22 + 2a 2 + b
0 = 12 + 4a + b
12 = 4a + b (1)
4
f = 0
3
4
4
0 = 3 2 + 2a + b
3
3
1
16 8a
+b
0 = 3
3
9
3
16 8a + 3b
0 =
3
0 = 16 8a + 3b
16 = 8a 3b (2)
Solve simultaneous equations
12 = 4a + b (1)
16 = 8a 3b (2)
From (1) b = 12 4a (3)
Substitute (3) into (2)
16 = 8a 3(12 4a)
16 = 8a + 36 + 12a
20 = 20a
1 = a
Substitute a = 1 into (1)
12 = 4 + b
8 = b
The value are a = 1 and b = 8.
b Therefore f(x) = x3 x2 8x
f (x) = 3x2 2x 8
Gradient table:
17 a
The x-intercepts of f (x) are (0, 0) and (4, 0)

f (0) = 0
So the y-intercept of f (x) is (0, 0)
f (x) > 0 where x < 4 and x > 0
ii So f(x) is increasing where x < 4 and x > 0
iii f (x) < 0 so decreasing where 4 < x < 0.
b g(x) = x3 + 2x2 7x 5
i g(x) = 3x2 + 4x 7
(3x + 7)(x 1) = 0 for stationary values.
7
x = or 1
3
7
The x-intercepts of g(x) are , 0 and (1, 0).
3
f (0) = 7
The y-intercept of f(x) is (0, 7).
7
ii f(x) > 0 is increasing x < and x > 1
3
7
iii f (x) < 0 is decreasing < x < 1
3
c h(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 4x2

i h(x) = 4x3 + 12x2 + 8x
4x(x2 + 3x + 2) = 0 for stationary values.
4x(x + 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0, 2, and 1
The x-intercepts of h(x) are (0, 0) (2, 0) and (1, 0)
h(0) = 0
The y-intercept of h(x) is (0, 0)
f (x)
Slope
8
/
4
3
8
\
13
/
4
is a local maximum stationary point.
3
x = 2 is a local minimum stationary point.
18 a f(x) = x4 + ax2 + b
(1, 4) : 4 = 1 + a + b
3 = a + b (1)
f (x) = 4x3 + 2ax
f (1) = 0
0 = 4 + 2a
4 = 2a
2 = a
x=
ii f (x) > 0 increasing when 2 < x < 1 and x > 0

iii f (x) < 0 decreasing when 1 < x < 0 and x < 2
208
MM12-8
Substitute 2 = a into (1)

3 = 2 + b
5=b
The values are a = 2 and b = 5.
f(x) = x4 2x2 + 5.
b f(x) = x4 2x2 + 5
f (x) = 4x3 4x
4x(x2 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0, 1 or 1
When x = 0, f(x) = 5
When x = 1, f(x) = 1 2 + 5
=4
The other stationary points are (0, 5) and (1, 4)
c Gradient table:
2
x
f (x)
Slope
24
\
1
0
0.5
1.5
/
0
0
0.5
1.5
\
24
/
(1, 4) and (1, 4) are local minimum stationary points.

(0, 5) is a local maximum stationary point.
19 f(x) = (b x)(x + 2)2
a f (x) = (b x) 2(x + 2) + (x + 2)2 1
= 2(b x)(x + 2) (x + 2)2
= (x + 2)(2(b x) (x + 2))
= (x + 2)(2b 2x x 2)
= (x + 2)(2b 3x 2)
= (x + 2)(3x 2b + 2)
b T.P. f (x) = 0
0 = (x + 2)(3x 2b +2)
x+2 =0
or
3x 2b + 2 = 0
x=2
3x = 2b 2
2b 2
x =
3
f(2) = (b + 2)(0)2
=0
2b 2 2b 2
2b 2
f
+ 2
= b
3 3
3
3b 2b 2 2b 2 6
=
+
3 3
3
3
b + 2 2b + 4
=
3 3
1 b 3b 2 2b 3
+

=
3 3
3
3
2
1 + 2b 2b 1
=

3 3
(b + 2)(2b + 4) 2
27
(1 + 2b) 2 (2b 1)
27
4(b + 2)(b + 2)2

27
(1 + 2b) 2 (1 + 2b)
27
4(b + 2)3
27
(1 + 2b)3
27
3
f (x) 7 2b
\
Slope
2
0
0
1 + 2b
/
(2, 0) is a local minimum turning point

2b 2 4(b + 2)3
,
27
3
x
1 b 1 b
1 b
f
+ b 2
=
1
3
3
2b 2 4(b + 2)3
T.P.s (2, 0),
,
27
3
c (2, 0):
x
2b 2 4(b + 2)3

,
is a local maximum
27
3
turning point.
d f(2) = (b 2)(4)3
= 16(b 2)
f (2) = (4)(6 2b + 2)
= 4(8 2b)
= 8(4 b)
y = mx + c
y = 8(4 b)x + c
pt: (2, 16(b 2))
16(b 2) = 8(4 b) 2 + c
16b 32 = 2(32 + 8b) + c
16b 32 = 64 + 166 + c
c = 32
y = 8(4 b)x + 32
= 8(b 4)x + 32
2b 2
e 4=
3
12 = 2b 2
2b = 14
b =7
20 f(x) = (x + b)2(2x 1)
a f (x) = (x + b)2 2 + (2x 1) 2(x + b)
= 2(x + b)(x + b + 2x 1)
= 2(x + b)(3x + b 1)
b T.P.s f (x) = 0
0 = 2(x + b)(3x + b 1)
x+b=0
or
3x + b 1 = 0
x= b
3x = 1 b
1 b
x =
3
f( b) = 02(2x b 1)
=0
2b 2
2b 2 2b 2
1
+1
3
3
3
0
2b 7
f (x) 2b + 1
/
\
Slope
1 b (1 + 2b)3
T.P.s ( b, 0),
,
27
3
c f(2) = (2 + b)2(4 1)
= 3(2 + b)2
f (2) = 2(2 + b)(6 + b 1)
= 2(2 + b)(5 + b)
y = mx + c
y = 2(2 + b)(5 + b)x + c
pt (2, 3(2 + b)2)
3(2 + b)2 = 2(2 + b)(5 + b) 2 + c
3(2 + b)2 = 4(2 + b)(5 + b) + c
c = 3(2 + b)2 4(2 + b)(5 + b)
= (2 + b)(3(2 + b) 4(5 + b))
= (2 + b)(6 + 3b 20 4b)
= (2 + b)( b 14)
= (2 + b)(b + 14)
y = 2(2 + b)(5 + b) x (2 + b)(b + 14)
1 b (2b + 1)3
d min T.P. =
,
27
3
y = 4x 2
(2b + 1)3
1 b
= 4
2
27
3
On a calculator page, complete the entry line as solve
(2b + 1)3
1 b
= 4
2, b
27
3
Write the solution as solving

3
(2b + 1)
1 b
= 4
2 for b gives
27
3
b=
3 2 1 1 3 2 1
,
,
2
2
2
b=
3 2 1
as b > 0.
2
Exercise 8C Maximum and minimum

problems when the function is known
dC
= 5 4x
dx
5
dP
= 3n2 + 4n
b
dn
2 n
dV
c
= h3 2h2
dh
dh
= 3t2 2e t
d
dt
dM
d
d( k )
e
=k
(loge(3k)) + loge(3k)
dk
dk
dk
1
=k
+ loge(3k) 1
k
= 1 + loge(3k)
f = t2 + 4t1 2cos( t)
dL
4
= 2t 2 + 2 sin( t)
dt
t
Minimum value n = 2
The answer is D.
Maximum value n = 5
The answer is C.
dP
3
= n2 + 96
a
dn
2
3 2
n = 96 for maximum profit.
2
2
n2 = 96
3
n2 = 64
n =8
For maximum profit, 8 workers are needed.
1
b P = (8)3 + 96 8 + 600
2
P = $1112
Maximum profit is $1112.
dC
2
= x8
dx
5
2
dC
x = 8 for cheapest tow rope as
is 0
5
dx
5
x=8
2
x = 20
The length of rope is 20 m for cheapest.
1 a
2
3
4
MM12-8
209
dP
= 3x2 24x + 21
dx
3(x2 8x + 7) = 0 for stationary values of P.
3(x 7)(x 1) = 0
x = 7 and 1
Gradient table:
dP
dx
21
15
21
Slope
Maximum number of people attended when temperature

was below 30C for 1 hour.
Minimum number of people attended when temperature
was below 30C for 7 hours.
7 a
dN
= x2 + 10x + 75
dx
1(x2 10x 75) = 0 for stationary values.
1(x + 5)(x 15) = 0
x = 5 or 15
Gradient table:
15
16
dN
dx
21
19
21
Slope
Minimum number of rabbits feed when temperature is

5C.
Maximum number of rabbits feed when temperature is
15C.
b When temperature is 5C the number of rabbits
feeding is:
1
N = (5)3 + 5(5)2 + 75 5 + 500
3
1
= 125 + 125 375 + 500
3
= 291.666
= 291
When temperature is 15C the number of rabbits
feeding is:
1
N = (15)3 + 5 (15)2 + 75 15 + 500
3
N = 1125 + 1125 + 1125 + 500
N = 1625
dv
= 1.6 cos(2t)
8
dt
1.6 cos(2t) = 0
cos(2t) = 0
3
2t = ,
2 2
3
t= ,
4 4
a The minimum velocity
3
v = 0.8 sin 2
3
v = 0.8 sin
2
v = 0.8 1
v = 0.8 cm/s occurs when
3
t=
4
MM12-8
210
b The maximum velocity occurs
when t =
100
t = 0 as e 12 0, for
12
t R.
100
100 =
t
12
1200 = 100t
12 = t
Model predicts that maximum
population will be reached in
12 years, therefore 1 January 1998.
b When t = 12
N = 100 12 e1 + 500
941 cheetahs
Maximum number of cheetahs
will be 941.
c i t = 24
N = 100 24e2 + 500
= 824 cheetahs
In 24 years there will be 824
cheetahs.
ii t = 84
N = 100 84e7 + 500
= 507 cheetahs
In 84 years there will be 507
cheetahs.
100

v = 0.8 sin 2
4

= 0.8sin
2
= 0.8 1
v = 0.8 cm/s
0
9 a i L = 12 + 6 0 + 2 sin
4
= 12 cm
20
ii L = 12 + 6 20 + 2 sin
4
= 12 + 120 + 2 sin(5)
= 132 cm
dL
= rate of growth
dt
dL
t
= 6 + cos
dt
2
4
c The sketch of
dL
t
= 6 + cos is
dt
2
4
11 N = 100 + 4t + 400e
t
10
t
1
N(t) = 4 + 400 e 10
10
= 4 40 e
t
10
4 = 40e 10 gives stationary

values as N(t) = 0
t
1
= e 10
10
t
loge(1) =
10
23 = t
23 = t
Period =
4
=8
Amplitude =
dL
= 6.
dt
The maximum growth rate is
Mean position
6+
Minimum growth rate is 6
10 a N = 100te
t
12
N(t) = (100e)
t
12
+
t
t
100t e 12 + 0
12
= 100e
t
12
t
12
100 12
te
12
100
t
100
2
Now N(t) = 0 gives stationary

values.
N(t) = e
12 a P = 40 (n + 25) 200 2n
P (n) =
+ 500
23
N = 100 + 4 23 + 400e 10
= 192 + 400e2.3
= 232
a The minimum number of
elephants predicted is 232.
b 23 years, so approximately 1st
January 2009.
20
2
n + 25
20
= 2 for P (n) = 0.
n + 25
20 = 2
n + 25
1
10 = (n + 25) 2
100 = n + 25
75 = n
The number of items to be sold is 75.
1
b P = 40 (75 + 25) 2 200 2 75

= 40 10 200 150
= $50 per item
c Therefore the total profit on

selling 75 items is 75 50
= $3750
13 a W = 5 0 20 loge(1) + 90
= 20 loge1 + 90
= 90 kg
The weight at the start of the
program is 90 kg.
dW
1
b
= 5 20
dt
t +1
20
dW
= 0 for
= 0.
5
dt
t +1
20
5=
t +1
5t + 5 = 20
5t = 15
t =3
When t = 3
W = 5 3 20 loge(4) + 90
W 77.3 kg
After 3 months the bodybuilders
weight is 77.3 kg.
Exercise 8D Maximum and

minimum problems when the
function is unknown
1 Let x = 1st number and y = 2nd
number
x + y = 10 (given)
So y = 10 x.
P(x) = x y
P(x) = x (10 x)
P(x) = 10x x2
Maximum product occurs when
P (x) = 0.
P (x) = 10 2x
0 = 10 2x
2x = 10
x=5
Find y: If x = 5 then y = 10 5 = 5
Therefore the two numbers are both 5.
2 Let x = 1st number and y = 2nd
number.
x+y=8
so y = 8 x
S(x) = x3 + y2
S(x) = x3 + (8 x)2
= x3 + 64 16x + x2
S(x) = x3 + x2 16x + 64
Find S (x).
S (x) = 3x2 + 2x 16
0 = 3x2 + 2x 16 for stationary
values.
0 = (3x + 8)(x 2)
8
x = or 2
3
8
It cant be as the number was
3
said to be positive.
x=2
If x = 2 then y = 8 2 = 6
The two numbers are 2 and 6.
3 a
P = 120 cm
P = 2(L + W)
120 = 2(L + x)
120 = 2L + 2x
120 2x = 2L
2(60 x) = 2L
60 x = L
b A = (60 x) x
A = 60x x2
c A = 60 2x
0 = 60 2x for a maximum.
2x = 60
x = 30
If width = 30 cm then
length = 60 30
= 30 cm
d Maximum area = 30 30
= 900 cm2
Let the length be L and width W.

400 = 2L + 2W
400 2W = 2L
2(200 W) = 2L
200 W = L
A=LW
A = (200 W) W
A = 200W W2
dA
= 200 2W
dW
0 = 200 2W for a maximum.
2W = 200
W = 100
If width is 100 m then length is also 100
So maximum area = 100 100
= 10 000 m2
5 120 = Length + 2 r
120 2 r = Length
Volume = area of base height
V = r2 Length
Substitute in Length = 120 2 r
V = r2 (120 2 r)
V = 120 r2 2 2r3
dV
= 240 r 6 2r2
dr
0 = 240 r 62r2 for stationary
values.
0 = 6 r(40 r)
6 r = 0 or 40 r = 0
r = 0 or 40 = r
40
=r
If r =
40
then
Length = 120 2
6 a 18 = 4L + 4x + 4(2x)
18 = 4L + 4x + 8x
18 = 4L + 12x
18 12x = 4L
18
12
x=L
4
4
4.5 3x = L
b V =LWD
= (4.5 3x) x 2x
= (4.5x 3x2) 2x
V = 9x2 6x3
dV
c
= 18x 18x2
dx
0 = 18x 18x2 for stationary
values
0 = 18x(1 x)
x = 1 or x = 0 (impossible)
If x = 1 then dimensions are 1 m,
2 m and (4.5 3 1) = 1.5 m for
maximum volume.
d Maximum volume = 1.5 2 1
= 3 m3
7
= 40 cm
For maximum volume, the radius
40
cm creating a
should be
circumference of 2 r = 80 cm and
the length should be 40 cm.
10
3
= 192.45
192 cm3
1 10
2 3
300 = semicircle + 3 sides of

rectangle
x
+ x + 2h
300 =
2
x
x = 2h
300
2
x x
150
=h
4 2
600 x 2 x
=h
4
A = semicircle + rectangle
2
=
=
a Let x = width and length of base

h = height
TSA = 2[x2 + xh + xh]
TSA = 2[x2 + 2xh]
200 = 2x2 + 4xh
200 2x2 = 4xh
50 x 2 x3
2
x
V = 50x
1 3
x
2
3
= 50 x 2
2
3 2
dV
=0
x for
2
dx
2
= x2
3
dV
dx
50
100
= x2
3
10
10 3
= x so
= x ( 5.78)
3
3
Maximum volume =
x2
8
600 x x 2 2 x 2
4
x 2 + 1200 x 2 x 2 4 x 2
8
2
Maximum area = 150 84.01
x3
2
c V = 50x
1 x 600 x 2 x x
+
2 2
4
1
1200 x x 4 x 2
8
1
A = 150x x2 x2
2
8
For maximum area:
dA
= 150 x x
4
dx
150
dA
If
= 0 then x =
dx
+1
4
84.01
=
200
2 x2
=h
4x
4x
50
x
=h
x
2
b Volume = area of base height
50 x
= x2
x 2
50 =
40
50
211
MM12-8
1
(84.01)2
2
= 6301 cm2
(84.01)2
9
V=LWH
H=x
L = 50 2x
W = 40 2x
V = x (50 2x)(40 2x)
V = (50x 2x2)(40 2x)
212
MM12-8
V = 2000x 100x2 80x2 + 4x3

V = 2000x 180x2 + 4x3
Maximise volume
dV
= 2000 360x + 12x2
dx
0 = 12x2 360x + 2000 for stationary values.
0 = 4(3x2 90x + 500)
Using quadratic formula x = 7.36 or 22.64
But x < 10 or else the width is negative.
x = 7.36.
So V = 2000 7.36 180 (7.36)2 + 4(7.36)3
6564 cm3
The maximum volume is 6564 cm3.
10
40 000
v2
40 000
v2 =
0.8
v = 223.61 km/h
12 Let the length be x.
0.8 =
The diagonal of the base is

2
Now 24 = ( 2 x) + x
576 = 2x2 + x2
3x2 = 576
x2 = 192
x = 13.86.
x2 + x2 =
2x .
13
Let the time taken be t.

t=
4 + x2 3 x
+
3
5
1
dt
1 1
1
= 2 x (4 + x 2 ) 2
3 2
5
dx
x
1
=
1
5
3(4 + x 2 ) 2
To find minimum distance
dt
=0
dx
x
1
=0
1
5
3(4 + x 2 ) 2
x
3(4 +
1
x2 ) 2
1
5
x2
1
=
25
9(4 + x 2 )
25x2 = 9(4 + x2)
25x2 = 36 + 9x2
16x2 = 36
36
x2 =
16
x = 1.5
x = 1.5 km if the time to travel from A to B is a minimum.
d
d
t=
t
v
800
t=
v
11 a v =
b C=
800
v2
50 +
v
1000
40 000 4v
+
5
v
1
= 40 000v + 0.8v
c C = 40 000v1 + 0.8v
dC
= 40 000v2 + 0.8
dv
40 000v2 + 0.8 = 0 for stationary value.
Volume of cylinder = r2h

162 = (2r)2 + h2
2
16 h2 = 4r2
162 h 2
= r2
4
256 h 2
= r2
4
64
h2
= r2
4
h2
V = 64 h
4
V = 64h
h3
4
dV
3h 2
= 64
4
dh
64
64
3h 2
= 0 for stationary points
4
3h 2
=0
4
3h 2
4
256 = 3h2
h = 9.24
162 (9.24) 2
So r2 =
4
r2 = 42.6
64 =
V = 42.6 9.24
1238 cm3
14 Let Q be the point (x, y) on the line y = 2x + 3.
So Qs coordinates = (x, 2x + 3).
Distance between two points (x, 2x + 3) and (1, 0):
=
( x 1) 2 + (2 x + 3 0) 2
( x 1) 2 + (2 x + 3) 2
( x 2 2 x + 1 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9)
(5 x 2 + 10 x + 10)
=D
1
1
dD
= (10 x + 10)
dx
2
(5 x 2 + 10 x + 10)
10 x + 10
2 (5 x 2 + 10 x + 10)
Therefore 10x + 10 = 0
10x = 10
x = 1
D(1) =
=
(5 x 2 + 10 x + 10)
(5 10 + 10)
= 5 units
15 Let Q be the point (x, y) so Q is (x, x2).
Distance between two points (x, x2) and (5, 0) = D
D=
( x 5) 2 + ( x 2 0) 2
( x 2 10 x + 25 + x 4 )
( x 4 + x 2 10 x + 25)
1
1
dD
= (4 x3 + 2 x 10)
dx
2
( x 4 + x 2 10 x + 25)
4 x 3 + 2 x 10
2 ( x 4 + x 2 10 x + 25)
MM12-8
When x = 0.5
dS
= 6
dx
Which indicates the sugar cube is decreasing at a rate of
6 cm2/cm.
5 a h = 10 + 20t 5t2
dh
= 20 10t
dt
i When t = 1 sec
dh
= 20 10
dt
= 10 m/s
ii When t = 3 sec
dh
= 20 30
dt
= 10 m/s
b At t = 1 the projectile is increasing (rising) but at t = 3
the projectile is decreasing (falling) in height.
1 3 t4
6 V=
30t
100
4
1
dV
a
=
(90t2 t3)
dt
100
b
4x3 + 2x 10 = 0
As no factor is easily found, the CAS calculator gives
x 1.23 as a solution.
d(x) =
(1.23 5) 2 + (1.232 0) 2
= 14.21 + 2.29
= 4.06 units.
Exercise 8E Rates of change

1 a
b
c
d
e
dV
dr
dS
dh
dA
dt
dC
dx
dI
dp
dv
f
dt
2 a A = r2
dA
= 2 r
dr
b When r = 10
dA
= 20 m2/m
dr
dV
3 a
= 4 r2
dr
b When r = 5
dV
= 4 25
dr
= 100 cm3/cm
2
4 S = 6x
dS
= 12x
dx
decreasing so negative:
dS
= 12x
dx
213
c From graph when t = 60 minutes.

7 a x=
(3t 2 + 4)
dx
by Chain Rule
dt
1
1
V = (6t )
1
2
(3t 2 + 4) 2
V=
V=
3t
(3t 2 + 4)
b Acceleration is
3t
V=
(3t 2 + 4) 2
dV
=
dt
dV
.
dt
u
=
v
du
dv
u
dt
dt
v2
(3t 2 + 4) 2 3 3t
(3t 2 + 4)1
3(3t 2 + 4) 9t 2
3
(3t 2 + 4) 2
=
9t 2 + 12 9t 2
3
(3t 2 + 4) 2
=
(3t 2 + 4) 2
=
=
3t
12
3
(3t 2 + 4) 2
MM12-8
214
c (1) Find V when t = 2

3 2
V =
(12 + 4)
6
4
3
=
2
(2) Find a when t = 2
12
a=
3
(3 4 +
4) 2
12
64
3
=
16
8 a
b
9 a
dx
= 3t2 24t + 36 = v
dt
0 = 3(t2 8t + 12)
0 = 3(t 6)(t 2)
t = 6 or 2
When t = 6, x = 63 12 62 + 36
6
=0
When t = 2, x = 23 12 22 + 36
2
= 8 48 + 72
= 32
dv
=a
dt
a = 6t 24
When v = 0 t = 6 or t = 2
a = 36 24
a = 12
or a = 12 24
a = 12
N = 3000 500 loge(8t + 1)
Find N when t = 0
N = 3000 500 loge(8 0 + 1)
= 3000 500 loge(1)
= 3000 500 0
= 3000
The initial number of people with
the flu virus is 3000.
Find N when t = 5
N(5) = 3000 500 loge(41)
= 3000 1856.8
= 1143.2
= 1143
1143 3000
average rate =
50
= 371.4
The average rate is 371.4 people
per day.
dN
500 8
=
dt
8t + 1
4000
=
8t + 1
dN
Find
when t = 5.
dt
dN
4000
=
dt
40 + 1
= 97.56 people/day.
iii 20 hours
10 a V = t 3 2t 2 + 8 t
dV
= 3t 2 4t +
dt
When t = 4
5 20
dH
= sin
12
dt
6
3
4t 2
dV
= 3(42) 4 4 + 4 4 2
dt
= 48 16 + 2
= 34 m3/h
The answer is D.
b V = t 3 2t 2 + 8 t
When t = 1
V=12+8
V=7
When t = 4
V = 43 242 + 8 4
= 48
Average rate between t = 1 and t = 4
48 7
2
= 13 m3/h
4 1
3
The answer is A.
11 T = h2 + 4eh
dT
= 2h + 4eh
dh
dT
a At h = 0,
= 0 + 4e0
dh
=4
The answer is B.
dT
b At h = 4,
= 2 4 + 4e4
dh
= 8 + 4e4
The answer is C.
c T = 4 when h = 0
When h = 4
T = 42 + 4e4
T = 16 + 4e4
Average rate of change
16 + 4e4 4
=
40
12 + 4e4
=
4
4 (3 + e4 )
4
The answer is E.
dH
t
12 a
= 2
sin
dt
12
12
t
= sin
6
12
b i 6 hours.
dH
6
= sin
dt
6
12

= sin
6
2
m/h
ii 15 hours
5 15
dH
= sin
12
6
dt
4
=
=
3
m/h
12
t
sin for stationary
6
12
values.
t = 12 or 24
When t = 12, H = 10 + 2 cos( )
= 10 2
=8m
When t = 24, H = 10 + 2 cos(2 )
= 10 + 2
= 12 m
Minimum tide at 12 hours
(height 8 m).
Maximum tide at 24 hours
(height 12 m).
c 0=
13 a i
Find A when t = 0
A = 2000 e0.1 0
= 2000 e0
= $2000
ii Find A when t = 3
A = 2000 e0.1 3
= $2378.22
b Average rate of change
2378.22 2000
=
30
= 126.07 $/year.
c A = 2000 e0.1t
1
2
du 1
= 0.1 t 2
2
dt
dA
A = 2000eu,
= 2000eu
du
dA
dA
du
=
dt
du
dt
Let u = 0.1 t 2 ,
2
2
2
m/h
12
= 100t 2 e0.1
dA
= 100 3 2 e0.1
dt
= 68.65 $/year
At t = 3,
20
t +1
= 20(t + 1)1
dC
= 20(t + 1)2
dt
When t = 9
dC
20
=
dt
102
= 0.2 mL/h decrease.
15 a Reading from the graph, when
t = 5, the share price is 150 cents.
b Share price is decreasing when
the gradient is negative.
t (8, 13)
14 C =
d
e
f
16 a
b
c
d
130 140
15 0
10
=
15
2
=
3
Draw a tangent at t = 11 and
calculate the gradient of this
tangent 15 cents per month
Maximum share price is the
highest point on the graph.
Maximum is 175 cents.
Lowest value of the share price is
at t = 13.
Reading from the graph v = 7 m/s.
Acceleration is the rate of change
of velocity. Draw a tangent at
t = 5 and calculate the gradient of
the tangent.
0.4
= 0.4 m/s2
1
Car is accelerating when the
gradient is positive t (0, 6) and
(9, 16)
When t = 4, v = 5.2 and when
t = 8, v = 6
6 5.2
ave. rate of change =
84
0.8
=
4
= 0.2 m/s2
Exercise 8F Related rates

1
dV
=5
dt
Need to find
dr
when r = 34 cm.
dt
dr
dr
dV
=
dt
dt
dV
4 3
r
3
4
= 3 r2
3
= 4 r2
1
=
4 r 2
1
=5
4 r 2
V =
dV
dr
dr
dV
dr
dt
5
=
4 r 2
When r = 34,
5
dr
=
dt
4 342
5
cm/second.
4624
2 y = 3x3 2x + 1
If
dy
dx
= 3, when x = 5, find
dt
dt
dx
dx
dy
=
dt
dt
dy
dy
= 9x2 2
dx
dx
1
=
dy
9x2 2
dx
1
= 3
2
dt
9x 2
3
=
9x2 2
When x = 5
dx
3
=
dt
9 52 2
3
=
9 25 2
3
=
223
3 A = total surface area, cm2
t = time, seconds
x = length of sides, cm
dx
when
Required to find
dt
dA
= 9 cm2/sec
x = 1.5 cm and
dt
dx
dx dA
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
dA dt
A = 6x2
dA
= 12x
dx
dx
1
=
dA
12 x
dx
1
=
9
dt
12x
dx
3
=
dt
4x
x = 1.5 cm,
dx
3
=
dt
4 1.5
= 0.5 cm/s
The sides of the cube are
decreasing at a rate of 0.5 cm/second
when x = 1.5 cm.
4 t = time, minutes
r = radius of the balloon, cm
V = volume of balloon, cm3
dV
when r = 4 cm
Required to find
dt
dr
and
= 5 cm/sec
dt
dV
dV d r
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
d r dt
4
V sphere = r 3
3
dV
2
= 4 r
dr
dV
= 4 r2 5
dt
dV
= 20 r2
dt
When r = 4 cm,
dV
= 20 42
dt
MM12-8
215
dV
= 320 cm3/min
dt
The volume of the balloon is
decreasing at a rate of
320 cm3/minute.
dh
when h = 9 cm
dt
5 Required to find
dV
= 12 cm3/s
dt
dh
dh d V
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
dV dt
and
V = 8h 2
3
5
dV
= 8 h2
dh
2
3
dV
= 20h 2
dh
1
dh
=
3
dV
20h 2
1
dh
=
12
3
dt
2
20h
dh
3
=
3
dt
5h 2
When h = 9 cm,
3
dh
=
3
dt
5 92
dh
3
=
dt
5 27
dh
1
=
dt
45
The depth of water in the bowl
is increasing at a rate of
1
cm/minute.
45
6 r = radius, cm
t = time, seconds
A = area, cm/s2
Required to find
and
dA
when r = 12 cm
dt
dr
2.5 cm/s.
dt
By Chain Rule,
dA
dA dr
=
dt
d r dt
A = r2
dA
= 2 r
dr
dA
= 2 r 2.5
dt
dA
= 5 r
dt
When r = 12 cm,
dA
= 5 12
dt
dA
= 60 cm2/s
dt
The area of the puddle is
increasing at a rate of
60 cm2/second when r = 12 cm.
MM12-8
216
7 Required to find
dV
when
dt
dh
1
=
m/s and r = 4 m
dt
8
dV
dV dh
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
dh dt
Volume of cylinder: V = r 2 h
= 42 h
= 16 h
dV
= 16
dh
dV
1
= 16
dt
8
dV
= 2 m3/second
B.
dt
8 Let h metres, and r metres, be the
depth and radius of the liquid at any
time, t, minutes.
dh
Required to find
when h = 2 m
dt
dV
= 0.6 m3/min.
and
dt
dh
dh dV
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
dV dt
1
Volume of a cone is V = r 2 h.
3
Eliminate r by expressing r in terms
of h using similar triangles.
dh
49
=
dt
60
dh
= 0.26 m/min
dt
The level of the liquid is decreasing
at a rate of 0.26 metres per minute.
9 Let x m be the distance the lower
end of the ladder is from the wall
and y m is the distance the upper end
of the ladder is from the ground.
Required to find
dx
= 6 m/s.
dt
dy
dy dx
=
By Chain Rule,
dt
dx dt
2
2
x + y = 64
y2 = 64 x2
x = 4 m and
y = 64 x 2 Note: y > 0 as
y represents a length
dy 1
= 2 x 64 x 2
dx 2
x
dy
=
dx
64 x 2
dy
x
=
6
dt
64 x 2
dy
=
dt
1 3h
h
3 7
9 h3
V=
147
V=
3 h
49
1
2
dV
9 h 2
=
49
dh
49
dh
=
dV
9 h 2
dh
dh d V
=
dt
dV d t
49
dh
=
0.6
dt
9 h 2
49
dh
=
dt
15 h 2
When h = 2 m,
dh
49
=
dt
15 22
Using knowledge of the special

triangles
h=r 3
h
r=
3
1
b Volume = r2 h
3
h
but r =
3
2
V =
6 x
64 x 2
When x = 4 m,
dy
6 4
=
dt
64 42
r
h
=
3
7
3h
r=
7
V=
dy
when
dt
= 36 h
dV
= 36
dh
dh
1
=
dV
36
dh
1
=
1.5
dt
36
dh
1.5
=
dt
36
dh
1
=
m/min
dt
24
The level of milk is increasing at
1
metres/minute.
a rate of
24
11 a
24
dy
=
dt
48
24
dy
=
dt
4 3
6
dy
=
dt
3
dy
= 2 3 m/s
dt
When x = 4 m, the ladder is
moving down at a rate of 2 3 metres
per second (i.e. slipping down the wall).
10 V = volume, m3
t = time, minutes
h = depth of cylinder, metres
r = radius of cylinder, metres
dh
Required to find
given r = 6 m
dt
dV
and
= 1.5 m3/min.
dt
dh
dh dV
=
By Chain Rule,
dt
dV d t
Volume of cylinder:
V = r 2 h (radius is constant for this
cylindrical tank)
= 62 h
=
=
1
h
h
3
3
1
h2
h
3
3
h3
9
dV
1
c
=
cm3/s
dt
32
dh
when h = 0.8 cm
Need to find
dt
dh
dV
dh
=
dt
dt
dV
V=
h3
9
dV
3 h 2
=
9
dh
=
h2
3
dh
3
=
dV
h2
dh
1
3
=
dt
32
h2
3
=
32 h 2
dh
3
=
When h = 0.8,
dt
32 0.82
3
=
20.48
75
=
cm/s
512
Exercise 8G Linear
approximation
1 a f (x ) = x 3
f (x) = 3x2, x = 1, h = 0.01
x + h = 1.01 and f(x + h) = (x + h)3
= (1.01)3
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
1.013 13 + 0.01 3
1.013 1.03
b f (x ) = x 2
f (x) = 2x, x = 1, h = 0.001
x + h = 0.999, f(x + h) = (0.999)2
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
(0.999)2 12 + (0.001) 2
1 0.002
(0.999)2 0.998
c f(x) = 5x2
f (x) = 10x, x = 1, h = 0.01
x + h = 0.99, f(x + h) = 5(0.99)2
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
5 0.992 5 12 + (0.01) 10
5 0.1
4.9
1
d f (x ) =
x = x2
1
1 2
1
x =
2
2 x
x = 1, h = 0.001
x + h = 1.001, f(x + h) = 1.001
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
1
1.001 1 + 0.001
2
1.0005
4
2 V = r3
V (r) = 4 r2
3
r = 5,
h = 0.02
4
r + h = 5.02 V(r + h) = (r + h)3
3
4
= (5.02)3
3
V(r + h) V(r) + hV (r)
Increase V(r + h) V(r) hV (r)
0.02 4
2.5
2
The volume increases by 2 cm3,
which is just over 6 cm3.
3 A(r + h) A(r) + hA(r)
A(r) = r2
A = 102
When r = 10 cm,
A = 100 cm2
dA
= 2 r
dr
dA
= 2 10
When r = 10 cm,
dr
dA
= 20
dr
r = 2% of 10 cm
= 0.02 10
= 0.2
h = 0.2
dA
Ar h
dr
Ar 0.2 20
f (x) =
A 4
A
= 60 =
h = 61 60,
= 1
=
180
A( + h) A() + hA()

A( + h) 50 sin
3
+
A( + h)
180

50 cos
3
50 3
1
+
50
2
180
2
50 3 5
+
2
36
Approximate area of the
triangle 43.74 cm2
b A( + h) A() + hA()
Approx increase in area hA()

hA()
A
180 3
A( + h)

50 cos
3
50
180
2
0.44 cm2
5 h = 2.9 3 = 0.1
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(2.9) f(3) 0.1f (3)
E.
6 P = 2.25 2
= 0.25
k
V=
P
dV
k
= 2
dP
P
dV
V P
dP
k
V 0.25 2
P
When P = 2,
1
k
V 2
4
2
1
k
V 2
4
2
k
V
16
k
V
16
100
100% =
k
V
2
180
217
k 2
100
16 k
100
=
8
= 12.5
Volume decreases by 12.5%
2
7 f(x) =
x4
f(x) = 2
2
=2
x4
x4=1
x=5
f(5) = 2
f(5 + h) = 1.5
2
f (x) =
( x 4)2
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(5 + h) f(5) + hf (5)
2
1.5 2 + h
(5 4)2
2h 1.5 2
2h 0.5
1
h
4
4
100
100% =
100
A
4
A
100
100% =
100
A
= 4%
1
4 a A = 10 10 sin()
2
A = 50 sin()
A() = 50 cos()
MM12-8
P = perimeter
P = 10x
dP
= 10
dx
dP
P x
dx
P 0.05x 10
P 0.5x
P
0.5 x
100% =
100
P
10 x
= 5%
5% increase in perimeter from
5% increase in the width
A = area
A = 4x2
dA
= 8x
dx
dA
A x
dx
A 0.05x 8x
A 0.4x2
A
0.4 x 2
100% =
100
A
4x2
= 10%
10% increase in area from 5%
increase in the width
Chapter review
Short answer
1 f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 36x + 5
f (x) = 6x2 + 6x 36
MM12-8
218
6(x2 + x 6) = 0 for stationary values.

6(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or 2
When x = 3,
f(x) = 2(3)3 + 3(3)2 36 3 + 5
= 2 27 + 3 9 + 108 + 5
= 86
When x = 2,
f(x) = 223 + 322 36 2 + 5
= 2 8 + 3 4 72 + 5
= 39
Gradient table:
x
f (x)
Slope
4
36
/
3
0
2
24
\
2
0
(y 4) = 2(x 1)
y 4 = 2x + 2
y + 2x = 6
4 y = 3 loge(x2)
Gradient of tangent must equal 3 as gradient of
y = 3x + 7 is 3.
dy
6x
= 2
dx
x
6
=3
x
6 = 3x
2=x
When x = 2, y = 3 loge(4)
y 3 loge(4) = 3 (x 2)
y 3 loge(4) = 3x 6
y = 3x 6 + 3 loge(4)
5 y = x + x1
4
Normals are parallel to y = x + 10.
3
4
dy
3
=
So gradient of normal = which means
3
dx
4
dy
2
= 1 + 1x
dx
1
3
1 2 =
4
x
3
36
/
(3, 86) is a local maximum stationary point

(2, 39) is a local minimum stationary point.
2 y = x2(4 x2)
= 4x2 x4
dy
= 8x 4x3
dx
4x(2 x2) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 0 or x2 = 2
x = 0 or x = 2
stationary points occur when
x = 0, + 2 and 2 .
When x = 0, y = 0
When x = + 2
x2 1
x2
2
4x 4
4x2 3x2
x2
x
y = 4 ( 2 )2 ( 2 )4
=424
=4
When x = 2 , y = 4.
Gradient table:
3
4
= 3x2
=4
=4
= 2
When x = 2, y = 2 +
0
2
y=
dy
dx
16
16
Slope
x-intercepts occur when y = 0

0 = x2(4 x2)
x = 0 or 4 x2 = 0
4 = x2
2 = x
y-intercepts at x = 0, y = 0
3 y = 6 3x + 2x2 x3
When x = 1, y = 6 3 + 2 1
=4
dy
= 3 + 4x 3x2
dx
dy
= 3 + 4 3
At x = 1,
dx
= 2
1
2
5
2
When x = 2, y = 2
1
2
5
2
Equation of normals:
5
4
y
= (x 2)
2
3
6y 15 = 8x + 16
6y + 8x = 31
5
4
y+
= (x + 2)
2
3
6y + 15 = 8x 16
6y + 8x = 31
6y + 8x + 31 = 0
6 N = 2t (50 t) + 180
N = 100t 2t2 + 180
N = 2t2 + 100t + 180
dN
= 4t + 100
dt
dN
=0
100 = 4t for
dt
25 = t
when t = 25
N = 2 252 + 100 25 + 180
N = 1430 bees.
Maximum number of bees is 1430.
y =
7 a A=
5 x 20
2 x2
3( x 6)
=
=
12 x 2 72 x 6 x 2
(3x 18) 2
6 x 2 72 x
(3 x 18)2
42 + 22
l=
=
dA
= 0 then 6x2 72x = 0
dx
6x(x 12) = 0
x = 0 or 12
x cant be 0 as x > 6 so x = 12.
2 122
b A=
3(12 6)
If
20
= 2 5
10 y =
y=
x
1
x2
1
288
18
= 16 square units
dx
dV
8 Required to find
when x = 4 cm and
= 8 cm3/s
dt
dt
dx
dx dV
By Chain Rule,
=
dt
dV d t
1
dy
= x 2
2
dx
1
dy
=
dx
2 x
1
4
Gradient of tangent =
1
1
=
4
2 x
2 x =4
V = 4x 2
3
dV
= 4
2
dx
1
x2
dV
= 6x 2
dx
1
dx
=
1
dV
6x 2
1
dx
=
8
1
dt
6x 2
dx
4
=
dt
3 x
When x = 4 cm,
4
dx
=
dt
3 4
dx
2
=
dt
3
The depth of wine in the glass is increasing at a rate of
2
cm/minute.
3
9 Length OP, l =
x +y
y = 2x +10
l=
x 2 + (10 2 x) 2
l=
x 2 + 100 40 x + 4 x 2
l=
5 x 2 40 x + 100
1
1
dl
= (10 x 40) (5 x 2 40 x + 100) 2
2
dx
dl
10 x 40
=
dx
2 5 x 2 40 x + 100
dl
=
dx
=0
5 x 2 40 x + 100
5x 20 = 0
x=4
y = 2 4 + 10
y=2
Coordinates of P(4, 2)
Minimum length OP,
dA (3 x 18) 4 x 2 x 2 3
=
dx
(3 x 18) 2
MM12-8
5 x 20
5 x 2 40 x + 100
dl
= 0 for minimum length
dx
x =2
x=4
x = 4, y = 4
y = 2 (4, 2)
y = 4x + a
2 = 4 4 + a
a = 18
Multiple choice
1 y = (x + 2)3
dy
= 3(x + 2)2
dx
For turning point 3(x + 2)2 = 0
x = 2.
Gradient table:
dy
dx
Slope
Positive stationary point of inflection.

The answer is C.
2 y = x3 + 2x2 + x 2
dy
= 3x2 + 4x + 1
dx
(3x + 1) (x + 1) = 0 for stationary values.
1
x = or 1
3
Gradient table:
1
3
0.5
dy
dx
0.25
Slope
Two turning points.

The answer is E.
219
MM12-8
3 y=
220
1 3
x 4x2 9x + 5
3
dy
= x2 8x 9
dx
(x 9)(x + 1) = 0 for stationary values.
x = 9 or 1
Gradient table:
4
5
10
dy
dx
11
11
Slope
When x = 1 a maximum occurs

1
y= 4+9+5
3
2
y=9
3
The answer is A.
The answer is D.
(y 3) = 2(x 1)
y + 3 = 2x 2
y = 2x 5
The answer is D.
y = (x2 + 2x)(x 1)
= x3 x2 + 2x2 2x
= x3 + x2 2x
dy
= 3x2 + 2x 2
dx
dy
At x = 1,
=322
dx
= 1
When x = 1 y = 1 + 1 + 2 = 2
(y 2) = 1(x 7)
y 2 = x 1
y+x1=0
The answer is D.
y = 3ex + 2, when x = 2, y = 3
dy
= 3ex + 2
dx
dy
At x = 2,
=3
dx
1
Gradient of normal =
3
Equation of normal:
1
(y 3) = (x 2)
3
3y 9 = x 2
3y + x 7 = 0
The answer is A.
y = 2 loge(3 2x)
dy
2 2
=
dx
3 2x
4
=
3 2x
When x = 1
y = 2 loge(1)
=20
=0
dy
4
At x = 1,
=
dx
1
= 4
y 0 = 4(x 1)
y = 4x + 4
When x = 0, y = 4
The answer is E.
9 The answer is C.
10 V = 1 + t2et
Using product rule, u = t2 and v = et
dV
= t2(et) + et(2t)
dt
dV
= t2et + 2t et
dt
tet (t + 2) = 0 for stationary values
t = 2 hours or 0 hours.
Gradient table:
t
dV
dt
Slope
3e1
e1
3e3
Minimum is at t = 0
The answer is C.
11 V = 1 + 22e2
= 1 + 4e2
= 1.541 thousands of litres
= 1541 litres
The answer is B.
12 40 = 2y + 2x
40 2x = 2y
20 x = y
The answer is B.
13 h =
y 2 x2
(20 x) 2 x 2
400 40x + x 2 x 2
= 400 40x
The answer is A.
14 Area = x 400 40x

The answer is D.
15 A = x
400 40x
dA
1
= x (40)
dx
2
1
1
+ (400 40 x) 2 1
(400 40 x) 2
1
20 x
(400 40 x ) 2
(400 40 x ) 2
+
1
20 x + (400 40 x)
1
(400 40 x) 2
400 40 x
(400 40 x) 2
dA
= 0 for stationary value.
dx
400 60x = 0
400 = 60x
2
6 =x
3
The answer is A.
16 Area = x height
height =
400 40 6
2
3
400 40
400
1200 800
3
20
3
800
3
dV
1
= r2
dr
3
3
3
3
9
The answer is E.
17 f(1) = 1 3 + 5
=3
f(3) = 34 3 33 + 15
= 81 81 + 15
= 15
(100 r 2 ) 2
r3
1
3(100 r 2 ) 2
15 3
3 1
=6
Average rate of change =
The answer is B.
18 S = 6x2
dS
= 12x
dx
Substitute x = 40
dS
= 480.
dx
The answer is D.
dV
dV dr
19 By Chain Rule,
=
dt
d r dt
dr
= 3 cm/min
dt
4
V sphere = r 3
3
dV
= 4 r2
dr
dV
= 4 r2 3
dt
dV
= 12 r2
dt
When r = 6 cm,
dV
= 12 62
dt
dV
= 432 cm3/min
dt
A.
20 h = 1.8 2 = 0.2
f(x + h) f(x) + hf (x)
f(2) 0.2 f (2)
D.
102 r 2 = h
(100 r 2 ) 2 2
r
+
1
3
1
= 400
Extended response
1 a 102 = h2 + r2
102 r2 = h2
1
r2 h
3
1
V = r2 100 r 2
3
b V=
1 2
r and v = (100 r 2 ) 2
3
dV
dv
du
=u
+v
dr
dr
dr
400
3
20
=
3
20
20
=
3
3
400
3 3
221
c u=
MM12-8
2 r (100 r 2 ) 2
+
3
r 3 + 2 r (100 r 2 )
1
3(100 r 2 ) 2
3
r + 2 r (100 r2) = 0 for stationary values.
r3 + 200 r 2 r3 = 0
200 r 3 r3 = 0
r (200 3r2) = 0
200 = 3r2 or r = 0 (impossible)
200
= r2
3
200
=r
3
1
Maximum V =
3
V=
1
200
3
3
200 2

3
100
200
100
200
3
100
200
9
3
200 10
V=
9 3
V=
V=
2000
9 3
3
3
2000 3
cm3
27
2 a N = 3000 e0.5t
t=0
N = 3000 e0
N = 3000 bacteria at start.
dN
b
= 3000 0.5 e0.5t
dt
= 1500 e0.5t
When t = 10
dN
= 1500 e0.5 10
dt
= 10.11 bacteria/min
The number of bacteria is decreasing at a rate of 10.11
per minute.
t
3 H = 5.4 4 cos
15
0
a H = 5.4 4 cos
15
H = 5.4 4 cos()
= 5.4 4
= 1.4 m
V=
MM12-8
222
b Find H when t = 5
5
H = 5.4 4 cos
15
c Surface area = 2(4) +
= 5.4 4 cos
3
1
= 5.4 4
2
= 5.4 2
= 3.4 m
6 a
3.4 1.4
50
= 0.4 m/sec
c Average rate of change =

dH

t
d
= 4 sin
dt
15
15
When t = 5,
1 5
dH
4
=
sin
15
dt
15
3
4

sin
15
3
2
4
3
15
2
1
4 a
b
c
d
5 a
2 3
=
m/s
15
When t = 20 min, d = 300 m.
displacement
Average velocity =
time
400
=
10
= 40 m/min
Maximum displacement is the highest point on the
graph, that is, 700 m.
Construct a tangent at t = 15 and estimate the gradient of
the tangent
50
velocity
25
20 m/min
V = 50 cm3
V = r2 h.
50
50 = r2 h
= h.
r2
S = surface area = 2 r2 + 2 rh.
50
= 2 r2 + 2 r
r2
100
= 2 r2 +
r
S = 2 r2 + 100r1
dS
= 4 r 100r2
dr
dS
100
= 4 r 2
dr
r
4 r 3 100
r2
3
4 r 100 = 0
4 r3 = 100
100
r3 =
4
r3 7.958
r 2 cm
100
2
= 8 + 50
= 75.1 cm2
75.1 10 000
= 751 327 cm2 of tin
Cost = 7513.27 0.40
= $3005
V = w2 l
27 000 = w2 l
27 000
l=
w2
Total area is 2w2 + 4wl
A = 2w2 + 4wl
27 000
= 2w2 + 4w
w2
108 000
= 2w2 +
w
dA
Least amount
=0
dw
dA
108 000
= 4w
dw
w2
108 000
0 = 4w
w2
108 000
4w =
w2
3
4w = 108 000
w3 = 27 000
w = 30 cm
27 000
l=
w2
= 30 cm
L = 2l + 10w
54 000
=
+ 10w
w2
dL
108 000
= 10
dw
w3
dL
=0
Least amount
dw
108 000
0 = 10
w3
108 000
10 =
w3
3
w = 10 800
w = 22.10 cm
27 000
l =
w2
= 55.26 cm
108 000
Area = 2w2 +
w
54 000
(50 cents/m = 0.5 cents/cm)
Length = 10w +
w2
108 000
54 000
Cost = 2w2 +
0.01 + 10 w +
0.5
w
w2
1080
27 000
C = 0.02w2 +
+ 5w +
w
w2
dC
=0
dw
dC
1080
54 000
= 0.04w
+5
dw
w3
w2
g Minimum total cost occurs when
1080
54 000
+5
w3
w2
From the graphics calculator, w = 23.74 cm
27 000
l=
w2
= 47.91 cm
1080
27 000
h C(23.74) = 0.02(23.74)2 +
+ 5(23.74) +
23.74
23.742
= 223.37
= 223 (to the nearest cent.)
dy
7 a
= 8x gradient of tangent
dx
= 4 at the point A.
1
x=
at A
2
1
1
When x = , y = 1. So A is the point , 1
2
2
0 = 0.04w
1
By symmetry B is , 1 .
2
b Equation of tangent at A:
1
y 1 = 4x
2
y 1 = 4x 2
y = 4x 1.
c Point C has x-coordinate 0 as it is the y-intercept
y = 1.
Coordinates of point C are (0, 1)
d Distance between the two points (0, 1) and (0, 0) is:
=
(0 0) 2 + ( 1 0) 2
(1)2
= 1 cm
e Equation of normal
If the gradient of the tangent is 4, then the gradient of the
normal is 1 .
4
1
Normal goes through point A , 1
2
1
1
So (y 1) = x
4
2
x 1
y1 = +
4 8
x 9
y= +
4 8
Pencil lead starts at y-intercept of the normal, that is, at
9
y=
or 1.125 cm.
8
8 a When t = 0, P = 1200 rabbits.
600 = 1200e0.1t
1
= e0.1t
2
1
ln
= 0.1t
2
t = 6.93, so t = 7 weeks.
dP
b
= 1200 (0.1)e0.1t
dt
= 120e0.1t
i At t = 2
dP
= 120e0.1 2
dt
= 98.25 rabbits/week
MM12-8
223
ii t = 10
dP
= 120e0.1 10
dt
= 44.15 rabbits/week
c At t = 15
P = 1200e0.1 15
= 267 rabbits. This is P0 for second model.
d P = 267 + 10(30 15) loge(60 29)
= 267 + 10 15 loge(31)
= 267 + 150 loge(31)
= 782 rabbits.
e P = 267 + 10 (t 15) loge(2t 29)
dP
2
= (10t 150)
+ loge(2t 29) 10
dt
2t 29
dP
20t 300
=
+ 10 loge(2t 29)
dt
2t 29
i t = 20
dP
400 300
=
+ 10 loge(40 29)
dt
40 29
100
+ 10 loge(11)
11
= 33 rabbits/week
ii t = 30
dP
600 300
=
+ 10 loge(60 29)
dt
60 29
300
+ 10 loge(31)
31
= 44 rabbits/week
f 1200 = 267 + (10t 15) loge(2t 29)
933 = (10t 15) loge(2t 29)
Using the CAS calculator,
x 38.98
= 39 weeks.
9 a h2 + y2 = 1.22
h2 + y2 = 1.44
y2 = 1.44 h2
1.44 h 2
y=
dh
= 5
dt
We need
dy
dt
dy
dh
dy
=
dt
dt
dh
dy
1
=
2h
dh
2
1.44 h 2
1.44 h 2
dy
= 5
dt
1.44 h 2
+5h
14 400 h 2
cm/s
c i 0.8 m from the floor

h = 80 cm
dy
5 80
=
dt
14 400 802
= 4.47 cm/s
224
MM12-8
ii Slid down by 20 cm
h = 100 cm
dy
5 100
=
dt
14 400 1002
= 7.54 cm/s
d 6 seconds after the mop starts sliding, the mop has slid
down by 30 cm. (The constant rate is 5 cm/s.)
dy
5 90
=
dt
14 400 902
= 5.67 cm/s
10 f(x) = (x 3)(x + 2a)2
a f (x) = (x 3) 2(x + 2a) + (x + 2a)2 1
= (x + 2a)(2(x 3) + x + 2a))
= (x + 2a)(3x + 2a 6)
b Stationary points f (x) = 0
0 = (x + 2a)(3x + 2a 6)
x + 2a = 0 or 3x + 2a 6 = 0
x = 2a
3x = 6 2a
6 2a
x =
3
f(2a) = (2a 3)(2a + 2a)2
=0
6 2a
6 2a
6 2a
f
3
+ 2a
=
3
3
11 a
2
6 2a 9 6 2a 6a
=

+
3 3
3
3
2a 3 6 + 4a
=
3 3
2a + 3 6 + 4a
=
3 3
4(2a + 3)(2a + 3) 2
27
4(2a + 3)3
27
= 20(a 1)2
f (2) = (2 + 2a)( 6 + 2a 6)
= (2a 2)(2a 12)
= 4(a 1)(a 6)
y = mx + c
y = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + c
20(a 1)2 = 4(a 1)(a 6) 2 + c
20(a 1)2 = 8(a 1)(a 6) + c
c = 20(a 1)2 8(a 1)(a 6)
= 4(a 1)(5(a 1) 2(a 6))
= 4(a 1)(5a 5 2a + 12)
= 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
y = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
e x-intercept, y = 0.
0 = 4(a 1)(a 6)x + 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
4(a 1)(a 6)x = 4(a 1)(3a + 7)
4(a 1)(3a + 7)
x=
4(a 1)(a 6)
6 2a 4(2a + 3)3
Stationary points: (2a, 0),
,
27
3
c (2a, 0)
2a 1 2a 2a + 1
4a + 3
f (x) 4a 9 0
/
\
Slope
(2a, 0) is a local minimum turning point
6 2a 4(2a + 3)3
,
27
3
f (x)
Slope
6 2a
6 2a
1
3
3
4a + 3
/
6 2a
+1
3
4a 9
\
6 2a 4(2a + 3)3

,
is a local maximum turning point.
27
3
d f(2) = (2 3)(2 + 2a)2

= 5(2a 2)2
3a + 7
, a1
a6
dy
= 2 (x2 a) 2x
dx
dy
= 4x(x2 a)
dx
dy
x = 2,
= 8(4 a)
dx
When x = 2, y = (22 a)2
= (4 a)2
2
(2, (4 a) ) is the point of tangency.
y y1 = mT (x x1)
y (4 a)2 = 8(4 a)(x 2)
y = 8(4 a)x 2 8(4 a) + (4 a)2
y = 8(4 a)x 16(4 a) + (4 a)2
y = 8(4 a)x + (4 a)(4 a 16)
y = 8(4 a)x + (4 a)(12 a)
y = 8(4 a)x (4 a)(a + 12)
x-intercept, y = 0
8(4 a)x (4 a)(a + 12) = 0
8(4 a)x = (4 a)(a + 12)
8x = (a + 12), a 4
a + 12
x=
is the x-intercept of the tangent line.
8
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 1 = 0
1
x=
is the x-intercept of the straight line.
2
Equate the x-intercepts of the straight line and of the
tangent line and solve for a
a + 12
1
=
8
2
8
a + 12 =
2
a + 12 = 4
a = 8
When a = 8,
y = 8(4 8)x (4 8)(8 + 12)
y = 8 12x 12 4
y = 96x 48
Integration
MM12-9
Chapter 9 Integration
Exercise 9A
Antidifferentiation
1 a
x dx
x2
+c
2
1
= x2 + c
2
=
x dx
j
x dx
7
3x dx
= 3 x5 dx
=
1 x 3
+c
3 3
1
= x 3 + c
9
1
= 3 +c
9x
5 x dx
= 5 x 2 dx
l
2 5
x +c
5
x dx
x 2 dx
4 2
x +c
3
3 3
x +c
5
3
4x 4
dx
x 2 dx
= 9 x 2 dx
= 9 x 2 dx
x 1
+c
1
= 9x1 + c
9
= +c
x
= 9
10
dx
x6
= 10 x 6 dx
x 5
+c
5
= 2x5 + c
2
= 5 +c
x
= 10
8
dx
x
1
dx
= 8
x
= 8 x
= 4 x 4 dx
=
7
4x 4
7
4
+c
x 2
+c
2
5
= x 2 + c
2
5
= 2 +c
2x
= 2 x 2 dx
2
= 2 x2 + c
3
= 5
x 3 dx
x3
=
+c
5
3
x3 dx
= 5 x 3 dx
7 7
x +c
4
= 5 x 3 dx
2
= x2 + c
3
x dx
x2
+c
= 2
3
2
4
6 x dx
x2
+c
=
3
2
= 6 x 4 dx
2 x dx
= 2 x 4 dx
= 2x3+ c
2
= 3 +c
x
x 4
3 dx
1
= x 4 dx
3
=
g
x 7 dx
x7
+c
=
4
7
1 x4
+c
2 4
1
= x4 + c
8
1 6
x +c
2
= 5x1 + c
5
= +c
x
x3
2 dx
1
= x 3 dx
2
16 4
x +c
7
3
x8
+c
=
8
1
= x8 + c
8
5
x5
+c
25
1 5
=
x +c
25
1 x5
+c
5 5
4
= 4 x4 + c
7
x5
+c
5
1
= x5 + c
5
x4
5 dx
1
= x 4 dx
5
= 8
1
2
1
x2
1
2
dx
+c
1
= 8 2x 2 + c
225
MM12-9
226
Integration
= 16x 2 + c
= 16 x + c
6
dx
t
(x x )
1
= 6
= 6 x
= 6
3
2
x 2
i
dx
+c
= 6 x 2 x
12
= 1 +c
1
2
2 x2
+ 5x + c
2
= x2 + 5x + c
b (3x 2 + 4 x 10) dx
3x3 4 x 2
+
10x + c
3
2
= x3 + 2x2 10x + c
c (10 x 4 + 6 x3 + 2) dx
10 x5 6 x 4
+
+ 2x + c
5
4
3
= 2x5 + x4 + 2x + c
2
=
(x
+ 12 x ) dx
x4
x3
+ 12x
+c
4
3
1
1
= x4 + 12x x3 + c
4
3
=
( x + 3)( x 7) dx
= ( x 2 4 x 21) dx
3
5 x3
10 x 2
+
5x + c
3
2
5
= x3 + 5x2 5x + c
3
=
dx
(7 x)5
+c
1(5)
4(8 3x) dx
= 4 (8 3x)4 dx
4
4(8 3 x)5
+c
3(5)
4
(8 3x)5 + c
15
3(8 9 x) dx
= 3 (8 9 x)10 dx
10
1
(8 9x)11 + c
33
dx
( x 5)4
+c
1(4)
2(2 x + 1)5
+c
2(5)
1
(2x + 1)5 + c
5
2(3x 4) dx
= 2 (3 x 4)5 dx
(6 x + 5)
(6 x + 5)
=
+c
dx
(6 x + 5) 2
+c
6(2)
1
(6x + 5)2 + c
12
m 6(4 x 7)4 dx
4
= 6 (4 x 7) dx
=
dx
3(4 x 1) dx
= 3 (4 x 1) 2 dx
(2 x + 3)
2(1)
dx
1
(3x 4)6 + c
9
1
(2x + 3)1 + c
2
1
= (2x + 3)1 + c
2
2(2 x + 1) dx
= 2 (2 x + 1)4 dx
=
(2 x + 3)
=
1
(x 5)4 + c
4
1
(6x + 5)5 + c
=
30
( x 5)
(6 x + 5)5
+c
=
6(5)
5( x + 2 x 1) dx
= (5 x 2 + 10 x 5) dx
1
(4 x)4 + c
4
3(8 9 x)11
+c
9(11)
dx
1
= (7 x)5 + c
5
2(3 x 4)6
+c
=
3(6)
(4 x)4
+c
1(4)
(7 x)
=
( x + 3)3
+c
1(3)
x
4x
21x + c
3
2
1
= x3 2x2 21x + c
3
=
dx
(4 x)
=
c
1
(4x 1)3 + c
4
1
= (x + 3)3 + c
3
+ x 6 x + 2 x ) dx
4 x 6 x 4 6 x3 2 x 2
+
+
+c
6
4
3
2
2
1
= x6 + x4 2x3 + x2 + c
3
4
The answer is E.
( x + 3)
x( x + 3) dx
= ( x 2 + 3 x ) dx
5 a
3(4 x 1)3
+c
4(3)
( x + x + 2) dx
= x 2 dx + x dx + 2 dx
(4 x
The answer is B.
x
3x
4x
+
+c
4
3
2
1
= x4 + x3 2x2 + c
4
+c
(2 x + 5) dx
x( x 1)( x + 4)dx
= x( x 2 + 3x 4)dx
= ( x3 + 3x 2 4 x)dx
=
x2
12
+c
=
x
2 a
x 4 7 x3
4 x2
=
+
28x + c
4
3
2
1
7
= x4 x3 + 2x2 28x + c
4
3
dx
3
x2
( x + 4)( x 7) dx
= ( x3 7 x 2 + 4 x 28) dx
6(4 x 7) 3
+c
4(3)
1
(4x 7)3 + c
2
n (3 x 8)6 dx
(3 x 8) 5
+c
3(5)
1
(3x 8)5 + c
15
Integration
(6 5 x)
dx
(6 5 x)2
+c
5(2)
1
(6 5x)2 + c
10
4
10(7 5 x)
5(3)
+c
2
(7 5x)3 + c
3
3( x + 2) dx
= 3 ( x + 2)4 dx
4
The answer is C.
3
7 a dx
x
1
= 3 dx
x
= 3 loge|x| + c
8
b dx
x
1
= 8 dx
x
= 8 loge|x| + c
6
c
dx
5x
6 1
= dx
5 x
6
=
loge|x| + c
5
7
d
dx
3x
7 1
= dx
3 x
7
=
loge|x| + c
3
4
e
dx
7x
4 1
= dx
7 x
4
=
loge|x| + c
7
1
dx
f
( x + 3)
= loge|x + 3| + c
3
dx
g
( x + 3)
= 3
( x + 5) dx
= 6
10(7 5 x) dx
= 10 (7 5 x) 4 dx
=
1
dx
( x + 3)
= 3 loge|x + 3| + c
2
h
dx
( x + 4)
1
= 2
dx
( x + 4)
= 2 loge|x + 4| + c
1
dx
( x + 5)
= 6 loge|x + 5| + c
4
(3x + 2) dx
1
dx
= 4
(3 x + 2)
4
loge|3x + 2| + c
3
8
k
(5 x + 6) dx
1
= 8
dx
(5 x + 6)
8
loge|5x + 6| + c
5
3
l
(2 x 5) dx
1
dx
= 3
(2 x 5)
3
loge|2x 5| + c
2
5
m
(3 + 2 x) dx
1
dx
= 5
(3 + 2 x)
5
loge|3 + 2x| + c
2
2
n
dx
(6 + 7 x)
= 2
1
loge|5 x| + c
1
= loge|5 x| + c
3
p
dx
(6 11x)
= 3
1
dx
(6 11x)
3
loge|6 11x| + c
11
2
q
dx
(4 3 x)
= 2
1
dx
(4 3 x)
2
loge|4 3x| + c
3
2
=
loge|4 3x| + c
3
8
r
dx
(5 2 x)
= 8
1
dx
(5 2 x)
227
8
loge|5 2x| + c
2
= 4 loge|5 2x| + c
6
8
dx
( x + 5)
= 6
1
dx
( x + 5)
The answer is A.
(2 x + 7)
9
dx
x
2x 7
=
+ dx
x x
= 2 + dx
x
7
= 2 dx + d x
x
1
= 2 dx + 7 d x
x
= 2x + 7 loge|x| + c
10 a
1
+ 2 x + dx
x
x5
2 x2
+
+ loge|x| + c
2
5
1
= x5 + x2 + loge|x| + c
5
1
dx
(6 + 7 x)
2
= loge|6 + 7x| + c
7
1
o
dx
(5 x)
MM12-9
(3x + 1)
dx
(3 x + 1)6
+c
3(6)
1
(3x + 1)6 + c
18
3x2 + 2 x 1
dx
x2
3x 2 2 x 1
= 2 + 2 2 dx
x
x
x
2 1
= 3 + 2 dx
x x
x 1
+c
1
1
+c
= 3x + 2 log e|x| +
x
3
dx
d
(2 x + 1)
= 3x + 2 loge|x|
= 3
1
dx
(2 x + 1)
3
loge|2x + 1| + c
2
5
dx
e
(6 10 x)
=
= 5
1
dx
(6 10 x)
5
loge|6 10x| + c
10
1
loge|6 10x| + c
=
2
MM12-9
228
Integration
4(2 x 5) dx
= 4 (2 x 5)5 dx
2
3
= 5 x 2 x 2 3x 3 + c
5
2
4(2 x 5)6
=
+c
2(6)
= 2 x 2 x2
1
= (2x 5)6 + c
3
3(4 x + 1)2
+c
4(2)
x
8 x 16
=
+
+ dx
2
2 x 2 x
x
( x 2 2 x 15)
dx
x3
x 2 2 x 15
= 3 3 3 dx
x
x
x
1 2 15
= 2 3 dx
x
x x
2( x 1 )
15( x 2 )
+c
1
2
15 2
x +c
= loge|x| + 2x1 +
2
= loge|x|
2
x + (3 x) dx
1
x 2 dx + 3 x dx
3
x2
2
=
+ log | 3 x | + c
3 1 e
2
3
2
= x 2 2log e | 3 x | + c
3
1
3

k 5 x 2 2 x + 3x 3 dx
5
5x 2
2
3x 3
2x
+
+c
5
2
2
2
3
5
x2
5
2
3
2x 2
3
2
=
n
1
x2
1
2
x2 x 2
f(x) =
+
+c
3
2
2
3
1 2 2 2
x + x +c
2
3
As f(4) = 10,
f(x) =
42 2 2
+ (4) + c
2 3
16
+c
10 = 8 +
3
16
c = 10 8
3
10
c =
3
10 =
+c
1
2 2 4 2
x + x 2x 2 + c
5
3
10 x + 2 x 4
dx
x3
10 x 2 x 4
= 3 3 + 3 dx
x
x
x
3
2
(10 x x + 2 x) dx
10 x 2 x 1 2 x 2
+
+c
2
1
2
= 5x2 + x1 + x2 + c
=
11 a f (x) = 4x + 1 (0, 2)
f(x) = (4 x + 1) dx
4 x2
+x+c
2
2
f(x) = 2x + x + c
When x = 0, f(x) = 2
2 = 2(0)2 + 0 + c
2=c
So f(x) = 2x2 + x + 2
b f (x) = 5 2x (1, 1)
f(x) =
f(x) = (5 2 x) dx
2 x2
+c
2
2
f(x) = 5x x + c
When x = 1, f(x) = 1
1 = 5(1) 12 + c
1 = 5 1 + c
= 1 5 + 1
= 5
So f(x) = 5x x2 5
f(x) = 5x
f(4) = 10
x 1
+ 3x + c
1
f(x) = x1 + 3x + c
When x = 1, f(x) = 4
4 = 11 + 3(1) + c
4 = 1 + 3 + c
c =4+13
=2
1
f(x) = 3x + 2
x
f(x) =
1
1
3

= x 2 + 2 x 2 x 2 dx
8
x
= + 4 + dx
x
2
f(x) = ( x 2 + 3) dx
f(x) = ( x + x ) dx
x + 2x 1
dx
x
c f (x) = x2 + 3 (1, 4)
d f (x) = x +
x2 2 x
1
=
+
dx
x
x
x
x2
=
+ 4x + 8 loge|x| + c
22
1
= x2 + 4x + 8 loge|x| + c
4
( x 5)( x + 3)
i
dx
x3
x2
x4
+
+c
2
4
1
1
= x2 + x4 + c
2
4
( x + 4)
dx
2x
( x + x ) dx
x 2 + 8 x + 16
=
dx
2x
( x2 + x4 )
x dx
3
= (4x + 1)2 + c
8
9 3
x +c
2
x2 x4
= + dx
x
x
= 3 (4 x + 1) 3 dx
3
3(4 x + 1) dx
1 2 2 2 10
x + x
2
3
3
So, f(x) =
1
e f (x) = x 3 3 x 2 + 50
f(8) = 100
f(x) = x 3 3 x 2 + 50 dx
x 3 3 x3
+ 50 x + c
f(x) =
4
3
3
4
3 3
x x3 + 50 x + c
4
As f(8) = 100,
f(x) =
3 3
(8) (8)3 50(8) + c
4
3
100 = (16) 512 + 400 + c
4
100 = 12 512 + 400 + c
c = 100 12 + 512 400
c=0
100 =
So, f(x) =
f f (x) =
3 3
x x3 + 50 x
4
1
2x
x
f (1) = 5
2 x dx
f(x) =
x
Integration
x 2 2x2
+c
f(x) =
1
2
2
1
f(x) = 2x 2 x 2 + c
As f(1) = 5,
1
5 = 2(1) 2 (1)2 + c
5 = 2 1 + c
c = 5 2 + 1
c = 6
So, f(x) = 2 x x2 6
g f (x) = (x + 4)3 (2, 5)
f(x) = ( x + 4)3 dx
f(x) =
( x + 4) 4
+c
1(4)
1
(x + 4)4 + c
4
When x = 2, f(x) = 5
1
5 = (2 + 4)4 + c
4
1
5 = (16) + c
4
5=4+c
c=54
c=1
1
So, f(x) = (x + 4)4 + 1
4
h f (x) = 8(1 2x)5 f(1) = 3
f(x) = 8(1 2 x) 5 dx
f(x) =
f(x) = 8 (1 2 x) 5 dx
f(x) =
8(1 2 x) 4
+c
2(4)
8
(1 2x)4 + c
8
f(x) = (1 2x)4 + c
As f(1) = 3,
3 = (1 2 1)4 + c
3 = (1)4 + c
3=1+c
c =31
=2
So, f(x) = (1 2x)4 + 2.
i f (x) = (x + 5)1 (4, 2)
1
f (x) =
x+5
1
f(x) =
dx
x+5
f(x) = loge|x + 5| + c
When x = 4, f(x) = 2
2 = loge(1) + c
2=0+c
c=2
f(x) = loge|x + 5| + 2
8
j f (x) =
f(3) = 7
7 2x
8
f(x) =
dx
7 2x
1
f(x) = 8
dx
7 2x
f(x) =
1
loge|7 2x| + c
2
f(x) = 4 loge|7 2x| + c
As f(3) = 7,
f(3) = 4 loge|7 6| + c
7 = 4 loge(1) + c
7 = 4 0 + c
7=c
So f(x) = 4 loge|7 2x| + 7
dy
12 a
= 8x + k
dx
dy
= 0 at x = 1
dx
0=81+k
0=8+k
k = 8
dy
= 8x 8
So
dx
f(x) = 8
b y=
MM12-9
g(x) = loge|x|
229
2
+4
x
2
loge|x|
x
2
c g(4) = 4
loge(4)
4
= 4 1 loge(4)
= 3 loge(4)
g(x) = 4
14 a f (x) is a positive quadratic, so

f(x) will be a positive cubic. The
x-intercepts of f (x) are 1 and 1,
so these values become the xcoordinates of the turning points
of f(x).
f(x) has a positive gradient when
x < 1 and x > 1 and negative
gradient when 1 < x < 1
(8 x 8) dx
8x2
8x + c
2
2
y = 4x 8x + c
When x = 1, y = 5
5=48+c
5 = 4 + c
c=9
y = 4x2 8x + 9
When x = 2,
y = 4 (2)2 8 2 + 9
y = 16 + 16 + 9
y = 41
y=
kx + x
, k = constant
x2
Stationary point at (1, 2)
So g(x) = 0 at x = 1.
kx
x
a g(x) = 2 + 2
x
x
b f (x) is linear, with a positive

gradient, so f(x) will be a
positive quadratic. The xintercept of f(x) = 2. This
becomes the x-coordinate of the
turning point of f(x).
f(x) has a positive gradient when
x > 2 and negative when x < 2.
13 g(x) =
k 1
1
+ 2
2
1
1
0=k+1
k = 1.
0=
b g(x) =
c f (x) = 3, so f(x) = 3x,

that is, a straight line with a
gradient of 3
x + x
x2
g(x) =
x
x
+
x2 x2
3
1
g(x) = + x 2
x
g(x) = log e | x | +
1
2
1
2
g(x) = log e | x | 2
+c
1
1
x2
2
+c
x
When x = 1, g(x) = 2
2
+c
2 = loge(1)
1
2=02+c
c=4
g(x) = loge|x|
+c
d f (x) is a positive quadratic, so

f(x) will be a positive cubic. The
1
x-intercepts of f(x) are x =
2
and x = 1, so these values become
the x-coordinates of the turning
points of f(x). f(x) has a positive
1
gradient when x < and x > 1
2
and negative gradient when
1
< x < 1.
2
230
MM12-9
Integration
1 4x
e +c
4
=7
=
e f (x) is linear with a negative

gradient. f(x) will be a negative
quadratic with a positive gradient
when x < 0 and negative gradient
when x > 0.
f f (x) = 1, so f(x) = x, that is, a

straight line with a gradient of 1.
g f (x) is a cubic, so f(x) will be a

quadratic. f(x) will have a positive
gradient when 2 < x < 0 and
x > 1 and a negative gradient
when x < 2 and 0 < x < 1.
7 4x
e +c
4
6x
1 6x
e +c
6
= 3
8e dx
= 8 e 2 x dx
1 x
e +c
1
= e x e x + c
e x e x
p
dx
2
e x
dx
2
1
1
1 x
= ex
e +c
2
2
1
1
1
= e x + e x + c
2
2
x
x
(e + e )
=
+c
2
2 (1 + e x )2 dx
=
e
=
4x
5e dx
= 5 e5 x dx
5x
1 5x
e +c
5
= e5x + c
f 7e4 x dx
=5
= 7 e4 x dx
dx
= 0.1
1 4
e +c
1
4
= 0.4e 4 + c
x
3e 2 dx
x
= 3 e 2 dx
x
= 3
1 2
e +c
1
2
x
= 3 2e 2 + c
x
= 6e 2 + c
+ e 2 x ) dx
1 2x
e
2
(e 1) dx
= (e x 1)(e x 1) 2 dx
= (e x 1)(e2 x 2e x + 1) dx
= (e3 x 2e2 x + e x e2 x + 2e x 1) dx
= (e3 x 3e 2 x + 3e x 1) dx
3
(x
3 x 2 + 6e3 x ) dx
x4
3x3
6e3 x
+
4
3
3
1 4 3
= x x + 2e3x
4
5 a f (x) = e2x + k
At (0, 2) f (x) = 0
0 = e2 0 + k
0 = e0 + k
k = 1
The answer is D.
b f(x) = f ( x) dx
=
1 x
e +c
1
= ex + c
d e3 x dx
(1 + 2e
1 3x
1
e 3 e2x + 3 ex x
3
2
1 3x 3 2x
= e e + 3ex x
3
2
= 0.1 e 4 dx
x
0.1e 4
dx
x
e dx
1
= e3x + c
3
1 3
e +c
1
3
= 3e 3 + c
dx
1 4x
e +c
4
e 3 dx
x
1 2x
e +c
2
ex
= x + 2ex +
2 x
2x
e dx
= ex +
1 a
dx
1 3
e +c
1
1 2x
e +c
2
= 4e2x + c
x
3
= 9e 3 c
o (e x + e x ) dx
= 8
Exercise 9B Integration of
ex, sin(x) and cos(x)
dx
1
= e6x + c
2
x
3
= 3
3e dx
= 3 e6 x dx
= 3 e
e6 x
2 dx
1
= e 6 x dx
2
1
1
e6x + c
=
2
6
1 6x
e +c
=
12
2e3 x
dx
3
2
= e 3 x dx
3
2
1
=
e3x + c
3
3
2 3x
= e +c
9
3e
f(x) = (e2 x + k ) dx
f(x) = (e2 x 1) dx
f(x) = e2 x dx 1 dx
1 2x
e x+c
2
When x = 0, f(x) = 2
f(x) =
Integration
1 0
e 0+c
2
1
2=
+c
2
1
1
=1
c=2
2
2
1 2x
1
f(x) = e x + 1
2
2
1
1
f(1) = e2 1 1 + 1
2
2
1 2 1
f(1) = e +
2
2
1
cos(3x) + c
3
= 2 cos(3x) + c
2=
= 6
1
sin(x) + c
1
= 2 sin(x) + c
= 2
1
e2
+
2
2
The answer is C.
1
cos(3x) + c
3
sin(4 x) dx
cos(7 x) dx
1
=
sin(7x) + c
7
cos(2 x)
d
dx
3
1
1
=
sin(2x) + c
3
2
1
sin(2x) + c
=
6
x
= 12 cos + c
4
8cos(4 x) dx
= 8 cos(4 x) dx
1
=8
sin(4x) + c
4
= 2 sin(4x) + c
i 6sin(3 x) dx
= 6 sin(3 x) dx
x
= 12 sin + c
2
2x
q 4sin dx
3
2x
= 4 sin dx
3
1
2x
=4
cos + c
2
3
3
2x
= 6 cos + c
3
3x
r 6cos dx
4
3x
= 6 cos dx
4
1
3x
sin + c
3
4
4
3x
= 8 sin + c
4
5x
s 2sin dx
2
5x
= 2 sin dx
2
=6
1
5x
cos + c
5
2
2
4
5x
=
cos + c
5
2
= 2
2sin 5 dx
x
= 2 sin dx
5
= 2
7x
dx
4
7x
= 3 cos dx
4
3cos
1
7x
sin + c
7
4
4
12
7x
=
sin + c
7
4
= 3
1
x
cos + c
1
5
5
x
= 10 cos + c
5
5sin( x) dx
= 5 sin( x) dx
4cos 4 dx
=5
x
= 4 cos dx
4
=4
1
x
sin + c
1
4
4
x
= 16 sin + c
4
x
p 6cos dx
2
x
= 6 cos dx
2
231
x
1
sin + c
1
2
2
= 6
x
1
cos + c
=3
1
4
4
cos(3x) dx
1
sin(3x) + c
3
1
= sin(3x) + c
3
(4sin(6 x))
g
dx
3
4
= sin(6 x) dx
3
4
1
=
cos(6x) + c
3
6
2
= cos(6x) + c
9
x
dx
4
3sin
x
= 3 sin dx
4
1
x
sin + c
1
2
2
x
= 2 sin + c
2
sin(2 x) dx
1
cos (2x) + c
2
1
=
cos (2x) + c
2
cos 2 dx
=
1
= cos(4x) + c
4
1
x
cos + c
1
3
3
x
= 3 cos + c
3
sin(3x) dx
=
sin 3 dx
=
f(1) =
6 a
2cos( x) dx
= 2 cos( x) dx
MM12-9
cos(x) + c
cos(x) + c
x
dx
2
x
= 3 cos dx
2
3cos
=3
x
sin + c
2
2
=
x
sin + c
2
232
MM12-9
Integration
x
dx
3
x
= 2 cos
dx
3
2cos
= 2
x
sin + c
3
x
sin + c
3
4 x
x sin
dx

1
4x
= 1
cos
+c
4

6
=
7 a
4x
cos
+c

1 4x
1
x4
e +
cos(2x) +
+c
4
2
4
1
1
1
cos(2x) + x4 + c
= e4x
4
2
4
9 (3 x 2 2cos(2 x) + 6e3 x ) dx
3x3
1
1
2
sin (2x) + 6 e3x
2
3
3
= x3 sin(2x) + 2e3x
1
10 a x3
+ e 2 x dx
x
+
(2
3)
x4
1
1
loge|2x + 3| + e2x + c
4
2
2
1 4 1
1
loge|2x + 3| + e2x + c
= x
4
2
2
1
= cos(2x) sin(x) + c
2
1
x
= 3cos + 2e 2 (3 x 1)5 + c
15
3
(5 x + 2sin( x)) dx
5x2
+ 2x cos(x) + c
2
5
= x2 2 cos(x) + c
2
= 3
x
x
+ 2cos
dx
2
3
1
x
x
=3
cos + 2
sin + c
2

3
2
3
6
6
x
x
sin + c
= cos +
2
3
=
6 x
x
cos
sin
+ c
3
2
x
+ cos dx
5
1
1
x
x 1
cos 2 sin
e
1
1
2
3 1
2
3
5
x
x
= 6cos 6sin + 5e
2
3
3sin
4x
x
x
e 3sin 2cos e 5 dx
2
3
=4
3x 2 + e
1
1
1
x
loge|3x 2| + e4x +
sin + c
1
3
4
5
5
1
1
x
loge|3x 2| + e4x + 5 sin + c
=
3
4
5
4cos(4 x) 3 sin(2 x) dx
1
1
1
sin(4x) cos(2x) + c
4
3
2
1
cos(2x) + c
= sin(4x) +
6
x
4
sin 3 + e 2 (3x 1) dx
1
(3 x 1)5
x 1
+c
= cos + e 2
1
3 5
3 1
3
2
+ 4cos(2 x) e x ) dx
d sin cos(2 x) dx
2

1
x 1
cos sin(2 x) + c
1
2 2
2
1
x
sin(2x) + c
= 2 cos
2
2
1 3
1
1 x
x +4
sin(2x)
e +c
3
2
1
1
= x3 + 2 sin(2x) + ex + c
3
(cos(4 x) + sin(2 x)) dx

1
1
sin(4x) + cos(2x) + c
4
2
1
1
=
sin(4x) cos(2x) + c
4
2
(x
=
4sin(8 x) + 7) dx
1 6x
1
e 4 cos(8x) + 7x + c
6
8
1 6x 1
cos(8x) + 7x + c
= e +
2
2
8 (e 4 x + sin(2 x) + x 3 ) dx
(sin( x) + cos( x)) dx
= cos(x) + sin(x) + c
= sin(x) cos(x) + c
b (sin(2 x) cos( x)) dx
6x
=3
3
=
(3e
x
5
+c
x
x + 2 x 2sin
+ 5 dx
3
3
x 2 2 x2
1
x
=
+
2 cos
+ 5x + c
3
2
3
2
3
3
2 2
6
x
x + x 2 + cos
+ 5x + c
3
x
5
+c
Integration
11 a f (x) = cos(x)
f(x) = cos( x) dx
f(x) = sin(x) + c
As f = 5,
2
5 = sin + c
2
5=1+c
c=4
f(x) = sin(x) + 4
or f(x) = 4 + sin(x)
b f (x) = 4 sin(2x)
f(x) = 4sin(2 x ) dx
1
cos (2x) + c
2
f(x) = 2 cos (2x) + c
As f(0) = 1,
1 = 2 cos(0) + c
1 = 2 + c
f(x) = 2 cos(2x) + 1
or f(x) = 1 2 cos(2x)
x
c f (x) = 3 cos
4
x
f(x) = 3cos dx
4
1
x
sin + c
f(x) = 3
1
4

4
x
f(x) = 12 sin + c
4
As f() = 9 2 ,
9 2 = 12 sin + c
4
1
+c
9 2 = 12
2
12
9 2 =6 2 +c
c =9 2 6 2
=3 2
x
f(x) = 12 sin + 3 2
4
x
x
d f (x) = cos sin
4
2
x
x
f(x) = cos sin dx
4
f(x) =
1
1
x
x
cos
sin
1
1
4
2
2
4
+c
x
x
f(x) = 4 sin + 2 cos + c
4
2
As f(2) = 2,
2 = 4 sin + 2 cos() + c
2
2 = 4 1 + 2 1 + c
2 = 4 2 + c
2 = 2 + c
c = 4
x
x
f(x) = 4 sin + 2 cos 4
4
2

f = 2sin 2 4e 6 + 3
6
6
dy
= 0 at (3, 4)
dx

= 2sin 4e 6 + 3
3
3
a 0 = sin + k
6
= 3 6.75 + 3
= 2.02
Exercise 9C Integration by
recognition
x
y = sin
1 d x
6
x
cos
x+c
6
1
6
x
cos
x+c
6
When x = 3, y = 4
6
3
4 = cos 3 + c
6
y=
4=
y=
y=
2 f ( x ) d x
1
24(3x 2)7 dx
2
1
= (3x 2)8 + c
2
b i g(x) = (x2+ 1)5
f (x) = 5 2x (x2 + 1)4
= 10x(x2 + 1)4
ii 5 x( x 2 + 1) 4 dx
=
03+c
4 = 3 + c
c=7
6
x
y = cos
6
c When x = 6,
6
6
y = cos
6
y=
g(x) = (3x 2)8

f (x) = 8 3 (3x 2)7
f (x) = 24(3x 2)7
ii 12(3 x 2)7 dx
1 a i
x
= sin
1
6
3
6.75 + 3
2
=2

0 = sin + k
2
0=1+k
k = 1
dy
x
b
= sin
+k
dx
6
y=
233
dy
x
= sin
+k
dx
6
=4
MM12-9
2 f ( x ) d x
1
10 x ( x 2 + 1) 4 dx
2
1
= (x2 + 1)5 + c
2
x+7
6+7
c i g(x) =
2x 5
1
g(x) = (2 x 5) 2
1
1
2 (2 x 5) 2
2
cos() 6 + 7
f (x) =
1 6 + 7
f (x) = (2 x 5)
13 f (x) = 4 cos(2x) + kex

a f (x) = 0 at (0, 1)
0 = 4 cos (2 0) + k e0
0 = 4 cos(0) + k 1
0=4+k
k = 4
So f(x) = 4 cos(2x) 4ex
ii
1
dx
2x 5
g ( x)dx
=
= f(x) = c
2x 5 + c
d i g(x) =
(4 x + 3)
1
g(x) = (4 x + 3) 2
b f(x) = (4cos(2 x) 4e ) dx
x
1
sin(2x) 4 ex + c
2
f(x) = 2 sin(2x) 4ex + c
x = 0 At f(x) = 1
1 = 2 sin(0) 4e0 + c
1 = 0 4 + c
c = 1 + 4
=3
f(x) = 2 sin(2x) 4ex + 3
1
2
1
2x 5
f (x) =
+1
f (x) =
f(x) = 4
1
4 (4 x + 3) 2
2
f (x) = 2 (4 x + 3)
f (x) =
ii
1
2
2
4x + 3
2
dx
4x + 3
g ( x ) dx
f ( x) dx
234
MM12-9
Integration
= f(x) + c
= 4x + 3 + c
e i g(x) = (x2 + 3x 7)4
f (x) = 4 (2x + 3)(x2 + 3x 7)3
f (x) = (8x + 12)(x2 + 3x 7)3
ii
(2 x + 3)( x
+ 3 x 7)3 dx
1
4(2 x + 3)( x 2 + 3 x 7)3 dx
4
1
= f ( x ) dx
4
1
=
f(x) + c
4
1
= (x2 + 3x 7)4 + c
4
1
f i g(x) = 2
x 1
g(x) = (x2 1)1
f (x) = 1 2x (x2 1)2
2 x
f (x) = 2
( x 1)2
=
ii
4x
( x2 1)2 dx
= 2
2x
dx
( x 2 1) 2
1
(2x 3)6 + c
2
1
= (2x 3)6 + c
2
The answer is E.
4 a i y = e4x 5
dy
= f (x) ef (x), f (x) = 4
dx
= 4 e4x 5
dy
= 4e4x 5
dx
ii 2e 4 x 5 dx
1
4e4 x 5 dx
2
1
= f ( x ) dx
2
1
= f(x) + c
2
1 4x 5
+c
= e
2
b i y = e6 5x
dy
= f (x) ef (x), f (x) = 5
dx
= 5e6 5x
ii 10e6 5 x dx
=
= 2 f ( x)dx
= 2 f(x) + c
1
+c
= 2 2
x 1
2
+c
= 2
x 1
2 a g(x) = (x + 7)4
f (x) = 4(x + 7)3
4( x + 7) dx + c
= f ( x ) dx
= 2 5e6 5 x dx
= 2 f ( x) dx
c i y = ex
dy
= f (x) e f(x), f (x) = 2x
dx
= 2 xe x
ii
6(2 x 3)
dx
1
= 2 6(2 x 3)5 dx
2
1
= 12(2 x 3)5 dx
2
1
= f(x) + c
2
dx
2
1
2 xe x dx
2
1
= f ( x ) dx
2
1
= f(x) + c
2
1 x2
= e +c
2
3
( x + 7) dx
1
4( x + 7)3 dx
4
1
= f ( x ) dx
4
1
= f(x) + c
4
1
= (x + 7)4 + c
4
The answer is B.
3 f(x) = (2x 3)6
f (x) = 12(2x 3)5
x2
= f(x) + c
= (x + 7)4 + c
The answer is A.
b
xe
= (1 2x) e x x
x x2
dx
= f(x) + c
2
= ex x + c
5 a i f(x) = sin(x 5), g(x) = x 5
f (x) = 1 cos(x 5)
f (x) = cos (x 5)
ii cos( x 5) dx
=
f ( x) dx
= 2 f (x) + c
= 2 sin(3x + 2) + c
c i f(x) = cos(4x 7)
f (x) = 4 sin (4x 7)
f (x) = 4 sin(4x 7)
ii sin(4 x 7)dx
1
4sin(4 x 7) dx
4
1
= f ( x) dx
4
1
= f (x) + c
4
1
= cos(4x 7) + c
4
d i f (x) = cos(6x 3)
f (x) = 6 sin(6x 3)
f (x) = 6 sin(6x 3)
ii 3sin(6 x 3) dx
1
6sin(6 x 3) dx
2
1
= f ( x ) dx
2
1
= f(x) + c
2
1
= cos(6x 3) + c
2
e i f(x) = sin (2 5x)
f (x) = 5 cos(2 5x)
ii 10cos(2 5 x) dx
= 2 f ( x) dx
(1 2 x)e
= f ( x) dx
= 2 f ( x ) + c
= 2 5cos(2 5 x)dx
d i y = ex x
dy
= f (x) e f (x), f (x) = 1 2x
dx
ii
= 2 3cos(3 x + 2) dx
= 2f(x) + c
= 2e6 5x + c
= f(x) + c
= sin(x 5) + c
b i f(x) = sin(3x + 2)
f (x) = 3 cos (3x + 2)
f (x) = 3 cos (3x + 2)
ii 6cos(3 x + 2) dx
= 2 f(x) + c
= 2 sin (2 5x) + c
f i f(x) = cos (3 4x)
f (x) = 4 sin (3 4x)
ii 2sin(3 4 x)dx
1
4sin(3 4 x ) dx
2
1
= f ( x) dx
2
1
= f ( x) + c
2
1
= cos(3 4x) + c
2
g i f (x) = loge|5x + 2| g(x) = 5x + 2
g ( x)
g(x) = 5
f (x) =
g ( x)
f (x) =
5
(5 x + 2)
Integration
ii
20
5 x + 2 dx
5
=4
dx
5x + 2
= 4 f ( x) dx
= 4 f(x) + c
h i f (x) = loge(x2 + 3)
2x
f (x) = 2
x +3
12 x
ii 2
dx
x +3
2x
= 6 2
dx
x +3
= 6 f ( x) dx
= 6 f (x) + c
= 6 loge(x2 + 3) + c
i i f (x) = loge(x2 4x)
2x 4
2( x 2)
f (x) = 2
= 2
x 4x
x 4x
x2
ii 2
dx
x 4x
1 2( x 2)
= 2
dx
2 x 4x
1
= f ( x) dx
2
1
= f (x) + c
2
1
loge(x2 4x) + c
=
2
6 a i f (x) = x cos(x) + 2 sin(x)
Let g(x) = x cos(x)
g(x) = x sin(x) + cos(x) 1
g(x) = x sin(x) + cos(x)
g(x) = cos(x) x sin(x)
f (x) = cos(x) x sin(x) + 2 cos(x)
f (x) = 3 cos(x) x sin(x)
ii
i f(x) = ex sin(x)
f (x) = ex cos(x) + sin(x) ex
f (x) = ex(cos(x) + sin(x))
f (x) = ex(sin(x) + cos(x))
ii 3e x (sin ( x ) + cos ( x)) dx
= 3 e x (sin( x ) + cos( x)) dx
= 3 f ( x) dx
= 3 ex sin(x)
= 3ex sin(x)
d i f(x) = x sin(x)
f (x) = x cos(x) + sin(x) 1
f (x) = x cos(x) + sin(x)
f (x) = sin(x) + x cos(x)
ii x cos( x ) dx
= [(sin( x ) + x cos( x)) sin( x)] dx
= [( xe x + e x ) e x ] dx
f ( x) dx e
x
dx
= xe e + c
7 a i f (x) = (2x 3x2)6
f (x) = 6 (2 6x) (2x 3x2)5
f (x) = 6 2(1 3x) x5(2 3x)5
f (x) = 12x5(1 3x)(2 3x)5
ii 6 x5 (1 3 x)(2 3 x)5 dx
=
=
=
= [3cos( x ) (3cos( x ) x sin( x))] dx
= 3cos( x) dx f ( x) dx
= 2 f(x) + c
sin( x)
=2
x
2sin( x )
=
x
f ( x) dx sin( x) dx
= x sin(x) (cos(x))
= x sin(x) + cos(x)
e i f(x) = xex
f (x) = x ex + ex 1
f (x) = xex + ex
ii xe x dx
x sin( x) dx
= 3 sin(x) (x cos(x) + 2 sin(x))

= 3 sin(x) x cos(x) 2 sin(x)
= sin(x) x cos(x)
sin( x)
b i f(x) =
x
x cos( x) sin( x ) 1
f (x) =
x2
x cos( x ) sin( x)
f (x) =
x2
2( x cos( x) sin( x))
ii
dx
x2
x cos( x ) sin( x)
= 2
dx
x2
= 2 f ( x) dx
MM12-9
1
12 x 5 (1 3 x)(2 3 x)5 dx
2
1
f ( x) dx
2
1
f(x) + c
2
1
(2x 3x2)6 + c
2
1
x6 (2 3x)6 + c
2
x6
(2 3x)6 + c
2
( x3 + 2 x)
b i f (x) =
f (x) = ( x3 + 2 x) 2
1
f (x) =
f (x) =
ii
1
(3x 2 + 2)( x3 + 2 x) 2
2
3x2 + 2
2 x3 + 2 x
3x2 + 2
x3 + 2 x
= 2
dx
3x2 + 2
2 x3 + 2 x
dx
= 2 f ( x) dx
= 2f(x) + c
= 2 ( x3 + 2 x) + c
235
MM12-9
236
Integration
3x 2
x 1
3
x 1 3x 2
8 a f(x) =
9 a
10 a
3x 3
1
3x 2
1
=3+
x 1
x 1
3x 2
x 1 dx
1
= 3 +
dx
x
1
1
= 3 dx +
dx
x 1
= 3x + loge|x 1| + c
5x + 8
f(x) =
x+2
5
x + 2 5x + 8
5 x + 10
2
5x + 8
2
=5
x+2
x+2
5x + 8
x + 2 dx
2
= 5
dx
x + 2
2
= 5 dx
dx
x+2
= 5x 2 loge|x + 2| + c
8x 7
f(x) =
2x 3
4
2 x 3 8x 7
8 x 12
5
5
8x 7
=4+
2x 3
2x 3
b 8 x 7 dx
2x 3
5
= 4 +
dx
2x 3
5
= 4 dx +
dx
2x 3
5
= 4x + loge|2x 3| + c
2
6x 5
11 a f(x) =
3 2x
3
2 x + 3 6 x 5
6x 9
4
4
= 3 +
2 x + 3
6x 5
4
= 3 +
3 2x
3 2x
6x 5
b
dx
3 2x
4
= 3 dx +
dx
3 2x
1
4 loge|3 2x| + c
2
= 3x 2 loge|3 2x| + c
12 a y = loge(cos(x))
sin( x)
dy
=
= tan(x)
cos( x)
dx
= 3x +
tan( x) dx
tan( x) dx
=
dy
dx
dx
=y
= loge|cos(x)| + c
cos( x)
13 f(x) =
sin( x)
f (x) =
sin( x) sin( x) cos( x) cos( x)

sin 2 ( x)
sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( x )
sin 2 ( x)
(sin 2 ( x) + cos 2 ( x))

sin 2 ( x)
1
sin 2 ( x)
1
sin 2 ( x) dx
1
dx
= 2
sin ( x)
f (x) =
= f ( x) dx
= f(x)
cos( x)
=
sin( x)
14
f(x) = loge(3x2 4)
g ( x)
f (x) =
g ( x)
6x
3x 2 4
x
3x2 4 dx
1
6x
= 2
dx
6 3x 4
1
= f ( x) dx
6
1
= f(x)
6
1
= loge|3x2 4|
6
15 f(x) = sin (ax + b)
f (x) = a cos (ax + b)
= a cos(ax + b)
cos(ax + b)dx
f (x) =
= 1 a cos( ax + b) dx
a
1
= f ( x)dx
a
1
= f(x)
a
1
=
sin(ax + b)
a
Integration
16 f(x) = cos(ax + b)
f (x) = a sin(ax + b)
f (x) = a sin(ax + b)
sin(ax + b)
1
a sin(ax + b) dx
a
= 1 f ( x) dx
a
1
= f(x) + c
a
1
= cos(ax + b)
a
17 f(x) = eax + b
f (x) = a eax + b
f (x) = aeax + b
ax + b
e dx
1
a e ax + b dx
a
1
= f ( x) dx
a
1
= f(x)
a
1 ax + b
= e
a
18 a
sin(3 x + 1) dx
=
1
cos(3x + 1) + c
3
cos(1 4 x) dx
1
sin(1 4x) + c
4
1
sin(1 4x) + c
=
4
x+3
dx
ex + 3 + c
sin 2 +
dx
3
1
x
= cos 2 +
+c
3
3
x
= cos 2 +
+c
3cos
+ 5 dx
2
+ 5 dx
= 3 cos
2
sin
=3
+ 5 + c
2
6
x
=
sin
+ 5 + c
f cos( x)esin( x ) dx
Let u = sin(x)
du
= cos(x)
dx
du
= e u dx
dx
du
= eu + c
= esin(x) + c
Exercise 9D Approximating
areas enclosed by functions
1 Area = 2 2 + 3 2
=4+6
= 10 square units
2 a Area = 2 4
= 8 square units
b Area = 4 1 + 7 1 + 12 1
+ 19 1
= 4 + 7 + 12 + 19
= 42 square units
3 a Width of each rectangle
= 1 unit
The answer is A.
b Height of right-hand rectangle
y = x2
= 32
= 9 units
The answer is A.
c Area = 1 1 + 4 1 + 9 1
=1+4+9
= 14 square units
The answer is B.
4 a Area (right)
= 12 1 + 22 1 + 32 1 + 42 1
= 1 1 + 4 1 + 9 1 + 16 1
= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16
= 30 square units
b Area (left)
= 12 1 + 22 1 + 32 1
=11+41+91
=1+4+9
= 14 square units
30 + 14
Average area =
2
44
=
2
= 22 square units
5 a Area = L W
=84
= 32 square units
b Area = Area 1 to 3 + Area 3 to 5
=82+82
= 16 + 16
= 32 square units
c Area = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
+ Area 4
= 11 1 + 11 1 + 10 1
+71
= 11 + 11 + 10 + 7
= 39 square units
d Area = Area 1 + Area 2
=32+52
= 6 + 10
= 16 square units
e Area = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
=41+61+91
+ 10 1
= 4 + 6 + 9 + 10
= 29 square units
MM12-9
237
f Area = A1 + A2
=42+22
=8+4
= 12 square units
g Area = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
=71+51+71+71
=7+5+7+7
= 26 square units
6 a Left rectangle
x = 1 f(x) = x2 + 4
= 12 + 4
=5
x = 2 f(x) = 22 + 4
=8
x = 3 f(x) = 32 + 4
= 13
x = 4 f(x) = 42 + 4
= 20
Area = A1 + A2 + A3
= 5 1 + 8 1 + 13 1
= 5 + 8 + 13
= 26 square units
b Right rectangles
Area = A1 + A2 + A3
= 8 1 + 13 1 + 20 1
= 8 + 13 + 20
= 41 square units.
c Averaging left and right rectangle
areas
26 + 41
Average area =
2
67
=
2
1
= 33 square units.
2
7 a y = x2 + 3x + 8
x = 1 y = 12 + 3 1 + 8
y = 1 + 3 + 8
y = 10
x = 2 y = 22 + 3 2 + 8
y = 4 + 6 + 8
y = 10
x = 3 y = 32 + 3 3 + 8
y = 9 + 9 + 8
y=8
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A = 10 1 + 10 1 + 8 1
A = 10 + 10 + 8
A = 28 square units.
b y = ex
x = 1
y = e 1
y = e0 = 1
x=0
x=1
y = e1 = e
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A = e1 1 + 1 1 + e 1
A = e1 + 1 + e square units
c y = loge(x)
x = 1 y = loge(1)
x = 2 y = loge(2)
x = 3 y = loge(3)
x = 4 y = loge(4)
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
A = loge(1) 1 + loge(2) 1
+ loge(3) 1 + loge(4) 1
MM12-9
238
Integration
A = loge(1) + loge(2) + loge(3)

+ loge(4)
A = loge(1 2 3 4)
A = loge(24) square units
d y = (x 4)2
x = 2 y = (2 4)2 = (2)2 = 4
x = 3 y = (3 4)2 = (1)2 = 1
x = 5 y = (5 4)2 = 12 = 1
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A=41+11+11
A=4+1+1
A = 6 square units.
1
e f(x) = x3 3x2 + 8x
3
x=1
1
f(1) =
13 3 12 + 8 1
3
1
3+8
=
3
1
=5
3
x=2
1
f(2) =
23 3 22 + 8 2
3
8
=
12 + 16
3
2
=6
3
1
33 3 32 + 8 3
f(3) =
3
= 9 27 + 24
=6
1
f(4) =
43 3 42 + 8 4
3
64
48 + 32
=
3
1
= 21 48 + 32
3
1
=5
3
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
1
2
A=5 1+6 1+61
3
3
1
+5 1
3
1
A = 23 square units
3
f f(x) = x2 4x
x = 3
f(3) = (3)2 4 3
= 9 + 12
=3
x = 2.5
f(2.5) = (2.5)2 4 2.5
= 6.25 + 10
= 3.75
x = 2
f(2) = (2)2 4 2
= 4 + 8
=4
x = 1.5
f(1.5) = (1.5)2 4 1.5
= 2.25 + 6
= 3.75
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
A = 3 0.5 + 3.75 0.5 + 4 0.5
+ 3.75 0.5
A = 1.5 + 1.875 + 2.0 + 1.875
A = 7.25 square units
g y = x3 6x2
x = 2 f(2) = 23 6 22
= 8 24
= 16
x = 3 f(3) = 33 6 32
= 27 54
= 27
x = 4 f(4) = 43 6 42
= 64 96
= 32
x = 5 f(5) = 53 6 52
= 125 150
= 25
A = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| + |A4|
A = 16 1 + 27 1 + 32 1
+ 25 1
A = 16 + 27 + 32 + 25
A = 100 square units
8 y = x(4 x)
y = 4x x2
x=1 y=13=3 x=3 y=3

x=2 y=22=4
a Left rectangles
Area = A1 + A2 + A3
=31+41+31
=3+4+3
= 10 square units
b Right rectangles
Area = A1 + A2
=41+31
=4+3
= 7 square units
c Average of left and right rectangles
10 + 7
Area =
2
17
=
2
= 8.5 square units
9
x = 0, y = 5
x = 0.5, y = 3.25
x = 1, y = 2
x = 1.5, y = 1.25
x = 2, y = 1
x = 2.5, y = 1.25
x = 3, y = 2
a Left rectangles
A = 5 0.5 + 3.25 0.5 + 2 0.5
+ 1.25 0.5 + 1 0.5 + 1.25
0.5
= 2.5 + 1.625 + 1 + 0.625 + 0.5
+ 0.625
= 6.875 square units
b Right rectangles
A = 3.25 0.5 + 2 0.5 + 1.25
0.5 + 1 0.5 + 1.25 0.5 + 2
0.5
= 1.625 + 1 + 0.625 + 0.5 +
0.625 + 1
c Average of the left and right
rectangles
6.875 + 5.375
=
2
10 y = 2x x = 0 and x = 3
x = 0 y = 20 = 1
x = 1 y = 21 = 2
x = 2 y = 22 = 4
x = 3 y = 23 = 8
Left rectangles
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A=11+21+41
A=1+2+4
A = 7 square units
Right rectangles
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A=21+41+81
A=2+4+8
A = 14 square units
Average left and right areas
1
A = (7 + 14)
2
1
21
A=
2
Exercise 9E The
fundamental theorem of
integral calculus
1 a
1 2
0 x
dx
1
x3
=
3 0
Integration
13
03
3
3
1
=
0
3
1
=
3
3 2 x3
= 2 x 2 +
3 3
0 x
dx
x3 2 x 2
=
2 3
3
2 x
dx
4 3
3
3x 2
=
3
2 4
0
1
(2 3 x) 4
2
3
1
= [24 (8)4]
3
1
= (16 4096)
3
1
=
4080
3
= 1360
3
5
dx
n
0 (2 x 7)3
3
3
= 2 9 2 4 2
= 2(27 8)
= 2 19
= 38
x2
x3
= 3
+2
3
3
1 (4 x
1 (2 3 x)4
4 3 4 2
3 x3
x2
= x4 +
3
4
0
dx
3
= 2 x2
4
+ 3 x 2 2 x ) dx
1 1
=
6 2
1
=
3
2 4(2 3x)
= 4 (2 3 x)3 dx
3 2x 2
=
3
= 24 + 23 22 (0)
4
=4+84
=8
1
4
f 3x 2 + 2 x 2 dx
1
2
3
(5 x 2)5
1
25
3 5
=
[8 (7)5]
25
3
=
[32 768 (16 807)]
25
3
=
[32 768 + 16 807]
25
3
=
49 575
25
= 5949
x dx
1
=
x2
dx
(5 x 2)5
= 3
5 5 1
= 3 x 2 dx
1
=
x2
(4)4 (4) 2

+
+ 16
4
2
= (4 + 2 + 8) (64 + 8 + 16)
= 74
13(5 x 2)
= 3 (5 x 2) 4 dx
( x3 + x 4) dx
(2) 4 (2)2
=
+
+ 8
4
2
0 ( x
x4 x2
= + 4x
2
4
4
x 1
=
1 2
3
2
( x + 4)5
0
5
2 5
= [7 45]
5
2
= (16 807 1024)
5
2
=
15 783
5
= 6313.2
43
33
= 42 32
3
3
64
27
=
16
+9
3
3
1
=5
3
6 1
d 2 dx
2 x
6 2
( x + 4)5
=2
1 5 0
(6 2 x + x 2 ) dx
1
1
= 6 1 + 6 1
3
3
2
= 12 +
3
2
= 12
3
2 x ) dx
dx
34 04
4
4
81
0
=
4
1
= 20
4
4
2 x 2 x3
= 6 x
+
2
3 1
3 ( x
0 2( x + 4)
239
= 2 ( x + 4)4 dx
128
2
= 16 +
2 +
3
3
= 14 + 42
= 56
x4
=
4 0
MM12-9
= 5 (2 x 7) 3 dx
+ 2 x 6) dx
4 x 1 2 x 2
=
+
6x
2
1
1
2
= + x2 6 x
x
1
= (2 + 4 12) (4 + 1 6)
= 10 + 9
= 1
(2 x 7)2
=5
2 2 0
5
= [(2 x 7) 2 ] 30
4
3
2
5 1
=

4 2 x 7
0
240
MM12-9
Integration
51
1
= 2
4 1 (7)2
5
1
= 1
4 49
60
49
3
4
o (2 x) 2 3x 1 dx
1
2x 2
=
3log e | x |
5
2
1
3
5
log e
5
1
2 a
3
loge(5)
5
= 0.966
3
=
(5 log e (1) + 2e0.5 )

1
= 5 log e (4) + 2e 2 2e 2
2
2 e
x
3
1
1
1
1
= e2 + e2 e 6 + e6
2 2
2
2
1 2
2
6
6
= (e + e e e )
2

= cos + cos(0)
2
=1

= 3 e0 e 3
= 3 1 e 3
2 3 sin(4 x) dx
= 3 sin(4 x ) dx
2
1
= 3 [ cos(4 x)]
4
2
dx
= 4 e 2 x
1
= 2(e2 e2 )
02 sin( x) dx
= 2[e 2 x ]11
= [ cos( x)] 02
x
= 3 e 3
2
1 4e
e 2 x ) dx
1
1
= e 2 x + e 2 x
2
dx
2 x
2x
x
1
= e3
1
3 2
3 (e
1
1
= e 2 x e 2 x
2
1
= [e 4 x ]02
4
1 8 0
= (e e )
4
1 8
= (e 1)
4
dx
= (5 log e (4) + 2e2 )
dx
4 e 2 x dx
1
dx
2x 5
1
7
(2 x 5) 2
3
2 4x
0 e
1
= e4 x
4 0
= 5 log e x + 2e 2
1
1
= 4 8 2 14 2
= 3.653
2 27 5 9 2 5
=
+
+
2 3 2
3
1
2
1
2
= 40
2
3
2
1
= 37
3
5 3
q
dx
1 5x
3 51
=
dx
5 1 x
3
5
= [ log e | x |]1
5
3
= (loge(5) loge(1))
5
1 2
= 5 log e x + e
1
2 1
= 4 ( 8 3x ) 2
2 x 5x
=
+
2 1
3
2
1
5
1
5
= e12 + 4 e6 +
2 2
2
2
1 12 1 6
= e e + 10 2.5
2
2
1 12 6
= (e e + 15)
2
x
4 5
e + e 2 dx
1 x

(8 3 x) 2
= 6
3
2
2
+ 5 x ) dx
1 (2 x
6 (8 3 x) 2 dx
4 5
= x 2 3log e | x |
5
1
4 5
= 4 2 3 log e (4)
5
3 log e (1)
5
4
4
32 3 loge(4)
=
5
5
22.4 4.16 0.8
20.64
3
2
3 (2 x + 5 x )
p
dx
1
x
2
3 x (2 x + 5 x )
=
dx
1
x
+ 5 x ) dx
1
5
= e6 x + x 2
2
2 1
1 1
= 9 2 12
=31
=2
0
6
dx
s
2 8 3x
0
6x
1 (3e
3
5x2
= e6 x +
2 1
6
= (2 x 5) 2
5 48
=
4 49
(2 x 5) 2
=
2
2
3
3
= [cos(4 ) cos(2 )]
4
3
= [1 1]
4
3
= 0
4
=0
Integration
0 5 sin 4 dx
= 5
x
sin dx
4
= 5
1 x
cos
1
4 0
4
= 2 (sin(2 ) sin( 2 ))
= 2 (0 0)
=0
2
x
m 3cos dx
6
2
x
= 3 cos dx
6
2
= 3

= 20 cos cos(0)
4

= 3 6 sin sin
6
3
2
= 20
1
2
3 1
= 18

2 2
2
+ 20
2
= 9 3 9
n
= 20 10 2
2
x
j 2sin dx
3
= 2
x
sin dx
3
1 x
sin
1 2 2
2
= 7 2 [sin(0) sin( )]
= 14[0 0]
=0
cos(2 x) dx
1
[sin(2 x)]0
2
1
= (sin(2 0) sin(2 2 ))
2
1
= (sin(0) sin(2 ))
2
1
= (0 0)
2
=0
2 8cos(4 x) dx
2
= 8 2 cos(4 x) dx
2
1
= 8 [sin(4 x)] 2
4
2
2 4cos(3x) dx
cos(3 x) dx
2

= 6 cos
cos
3
3
1 1
= 6
2 2
= 6 1
= 6
= 2[sin(4 x)] 2
= 4
x
= 6 cos
3
x
cos dx
2
0
x
= 2 3 cos
3
= 7
2 7 cos 2 dx
7
1
x
cos
= 2
3
1
3
1 x
sin
1 6
6
x
= 5 4 cos
4 0
= 20
MM12-9
1
= 4 [sin(3x)] 2
3
4
= sin 3
sin(3 )
3
2
4 3
= sin
sin(3 )
3 2
4
= [1 0]
3
4
=
3

x
p 2 + sin dx
0
4
x
= 2 + sin dx
0
4
1
x
= 2 x + cos
1
4
x
= 2 x 4cos
4 0

= 2 4cos (0 4cos(0))
4

= 2
+ 4
2
= (2 2 2 + 4)
241
242
MM12-9
1 ( x
Integration
+ 3 6sin(3x)) dx
02 2cos(3t ) dt
x3
1
+ 3x 6 cos(3 x)
3
3
1
27
1
= + 9 + 2cos(9) + 3 + 2cos(3)
3
3
2
c
c
= 14 + 2cos(9 ) 2cos(3 )
3
1
x
r + 3cos dx
1
x
2
1
x
= log e x + 3 sin
1
2
x
= log e x + 6sin
2 1
= 2 2 cos(3t ) dt
0
1
2
= 2 sin(3t )
3
0
2
(1 0)
3
2
= 1
3
2
=
3
7
3
c =
dp
3
4
1 3 f ( x) dx

= 3 2 ( p 3) 2
1 1
= 6 4 2 1 2
1
= 6 1
2
1
= 6
2
=3
=36
= 18
f ( x ) dx = 6
5
1 [ f ( x) + 1] dx
a Now
f ( x ) dx + 1 d x
1
= 6 + 1 dx
= 6 + 1 [ x] 15
f ( x ) dx
10
x
sin dx
5
x
= 5 cos
5 5
10
5
= 5 cos
cos
= 5(cos(2 ) cos( ))
= 6
The answer is A.
3
10
5
10
= f ( x ) dx
0 (t
x
sin 5 dx

1
x
= cos
5
1
5
5
10
= 6 + 1(5 1)
=6+14
=6+4
= 10
The answer is B.
b =
dp
7
3
2

( p 3) 2
= 3
1
1
2
4
= 3 f ( x ) d x
( p 3) 2
= 3 ( p 3)
f ( x)dx = 6
Now
sin(0)

1
= log e ( ) + 6sin log e (1) + 6sin
2
2
1
= log e ( ) + 6 6sin
2
2 3
sin
3 2
4t ) dt
= 5 (1 1)
= 5 (1 + 1)
= 10
t 3 4t 2
a
2 0
3
3
= t 3 2t 2
3
0
1
= 27 2 9 (0)
3
= 9 18
= 9
e 4 cos(2 x) dx
1 x 1
= e 4 sin(2 x)
1
2
4
0
Integration
= [ x 2 + 3 x]0k
x 1
= 4e 4 sin(2 x)
2
= 4e 4 1 sin(2 ) 4e0 1 sin(0)

2
2
= 4e 4 4
2
8
f
dm
1 4m 3
2
1
= 8
dm
1 4m 3
1
= 8 [log e 4m 3 ]12
4
= 2 [log e 4m 3 ]12
= 2 (log e (5) log e (1))

= 2 loge(5)
4 3
dt
g
t t t
4 1
= 3 3 dt
1
3
2
3 x 2 dx
0
x3
= 3
3 0
dt
= 2 log e x 1
4
= 2(log e k log e (1))
1
= 3 2 t 2
1
= 2(log e k 0)
= 2log e k
1 1
= 6 4 2 1 2
1
1
= 6 1 1
4 2 12
loge9 = 2 loge k
loge9 = logek2
So k2 = 9
k = 3
But k 3. [loge(3) does not exist]
k=3
1
= 6 1
2
1
= 6
2
= 3
(3sin(2 x) e 3 x ) dx
1
1
3
= cos(2 x) + e 3 x
3
2
1
1 3
1
3
= cos(2) + e3 cos(2) + e3
2
3
2
3

3
1 3 3
= [cos(2) cos( 2)] + (e e )
2
3
3
1 3 3
= 0 + (e e )
2
3
1 3 3
= (e e )
3
0 (2 x + 3) dx = 4
k
2 x2
=
+ 3x
2
0
e 2 dx = 4
x
e 2 dx
a
1
3
= cos(2 x) e 3 x
3
2
1
dx = 8
= k3 03
= k3
k3 = 8
k= 38
k=2
k2
8 dx = log e (9)
1 x
k1
2
dx
1 x
1
t 2
= 3
1

2 1
0 3x
= x3
0
t2
= 3 t
= (k2 + 3k) (0)

= k2 + 3k
Now 4 = k2 + 3k
So k2 + 3k 4 = 0
(k + 4)(k 1) = 0
Either k + 4 = 0 or k 1 = 0
k = 4 or k = 1
x
1 2
e
1
0
2
a
x
= 2 e 2
0
= 2 e 2 e0
a
= 2 e 2 1
= 2e 2 2
a
But 4 = 2e 2 2
a
6 = 2e 2
a
6
= e2
2
MM12-9
243
244
MM12-9
Integration
( xi3 x)
x 0
12 lim
3 = e2
a
= log e (3)
2
a = 2 log e (3)
10
k cos(2 x) dx
i =1
3
4
1
[sin(2 x)] k
2
1
= (sin(2 ) sin(2k ))
2
1
= (0 sin(2k ))
2
1
= sin(2k )
2
3
1
= sin(2k )
4
2
sin(2k) =
dx
3
sin(2k) =
3 3
1 x
4
= x
4 1
4
= 3 1
4 4
= 80
4
= 20
k cos(2 x)dx
But
3
2
4
1
( xi 2 x)
x 0
13 lim
i =1
3 2
0 x
a Area geometrically
1
A = ab
2
1
A=
33
2
9
A=
2
b Area by integration
dx
0 y dx
0 (3 x) dx
= 3 x x 2
2 0
3
=x
3 0
3
= 3 0
3
=9
= 9 (0 0)
2
Area = 4.5 square units

3 a Area =
Exercise 9F Signed areas
b Area =
3
2
3
2k = sin
2k =
k=
1
2
a Area Geometrically
y = x If x = 4, y = 4
1
Area = ab
2
1
= 4 4
2
Area = 8 square units
b Area Integration
k=
11 a
c Area =
2 2 f ( x ) dx
6
= 2 f ( x ) dx
2
= 28
= 16
b
Area =
f ( x ) dx
6
2
=
f ( x ) dx
= 3
f ( x ) dx 3 dx
2
= 3 8 [3x ]2
= 24 [ (3 6) (3 2)]
= 24 18 + 6
= 12
d
2
=
=
f Area =
0 x dx
1
= [42 02 ]
2
1
Area = 16 0
2
1
= 16
2
e Area =
= 8 + x 2
2
= 8 + (62 22)
= 8 + 36 4
= 40
0 (4 x) dx
2
1 y dx
2 2
1 x
dx
3 y dx
1
3 3 x
dx
1 y dx
3
1 ( x
9 x 2 + 20 x ) dx
2 y dx
0
g Area =
1 y dx
=
h Area =
=
i Area =
=
j Area =
f ( x ) dx + 2 x dx
0 y dx
2 ( x
( f ( x ) + 2 x ) dx
6
1 2 x dx
(3 f ( x) 3) dx
6
0 y dx
x2
Area =
2 0
= 1 8
= 8
6
d Area =
1 y dx
4 x 2 4 x ) dx
1 e
dx
1 y dx
4 2 x
1 e
dx
02 y dx
02 2sin(2 x) dx
3
02
y dx
02 cos 3 dx
4 Note: the answers are all in square units.

a
1 2 x dx
3
x2
= 2
2 1
Integration
= x 2
1
= 12 10
= 32 12
=91=8
=1
0 (4 x) dx
g A=
x2
= 4x
2 0
1 x
h A=
=
=
=
d =
4 2 x
1 e
dx
i A=
3 2e
2 loge 2 dx
dx
2
0
2sin(2 x) dx
= 1[ cos(2 x)]
= 1(cos () cos (0))

= 1(1 1)
= 1 2
=2
= [ x 3 ] 13
= [13 (3)3]
= 1 (27)
= 1 + 27
= 26
j A=
x4 9
20 x 2
= x3 +
2 1
4 3
1
4
= x 4 x3 2 x 2
4
2
1
4
= (0) 16 8 8
3
4
32
=4
+8
3
dx
3 1
0
= 3 sin
sin
2
3
= 3 sin sin ( 0 )
2
= 3[1 0]
=31
=3
4 x 2 4 x ) dx
3
1 x 2
sin
1 3 0
3
3
x
4x 4x
=
4
3
2 2
x dx
0 2 cos 3 dx
x 2
= 3 sin
3 0
34
= 3 33 + 10 32
4
3 + 10
4
81
1
=
81 + 90 7
4
4
= 22
0
9 x + 20 x ) dx
2 ( x
) dx
1
2
= 2 [ cos(2 x)]
2
0
x3
= 3
3 3
1 ( x
dx
f A=
1 (4 x
3 2
= 2 2 sin(2 x) dx
e A=
1 2 4 2 1
[e
]
e
2
1 8 2
=
[e e ]
2
1
= [ e 8 e 2 ]
2
= 3 x 2 dx
1 x
dx
1 3 2
x
3 1
1 3 3
(2 1 )
3
1
(8 1)
3
1
7
3
7
3
3 3 x
1 e
e
=
2 1
dx
2
1
3
2 x
x3
=
3 1
=
1 (6 x) dx
42
0
2
= 16 8 = 8
c
= e x
1
= e1 e 1
= e e 1
= 16
2 2
2
3
MM12-9
5 a
0 (4 x) dx
245
246
MM12-9
Integration
02 3sin(2 x) dx
2 y dx
=
2 x
dx
x4
=
4 2
6 Note: the answers are all in square

units.
a
04 (2) 4
=
4
4
= [0 4]
= 4
Area = 4
0 y dx
=
0 (2 x) dx
1 2 1
+ 2
4 3 2
4
= 4
3
2
= 2
3
2
Area = 2
3
2 y dx
1
2 (4 2 x) dx
1
2 x2
= 4 x
2 2
= (4 1) (8 4)
= 1
Area = 1
2
0 y dx
=
0 ( x
+ 2 x 2 x 2) dx
1 2 1
= + 2
4 3 2
= 2 2 4 0
2
=42
=2
x 4 2 x3 x 2
2x
= +
3
2
4
1
x
= 2 x
2 0
1 ( x
1 e
The answer is E.
b =
2
2
0
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) d x
0
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) d x
0
The answer is A.
8 a
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) d x
2
= e1 + e1
Area = e e1.
h =
1
2 x
1 e
2
= g ( x ) dx + g ( x ) d x
3
dx
= e 2 x
2
1
4) dx
= 8 0
3
16
=
3
1
Area = 5
3
1
2 y dx
=
f ( x ) dx
dx
1
2
= [e x ]11
= x3 4 x
3
7 a
= 4 sin sin( )
2
= 4[(1) 0]
= 4
Area = 4
2 (1 x
1 2 1 1
e e
2
2
1
Area = (e1 e 2 )
2
2
=
y dx
3
2
sin( x) dx
= ( cos ( x )) 2
) dx
1
1
= x x3
3 2
1
8
= 1 + 2 +
3
3

2
8
= +2
3
3
1
= 1
3
1
Area = 1
3
= h ( x ) dx + h ( x ) dx
1
1 h( x) dx 3 h( x) dx
3
= cos + cos ( )
2
=01
Area = 1

x
j = 2cos dx
2
2

x
= 2 cos dx
2
2
1 x
= 2 sin
1 2 2
2
=
=
4
5
f ( x ) dx +
f ( x ) dx
2
4
4
5
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
Integration
a Area =
=
9 a
3 g ( x)dx 2 g ( x)dx + 2 g ( x)dx
= ( x 2 4) dx
0
2 y dx
=
2 ( x
b Area =
2
1
= 3 12
3
12
2 y dx
4
2 ( x
4) dx
4
= x3 4 x
3
1
2
+ 12
12
3
3
= 15 sq. units
4
The answer is B.
= 3
64
8
= 16 8
3
3
56
=
8
3
2
= 10 square units
3
b y dx
1
= ( x3 2 x 2 5 x + 6) dx
1
x 4 2 x3 5 x 2
+ 6x
3
2
4
1
81 54 45
1 2 5
+ 18 + + 6
3
2
4
4 3 2
1
1
1
= 20 18 22 + 18 + 3
2
4
12
1
1
= 2 +3
4
12
1
= 5 sq. units.
3
The answer is D.
c A = y dx + y d x
1
2
= 5 + 10
3
3
= 16 square units
11 y = x3 + x2 2x (positive cubic)
x=0 y=0
y = 0 0 = x3 + x2 2x
0 = x(x2 + x 2)
0 = x(x + 2)(x 1)
x=0 x+2=0
or x 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 or
x=1
2 y dx 1 y dx
3
1
= 15 + 5
4
3
1
= 21
sq. units
12
The answer is E.
2
) dx
= 8 0
3
1
= 5 square units
3
1 2 5
16 16 20
= + 6 +
12
3
2
4
4 3 2
x 4 2 x3 5 x 2
+ 6x
3
2
4
2
c A=
0 (4 x
= 4 x x3
3 0
2 x 2 5 x + 6) dx
1
1
= 3 4 + 5 10 12
3
12
0 y dx
10 y = x 4
x = 0 y = 4
y = 0 0 = x2 4
0 = (x + 2)(x 2)
x = 2, 2
TP = (0, 4).
a A=
2 y dx
0
2 ( x
+ x 2 2 x ) dx
0
x 4 x3 2 x 2
= +
3
2 2
4
MM12-9
247
248
MM12-9
Integration
x 4 x3
= + x2
4
3
16 8
= (0 + 0 0) 4
4 3
= 0 4 2 4
3
2
= 0 2
3
2
= 2 square units
3
3 3
+
4 2
3
= + square units
4 2
13 f(x) = x 1
x = 0 f(x) = 1
f(x) = 0 0 = x 1
x =1
x = 12
x=1
b A = y dx
0
= ( x 3 + x 2 2 x ) dx
0
x 4 x3
= + x2
3
4
0
1 1
= + 1 + 0
4 3
5
=
square units
12
0
2 f ( x ) dx
A=
2 (
2 y dx 0 y d x
c A=
2 5
= 2 +
3 12
1
= 3
square units
12
12 a y = 1 + 3 cos(2x) [0, ]
A=
x 1) dx
3
x2
= x
3
2
2
3
2 3
= x 2 x
3
2
3
2 3
2
= 32 3 2 2 2
3
3
2
2
= 3 3 2 2 1
3
3
= 2 3 1
4 2
3
= 0.578
1
14 y =
x
A=
04 y dx
A=
04 (1 + 3cos(2 x)) dx
4
= x + sin(2 x)
2
0
3
+ sin (0 + 0)
4 2 2
=
b =
3
square units
2
A=
21
12 x
dx
= log e x 21
2
34 y dx
34 (1 + 3cos(2 x)) dx
x + 2 sin(2 x) 3
3 3 3
= + sin(2 )
+ sin
2
4 2 2
1
= log e (2) log e
2

2
= log e
1
2
= loge(4)
= loge(22)
= 2 loge(2)
Integration
15 g(x) = ex + 2
2 x 2 x3
= 8 x

2
3 4
= 16 4
3
2
1
= 9 26
3
3
1
2
= 9 + 26
3
3
= 36 square units
2 a h(x) = (x + 3)(5 x)
= 5x x2 + 15 3x
= x2 + 2x + 15
A=
1 y dx
A=
1 (e
MM12-9
+ 2) dx
32 16 + 21
3
= e x + 2 x
1
= (e3 + 6) (e1 2)
= e3 e1 + 8
Exercise 9G Further areas

1 a f(x) = x2 3x
x = 0 f(x) = 0
f(x) = 0 0 = x2 3x
0 = x(x 3)
x = 0 or x = 3
i
5
A=
3 h ( x ) dx
A=
3 x
+ 2 x + 15 dx
5
x3 2 x 2
= +
+ 15 x
2
3
3
3
ii Area = f ( x) dx
0
= ( x 2 3 x ) dx
0
0 (3x x
) dx
3
= 3 x 2 1 x3
2
3 0
27
= 9 0
2
= 4.5 square units

b g(x) = (2 x)(4 + x)
x = 0 g(x) = 2 4 = 8
g(x) = 0 0 = (2 x)(4 + x)
2 x = 0 or 4 + x = 0
x = 2 or x = 4
The turning point is at (1, 9)
i
ii Area =
4 g ( x ) dx
2
= (8 2 x x 2 ) dx
4
125
27
=
+ 25 + 75
+ 9 45
3
3
1
A = 58 + 27
3
1
A = 85 square units
3
b h(x) = x2 + 5x 6
x = 0 h(x) = 6
h(x) = 0 0 = x2 + 5x 6
0 = (x + 6)(x 1)
x + 6 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 6 or x = 1
1
5
Turning point occurs at , 12
4
2
A = h ( x ) dx
6
1
A = ( x 2 + 5 x 6) dx
6
249
MM12-9
250
Integration
5
1
= x3 x 2 + 6 x
2
3
6
1
5
216
180
= + 6
36
3
2
3
2
= 57 1 square units
6
c g(x) = 8 x2
x = 0 g(x) = 8
g(x) = 0 0 = 8 x2
x2 = 8
x = 8
x =2 2
Turning point occurs at (0, 8).
2 2
A=
2 2
2
3
4
= x 4x
4
3
0
44 4 43
=
+ (0 0)
4
3
256
= 64
1
= 21 square units
3
e f(x) = x(x 2)(x 3)
At x = 0, f(x) = 0 2 3 = 0
When f(x) = 0, 0 = x(x 2)(x 3)
x = 0, 2, 3
f(x) = x(x2 5x + 6)
f(x) = x3 5x2 + 6x
g ( x ) dx
(8 x 2 ) dx
2 2
or
2 2
(8 x 2 ) dx
= 2 8 x x
3 0
(2 2)3
= 2 (8 2 2)
0
= 2 16 2 16 2
= 64 2 square units
3
d g(x) = x3 4x2
x = 0 g(x) = 0
g(x) = 0 0 = x3 4x2
0 = x2(x 4)
x = 0 or x = 4
Turning point occurs when g(x) = 0.
x(3x 8) = 0
x = 0 or 3x 8 = 0
x = 0 or x = 8
3
At x = 0, g(x) = 0
3
2
8
At x = , g(x) = 8 4 8
3
3
3
= 512 256
27
9
= 256
27
= 9.5
A = 4 g ( x ) dx
= x 3 4 x 2 dx
A=
A=
0 ( x
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) d x
2
5 x 2 + 6 x ) dx ( x 3 5 x 2 + 6 x ) dx
2
3
2
3
2
4
A = x 5x + 6x x 5x + 6 x
3
2 0 4
3
2 2
4
16 40
81 135
+ 12 0
+ 27
=
4
3
4
3

16 40

+ 12
3
4
2 1
2
= 2 2 2
3
4
3
1
2
2
= 2 2 + 2
3
4
3
1
A= 3
square units
12
f f(x) = x3 4x2 4x + 16
At x = 0, f(x) = 16
When f(x) = 0, 0 = x3 4x2 4x + 16
0 = x2(x 4) 4(x 4)
0 = (x 4)(x2 4)
0 = (x 4)(x + 2)(x 2)
x 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 4, 2 or 2
A=
2 f ( x ) dx 2
f ( x ) dx
Integration
2 ( x
4 x 2 4 x + 16) dx
( x3 4 x 2 4 x + 16) dx
2
x 4 4 x3 4 x 2
+ 16 x
3
2
4
2
4
x 4 4 x3 4 x 2
+ 16 x
3
2
4
2
MM12-9
251
1
3
= 1 + 2 (4)
4
4
= 8 square units
h h(x) = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
At x = 0, h(x) = 1 2 5 = 10
When h(x) = 0, 0 = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
x 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 1, 2 or 5
16 32
16 32
=
8 + 32 +
8 32
3
3
4
4
256 256
16 32
32 + 64
8 + 32
3
3
4
4
1 1 2 1
= 17 25 10 17
3 3 3 3
2 2
= 42 6
3 3
1
A = 49 square units
3
g g(x) = x3 + 3x2 x 3
At x = 0, g(x) = 3
When g(x) = 0, 0 = x3 + 3x2 x 3
0 = x2(x + 3) 1(x + 3)
0 = (x + 3)(x2 1)
0 = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x 1)
x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3, 1, or 1
Area =
=
5 h ( x ) dx 2 h ( x ) dx
2
5 ( x
+ 6 x 2 + 3 x 10) dx
( x3 + 6 x 2 + 3 x 10) dx
2
x4
3x 2
= + 2 x3 +
10 x
4
2
5
1
x4
3x2
+ 2 x3 +
10 x
2
4
2
16
75
625
= 16 + 6 + 20
250 +
+ 50
2
4
4
1
3
16
+ 2 + 10 16 + 6 + 20
4
2
4
Area =
=
3 g ( x) dx 1 g ( x) dx
1
3 ( x
+ 3 x 2 x 3) dx
( x3 + 3 x 2 x 3) dx
1
x 4 3 x3 x 2
= +
3x
3
2
4
3
1 1
= 14 6 6 14
4
4
1
1
= 20 + 20
4
4
= 40.5 square units
3 y = x2 6x + 8
x=0 y=8
y = 0 0 = x2 6x + 8
0 = (x 4)(x 2)
x = 4 or x = 2
Turning Point at x = 3
y = 32 6 3 + 8 = 9 18 + 8
y = 1
x 4 3x3 x 2
+
3x
4
3
2
1
1
1
9
81
= 1 + 3 27 + 9
2
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
+ 1 3 1 + 3
2
2
4
4
3 1 1 3
= 1 2 2 1
4 4 4 4
Area = y dx
2
= ( x 2 6 x + 8) dx
2
252
MM12-9
Integration
i x=0 y=3
y = 0 0 = 3 3x2
3x2 = 3
x2 = 1
x = 1
Turning point occurs midway between x = 1,
that is, at x = 0.
When x = 0, y = 3.
x3
= 3x2 + 8 x
3
2
64
8
= 48 + 32 12 + 16
3
2
1
= 5 6
3
3
1
= 1
3
1
= 1 square units
3
The answer is A.
4 Area =
=
2
3
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) d x
2
f ( x ) dx
2
3
f ( x ) dx
The answer is D.
5 y = x2 x 6 x = 2 to x = 4
At x = 0, y = 6
At y = 0, 0 = x2 x 6
0 = (x 3)(x + 2)
x 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
dy
= 0.
Turning point occurs when
dx
0 = 2x 1
1
x=
2
1
1
At x = , y = 6
2
4
ii Area =
0 y dx 1 y dx
1
0 (3 3x
) dx (3 3x 2 ) dx
1
3x3
3x3
= 3 x
3 x
3 0
3 1
= (3 1) [(6 8) (3 1)]
= 2 (2 2)
= 2 (4)
=2+4
= 6 square units
b y=
2
x
Area = y dx + y dx
3
1 y dx
1 x dx
= ( x 2 x 6) dx + ( x 2 x 6) dx
3
x3 x 2
x3 x 2
6x +
6x
=
2
2
3
2 3
3
1
1
2
1
= 13 11 + 10 13
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
= 13 + 11 + 10 + 13
2
3
3
2

1
5
= 2 +2
6
6
A=5
The answer is C.
6 a y = 3 3x2
32
= [ 2 log e | x | ]1
= 2(loge(3) loge(1))
3
= 2 log e
1
27 9
8 4
=
18 12
3 2
3 2
64 16
27 9
18
+ 24
2
3 2
ii Area =
= 2 loge(3) square units
1
c y= 2
x
i
Integration
2
1
ii Area = 2 dx
1 x
2 1
= 2 dx
1 x
2 2
1 x
ii A =
A=
dx
0
1 2x 0
e
2 2
1
= (e0 e4)
2
1
= (1 e4) square units
2
dx
ii A =
2x
A = e2 x
2
1
=
x 1
= 1 1
2
1
=
2
2
d y = x3 4x
i At x = 0, y = 0
At y = 0, 0 = x3 4x
0 = x(x2 4)
0 = x(x + 2)(x 2)
x = 0 or x = 2
dy
=0
Turning point occurs where
dx
3x2 4 = 0
3x2 = 4
4
x2 =
3
2
x =
3
=
2 e
MM12-9
2 3
3
f y = e x
i
ii A =
2 x
0 e
dx
1 x 2
e
1 0
2
= e x
0
= [e2 e0]
= e2 + 1
= 1 e2 square units
g y = 2 sin(x)
i
2 y dx 0 y d x
0
2 ( x
4 x ) d x ( x 3 4 x ) dx
0
2 2
2 1
x
x
4x
4x
A=

4
2
4
2 0
0
4
16
1

= 0 8 2 0
4
4

3
=4+1
4
3
= 5 square units
4
e y = e2x
i x = 0 y = e0 = 1
ii A =
3 2 sin( x) dx
6
= [ 2 cos( x)]3
6

= 2 cos 2 cos
3

6
= 1 +
x
h y = cos
2
i
3 square units
253
MM12-9
254
ii A =
Integration
x
cos dx
2
2 cos 2 dx
5
x2
=
5

2 0
x
x
= 2 sin 2 sin
2
2

= 2 sin 2 sin
2
4
2
2 sin
2

2 sin
2 square units
4
x
i x-intercepts y = 0
4
0=x
x
2
0=x 4
0 = (x + 2)(x 2)
x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 2
5
02
7 a y=x
5
2 2
(4)
i y = sin(3x)
ii A =
2
(32 0)
5
64
square units
=
5
= 2
(0 2)
2
=4
5
2 2
x
5
y dx
3 sin(3 x )
y dx
dx
6 sin(3 x )
dx
1
3
1
6
= cos(3 x)
cos(3 x)
3
3
1
1
[cos(3x)] 3 + [cos(3x)] 6
3
3
2
3
1
3
A = cos( ) cos
3
2
1
+ cos cos( )
3 2
1
1
[(1) (0)] + [0 (1)]
3
3
2
square units
A=
3
A=
ii A =
A=
2 y dx 1 y dx
3
2 x x dx 1 x x dx
3
x2
x2
=
4 log e | x | 4 log e | x |
2
2
2
1
9
4
= 4 log e (3) 4 log e (2)

2
22
12
4 log e (2) 4 log e (1)

2
2

= [(4.5 4 loge(3)) (2 4 loge(2))]
(2 4 log e (2)) 4 log e (1)

2
j y=x x
i
= (2.5 4 loge(3) + 4 loge(2) 1.5 + 4 loge(2))

= 1 4 loge 3 square units
4
b y = sin(x) cos(x)
i Graphs intersect at x =
ii A =
A=
y dx
3
x 2 dx
ii A =
4 y dx 04 y dx
4 (sin( x) cos( x)) dx
04 (sin( x) cos( x)) dx
Integration
= [ cos( x) sin( x)] [ cos( x) sin( x)]04
= [ cos( x) + sin( x)]
+ [ cos( x) + sin( x)]
4
0

= (cos( ) + sin( )) cos + sin
4

+ cos + sin (cos(0) + sin(0))
4
4
1
1
= (1 + 0)
+
2
2
+ 1 + 1 (1 + 0)
2
2
2
2
=1+
+
1
2
2
2
2
255
ii A = 1 y dx + y dx
1
MM12-9
1
1x
2
1
dx +
x2
1 x x2 dx
2
x2 1
x2 1
= + + +
2 x 1
2 x 1
2
1 1
1 1
= + 1 + 2 + 2 + + 1
2
8
2 2

1
1
1
1
= 1 2 + 2 1
2
8
2
2
5
= 1 square units
8
x
e y = e2
i x-intercept
y=0
1
0 = e2
x
= loge(0)
2
x-intercepts do not exist.
= 2 2 square units
c y = ex e1
i y = 0 0 = ex e1
e1 = ex
x=1
x-intercept (1, 0)
x = 0 y = e0 e
=1e
= 1.72
x = 3 y = 17.4
ii A =
e 2 dx
2
ii A = y dx + y dx
0
A = ( e x e ) d x + ( e x e ) dx
0
= [e x ex]10 + [e x ex]13
= [e1 e e0 + 0] + [e3 3e e + e]
= [1] + e3 3e
= e3 3e + 1 square units
1
d y=x 2
x
i y=0
1
0 =x 2
x
0 = x3 1
x3 = 1 x = 1
x-intercept (1, 0)
x
= 2 e 2
2
= 2[e1 e1]
= 2e1 2e1
4.7 square units
f y = x4 3x2 4
i x-intercepts: y = 0
0 = x4 3x2 4
y = x4 3x2 4, x = 1 and x = 4
= (x2 4)(x2 + 1)
= (x 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 1)
x-intercepts at (2, 0) and (2, 0)
y-intercept of (0, 4)
ii Area = f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx
1
= ( x 4 3 x 2 4) dx +
1
2 (x
3x 2 4) dx
4
= x5 x 3 4 x + x5 x 3 4 x
5
5
256
MM12-9
Integration
32
1
= 8 8 1 4
5
5

9 y = cos x
1024
32
+
64 16 8 8
5
5
= (4.8) + 134.4
g y = (x 2)4
i x-intercepts: y = 0
0 = (x 2)4
x 2= 0
x =2
A = 2 y dx + 6 y dx
= 2 cos( x) dx
3
6 cos( x) dx
5
6
2 cos( x) dx
cos( x) dx
= [sin( x)] 2 [sin( x)] 6

ii A =

5
= sin sin sin
3 6
2
1 y dx
3
1 ( x 2)
dx
3
( x 2)5
=
1 5 1
1
[(3 2)5 (1 2)5]
5
1
= [15 (1)5]
5
1
= [1 + 1]
5
2
=
square units
5
8 y = e3x
y = 0 0 = e3x
x = 0, y = e0 = 1
x = 1, y = e3 = 20.1
x = 2, y = e6 = 403.4
3 1
= 1
1
2 2
3 1
+
2 2
= 1
3 3
square units
2
10 y = (x 1)3
=
A = y dx
0
= ( x 1)3 dx
0
( x 1) 4
A =
4 1 0
1
square units
4
1
11 y =
( x 3) 2
=
A=
=
1 y dx
2 3x
1 e
dx
1 3x 2
e
3 1
1
= (e6 e3) square units
3
=
a Vertical asymptote:
(x 3)2 = 0
x3 =0
x =3
Horizontal asymptote:
y=0
1
1
=
At x = 0, y =
2
9
(3)

sin
Integration
13 y = 3 e2x
When x = 0, y = 3 e0
=31
=2
When y = 0
0 = 3 e2x
2x
e =3
1
x = log e (3)
2
At y = 0
1
( x 3)2
No x-intercepts
0 =
b A=
MM12-9
1 y dx
1
1 ( x 3)2 dx
1 ( x 3)
dx
( x 3) 1
=
1 1 1
1
= 1
x 3
1
1
1
1
=
square units
4
12 f(x) = (x + 2)3
1
a f(x) =
( x + 2)3
Vertical asymptote
x+2=0
x = 2
Horizontal asymptote
y=0
b
2 y dx
2 3 e
2x
dx
0
= 3 x e 2 x
2 2
1
1
= 3 0 e0 (3 2) e 4
2
2
1
1
= 0 6 e4
2
2
1
1 4
= +6+ e
2
2
=
11 + e4
square units
2
14 y = 4 sin(2x)
When x = 0, y = 4 sin (2 0)
y = 4 sin(0)
=4
When y = 0
0 = 4 sin(2x)
sin (2x) = 4
2x = sin1(4)
A=
=
1 y dx
1
1 ( x + 2)
dx
( x + 2) 2
=
2 1 1
1
1
= ( x + 2)2
1
2
1 2
= [3 12]
2
1 1
= 1
2 9
1
8
=
2
9
4
=
square units
9
2 (4 sin(2 x)) dx
1
= 4 x cos(2 x)
2
= 4 x + cos(2 x)
2
257
258
MM12-9
Integration
1
1

= 4 + cos(2 ) 2 + cos( )
2
2

1
1
= 4 + 2
2
2
= 6 + 1 square units
15 a y = x loge(x)
dy
du
dv
=v
+u
dx
dx
dx
1
= loge x 1 + x
x
= loge(x) + 1
= 1 + loge(x)
= log( x 2 + 2)
0
= loge(3) loge(2)
= loge 3
2
= loge(1.5)
0.405 square units
17 y = x2
loge ( x) dx
= (1 + log e ( x)) dx 1 dx
= x loge(x) x + c
a A1 =
0 y dx
2 2
0 x
dx
2
x3
=
3 0
1 3 2
x
3 0
8
A1 = square units
3
b A2 = Total area A1
2
=422
3
2
=82
3
1
= 5 square units
3
A =
=
1 y dx
4
1 loge ( x) dx
= [ x log e ( x) x ]1
= [(4 loge(4) 4) (1 loge(1) 1)]

= [(4 loge(4) 4) (0 1)]
= 4 loge(4) 3 square units
16 a loge(x2 + 2)
Let y = loge(x2 + 2)
dy
1
= 2
2x
dx
x +2
2x
= 2
x +2
x
b 2
dx
x +2
1
2x
= 2
dx
2 x +2
1
=
loge(x2 + 2)
2
c
18
At x = 2, y = e4
To find shaded area firstly find A1 (under the graph).
A1 =
=
x
dx
x2 + 2
1 2x
= 2
dx
0 x +2
= 2
2 2x
0 e
dx
1 2x 2
e
2 0
1
= (e4 e0)
2
1 4
= (e 1)
2
= Total area A1
1
= e4 2 (e4 1)
2
2 y dx
0 y dx
Integration
= 2e4
1 4 1
e +
2
2
3e4 + 1
square units
2
=
19
Firstly find A1.
A1 = 2 2 y d x
0
= 2 2 2 sin( x) dx
0
= 4 2 sin( x) dx
0
= 4 [ cos( x)]02

= 4 cos + cos(0)
2
= 4 [0 + 1]
=4
A2 = Total area A1
= 2 2
= 2 4
2.28 square units
k
3
20 a 2e x dx =
0
2
k
3
2 e x =
0
2
3
k
0
2e (2e ) =
2
3
k
2 e + 2 =
2
2e k =
e k =
1
2
1
4
1
k = ln
4
k = ln(41 )
k = ln(4)
k = ln(4)
b
0 sin(2 x) dx
=1
k
2 cos(2 x) = 1
1
1
cos(2k ) cos(0) = 1
2
2
1
1
cos(2k ) + = 1
2
2
MM12-9
259
MM12-9
260
Integration
1
1
cos(2k ) =
2
2
cos(2k) = 1
2k =
k =
Exercise 9H Areas between two curves

1 a
f(x) = 8 x2 and g(x) = x2

f(x) g(x) = 8 x2 x2
= 8 2x2
Shaded area =
=
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
2
2 (8 2 x
) dx
f(x) = x and g(x) = x2

Shaded area
b
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
0 (x x
) dx
f(x) = 3x and g(x) = x3

f(x) g(x) = 3x x3
Shaded area
b
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
(3x x3 ) dx
f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x + 1

f(x) g(x) = 2x (x + 1)
= 2x x 1
=x1
Shaded area =
=
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
2
1 ( x 1) dx
f(x) = 9 x2 and g(x) = ex
f(x) g(x) = 9 x2 ex
Shaded area =
=
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1
1 (9 x
f(x) = 4 x2 and g(x) = 3x

f(x) g(x) = 4 x2 3x
= 4 3x x2
Shaded area =
=
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1
0 (4 3x x
) dx
f(x) = x and g(x) = ex

f(x) g(x)
= x ( ex)
e x ) dx
Integration
= x + ex
Shaded area
16
16
= 16 16 +
3
3

32
= 32
3
64
=
3
1
= 21 square units
3
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1 ( x + e
) dx
(3 x x3 ) dx
3x 2 x 4

=
4 0
2
2 a
3 3 9
=

4
2
9 9
=
2 4
1
= 2 square units
4
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1 (1 x
0 (x x
) dx
) dx
e x ) dx
13
(1)3
= 9 1 e1 9 1
e 1
3
3

1
1
= 9 e + 9 e1
3
3
1
= 17 e e 1
3
14.98 square units
1 ( x 1) dx
2
1 ( x + e
) dx
22
12
= 2 1
2
2

x2
= + ex
2
1
1
= (2 2) 1
2
1
square units
=
2
22
12
= + e2 + e1
2
2
= (2 + e2 ) + e
2
1
= 1 + e2 e
2
6.17 square units
0 (4 3x x
) dx
1
3 x 2 x3
= 4x

2
3 0
3 12 13
0
= 4 1
2
3
2 (8 2 x
1 (1 x
) dx
1
x3
= x
3 1
3 1
= 4
2 3
1
= 2 square units
6
d
x2
= x
2
1
1 (9 x
x3
= 9 x e x
3
3 1
= x x
2
3
1
1
= (0 0)
2 3
1
=
square units
6
2
3 ( 3)2 ( 3) 4
=
(0)
2
4
f(x) = 4 and g(x) = x2 5

f(x) g(x) = 4 (x2 5)
= 4 x2 + 5
= 1 x2
Shaded area
=
MM12-9
1
(1)3
= 1 1
3
3
3 2
2x
) dx = 8 x
3 2
2 23
2 ( 2)3
= 8 2
8 2

3
3

1
1
= 1 1 +
3
3
2
=2
3
4
=
square units
3
261
MM12-9
262
Integration
iii Area bounded by curves

= b [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
f(x) = 4x and g(x) = x2

f(x) g(x) = 4x x2
A=
0 (4 x x
) dx
4
4 x 2 x3

=
3 0
2
Shaded area:
=
1 g ( x ) dx 1
f ( x ) dx
1 g ( x ) d x + 5 f ( x ) dx
1 [ g ( x) f ( x)] dx
1 [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
A
B
D
E
The answer is C
4
4 4 2 43
=
(0 0)
3
2
64 64
2
3
1
= 32 21
3
2
= 10 square units
3
b y = 2x and y = 3 x2
i Points of intersection
2x = 3 x2
x2 + 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
ii
Shaded area
=
3 [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
The answer is D.
5
iii Shaded area =
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f(x) = 3 x2 and g(x) = 2x

f(x) g(x) = 3 x2 2x
A=
Shaded area
=
0 [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx + 3 [ g ( x) f ( x)] dx
The answer is E.
6 a y = 4x and y = x2
4x = x2
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0 or x 4 = 0
x = 0 or 4
ii
3 (3 x
2 x ) dx
1
x3 2 x 2
= 3 x
3
2 3
13
( 3)3
(3) 2
= 3 1 12 3 3
3
3

= 3 1 (9 + 9 9)
3
2
= 1 +9
3
2
= 10 square units
3
c y = x2 1 and y = 1 x2
x2 1 = 1 x2
2x2 2 = 0
2(x2 1) = 0
2(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
Integration
ii
MM12-9
16
16
+ 16
3
3
32
= 32
3
1
= 21 square units
3
e y = (x + 1)2 and y = 1 x2
(x + 1)2 = 1 x2
x2 + 2x + 1 = 1 x2
x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 1 = 0
2x2 + 2x = 0
2x(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
ii
= 16
iii Shaded area =
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f(x) = 1 x2 and g(x) = x2 1

f(x) g(x) = 1 x2 (x2 1)
= 2 2x2
A=
1 (2 2 x
) dx
1
2 x3
= 2 x
3 1
2 13
2 ( 1)3
= 2 1
2 1

3
3

2
2
= 2 2 +
3
3

1
=4 1
3
2
= 2 square units
3
d y = x2 4 and y = 4 x2
x2 4 = 4 x2
2x2 8 = 0
2(x2 4) = 0
2(x + 2)(x 2) = 0
x = 2 and x = 2
ii
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f(x) = 1 x2 and g(x) = (x + 1)2

f(x) g(x) = 1 x2 (x2 + 2x + 1)
= 2x2 2x
Area =
1 (2 x
2 x ) dx
0
2 x3 2 x 2
=
2 1
3
2 (1)3
(1) 2
= (0 0)
3
2
= 0 1
3
2
= +1
3
1
= square units
3
f y = x and y = x2
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f(x) = 4 x2 and g(x) = x2 4

f(x) g(x) = 4 x2 (x2 4)
= 8 2x2
Area =
2 (8 2 x
) dx
2
2 x3
= 8 x
3 2
23
2 ( 2)3
= 8 2 2 8 2

3
3

16
16
= 16 16 +
3
3
ii
x = x2
or x = x4
x4 x = 0
x(x3 1) = 0
x = 0 or x3 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
263
264
MM12-9
Integration
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
x and g(x) = x2
f (x ) =
f(x) g(x) =
Area =
0 (
x x2
ii
x x 2 ) dx
x3 + 2x 3x2 = 0
x(x2 + 2 3x) = 0
x(x2 3x + 2) = 0
x(x 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 or x = 1
x
0 2 x dx
x 2 x3
=
3
3
2
0
1
2 3 x3
= x2
3
3
0

For 0 x 1, f(x) = x3 + 2x and g(x) = 3x2
f(x) g(x) = x3 + 2x 3x2
For 1 x 2, f(x) = 3x2 and g(x) = x3 + 2x
f(x) g(x) = 3x2 (x3 + 2x)
= 3x2 x3 2x
2 3 13
= 12 (0)
3
3
2 1
=
3 3
1
= square units
3
7 a y = x3 and y = x
x3 = x
x3 x = 0
x(x2 1) = 0
x = 0 or x2 = 1
x = 0 or x = 1
ii
A=
0 (x
+ 2 x 3 x 2 ) dx +
1 (3x
x 3 2 x ) dx
x 4 2 x 2 3x3 3x3 x 4 2 x 2
= +
+
2
3 0 3
4
2 1
4
1
= + 1 1 + (8 4 4)
4
1 1
= +
4 4
1
=
square units
2
8 a y = x3 and y = x2
1
1 1
4
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
For 1 x 0, f(x) = x3 and g(x) = x

f(x) g(x) = x3 x
For 0 x 1, f(x) = x and g(x) = x3
f(x) g(x) = x x3
A=
1 ( x
x ) dx + ( x x 3 ) dx
0
x4 x2
x2 x4
= +
2 1 2
4 0
4
1 1
1 1
= 0 + 0
4
2
2 4

1 1
= +
4 4
1
=
square units
2
b y = 3x2 and y = x3 + 2x
3x2 = x3 + 2x
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
Area bounded by curves =

For [1, 0],
f(x) g(x) = x2 x3
For [0, 1],
f(x) g(x) = x2 x3
Area =
1 ( x
x 3 ) dx + ( x 2 x 3 ) d x
0
x3 x 4
x3 x 4
= +
4 1 3
4 0
3
1 1
1 1
= (0 0) + 0
3 4
3 4
= 0+
=
1 1
1 1
+ +
3 4
3 4
2
square units
3
Integration
MM12-9
265
f(x) g(x) = x2 2x + 1 (x2 + 2x + 1)

= x2 2 x + 1 x2 2 x 1
= 4x
For [0, 1], f(x) = (x + 1)2 and g(x) = (x 1)2
f(x) g(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 (x2 2x + 1)
= x2 + 2 x + 1 x2 + 2 x 1
`
= 4x
b y = sin(x) and y = cos(x)
Area = 4 x dx + 4 x dx
0
x=
02 (1) 2
12 02
=4
+ 4
2
2 2
2
1
= 4 0 + 4 0
2
2
=2+2
=4
d y = x3 5x and y = 6 2x2
Points of intersection
x3 5x = 6 2x2
x3 + 2x2 5x 6 = 0
x = 1 or 3 or 2
in [0, ]
4
Area bounded by curves
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
For
x2
x2
=4 +4
2 1
2 0
If sin x = cos(x)
tan x = 1
to , f(x) = sin(x), g(x) = cos(x)
Area = (sin( x ) cos( x)) dx

4
= [ cos( x) sin( x)]

4

= (cos() sin()) cos sin
4
4
1
1
= (1 0)
2
2
=1+
2
2
=1+
For 0 to
, f(x) = cos(x), g(x) = sin(x)
Area = 4 (cos( x ) sin( x)) dx

0
= [sin( x) + cos( x) ]04

sin + cos (sin(0) + cos(0))
4
4

For [0, 2], f(x) = 6 2x2 and g(x) = x3 5x

f(x) g(x) = 6 2x2 (x3 5x)
= 6 2x2 x3 + 5x
For [2, 3], f(x) = x3 5x and g(x) = 6 2x
f(x) g(x) = x3 5x (6 2x2)
= x3 5x 6 + 2x2
1
1
+
=
(0 + 1)
2
2
2
=
1
2
= [ f ( x ) g ( x)] dx
x4 5x2
2 x3 x 4 5 x 2
2 x3
+
= 6 x
6x +
+
3
4
2 0
2
3 2
2 +
x 3 + 5 x ) dx +
2 (x
5 x 6 + 2 x 2 ) dx
2 1
Sum of areas = 1 +
0 (6 2 x
2 1
= 2 2 square units
c y = (x 1)2 and y = (x + 1)2
2 23 24 5 22
= 6 2
+
3
4
2
34 5 32
2 33
63+
+
2
3
4
24 5 22
2 23

6 2 +
2
3
4
16
81 45
18 + 18
= 12 4 + 10 +
3
2
16
4 10 12 +
3
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
2
For [1, 0], f(x) = (x 1) and g(x) = (x + 1)
= 12
1
2
81 90
+ 22 + 9
4
3
3
4
266
MM12-9
Integration
2x = 0
x=0
2
2
9
+ 12
3
3
4
1
= 23
square units
12
1
e y=
and y = 4x
x
1
= 4x
x
1 = 4x2
1
x2 =
2
1
x=
2
= 12
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
x = [0, 1] f(x) = ex g(x) = ex

f(x) g(x) = ex ex
A=
0 (e
e x ) dx
1
e x
= e x
1 0
= e x + e x
0
= [(e1 + e1) (e0 + e0)]
= [(e + e1) (1 + 1)]
= e + e1 2
1.086 square units
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1
1 1
For , , f(x) =
and g(x) = 4x
x
4 2
1
f(x) g(x) =
4x
x
g y = 2 cos(x) and y = x
1
2
1
4 x dx +
x
By CAS calculator:
1
1
For ,1 , f(x) = 4x and g(x) =
x
2
1
f(x) g(x) = 4x
x
A=
2 cos(x) = x
at x =
12 4 x x dx
4 x2
4 x2 2
log e | x |
A = log e | x |
+
2
2
1
1
4
1 1
1 1
= log e log e + (2 loge(1))
2 2
4 8
1
1
log e
2
2
1
1
= loge 1
loge 1 + + (2 0)
2
8
2
4
1
1
log e
2
2
3
5
= 2 loge 1 loge 1 +
8
2
2
4
1
= 1 square units
8
f y = ex and y = ex
ex = ex
1
ex = x
e
e2x = 1 = e0

b
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
02 2cos( x) x 2 dx
02 2cos( x) x + 2 dx
x2 2
+ x
= 2sin( x)
2 2 0
02
2
= 2sin + 2sin(0) + 0
2
2
2
2
2
2

2 2
= 2
+
0
8
4
Integration
2
= 2 +
3.234 square units

h y = ex and y = ex
ex = ex
ex + ex = 0
2ex = 0
ex = 0
Solution for x does not exist.
10 y = x2, y =
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
A=
( e )] dx
+ e x ] dx
2 [e
2 [e
2 2e
dx
= 2 [e x ]12
= 2(e1 e2)
5.166 square units
9 y = ex and y = x
x
+ 3, x = 1 and x = 3.
2
x
x2 =
+3
2
2x2 = x + 6
2x2 x 6 = 0
(2x + 3)(x 2) = 0
3
x = or x = 2
2
A=
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
2
1 2 + 3 x
dx +
3 2
2 x
2 1
1
= 1 + 6 2 + 3
3 4
3
9
8
+ 9 9 1 6
4
3
11 1 1
1
= 4 2 + 2 4
3
12
4 3
5
1
=1
+2
12
12
1
= 3 square units
2
11 y = sin(2x) and y = cos(x)
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
3
1 ( e
x ) dx
3
x2
= e x
2 1
9
1
= e3 e1
2
2
= e3
9
1
e1 +
2
2
= e3 e 4
13.37 square units
3 dx
2
x2
x3 x 2
x3
3x
= + 3x +
3 1
4
4
3
2
Area bounded by the curves

A=
MM12-9
sin(2x) = cos(x)
sin(2x) cos(x) = 0
2 sin(x)cos(x) cos(x) = 0
cos(x)(2 sin(x) 1) = 0
cos(x) = 0 or 2 sin(x) = 1
3
1
x= ,
or sin(x) =
2 2
2
5
x= ,
6 6
Required solutions are
6
and
267
268
MM12-9
=
=
Integration
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
06 (cos( x) sin(2 x)) dx
2 (sin(2 x) cos( x)) dx

6
1
2
1
6
= sin( x) cos(2 x) + cos(2 x) sin( x)
2
0
2
1
1

= sin + cos 2 sin(0) + cos(0)

6
2
6
2
1

1

cos 2 + sin cos 2 + sin
2
2
2
2
6
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
= + 0 + 1 1 + 1 +
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + 1 +
2 4 2 2 4 2
1
1

4
4
1
square units
=
2
3
3
3
4
1 1
= 3
3 4
3
=
12
0.45 square units
13 y = ex and y = 3 2ex
ex = 3 2ex
ex + 2ex 3 = 0
2
ex + x 3 = 0
e
e2x + 2 3ex = 0
e2x 3ex + 2 = 0
Let y = ex : y2 3y + 2 = 0
(y 2)(y 1) = 0
y = 2 or y = 1
so ex =2 or ex = 1
x = loge(2) or ex = e0
x = 0.693 or x = 0
12 y = 3 sin(2x) and y = sin(2x)

3 sin(2x) = sin(2x)
2 sin(2x) =
sin(2x) =
2x =
x=
3
2
2
3
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
log e (2)
(3 (2e) x e x ) dx
log e (2)
2e x
ex
= 3 x
1
log e (2)
= 3x + 2e x e x
0
= 3 log e (2) + 2e log e (2) elog e (2) 0 + 2e0 e0

1
2 [0 + 2 1]
= 3 loge(2) + 2
2
= 3 loge(2) 2
06 (
3 2sin(2 x) sin(2 x)) dx
4 sin(2 x) (
6
6
0
1 2
x
4
x-intercepts at f(x) = 0
1
0 = 4 x2
4
0 = 16 x2
x2 = 16
x = 4 and 4
1
b g(x) = 3 x2
3
x-intercepts at g(x) = 0
1
0 = 3 x2
3
0 = 9 x2
x2 = 9
x = 3 and 3.
14 a f(x) = 4
3 sin(2 x)) dx
( 3 2sin(2 x)) dx +
4 (2sin(2 x)
3) dx
= x 3 + cos(2 x) 6 + cos(2 x) x 3 4
0
6

= 3 + cos cos(0)
3
6

3 cos
3
+ cos
2
4
3
6
1
3
1
= 3 + 1 0
+
+
3
2
4
2
6
6
Integration
c Cross-sectional area
A=
=
a x-intercepts of curve
4 f ( x ) dx 3 g ( x ) d x
4
4 4 4 x
0=4
3
1 2
dx 3 3 x dx
3
x = 400
= 20
x-intercepts x = 20 and 20
b Length of bridge
= |20| + 20
= 20 + 20
= 40 m
c Area of side of bridge
1 64
1
64
= 4 4 4 4
4 3
4
3
1 27
1 27
3 3 3 3
3
3
3 3
16
16
= 16 16 + [(9 3) (9 + 3)]
3
3

16
16
= 16 + 16 (6 + 6)
3
3
2
= 32 10 12
3
1 2
=9 m
3
A=
=
1
2
1

2
f ( x ) dx
20 5 dx 20 4 100 dx
20
x2
20
20
203
= 2[5 20 0] 2 4 20
(0)
300
17
g ( x ) dx
2 x 2 dx
2
a f ( x) dx a g ( x) dx
80
= 200 2 80
3
1
= 93 m2
3
d V = Area Width
1
= 93 9
3
= 840 m3
1
2x2 and g(x) = 2x2
2
1
2
1
x3
20
= 2 [5 x ]0 2 4 x
300 0
15
1
2
1
x2
100
x2
=4
100
1 x3
1 x3
= 4 x 3 x
4 3
3 3 3
f(x) = 2
MM12-9
1
2 2 x2
1
dx
5 x 2 x3 2
2 x3 2
=

3 1
3 1
2
2
2 1 3 2 1 3
5 1 5 1
= +
3 2 3 2
4 12 4 12
1
5 1 5 1 1
= + +
4 12 4 12 12 12
1
4
=2
2
12
1
=2
6
1
Area = 2 m2
6
16
x
For f(x) = 5 sin
30
Amplitude = 5
2
30
= 2
= 60
Period =
30
So length of tunnel =
1
60 = 30 m
2
a Area of entrance
30
30
f ( x ) dx
30
0
g ( x ) dx
30
x
5 dx 5sin
dx
0
30
30
= [5 x ]30 5 1 cos x
0
30
30
0
30
150
x
= 150
cos
30 0
269
MM12-9
270
Integration
150
30 150
= 150
cos
cos(0)

30
150
150
= 150
1
1
150 150
= 150
+

300 2
m
= 150
V=
200(150 300)
m3
Exercise 9I Average value of a function

1 a y = x3 x, x [1, 3]
b
1
yav =
f ( x) dx
a
ba
1 3 3
x x dx
3 1 1
1 x4 x2

2 4
2 1
=
=
=
1 34 32 1 1

2 4 2 4 2
1 81 9 1 1

2 4 2 4 2
1 80 8

2 4 2
1
16
2
yav = 8

b y = sin(x), x 0,
6
=
=
=
=
06 sin( x) dx
[ cos( x)]06
6

cos ( cos(0))
6
6
3

(1)
6
3
1
62 3
=
2
yav =
3(2 3)
3
1 2x 2
=
3 3
1 2 42
=
3 3
2
3

1 16 2

3 3 3
1 14
3 3
14
yav =
9
=
d y = e3x, x [0, 2]
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
2 3x
1
=
e dx
0
20
2
1 e3 x

2 3 0
1 e6 e 0

2 3 3
1 e6 1
2
3
yav =
yav =
1 4 2
x dx
3 1
4
b Volume of concrete
V = Area Length
(150 300)
V=
200
30 000 60 000
x , x [1, 4]
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
1 4
=
x dx
4 1 1
V=
c y=
e6 1
6
2 a y = x ln (x), x [2, 5]
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
a
ba
5
1
=
x ln( x) dx
5 2 2
1 5
= x ln( x) dx
3 2

The average value of y = ln(x) for the interval [2, 5] is
1
(50ln(5) 8ln(2) 21)
12

b y = tan (2x), x 0,
6
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
yav =
06 tan(2 x) dx
06 tan(2 x) dx
Integration
6 tan(2 x ) dx
0

The average value of y = tan(2x) for the interval [0,
] is
3ln(2)
c y = xex, x [0, 4]
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
a
ba
4
1
=
xe x dx
4 0 0
1 4
= xe x dx
4 0
1 4 x
xe dx
4 0
The average value of y = xex for the interval [0, 4] is
1 4
(3e + 1)
4

5 y = sin(2x) for x 0,
4
1 b
yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
=
2 x
Exercise 9J Further applications of integration

1 f(x) = (2 x)2
f(x) = f ( x) dx
= (2 x) 2 dx
(2 x)3
+c
1 3
1
f(x) =
(2 x)3 + c
3
4
f(x) = , x = 0
3
4
1 3
=
(2) + c
3
3
4
8
=
+c
3
3
4 8
c = +
3 3
c =4
1
So f(x) = (2 x)3 + 4
3
f(x) =
e 2 x
=
2 1
e0 e2
=
2
e2 1
2 2
1
yav = (e2 1)
2
1
b e2x = (e2 1)
2
=
1 e2 1
x = ln
2 2
4 1
1
cos cos ( 0 )
2 2
1
0+
2
4 1
=
2
2
yav =
=
dx
e2 1
2x = ln
The average value of y = x x + 1 for the interval [1, 7] is
04 sin(2 x) dx
4 1
4
= cos ( 2 x )
2
0
b
1
f ( x ) dx
b a a
7
1
=
x x + 1 dx
1
7 1
1 7
= x x + 1 dx
6 1
1 7
x x + 1 dx
6 1
1 e
1
4
yav =
271
4 f(x) = loge(2x + 1) for x [0, 4]

b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
a
ba
4
1
=
log e (2 x + 1) dx
0
40
1 4
= ln(2 x + 1) dx
4 0
1 4
ln(2 x + 1) dx
4 0
The average value of f(x) = loge(2x + 1) for the interval
(9ln(3) 4)
C
[0, 4] is
4
d y = x x + 1, x [1, 7]
302 2
45
3 y = e2x for x [1, 0]
b
1
a yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
0 2 x
1
e dx
=
0 (1) 1
MM12-9
dy
= 1 4 cos(2x)
dx
dy
y=
dx
dx
y = (1 4cos(2 x)) dx
272
MM12-9
Integration
1
y = x 4 sin(2 x) + c
2
y = x 2 sin(2x) + c
y = 2 when x = 0
2 = 0 2x sin 0 + c
c =2
So y = x 2 sin(2x) + 2
If x =
y =
12
12
2 sin 2 + 2
12

2 sin + 2
6
1
+2
2
=
2
12
=
=
3
12
12
+1
dy
= 0.03(x + 1)2 + 0.03
dx
a When x = 0, y = 0
b
dy
y =
dx
y =
(0.03( x + 1)
dx
2
+ 0.03) dx
0.03 ( x + 1)3
+ 0.03x + c
3
y = 0.01(x + 1)3 + 0.03x + c
y = 0 when x = 0
0 = 0.01 (1)3 + 0.03 0 + c
0 = 0.01 + c
c = 0.01
So y = 0.01(x + 1)3 + 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01(x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1) + 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01x3 0.03x2 0.03x 0.01 + 0.03x + 0.01
= 0.01x3 0.03x2
c Maximum deflection occurs when person is at the end of
the board. That is, when x 3.
So y = 0.01x3 0.03x2
x 3, y 0.01 33 0.03 32
= 0.27 0.27
= 0.54
The maximum deflection is 54 cm.
y =
c n = 100
C = 40 100 200 e0.01 100 + 200
= 4000 200 e1 + 200
= 4000 543.66 + 200
= 4200 543.66
= 3656.34
Cost of producing first 100 items is $3656.34
d i Average cost for the first 100 items.
If n = 0, C = 40 0 200e0 + 200
=0
If n = 100, C = 3656.34
3656.34 0
So average cost for the first 100 items =
100 0
= $36.56
ii Average cost of the second 100 items.
Substitute n = 200 into C.
C = 40 200 200 e0.01 200 + 200
= 8000 1477.81 + 200
= 6722.19
So average cost of the second 100 items is
6722.19 3656.34
= $30.66
100
dx
5
= t(16 t)
dt
a Velocity =
dx
dt
i t =0
v = t(16 t)
= 0(16 0)
= 0 m/s
ii t = 4
v = 4 (16 4)
= 48 m/s
b i Maximum velocity occurs when
v = 16t t2
dv
= 16 2t
dt
= 0 if t = 8
ii Maximum velocity = 16 8 82
= 128 64
c = 64 m/s
dC
= 40 2e0.01w
dn
a n = 100
dC
= 40 2e0.01 100
dn
= 40 2e1
= 40 2e
= $34.56.
b C=
dC
dn
dn
(40 2e
0.01n
) dn
1
e0.01n + c
100
= 40n 200e0.01n + c
C = 0 when n = 0
0 = 0 200e0 + c
0 = 200 + c
c = 200
So C = 40n 200e0.01n + 200
= 40n 2
d Area under graph

= 10 dx dt
0 dt
10
10
t (16 t ) dt
(16t t 2 ) dt
dv
= 0.
dt
Integration
10
16t 2 t 3

=
3 0
2
10
t3
= 8t 2
3 0
103
03
2
= 8 102
8 0
3
3
1000
= 800
[ 0]
3
2
= 466 m
3
2
e The distance of 466 m represents the distance travelled
3
in 10 seconds.
dv
t
6
= 5 + cos
dt
40
a In the 40th minute:
dv
40
= 5 + cos
dt
40
= 5 + cos ()
=5+1
=4L
dv
b V=
dt
dt
t
V = 5 + cos dt
40
1
t
sin + c
V = 5t +
40
40
40
t
V = 5t + sin + c

40
V = 0 when t = 0
40
sin(0) + c
0=0+
dv
t
= 10 + cos
dt
2
a
b Time for which the rate is above 10.5 L/h.

dv
> 10.5
Let
dt
dv
Solve
= 10.5
dt
t
Firstly 10 + cos = 10.5
2
t
cos = 10.5 10
2
t
cos = 0.5
2
40
t
V = 5t + sin

40
c Volume pumped out in 40 minutes.
40
40
At t = 40, V = 5 40 + sin

40
40
= 200 +
sin()
= cos1(0.5)
2
t
5 7 11
= ,
,
,
2
3 3
3
3
t
5
If
=
or
3
2
3
2
5
2
t=
or
3
10
2
t=
hours or t =
hours
3
3
2
2
So t is 0 to hours; 2 to 4 hours and so on.
3
3
There are 3 periods of time involved which contains 6
2
lots of hours for which the rate is above 10.5 L/h.
3
2
= 6 hr
3
= 4 hours
= 200 +
= 200 L
d Average rate of water pumped out in first hour:
40
t
V = 5t + sin

40
At t = 0, V = 0
40
60
sin
At t = 60, V = 5 60 +
40
= 300 + 12.7324
= 287.2676
287.2676 0
Average rate =
60 0
= 4.788
Average rate water is pumped in the first hour is
4.79 L/minute
273
40
t
V = 5t + sin

40
40
t
sin
1600 = 5t +
t
40
Solve for point of intersection between y1 =1600 and
40
t
y2 = 5t +
sin on a CAS graphics calculator
t
40
t = 320
So t = 5 h 20 min.
0=0+c
c=0
40
MM12-9
dV
t
= 10 + cos
2
dt
MM12-9
274
Integration
t
V = 10 + cos dt
2
1
t
V = 10t + sin + c
2
2
2
t
V = 10t +
sin + c
2
But v = 0 when t = 0.
2
sin(0) + c
So 0 = 10 0 +
= 750 m2
Volume = cross-sect. area length
= 750 75
= 56 250 m3
b Number of air conditioners
56 250
=
11250
=5
9
c=0
t
sin
2
i Volume of water flowed into system between 8 am
and 2 pm,
that is, t = 6
2
6
sin
V = 10 6 +
2
2
V = 60 +
sin(3)
V = 10t +
V = 60 +
V = 60 Litres
ii Volume of water flowed into system between 3 pm
and 8 pm. At 3 pm t = 7
2
7
sin
V = 10 7 +
2
2
V = 70 +
1
V = 70
V = 69.363 Litres
At 8 pm t = 12
2
12
sin
V = 10 12 +
2
2
sin(6)
V = 120 +
A = 2 1.5
1.5
0
2
x 2 dx
(1.5)2
1.5
= 2 1.5
x3
2

2
(1.5)
3 0
= 2 1.5
2
(1.5)3
3
(1.5)2
2
1.5
3
2
= 1.5 2
3
4
= 1.5
3
= 2 m2
But channel is half full so area = 1 m2.
When half full, let coordinates on the curve be (x, y).
Find y.
Area = area of rectangle(x, y) Area under curve.
x
2
x 2 dx
Area = xy
0 (1.5) 2
= 2 1.5
V = 120 +
Equations y = ax2
x = 1.5 when y = 2
2 = a (1.5)2
2
a=
(1.5) 2
V = 120 Litres
Difference = 120 69.363
= 50.6 Litres
8 f(x) = 20 0.024x2
2 x3
Area = xy

(1.5)2 3 0
Area = xy
Now y =
2
x3
2
3
(1.5)
2
x2 and area = 1.
(1.5) 2
Find x.
a Cross-sectional area
1=
2
2
x3
x2 x
2
2
3
(1.5)
(1.5)
1=
2
2
x3
3
x
(1.5) 2
(1.5)2 3
1=
4 x3
3 (1.5) 2
x3 =
1 3 (1.5) 2
4
25
= 2 (20 0.024 x 2 ) dx
0
25
0.024 x3
= 2 20 x
3 0
= 2[(20 25 0.008 253) 0]

= 2[500 125]
= 2 375
Integration
b Area of shaded region

= 10 7 Area under curve
4 3
= 10 7 2 x 2 + 6 dx
0
8
3 (1.5) 2
4
x = 1.19 m
x=
So substituting into y =
MM12-9
2
x2
(1.5) 2
3 x3
= 70 2 + 6 x
8
3
To find y, we have:
2
(1.19)2
y=
(1.5) 2
= 70 2 x3 + 6 x
8
0
1.19
=
2
1.5
= 1.26
It is 1.26 m tall when half full.
10 y = x3
12
1

= 70 2 43 + 6 4 0
8

= 70 2[ 8 + 24]
= 70 2 16
= 70 32
= 38 m2
c Volume of concrete
= Cross-sectional area width
= 38 10
= 380 m3
Let P have coordinates (a, a3).

Area under curve
=
a 3
0 x
dx
a
x4
=
4 0
a
1
= x 4
0
4
1 4
(a 0)
4
1
= a4
4
Area of rectangle
= a a3
= a4
So area under curve is
1
of the area of the rectangle.
4
11
a To find the coordinates of B

f(x) = g(x)
ex 1 = 2ex + 2
2
ex 1 = x + 2
e
e2x ex = 2 + 2ex
e2x ex 2ex + 2 = 0
e2x 3ex + 2 = 0
Let y = ex
y2 3y + 2 = 0
(y 2)(y 1) = 0
y = 2 or y = 1
ex = 2 or ex = 1
x = loge(2) or x = loge(1)
x = loge(2) or x = 0
x-coordinate of B is loge(2)
Substitute into f(x) = ex 1
(2)
y = elog e 1
y=21
y=1
So, coordinates of B are (loge(2), 1)
b Area bounded by curves
a Let equation of parabola be of the form:

y = ax2 + c
c=6
y = ax2 + 6
At x = 4, y = 0 0 = a 16 + 6
16a = 6
6
a=
16
3
a=
8
3
y = x2 + 6
8
a [ g ( x) f ( x)] dx
log e (2)
[(2e x + 2) (e x 1)] dx
log e (2)
(2e x + 2 e x + 1) dx
log e (2)
(2e x e x + 3) dx
log e (2)
2e x
e x + 3x
=
1
e (2)
= [2e x e x + 3x] log
0
275
276
MM12-9
Integration
4
x
sin
+1
4
c .y = ? when x = 6
4
4
6
y=
sin
+1
4
4
4
3
=
sin + 1
2
4
4
=
1+1
=
eloge (2) + 3log e (2) [2e0 e0 + 3 0]
log
(2)
e
= (1 2 + 3loge(2)) (2 1 + 0)
= 1 + 3loge(2) 1
= 2 + 3loge(2)
= 3loge(2) 2
c Sum of areas under f(x) and g(x)
Sum =
log e (2)
(e x 1) dx +
log e (2)
So y =
(2e x + 2) dx
e (2)
e (2)
= [e x x]log
+ [2e x + 2 x]log
0
0
= [2 loge(2) 1] + [1 + 2loge(2) 2]
= 1 loge(2) + 1 + 2loge(2) 2
= loge(2)
Coordinates of B are (loge(2), 1)
So area of rectangle OABC
= loge(2) 1
= loge(2)
Hence sum of the areas under f(x) and g(x) from x = 0 to
x = loge(2) is equal to the area of rectangle OABC.
Chapter review
Short answer
(3 x3 2 x 2 )
x
2
= 3x 2 x 2
1 f (x) =
f(x) =
(3x

0 = cos + k
2
0=0+k
k=0
dy
x
b
= cos
dx
4
y =
y =
At x = 2,
4
1 =
1 =
x
dx
4
x
sin
+c
4
y=1
4
sin + c

cos
c =1
=
=
3x
2x
+c
3
2
3
2
f(x) = x x + c
But f(x) = 3, x = 1
3 = 13 12 + c
c = 3
f(x) = x3 x2 3
dy
x
2
= cos
+k
dx
4
a Stationary point at (2, 1)
dy
= 0 at x = 2
dx
2
0 = cos
+k
4
f(x) =
1+c
4
+1
3 y = sin (x2 + 2x)

Let u = x2 + 2x
du
= 2x + 2
dx
y = sin(u)
dy
= cos(u)
du
dy
dy
du
=
dx
du
dx
= cos(u) 2(x + 1)
= cos(x2 + 2x) 2(x + 1)
= 2(x + 1) cos(x2 + 2x)
= ( x + 1)cos( x 2 + 2 x) dx
2 x) dx
y=
= [(elog e (2) log e (2)) (e0 0)] + [(2e log e (2) + 2log e (2))
(2e0 + 2 0)]
=
4 a
1
2( x + 1)cos( x 2 + 2 x) dx
2
1 dy
1
dx = y dx
2 dx
2
1
sin(x2 + 2x)
2
f (x) = 2ex + k
Stationary point at (0, 3)
f (x) = 0 when x = 0
0 = 2e0 + k
0 =2+k
k =2
f(x) = f ( x) dx
= (2e x 2) dx
= 2ex 2x + c
At (0, 3)
3 = 2e0 0 + c
3=2+c
c=1
f(x) = 2ex 2x + 1
5
1 ( f ( x) g ( x)) dx
=
1 ( x e
+ 4) dx
2
x2
= ex + 4x
2
1
= (2 e2 + 8) e1 + 4
2
1
= 10 e2 4 + e1
2
1
2
= 5 e + e1 square units
2
0
9
dx
6 a
1 (2 x + 3) 4
Integration
b Area under graphs x = 3 to x = 6

6 1
=
dx
3 x2
= 9 (2 x + 3) 4 dx
1
(2 x + 3) 3
= 9
3 2 1
9
[(2 x + 3) 3 ]01
6
3
= [(2 x + 3)3 ]01
2
3
= [(33 ) (1) 3 ]
2
MM12-9
= [log e ( x 2)]36
= [log e (6 2) log e (3 2)]
= loge4 loge1
= loge4 0
= loge4
9 g(x) = (4 x)(6 + x)
g(x) = 0
x = 4 or x = 6
3 1
1
2 27
3
26
2
27
13
4
=
or 1
9
9
2
3
cos(2 x ) dx
g(x) = (4 x)(6 + x)
= 24 + 4x 6x x2
= 24 2x x2
1
3
= sin(2 x)
2
2
1
[sin(2 x)] 3
1 4
= sin
2 3
= Area g ( x) dx
2
sin
43
(6)3
= 24 4 42 (24 6) (6) 2
3
3
64
216
= 96 16 144 36 +
3
3

2
= 58 (108)
3
2
= 166 square units
3
3
=
2
k
= 2
k
4 x2
Now
5 x = 2
2
[2 x
5 x]0k
) dx
4
1 3
3
2 2
2
0 (4 x 5) dx
2 x 2 x3
= 24 x

2
3 6
1 2 3
=
2 2
6 (24 2 x x
10
= 2
[2k 5k ] (0) = 2
2k2 5k + 2 = 0
(2k 1)(k 2) = 0
1
k=
or 2
2
1
8 f(x) =
x2
a Vertical asymptote:
x =2
Area =
02 [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
f (x) = 2cos(x) and g(x) = x
02 [2cos( x) ( x)] dx
x2 2
= 2sin( x) +
2 0
02
1
= 2sin + 2sin(0) +
0
2 2 2
277
278
MM12-9
=21+
2
4
Integration
1
2
2
= 2 +
square units
8
11
(5 x 4)
dx
(5 x 4)5
+c
55
1
(5x 4)5 + c
=
25
The answer is E.
3 2(3 x + 4) 4 dx
=
(3 x + 4) 3
3 3
2
= (3x + 4)3
9
The answer is C.
6e3 x
4
dx
3
= 2
Area 1 f(1) + 1 f(2) + 1 f(3)

1 2 + 1 5 + 1 10
2 + 5 + 10
17 square units
12 a For y-intercept, x = 0
f(0) = e0 + 1
f(0) = 1+1
f(0) = 2
(0, 2)
x
f(x) = e 2 + 1
x
1 2
e
2
1
f (0) = e0
2
1
=
2
mN = 2
Equation of normal at (0, 2):
y y1 = mN(x x1)
y 2 = 2(x 0)
y = 2x + 2
b x-intercept, y = 0
0 = 2x + 2
2x = 2
x =1
f (x) =
Shaded area =
=
x
1
e2
0
e 2 + 1 ( 2 x + 2) dx
+ 2 x 1 dx
= 2e 2 + x 2 x
0
1
= 2e 2 + 1 1 (2e0 + 0 0)
= 2e 2 2 square units
Multiple choice
1
1 4 x3
dx
1 x
4 x4 1
loge|1 x| + c
4
1
= x4 + loge|1 x| + c
The answer is B.
=
6e3 x
+c
3
= 2e3x + c
The answer is A.
=
cos 3 3sin(3x) dx
1
x
cos(3x) + c
= 3 sin 3
3
3

x
= 3 sin + cos(3x) + c
3
The answer is D.
6 ( x3 + sin(4 x) + e 4 x ) dx
x4 1
1
cos(4 x) + e4 x
4 4
4
1 4
= ( x cos(4 x) + e4 x )
4
The answer is E.
7 f (x) = ex + k
Stationary point (0, 3)
f (x) = 0, x = 0
0 = e0 + k
0=1+k
K = 1
f (x) = ex 1
Now f(x) = (e x 1) dx
=
f(x) = ex x + c
f(x) = 3, x = 0
3 = e0 0 + c
3=1+c
c=2
So, f(x) = ex x + 2
The answer is C.
8 y = (x x2)8
dy
= 8(1 2x)(x x2)7
dx
24(1 2 x)( x x ) dx
= 3 8(1 2 x)( x x 2 )7 dx
2 7
So
= 3
dy
dx
dx
= 3 dy
= 3y
= 3(x x2)8
The answer is B.
Integration
9 y = e x +3x
3
dy
= 3(x 2 + 1) e x + 3 x
dx
(x
+ 1)e x
+3x
3 x2
= 2 x 2
2
0
3
3
2
2
4
= 2 4 2 2 0 2 0
2
2
= [(16 8) (0 0)]
=8
The answer is B.
dx
3
1
3( x 2 + 1)e x + 3 x dx
3
1 dy
=
dx
3 dx
1
= dy
3
1
= y+c
3
1 x3 + 3 x
= e
+c
3
The answer is D.
10 y = loge(5 x2)
2 x
dy
=
dx
(5 x 2 )
5 x2
15
2 (4e
2x
2e2 x ) dx
2
2 x
2x
= 4e 2 e
2 2
2
2x
2 x 2
= [2e + e ]2
= [(2e 4 + e4 ) (2e4 + e4 )]
= 2e4 + e4 2e4 e4
= e4 e4
The answer is E.
x
16 2cos dx
0
3
dx
1 2 x
=
dx
2 5 x2
1 dy
=
dx
2 dx
= 1 dy
2
1
= y+c
2
1
= log (5 x2) + c
2
The answer is A.
1
1
1
1
11 Area = 3
+4
+6
+9
2
2
2
2
1
1
= 1 +2+3+ 4
2
2
= 11 square units
The answer is C.
12 Area = 8 1 + 6 1 + 5 1 + 4 1
=8+6+5+4
= 23
The answer is C.
n
1
x
= 2 sin

1
3
x
= 6sin
3 0

0
= 6 sin sin
3
= 6
0
2
= 3 3
The answer is C.
17
( xi x) = 0 x dx
x 0
i =1
13 lim
2
= x
2 0
2
= 4 0
2
=8
14
0 (3
x x ) dx
4
= 3 x 2 x dx
0
3x 2 x2
=

3
2
2
0
2 3 x2
= 3 x 2
2
3
0
Shaded area =
2 ( x 2)
( x 2) 4
=
4 2
1
[( x 2)4 ]42
4
1
= [(4 2) 4 (2 2) 4 ]
4
1
= [24 04 ]
4
1
= 16
4
=4
The answer is D.
dx
MM12-9
279
280
MM12-9
Integration
20 f(x) = e x 1
18
Shaded area = (1 3x 2 ) dx
The answer is C.
= 2 (1 3x ) dx
2
Area =
0 (e
1) dx
= [e x x]02
= 2 (1 + 3 x 2 ) dx
0
= [(e2 2) (e0 0)]

= [e2 2 (1 0)]
= e2 3
The answer is E.
3 2
3x
= 2 x +
3 0
= 2[ x + x3 ]02
= 2[(2 + 8) (0 + 0)]
= 20 square units
The answer is A.
22
19
x-intercepts
x = 0, 2, 3
Area =
2 y d x 0 y dx
y = x(x + 2)(x 3)
y = x3 x2 6x
A=
2 ( x
x 2 6 x ) dx ( x 3 x 2 6 x ) d x
0
x 4 x3 6 x 2
x 4 x3 6 x 2
=

3
2 2 4
3
2 0
4
0
x 4 x3
x 4 x3
= 3x 2 3x 2
4
3
4
3
2
0
(2)4 (2)3
3 (2) 2
= (0 0 0)
4
3
34 33
3 32 (0 0 0)
4 3
= 0 4 + 12
3

81 27

4 3 27 0

3
1
= 5 15
4
3
1
3
= 5 + 15
3
4
1
= 21
12
The answer is B.
Intersection: e2 1 = ex 1
x=2
Area = total area under graph
= 2(e2 1) (e2 3)
= 2e2 2 e2 + 3
= e2 + 1
The answer is D.
23 y = x2(1)
y = 2x + 3(2)
(1) = (2) x2 = 2x + 3
x 2 2x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
The answer is B.
24 Area bounded by curves
Area =
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
3
1 (2 x + 3 x
) dx
3
2 x2
x3
=
+ 3x
3 1
2
= (9 + 9 9) 1 3 +
3
= 9 1
3
2
= 10
3
The answer is A.

25 y = cos(2 x) for x 0,
4
b
1
yav =
f ( x ) dx
b a a
Integration
04 cos(2 x) dx
=
=
=
=
4 1
4
sin(2 x)
2
0
4 1 1
sin sin(0)
2 2
2
41
2
4
yav =
B
1
2
2
Extended response
dC
1
= 75t2 + 50t + 800
dt
a Initial maintenance cost
t=0 C=0
b C as a function of t
dC
C=
dt
dt
C = (75t 2 + 50t + 800) dt

75t 3 50t 2
+
+ 800t + c
3
2
= 25t3 + 25t2 + 800t + c
C = 0, t = 0, c = 0
C = 25t3 + 25t2 + 800t
c t=5
C = 25 53 + 25 52 + 800 5
C = 3125 + 625 + 4000
C = 7750
Total maintenance cost for 5 years is $7750.
d Total maintenance cost 3 to 5 years
= [25 53 + 25 52 + 800 5] [25 33 + 25 32 +
800 3]
= 7750 3300
= $4450
e Maintenance cost for the second year
At t = 2, C = 25 23 + 25 22 + 800 2
C = 200 + 100 + 1600
C = $1900
At t = 1, C = 25 13 + 25 12 + 800 1
C = 25 + 25 + 800
C = $850
So cost for the second year
= 1900 850
= $1050
=
5
dT
t
=
cos
12
dt
12
5
t
a T = cos dt
12
12
12
t
sin + c

12
t

T = 5 sin + c
12
T = 10 when t = 0
10 = 5 sin (0) + c
10 = 0 + c
T=
5
12
MM12-9
281
c = 10
t
So T = 5 sin + 10
12
b T = 17 t = ?
t
17 = 10 5 sin
12
t
17 10 = 5 sin
12
t
5 sin = 7
12
t
sin = 1.4
12
This is not possible to find as sine has a minimum of 1.
So t does not reach 17C during the day.
c For maximum temperature
dT
=0
dt
5
t
cos
0=
12
12
t
cos = 0
12
t
= cos1(0)
12
t 3
= ,
12
2 2
12 3
12
t=
2
2
t = 6, 18
At t = 6, which is 6 am,
6
T = 10 5 sin
12
T = 10 5 1
T = 5 (Minimum)
At t = 18, which is 6 pm,
18
T = 10 5 sin
12
3
T = 10 5 sin
2
T = 10 5 1
T = 10 + 5
T = 15C (Maximum)
Maximum temperature is 15C at 6 pm.
d So minimum temperature is 5C at 6 am.
e i Temperature at 2 am, t = 2
t
T = 10 5 sin
12
2
= 10 5 sin
12

= 10 5 sin
6
1
= 10 5
2
= 10 2.5
= 7.5C
5
= 10 5
4
ii Temperature at 3 pm, t = 15
15
= 10 5 sin
12
MM12-9
282
Integration
5
= 10 5 sin
A=
2
2
= 10 + 5
x
2
1
2 dx
x
+
e
+
e
e
4
0 e
x
2 x2
= + ex + 4e 1 x 2e 2
e 2
0
= 13.536
13.5C
f t = ? T = 14.33C
t
14.33 = 10 5 sin
12
t
5 sin = 10 14.33
12
= 4.33
4.33
t
sin =
5
12
2 4
= + 2e + 8e 1 2e
e 2
(0 + 0 + 0 2e0)
= 4e1 + 2e + 8e1 2e + 2
= 2 + 4e1 square units
4 a Derivative of x loge(x)
Let y = x loge(x)
dy
1
= x + loge(x) 1
x
dx
dy
= 1 + loge(x)
dx
t
sin = 0.866
12
t
So
= sin1 (0.866)
12
t
4 5
=
;
,
12
3
3
4
12 5
12
t=
3
3
t = 16, 20,
First time is t = 16, this is, 4 pm.
a Coordinate of A:
At x = 2, y = e
So A is (2, e).
b Equation of normal at A:
x
e2
y=
x
dy = 1 2
e
dx
2
e
dy
1
= e, so gradient of tangent is .
At x = 2,
2
dx
2
2
Therefore the gradient of normal is .
e
Equation of straight line through (2, e) with gradient
2
:
e
loge ( x) dx
= (1 + 1) + log e ( x) dx
= 1 + (1 + log e ( x) dx
dy
1 dx + dx
1 dx + dy
dx
= x + y
= x + x loge(x)
= x loge(x) x
Find y when x = e2.

y = loge(e2)
y = 2 loge(e)
y = 2 1
y = 2
So height of platform
= |2| + 1
=3m
d Consider the area of a rectangle of height 3 and width e.
Also consider translating f(x) = loge(x) two units upwards.
2
(x 2)
e
2x 4
y= + +e
e e
ye=
c When x = 0,
y=
4
+ e B(0, e + 4e1)
e
d When x = 0,
y = e0
=1
C = (0, 1)
e Shaded area =
A = 3e 2 (2 + log e ( x )) dx
e
= 3e 2 [1 + (1 + log e ( x))] dx
a [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx
2x
f(x) = + e + 4e1 and g ( x) = e 2
e
= 3e [ x + x log e (x)] ee2

= 3e [(e + e log(ee )) (e2 + e2 log e (e2 ))]
Integration
= 3e [(e + e) (e 2 2e2 )]
= 3e 2e + (e2)
= e e2 m2
e Volume = 20 Area of crosssection
= 20(e e2) m3
51.66 m3
5 a The outside of the pipe occurs when x = 8 cm.
dT
Substitute x = 8 cm into
dx
= ( x + 1)e x + e x
= xe x
dx = ( x + 1)e x + c
Area required =
dx = 10 xe x dx
1
= 20e1 (2e 4 1) sq. units

2 a
10
2
2
2
1 10 xe
= 10(6e 5 2e1 )
20
dx
x
T = 20 x
1
2
4x
=
dT
= 5 2 C/cm
dx
b Antidifferentiate the rate to obtain a general rule for T in
terms of x.
20
dT
=
dx
x
2cos( x) + e x dx
4 x4
2sin( x) + e x
4
= x4 2 sin x + ex
1
b y=
x +
3
3
= x2 + .
x
x
3
x2
+ 3log e x
So y dx =
3
2
2x x
+ 3log e x
3
There is no need to add a constant because the question asked
for an antiderivative, so c = 0 provides a suitable case.
=
dx
20 x 2
T =
+c
1
2
3 AP =
T = 40 x + c
Initial conditions of x = 4 cm and T = 100C.
100 = 40 4 + c
100 = 40 2 + c
100 = 80 + c
c = 180
( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 )2
( x 0) 2 + ( y 2) 2
x 2 + ( x 2 2) 2
x 4 3x 2 + 4
Let AP =
= 180 40 x
u where u = x4 3x2 + 4
a AP is a minimum when
c i T = 40 x + 180
T = 40 6 + 180
= 82.02C
ii x = 8 cm
d( AP ) du
=0
du dx
4 x3 6 x
= 66.86C
2 x 4 3x 2 + 4
Exam practice 3
4x3 6x = 0
x=0
or
or
x=0
Short answer
x
1 f(x): R R where f(x) = 10x e

a Create a table of values from graph
f(x)
3.4
2.7
1.5
0.7
0.3
Total
d( AP )
=0
dx
1
(4 x3 6 x) = 0
2 u
T = 40 8 + 180
x
1
2
3
4
5
20
8
T =
xe
c So
= 10[( x + 1)e x ]15
20
=
2 2
283
b y = (x + 1) ex
Let y = uv where u = x + 1 and v = ex
dy
dv
du
= u +v
dx
dx
dx
dT
20
=
dx
x
MM12-9
Area
3.4
2.7
1.5
0.7
8.3
x=0
x=
or
=0
4x2 6 = 0
4x2 = 6
3
x2 =
2
3
2
x = 0 corresponds to a local maximum. The coordinates of P

3 3
3 3
are
, and , .
2
2
2 2
284
MM12-9
Integration
2
sq. units
3
1
Area under tangent =
base height
2
1
= 1 4
2
=2
2 1
So shaded area = 2 1 = sq. units
3 3
x 2 + ( x 2 2) 2
b AP =
=1
2
2
3 3
+
2 2 2
3 3
+ 2
2 2
3 1
+
2 2
3 1
+
2 4
7
4
7
2
Multiple choice
1 Area =
a ( g ( x) f ( x)) dx. This is not one of the options so
look for an equivalent form. If we reverse the limits we

change the sign of the integral so
b
a ( g ( x) f ( x)) dx = b ( g ( x) f ( x)) dx
a
= ( g ( x ) f ( x)) dx
x
4 y = a cos
3
Area =
3 =
x
a cos dx
3
b ( f ( x) g ( x)) dx
The answer is A
2 y = 3sin 2 x + over the interval [0, ]

3
3
b
1
yav =
f ( x) dx
b a a
0 a cos 3 dx
x
3 = 3a sin
3 0

3 = 3a sin 3a sin(0)
3
3a 3 = 6
2
So a =
3
5 Rate of change of volume of water in spa: dV = 30.

dt
Rate of change of depth: dx = dV dx so we need to find
dt dt dv
dx
.
dV
Since V = 250 loge(x).
dV
250
dx
x
=
, so
=
dt
dV
x
250
dx
x
dV dx
=
= 30
dt dv
250
dt
3x
=
25
= 0.12x cm/min
6 f : R R, f(x) = (x 1)(5 x)
a f(x) = x2 + 6x 5. Gradient of tangent: f (x) = 2x + 6.
f (1) = 4, so mT = 4
Equation to tangent is y = 4x + c.
Substituting (1, 0) 0 = 4 + c so c = 4
y = 4x 4
b Area under parabola =
f ( x)dx = x + 3x 2 5 x
3
1
8
1
+ 12 10 ( + 3 5)
3
3
7
= +4
3
3a 3
=3
2
03 3sin 2 x + 3 dx
03 3sin 2 x + 3 dx
Using CAS:
27
yav =
4
The answer is E.
3
f ( x ) dx = 5
2 (3 f ( x) 1) dx = 1 (3 f ( x) 1) dx
2
= 3 f ( x) + 1 dx
1
= 3 5 + [ x]12
= 15 + 1
= 14
The answer is B.
4 The best option is B, as the second graph is a reflection of the
first graph in the line y = x. Therefore, y = f 1(x)
The answer is B.
5 f(x) = (2x + 1)2 and f(0) = 1
f(x) = (2 x + 1) 2 dx .
=
=
f(0) =
1=
c=
(2 x + 1)3
+c
23
(2 x + 1)3
+c
6
1
+c.
6
1
+c
6
5
6
Integration
(2 x + 1)3 5
+
6
6
1
= ((2 x + 1)3 + 5)
6
The answer is C.
So f(x) =
Extended response
1 a S = Total surface area
= area of two circles + surface area of cylinder
= 2 r 2 + 2 rh .
b V = r 2h
2
250 = r h
250
h=
r2
250
So S = 2 r 2 + 2 r 2
r
500
r
= 2 r 2 +
r2
500
= 2 r 2 +
r
c
d r 3.4 cm
e
500
r
500
dS
= 4 r 2
dr
r
500
0 = 4 r 2
r
500
4 r = 2
r
4 r3 = 500
500
r3 =
4
S = 2 r 2 +
r=
125
MM12-9
285
f i r 3.41 cm
ii
r
dS
dr
8 125
125
4
16 31.25
slope
500
3.414
219.7 220 cm2.
g Let the cost of the sides be 1 unit (undefined) of cost per
cm2 then the bottom and top will be 2 units (undefined) of
cost per cm2.
500
So cost, C = 4 r 2 +
.
r
dC
500
= 8 r 2
dr
r
500
0 = 8 r 2
r
500
8 r = 2
r
500
r3 =
8
125
3
r =
2
r 2.710 cm
500
h In this case C = 2a r 2 +
.
r
dC
500
= 4a r 2
dr
r
500
0 = 4a r 2
r
500
4a r = 2
r
500
3
r =
4a
125
3
r =
2a
125
Since r = 3, a =
1.474.
27
Therefore the ratio is 1.47 : 1
iii Minimum surface area = 2 3.4142 +
MM12-10
286
Discrete random variables
Chapter 10 Discrete random variables

Exercise 10A Probability
revision
1 (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)
(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 2)
(1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3)
(1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4) (6, 4)
(1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5) (6, 5)
(1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)
a Pr(3) =
2
36
1
18
c Pr(7) =
=
1
36
b Pr(12) =
6
36
1
6
30
36
d Pr(> 4) =
5
6
=
e Pr( 7) =
21
36
7
12
18
36
f Pr(even) =
1
2
g Pr(prime) =
15
36
5
12
2 a
i Pr(black) =
3
12
1
=
4
ii Pr(red) =
5
12
iii Pr(green) =
=
b Pr =
4
12
1
3
1 5 1
+ +
4 12 3
=1
c i Pr(not green) = 1 Pr(green)
=1
=
2
3
1
3
3
5
+
12 12
8
=
12
2
=
3
iii Pr(red green) = Pr(blue)
1
=
4
iv Pr(blue red green) = 1
= {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
1
a Pr(3H) =
8
3
b Pr(2H) =
8
3
c Pr(1H) =
8
1
d Pr(0H) =
8
4
e Pr( 2H) =
8
1
=
2
3
a Pr(1) =
8
2
b Pr(2) =
8
1
=
4
1 1 1
c Pr(3 4 5) = + +
8 8 8
3
=
8
3
2
d Pr(1 2) =
+
8
8
5
=
8
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.3 + 0.6 0.2
= 0.7
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
0.8 = 0.5 + 0.4 Pr(A B)
0.8 = 0.9 Pr(A B)
Pr(A B) = 0.9 0.8
= 0.1
a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
0.8 = 4 Pr(B) + Pr(B) 0.2
0.8 + 0.2 = 5 Pr(B)
1
Pr(B) =
5
= 0.2
b Pr(A) = 4 0.2
= 0.8
ii Pr(blue) =
Pr(MM P) = Pr(MM) + Pr(P)

Pr(MM P)
115
80
65
=
+
200
200
200
Pr(MM P)
0.575 = 0.4 + 0.325
Pr(MM P)
0.575 = 0.725 Pr(MM P)
Pr(MM P) = 0.725 0.575
= 0.15
80
a Pr(MM) =
200
2
= (0.4)
5
65
b Pr(P) =
200
13
=
(0.325)
40
85
c Pr(MM P) =
200
17
=
(0.425)
40
3
d Pr(MM P) =
(0.15)
20
Pr(P MM)
e Pr(P | MM) =
Pr(MM)
=
=
=
=
12
36
1
=
3
18
b Pr(G) =
36
1
=
2
c No
9 a Pr(F) =
3
20
2
5
3
2
20
5
3
5
20
2
3
8
d Pr(F) Pr(G)
1
1
=
3
2
1
=
6
6
36
1
=
6
F and G are independent.
10 Pr(P Q) = Pr(P) + Pr(Q) Pr(P Q)
0.91 = 0.72 + 0.25 Pr(P Q)
0.91 = 0.97 Pr(P Q)
Pr(P Q) = 0.06 not mutually
exclusive
11 Pr(X Y) = 0.2
Pr(X Y) = Pr(X) Pr(Y)
= 0.4 0.5
= 0.2
Pr(X Y) = Pr(X) Pr(Y)
X and Y are independent
12 a
Pr(F G) =
A
A
B
0.22
0.08
B
0.10
0.60
0.30
0.70
1
= 6
1
3
1
=
2
Pr( A B )
c Pr(B | A) =
Pr( A)
a Pr(L) = Pr(W L) + Pr(W L)

60
90
40
40
=
100 100 100 100

27 4
=
+
50 25
7
=
(0.7)
10
b Pr(L) = Pr(W L) + Pr(W L)
60 10
40 60
=
100 100 100 100

3
6
=
+
50 25
3
(0.3)
=
10
Pr(W L)
c Pr(W | L) =
Pr(L)
0.2
0.5
2
=
5
Pr( A B )
c Pr(B | A) =
Pr( A)
0.2
0.4
1
=
2
27
50
=
7
10
27
=
35
15
17
35
30
100
100
21
=
(0.105)
200
65
60
b Pr(G H) =
100
100
39
=
(0.39)
100
c Pr(G H) + Pr(PrG H)
21
39
=
+
200
100
99
=
(0.495)
200
Pr(G H)
d Pr(G | H) =
Pr(H)
a Pr(G H) =
21
200
=
21
39
+
200 100
21
200
=
99
200
7
=
33
287
16
0.32
0.68
1
b i Pr(A B) unfit smoker

= 0.22
ii Pr(A B) fit nonsmoker
= 0.60
c i Pr(A B) = 0.10
ii Pr(A B) = 0.08
iii Pr(A B) + Pr(A B)
= 0.22 + 0.10
= 0.32
iv Pr(B) = 0.70
1
1
1
13 Pr(A) =
Pr(B) = Pr(A B) =
2
3
6
a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
1
1
1
=
+
2
3
6
2
=
3
Pr( A B )
b Pr(A | B) =
Pr( B )
1
= 6
1
2
1
=
3
1
6
not mutually exclusive
e Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
1
1
=
2
3
1
=
6
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
A and B are independent
14 a Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.2
= 0.7
Pr( A B )
b Pr(A | B) =
Pr( B )
d Pr(A B) =
MM12-10
5
5
8
8
25
=
64
3 3
b Pr(GrGr) =
8 8
9
=
64
c Pr(RGr) + Pr(GrR)
5 3 3 5
= +
8 8 8 8
15 15
=
+
64 64
30
=
64
15
=
32
d Pr(RR) + Pr(GrGr)
25 9
=
+
64 64
a Pr(RR) =
288
MM12-10
34
64
17
=
32
f Pr(A|B) =
Pr( A B )
Pr( B )
0.36
0.5
36
=
50
18
=
25
Pr( B A)
g Pr(B|A) =
Pr( A)
6
36
1
=
6
The answer is C.
19 Pr(S T) = Pr(S) + Pr(T) Pr(S T)
0.6 = 0.2 + 0.5 Pr(S T)
0.6 = 0.7 Pr(S T)
Pr(S T) = 0.1
Not mutually exclusive
The answer is D.
20 QKJ
Pr(red picture)
6
=
52
3
=
26
The answer is D.
Pr( M N )
21 Pr(M | N) =
Pr( N )
18 Pr(same) =
Pr( M N )
0.4
Pr(MN) = 0.2
The answer is B.
22 = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}
Pr(3T | first toss T)
Pr(3T first toss T)
=
Pr(first toss T)
0.5 =
1
= 8
4
8
1
=
4
=
Pr(orange) =
a Pr(both black) =
A
0.36
0.24
A
0.14
0.26
0.5
0.5
0.60
0.40
a Pr(A) = 1 Pr(A)
= 1 0.6
= 0.4
b Pr(B) = 1 Pr(B)
= 1 0.5
= 0.5
c Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.6 + 0.5 0.36
= 0.74
d From table Pr(A B) = 0.26
e Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B)
Pr(A B)
= 0.4 + 0.5 0.14
= 0.76
1
1
25
+
+
9
16 144
25
72
= Pr(strawberry) + Pr(orange) +
Pr(peppermint)
=
4
3
3
2
5
+
12 11
12
11 12
4
11
1
1
5
+
+
11
22
33
19
66
26 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
S = {1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 6}
Pr(even) =
27 Pr(same) = Pr(red) + Pr(green)

4
6
C2
C2
C1 2C1
6
C2
4 2
15
8
=
15
2
1
d Pr(same) =
+
5
15
7
=
15
=
C2 2 C2
+
C 2 5 C2
3
1
+
10 10
4
10
2
5
The answer is B.
C
b Pr(both white) = 6 2
C2
1
15
3
5
1
6
The answer is A.
6
15
2
=
5
c Pr(different) =
5
12
b Pr(same)
1
4
Pr(same)
1
1
1
1
5
5
=
or
or
3
3
4
4
12
12
0.14
=
0.4
14
=
40
7
=
20
1
3
Pr(peppermint) =
Pr( A B )
Pr( A)
0.36
0.60
36
=
60
3
=
5
Pr( A B)
h Pr(A|B) =
Pr( B)
0.24
=
0.50
24
=
50
12
=
25
Pr( B A)
i Pr(B |A) =
Pr( A)
Pr( A B)
=
Pr( A)
4
12
3
12
24 6 T-shirts: 2 white, 4 black
23
B
B
25 a Pr(strawberry) =
28
Pr( 2R Red first)

Pr(Red first)
a Pr( 2R | Red first) =
275
512
=
320
512
275
512
=
512
320
55
=
64
Pr( 2R Red first)
b Pr( 2R | Red first) =
Pr(Red first)
180
= 336
210
336
180
336
=
336
210
6
=
7
8
8
8
8
8
10 10 10 10 10
1024
=
3125
= 0.3277
Pr(wins and wins first 3)
b Pr(wins | wins first 3) =
(Pr wins first 3)
29 a Pr(WWWWW) =
1024
= 3125
1600
3125
1024
=
1600
16
=
(0.64)
25
30
C E = 0.2
0.4 Pr(E) = 0.2
1
Pr(E) =
2
31
Pr(C S)
0.18
=
Pr(S)
0.18 + 0.63
0.18
0.81
2
=
9
MM12-10
289
32
Pr(H | W) =
Pr(H W)
Pr(W)
0.44
0.44 + 0.18
0.44
=
0.62
22
=
31
33 a Pr(CC CC) = 0.7 0.35 0.65 0.65
= 0.103 512 5
0.1035
b Pr(CCCC ) + Pr(CCC C) + Pr(CC CC) + Pr(C CCC)
= 3 (0.7 0.65 0.65 0.35) + (0.3 0.65 0.65
0.65)
= 0.310 537 5 + 0.082 387 5
= 0.392 925
0.3927
c Pr(clears 3 | doesnt clear first)
Pr(clears 3 doesn't clear first)
=
Pr(doesn't clear first)
=
Pr(CCCC)
0.3
0.3 0.65 0.65 0.65
=
0.3
= 0.274 625
= 0.2746
Exercise 10B Discrete random variables

1 a Since number of people can be counted, the random
variable is discrete.
b Since time must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
c Since length must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
d Since shoe size can be counted, the random variable is
discrete.
e Since weight must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
f Since the number of grains can be counted, the random
g Since height must be measured, the random variable is
continuous.
h Since the number of books can be counted, the random
2 a
Pr(X = x)
1
4
1
2
1
4
MM12-10
290
3 a HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT

b x = 0, 1, 2, 3
c
x
Pr(X = x)
1
8
3
8
3
8
1
8
7 a (Pr(X = x)) = 1
3k k 2 5k 4 k 2 7
+
+
+
+
=1
13 13
13
13 13
(2k ) 2 + 8k + 3
=1
13
2k2 + 8k + 3 = 13
2k2 + 8k 10 = 0
k2 + 4k 5 = 0
(k + 5)(k 1) = 0
k = 5 k = 1
d Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0, 1, 2)
1
3
3
+ +
=
8
8
8
7
=
8
1
3
-----13
4 a
Pr(X = x)
2
1
-----13
3
1
-----13
4
1
-----13
5
7
-----13
b Discard k = 5 as negative probabilities would have been

obtained.
15
For example, x = 1 Pr(1) =
not possible
13
8 Sum of two numbers
c
a
10 11 12
1 1 1 1
Pr(X = x)
36 18 12 9
5
36
1
6
5
36
1
9
1 1 1
12 18 36
5 a 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 1

Yes, since the probabilities sum to 1 and each value for
probability lies between 0 and 1.
b 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.5
No, since the probabilities do not sum to 1.
c 0.1 for Pr(X = 15) is not possible as 0 Pr(A) 1.
d 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 1
Yes, since the probabilities sum to 1 and each value for
probability lies between 0 and 1.
6 a 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2 + k + 0.1 = 0.8 + k
0.8 + k = 1
k = 0.2
b 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 + k = 0.4 + k
0.4 + k = 1
k = 0.6
c k + 2k + 3k + 4k + k = 11k
11k = 1
1
k =
11
d k + 0.2 + 3k + 0.3 + 0.1 = 0.6 + 4k
0.6 + 4k = 1
4k = 0.4
k = 0.1
b Pr(X > 9) = Pr(X = 10, 11 or 12)

1
1
1
=
+
+
12 18 36
1
=
6
c Pr(X < 6) = Pr(X = 2, 3, 4, 5)
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
36 18 12 9
5
=
18
d Pr(4 X < 6) = Pr(X = 4 or 5)
1 1
=
+
12 9
7
=
36
e Pr(3 X 9) = Pr(X = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9)
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
=
+
+ +
+ +
+
18 12 9 36 6 36 9
29
=
36
f Pr(X < 12) = 1 Pr(X = 12)
1
=1
36
35
=
36
g Pr(6 X < 10) = Pr(X = 6, 7, 8 or 9)
x = 2, p(x) =
9 a
x
Pr(X = x)
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1 1
+
5 5
2
=
5
c Pr(X > 2) = Pr(X = 3, 4 or 5)
1 1 1
= + +
5 5 5
3
=
5
10 a
b Pr(X = 2 or 4) =
p ( x)
1
1 1 13 17
+ + +
+
45 9 5 45 45
45
45
=1
Therefore p(x) is a probability function.
3
13 x = 1, p(x) =
160
16
x = 2, p(x) =
160
1
=
10
45
x = 3, p(x) =
160
9
=
32
96
x = 4, p(x) =
160
3
=
5
All probabilities lie within 0 Pr(X = x) 1
16 25 36
Pr(X = x)
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
b Pr(X < 30)

= Pr(X = 1, 4, 9, 16 or 25)
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
6 6 6 6 6
5
=
6
c Pr(X > 10) = Pr(X = 16, 25 or 36)
1 1 1
= + +
6 6 6
1
=
2
11 a
y
Pr(Y = y)
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
3
1
6
b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(Y = 3, 4, 5 or 6)

1 1 2 1
= + + +
6 6 6 6
5
=
6
Pr(Y = 5 Y > 2)
c Pr(Y = 5 | Y > 2) =
Pr(Y > 2)
2
90
= 1
45
10
x = 1, p(x) =
90
1
=
9
x =0
12 x = 0, p(x) =
291
18
90
1
=
5
26
x = 3, p(x) =
90
13
=
45
34
x = 4, p(x) =
90
17
=
45
All probabilities lie within 0 Pr(x = x) 1
5
1
5
1
+ +
+
36 6 36 9
5
=
9
2
6
=
5
6
2
=
5
MM12-10
1
6
p ( x)
x =1
3
1
9
3
+
+
+
160 10 32 5
160
160
=1
Therefore p(x) is a probability function.
4
14 a Pr(red) =
9
5
Pr(blue) =
9
Outcomes are RRR, RRB, RBR, RBB, BRR, BRB,
BBR, BBB
Let X = number of red balls
i Pr(X = 0) = Pr(BBB)
5 5 5
=
9 9 9
125
=
= 0.1715
729
ii Pr(X = 1) = Pr(RBB, BRB, BBR)
4 5 5
=3
9 9 9
300
=
= 0.4115
729
MM12-10
292
iii Pr(X = 2) = Pr(RRB, RBR, BRR)

4 4 5
=3
9 9 9
240
=
729
= 0.3292
iii Pr(C|D) =
10
= 25
1
25
10 25
=
25 19
10
=
19
iv Pr(X = 3) = Pr(RRR)
4 4 4
=
9 9 9
64
=
729
0.0878
0
1
2
x
Pr(X = x) 0.1715 0.4115 0.3292
b Pr(3 reds | 1 red) =
16 a
3
0.0878
Pr((X = 3) X 1)
Pr(X 1)
Pr( X = 3)
Pr( X 1)
X = number of heads
x = 0, 1, 2
Pr(X = 0) = Pr(TT)
2 2
=
5 5
4
=
25
Pr(X = 1) = Pr(HT or TH)
3 2
=2
5 5
12
=
25
Pr(X = 2) = Pr(HH)
3 3
=
5 5
9
=
25
0.0878
1 0.1715
0.0878
=
0.8285
0.1060
15 a (1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1)

(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2)
(1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3)
(1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4)
(1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5)
15
3
b i Pr(A) =
=
25
5
10
2
ii Pr(B) =
=
25
5
12
iii Pr(C) =
25
19
iv Pr(D) =
25
c
i Pr(A|B) =
Pr( A B )
Pr( B )
6
25
=
2
5
6
5
=
25 2
3
=
5
ii Pr(B|C) =
Pr( B C )
Pr(C )
6
= 25
12
25
6
25
=
25 12
1
=
2
Pr(C D)
Pr( D)
Pr(X = x)
4
25
12
25
9
25
4
12
9
+
+
=1
25
25
25
Pr(X > 3) = Pr(X = 4, 5, 6, 7)
= 0.09 + 0.17 + 0.13 + 0.15
= 0.54
Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, 4)
= 0.2 + 0.11 + 0.15 + 0.09
= 0.55
Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3, 4, 5, 6)
= 0.15 + 0.09 + 0.17 + 0.13
= 0.54
Pr(2 < X < 5) = Pr(X = 3, 4)
= 0.09 + 0.15
= 0.24
Pr(X < 3 | X < 5)
Pr( X < 3 X < 5)
=
Pr( X < 5)
b Pr =
17 a
Pr( X < 3)
Pr( X < 5)
Pr( X = 1, 2)
Pr( X = 1, 2, 3, 4)
0.2 + 0.11
0.2 + 0.11 + 0.15 + 0.09
MM12-10
293
24 a x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
b
0.31
0.55
31
=
55
f Pr(X = 1, 2, 3)
= 0.2 + 0.11 + 0.15
= 0.46
= Pr(X < 4)
x=4
g Pr(X = 7, 6, 5, 4) = 0.15 + 0.13 + 0.17 + 0.09
= 0.54
= Pr(X 4)
x=4
18 The weight of a baby must be measured and so it is not

discrete.
The answer is C.
19 2k + 3k + 4k + k = 10k
10k = 1
1
k=
10
= 0.1
The answer is C.
20 Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 16, 25, 36)
= 0.35 + 0.08 + 0.2
= 0.63
The answer is E.
21 d + 4d + 5d + 2d = 12d
12d = 1
1
d=
12
The answer is D.
22 Pr(2 heads) = Pr(HHT, HTH, or THH)
3 3 4
=3
7 7 7
108
=
343
The answer is B.
23 A p(x) = 1.1 1
7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19
B p(x) =
66
65
=
1
66
4 + 9 + 14 + 19
C p(x) =
40
46
=
1
40
3+8+9
D p(x) =
20
20
=
20
=1
The answer is D.
Let X = number of boys

1 1 1 1
Pr(X = 0) =
2 2 2 2
1
=
16
1 1 1
Pr(X = 1) = 4
2 2 2
1
=
4
1 1 1
Pr(X = 2) = 6
2 2 2
3
=
8
1 1 1
Pr(X = 3) = 4
2 2 2
1
=
4
1 1 1 1
Pr(X = 4) =
2 2 2 2
1
=
16
0
1
2
x
Pr(X = x)
1
16
1
4
3
8
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
16
Exercise 10C Measures of centre of discrete

random distributions
1 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.21 + 3 0.08 + 6 0.19 + 9 0.17 + 12 0.35
= 0 + 0.24 + 1.14 + 1.53 + 4.2
= 7.11
2 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
1
1
1
2
1
= 2
+ 1 + 0
+1
+2
+3
18
3
18
9
6
1
1
+4
18
9
294
MM12-10
=
=
1
1
2
1
1
4
+0+
+ +
+
9
3
9
3
6
9
13
18
3 0.11 + 0.3 + 0.15 + 0.25 + a + 0.1 = 1

0.91 + a = 1
a = 0.09
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.11 + 3 0.3 + 5 0.15 + 7 0.25 + 9 0.09 + 11 0.1
= 0.11 + 0.9 + 0.75 + 1.75 + 0.81 + 1.1
= 5.42
4
5
1 5 1 2
+a+ + + + =1
18
9 18 18 9
17
+a=1
18
a =
1
18
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2
=
=5
5
1
1
5
1
2
+1
+4
+7
+ 10
+ 13
18
18
9
18
18
9
10
1
4
35
10
26
+
+
+
+
+
18 18
9
18
18
9
1
3
5 b + 0.2 + 0.02 + 3b + 0.1 + 0.08 = 1

4b + 0.4 = 1
4b = 1 0.4
4b = 0.6
b = 0.15
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.15 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.02 + 3 0.45 + 4 0.14 + 5 0.08
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.04 + 1.35 + 0.4 + 0.4
= 2.39
6 6k + 2k + k + 3k + 8k = 1
20k = 1
k =
1
20
k = 0.05
E(X) = 4 0.3 + 8 0.1 + 12 0.05 + 16 0.15 + 20 0.4
= 1.2 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 2.4 + 8
= 13
7 a
x
Pr(X = x)
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
b E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
1
1
1
1
1
1
=1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
+
+
+
+
+
6
6
6
6
6
6
21
6
=3
1
2
MM12-10
295
a
x
10
11
12
Pr(X = x)
1
36
1
18
1
12
1
9
5
36
1
6
5
36
1
9
1
12
1
18
1
36
b E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
1
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
=2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+ 10
+ 11
+ 12
36
18
12
9
36
6
36
9
12
18
36
1
1
1
5
5
7
10
5
11
1
=
+
+ +
+
+
+
+1+
+
+
18
6
3
9
6
6
9
6
18
3
=7
9 a
Pr (0 tails) =
1
16
Pr (1 tail) = 4
=
1
4
Pr (2 tails) = 6
=
1
16
1
16
3
8
Pr (3 tails) = 4
1
16
1
4
1
Pr (4 tails) =
16
Pr(X = x)
1
16
1
4
3
8
1
4
1
16
1
1
3
1
1
+1
+2
+3
+4
16
4
8
4
16
1
3
3
1
=0+
+
+
+
4
4
4
4
=2
b E(X) = 0
MM12-10
296
10 0.2 + 0.32 + a + 0.18 + b + 0.05 + 0.05 = 1

a + b + 0.8 = 1
a + b = 0.2 [1]
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
1.91 = 0 0.2 + 1 0.32 + 2 a
+ 3 0.18 + 4 b + 5 0.05 + 6 0.05
= 0 + 0.32 + 2a + 0.54 + 46
+ 0.25 + 0.3
= 1.41 + 2a + 4b
1.91 1.41 = 2a + 4b
0.5 = 2a + 4b
or 0.25 = a + 2b [2]
[2] [1]
b = 0.05
a + 0.05 = 0.2
a = 0.15
a = 0.15 and b = 0.05
11 0.2 + a + 0.23 + 0.15 + b + 0.12 = 1
0.7 + a + b = 1
a + b = 0.3 [1]
E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
2.41 = 0 0.2 + 1 a + 2 0.23 + 3
0.15 + 4 b + 5 0.12
= 0 + a + 0.46 + 0.45 + 4b + 0.6
= a + 4b + 1.51
a + 4b = 2.41 1.51
a + 4b = 0.9 [2]
[2] [1]
3b = 0.6
b = 0.2
a + 0.2 = 0.3
a = 0.1
a = 0.1 and b = 0.2
x
Pr(X = x)
12 a
x
Pr(X = x)
1
8
Gain ($)
30
3
8
5
3
8
10
1
8
15
1
3
3
1
30 + 5 +
10 + 15
8
8
8
8
15
15
15
15
=
+
+
+
4
8
4
8
30
=
8
= $3.75 per game.
E(gain) =
b Each game costs $5.

Profit per game = $3.75 $5
= $1.25
That is $1.25 loss per game.
No because he is going to lose $1.25 per game on
average.
c A fair game is one where the expected outcome is zero.
This is not a fair game.
13 a
x
Pr(X = x)
1
8
3
8
3
8
1
8
Gain ($)
40
10
E(X) =
40
15
15
10
+
+
+
8
8
8
8
= $0
b Angie shouldnt play the game, because, even though the
expected gain is $0, she could still lose $40 in one single
game.
c The game is fair as E(X) = 0.
14 E(X) = 2 0.3 + 4 0.2 + 7 0.4 + k 0.1
5.3 = 0.6 + 0.8 + 2.8 + 0.1k
= 4.2 + 0.1k
0.1k = 5.3 4.2
= 1.1
k = 1.1 0.1
= 11
15 E(X) = 2 0.1 + 3 0.08 + 8 0.07 + 10 0.27 + 14
0.16 + k 0.32
10.98 = 0.2 + 0.24 + 0.56 + 2.7 + 2.24 + 0.32k
= 5.54 + 0.32k
0.32k = 10.98 5.54
= 5.44
k = 5.44 0.32
= 17
16 a Pr (0 Tails) = 0.4 0.4 0.4
= 0.064
Pr (1 Tail) = 3 0.6 0.4 0.4
= 0.288
Pr (2 Tails) = 3 0.6 0.6 0.4
= 0.432
Pr (3 Tails) = 0.6 0.6 0.6
= 0.216
1
3
3
1
40 + 5 + 5 + 10
8
8
8
8
0
0.064
1
0.288
2
0.432
3
0.216
b E(X) = 0 0.064 + 1 0.288 + 2 0.432 + 3 0.216

= 0 + 0.288 + 0.864 + 0.648
= 1.8
c The x-value with the highest probability is 2.
The mode is 2.
17 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
2
7
1
1
=1
+2
+3
+4
15
15
3
15
2
14
4
=
+
+1+
15
15
15
1
=2
3
b E(4X) = 4x Pr(X = x)
2
7
1
= (4 1)
+ (4 2)
+ (4 3)
15
15
3
1
+ (4 4)
15
8
56
16
=
+
+4+
15
15
15
1
=9
3
c E(2X + 1) = (2x + 1) Pr(X = x)
2
7
= (2 1 + 1)
+ (2 2 + 1)
15
15
1
1
+ (2 3 + 1) + (2 4 + 1)
3
15
6
35
7
9
=
+
+
+
15
15
3
15
2
=5
3
d E(X 2) = x2 Pr(X = x)
2
7
1
1
= 12
+ 22
+ 32 + 42
15
15
3
15
2
28
16
=
+
+3+
15
15
15
1
=6
15
18 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.33 + 2 0.25 + 3 0.27 + 4 0.15
= 0.33 + 0.5 + 0.81 + 0.6
= 2.24
b E(4X 6) = (4x 6) Pr(X = x)
= (4 1 6) 0.33 + (4 2 6) 0.25
+ (4 3 6) 0.27 + (4 4 6) 0.15
= 0.66 + 0.5 + 1.62 + 1.5
= 2.96
c E(X 2 + 1) = (x2 + 1) Pr(X = x)
= (12 + 1) 0.33 + (22 + 1) 0.25
+ (32 + 1) 0.27 + (42 + 1) 0.15
= 0.66 + 1.25 + 2.7 + 2.55
= 7.16
d E(3X 2) = 3x2 Pr(X = x)
= (3 12) 0.33 + (3 22) 0.25 + (3 32)
0.27 + (3 42) 0.15
= 0.99 + 3 + 7.29 + 7.2
= 18.48
19 Expected number of mobiles sold can be found from table.
E(X) = 50 0.32 + 100 0.38 + 150 0.2 + 200
0.06 + 250 0.04
= 16 + 38 + 30 + 12 + 10
= 106
Salary = 106 $12 + $180
= $1452 per month.
20 a i Pr(X 1) = 0.25 0.5
Pr(X 2) = 0.25 + 0.15
= 0.4 0.5
Pr(X 3) = 0.25 + 0.15 + 0.1
= 0.5
Similarly, Pr(X 4) = 0.1 + 0.4
= 0.5
3+ 4
The median is the average of 3 and 4:
= 3.5
2
Therefore the median is 3.5
ii The x-value with the highest probability is 5.
Therefore the mode is 5
b i Pr(X 4) = 0.06 0.5
Pr(X 8) = 0.06 + 0.36
= 0.42 0.5
Pr(X 9) = 0.06 + 0.36 + 0.17
= 0.59 0.5
Therefore the median is 9
Therefore the mode is 8.
1
1
c i Pr(X 2) =
4
2
1
1
+
Pr(X 1) =
4
16
5
1
=
16
2
1
1
3
Pr(X 0) =
+
+
4
16
16
8
=
16
1
=
2
MM12-10
297
1
1
1
3
+ +
+
8
8
16
16
1
=
2
0 +1
= 0.5
2
Therefore the median is 0.5
ii The x-value with the highest probability is 2
Similarly, Pr(X 1) =
Exercise 10D Measures of variability of

discrete random distributions
1 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.2 + 2 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 4 0.1
= 0.2 + 0.8 + 0.9 + 0.4
= 2.3
E(X2) = x2 Pr(X = x)
= 12 0.2 + 22 0.4 + 32 0.3 + 42 0.1
= 0.2 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1.6
= 6.1
[E(X)]2 = 2.32
= 5.29
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 6.1 5.29
= 0.81
2 a E(X ) = x Pr(X = x)
1
3
9
1
=2 +4
+6
+8
8
16
16
8
1
3
27
=
+
+
+1
4
4
8
3
=5
8
b E(X 2) = x2 Pr(X = x)
1
3
9
1
= 22 + 42
+ 62
+ 82
8
16
16
8
1
1
=
+ 3 + 20 + 8
2
4
3
= 31
4
2
3
2
[E(X)] = 5
8
57
= 28
64
3
57
Var (X) = 31 28
4
64
55
=2
64
3 a E(Y) = y Pr(Y = y)
= 1.20 0.05 + 1.25 0.2 + 1.30 0.1 + 1.35
0.25+ 1.60 0.4
= 0.06 + 0.25 + 0.13 + 0.3375 + 0.64
= 1.4175
Therefore the expected cost of a loaf of bread is $1.42.
b E(Y2) = y2 Pr(Y = y)
= 1.202 0.05 + 1.252 0.2 + 1.302 0.1 + 1.352
0.25 + 1.602 0.4
= 0.072 + 0.3125 + 0.169 + 0.4556 + 1.024
= 2.033
[E(Y)]2 = 1.41752
= 2.0093
Var (Y) = E(Y2) [E(Y)]2
= 2.033 2.0093
= 0.0237
The variance of the cost is approximately $0.02 or 2 cents.
MM12-10
298
4 Var (aX + b) = a2 Var (X) so Var (2Y 1) = 4 Var (Y)

E(Y) = 0 0.3 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.6 + 0.6
= 1.4
E(Y2) = 02 0.3 + 12 0.2 + 22 0.3 + 32 0.2
= 0 + 0.2 + 1.2 + 1.8
= 3.2
Var (Y) = E(Y2) [E(Y)]2
= 3.2 1.42
= 1.24
4 Var (Y) = 4 1.24
= 4.96
5 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2 0.15 + 4 0.3 + 6 0.42 + 8 0.13
= 0.3 + 1.2 + 2.52 + 1.04
= 5.06
[E(X)]2 = 5.062
= 25.6036
E(X2) = 22 0.15 + 42 0.3 + 62 0.42 + 82 0.13
= 0.6 + 4.8 + 15.12 + 8.32
= 28.84
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 28.84 25.6036
= 3.2364
b E(2X) = 2x Pr(X = x)
= (2 2) 0.15 + (2 4) 0.3 + (2 6) 0.42
+ (2 8) 0.13
= 0.6 + 2.4 + 5.04 + 2.08
= 10.12
[E(2X)]2 = 10.122
= 102.4144
E(2X)2 = (2 2)2 0.15 + (2 4)2 0.3 + (2 6)2 0.42
+ (2 8)2 0.13
= 2.4 + 19.2 + 60.48 + 33.28
= 115.36
Var (2X) = E(2X)2 [E(2X)]2
= 115.36 102.4144
= 12.9456
c E(3X + 1) = (3x + 1) Pr(X = x)
= (3 2 + 1) 0.15 + (3 4 + 1) 0.3 +
(3 6 + 1) 0.42 + (3 8 + 1) 0.13
= 1.05 + 3.9 + 7.98 + 3.25
= 16.18
[E(3X + 1)]2 = 16.182
= 261.7924
E(3X + 1)2 = 72 0.15 + 132 0.3 + 192 0.42
+ 252 0.13
= 7.35 + 50.7 + 151.62 + 81.25
= 290.92
Var (3X + 1) = E(3X + 1)2 [E(3X + 1)]2
= 290.92 261.7924
= 29.1276
d E(5X + 7) = (5x + 7) Pr(X = x)
= (5 2 + 7) 0.15 + (5 4 + 7) 0.3 +
(5 6 + 7) 0.42 + (5 8 + 7) 0.13
= 0.45 3.9 9.66 4.29
= 18.3
[E(5X + 7)]2 = (18.3)2
= 334.89
E(5X + 7)2 = (3)2 0.15 + (13)2 0.3 + (23)2 0.42
+ (33)2 0.13
= 1.35 + 50.7 + 222.18 + 141.57
= 415.8
Var (5X + 7) = E(5X + 7)2 [E(5X + 7)]2
= 415.8 334.89
= 80.91
6 a E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 0 0.27 + 1 0.15 + 3 0.13 + 5 0.1 + 7 0.35
= 0 + 0.15 + 0.39 + 0.5 + 2.45
= 3.49
[E(X)]2 = 3.492
= 12.1801
E(X2) = 02 0.27 + 12 0.15 + 32 0.13 + 52 0.1 + 72
0.35
= 0 + 0.15 + 1.17 + 2.5 + 17.15
= 20.97
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
= 20.97 12.1801
= 8.7899
b Var (3X) = 32 Var (X)
= 9 8.7899
= 79.1091
c Var (10X 5) = 102 Var (X)
= 100 8.7899
= 878.99
d Var (5X + 7) = (5)2 Var (X)
= 25 Var (X)
= 25 8.7899
= 219.7475
7 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 2 0.3 + 4 0.1 + 6 0.5 + k 0.1
= 0.6 + 0.4 + 3 + 0.1k
= 4 + 0.1k
E(X 2) = x2 Pr(X = x)
= (22) 0.3 + (42) 0.1 + (6)2 0.5 + (k)2 0.1
= 1.2 + 1.6 + 18 + 0.1k2
= 20.8 + 0.1k2
[E(X)]2 = (4 + 0.1k)2
= 0.01k2 + 0.8k + 16
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
5.8 = 20.8 + 0.1k2 (0.01k2 + 0.8k + 16)
= 0.09k2 0.8k + 4.8
2
0.09k 0.8k 1 = 0
9k2 80k 100 = 0
(k 10) (9k + 10) = 0
10
k = 10 or k =
9
k = 10, since k is a positive integer.
8 E(X) = x Pr(X = x)
= 1 0.1 + k 0.2 + 7 0.3 + 10 0.4
= 0.1 + 0.2k + 2.1 + 4
= 6.2 + 0.2k
E(X 2) = x2 Pr(X = x)
= 12 0.1 + k2 0.2 + 72 0.3 + 102 0.4
= 0.1 + 0.2k2 + 14.7 + 40
= 54.8 + 0.2k2
[E(X)]2 = (6.2 + 0.2k)2
= 0.04k2 + 2.48k + 38.44
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
7.96 = 54.8 + 0.2k2 (0.04k2 + 2.48k + 38.44)
= 0.16k2 2.48k + 16.36
0.16k2 2.48k + 8.4 = 0
16k2 248k + 840 = 0
2k2 31k + 105 = 0
(k 5) (2k 21) = 0
k = 5 or 21
2
k = 5, since k is a positive integer.
1
1
1
1
9 E(X) = 1
+2
+3
+4
4
3
4
6
1
2
3
2
=
+
+
+
4
3
4
3
=2
1
3
2
1
[E(X)]2 = 2
3
4
=5
9
1
1
1
1
E(X 2) = 12
+ 22 + 32
+ 42
4
3
4
6
1
4
9
8
=
+
+
+
4
3
4
3
1
=6
2
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X )]2
1
4
=6 5
2
9
1
=1
or 1.0556
18
SD(X) = 1.0556
= 1.0274
10 a E(X) = 6 0.3 + 7 0.3 + 10 0.2 + 12 0.2
= 1.8 + 2.1 + 2 + 2.4
= 8.3
b [E(X)]2 = 8.32
= 68.89
E(X 2) = 62 0.3 + 72 0.3 + 102 0.2 + 122 0.2
= 10.8 + 14.7 + 20 + 28.8
= 74.3
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 74.3 68.89
= 5.41
c SD(X) = 5.41
= 2.33
11 Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 340 122
= 340 144
= 196
SD(X) = 196
= 14
12 Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 529 202
= 529 400
= 129
SD(X) = 129
= 11.36
13 a
y
Pr(Y = y)
2
0.5
1.5
0.3
1
0
0.15 0.05
b E(Y) = 2 0.5 + 1.5 0.3 + 1 0.15 + 0 0.05

= 1 + 0.45 + 0.15 + 0
= $1.60
c E(Y 2) = 22 0.5 + 1.52 0.3 + 12 0.15 + 02 0.05
= 2 + 0.675 + 0.15 + 0
= 2.825
Var (Y) = E(Y2) [E(Y)]2
= 2.825 1.62
= 2.825 2.56
= 0.265
SD(X) = 0.265
= $0.51
MM12-10
14 2 = 4.35 2 2.08
= 4.35 4.16
= 0.19
+ 2 = 4.35 + 2 2.08
= 4.35 + 4.16
= 8.51
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(0.19 X 8.51)
= Pr(1 X 8)
= 0.95
1
15 a When x = 1, p(x) =
35
9
When x = 3, p(x) =
35
25
When x = 5, p(x) =
35
5
=
7
x
Pr(X = x)
1
35
9
35
5
7
1
9
5
+3
+5
35
35
7
1
27
25
=
+
+
35
35
7
13
=4
( 4.3714)
35
b E(X) = 1
13
c [E(X)]2 = 4
35
= 19.1094
1
9
5
2
+ 32
+ 52
E(X ) = 12
35
35
7
1
81 125
=
+
+
35
35
7
7
= 20
(= 20.2)
35
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 20.2 19.1094
= 1.0906
SD(X) = 1.0906
= 1.0443
d 2 = 4.3714 2 1.0443
= 4.3714 2.0886
= 2.2828
+ 2 = 4.3714 + 2 1.0443
= 4.3714 + 2.0886
= 6.46
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(2.2828 X 6.46)
= Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3 or 5)
9
5
=
+
35
7
34
=
35
22 1
50
3
=
50
16 a When x = 2, p(x) =
299
MM12-10
300
b The most likely value of x is 1 as it has the highest

probability.
c E(X) = 1 0.4 + 2 0.2 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.2
= 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8
= 2.2
d [E(X)]2 = 2.22
= 4.84
E(X 2) = 12 0.4 + 22 0.2 + 32 0.2 + 42 0.2
= 0.4 + 0.8 + 1.8 + 3.2
= 6.2
Var(X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 6.2 4.84
= 1.36
32 1
50
8
=
50
4
=
25
When x = 3, p(x) =
42 1
50
15
=
50
3
=
10
When x = 4, p(x) =
52 1
50
24
=
50
12
=
25
When x = 5, p(x) =
Pr(X = x)
3
50
4
25
3
10
12
25
3
4
3
12
+3
+4
+5
50
25
10
25
3
12
1
2
=
+
+1 +2
25
25
5
5
1
= 4 (= 4.2)
5
b E(X) = 2
1
c [E(X)]2 = 4
5
= 17.64
3
4
3
12
2
+ 32
+ 42
+ 52
E(X ) = 22
50
25
10
25
6
36
4
=
+
+ 4 + 12
25
25
5
12
= 18
(= 18.48)
25
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
= 18.48 17.64
= 0.84
SD(X) = 0.84
= 0.9165
d 2 = 4.2 2 0.9165
= 4.2 1.8330
= 2.367
+ 2 = 4.2 + 2 0.965
= 4.2 + 1.8330
= 6.033
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(2.367 X 6.033)
= Pr(3 X 6)
= Pr(X = 3, 4 or 5)
4
3
12
=
+
+
25 10
25
= 0.94
17 a 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.2 + k = 1
k + 0.8 = 1
k = 1 0.8
= 0.2
e SD(X) = 1.36
= 1.1662
f 2 = 2.2 2 1.1662
= 2.2 2.3324
= 0.1324
+ 2 = 2.2 + 2 1.1662
= 2.2 + 2.3324
= 4.5324
Pr( 2 X + 2)
= Pr(0.1324 X 4.5324)
= Pr(0 X 4)
= Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, 4)
=1
18 a 2 = 4 2 2
=0
+ 2 = 4 + 2 2
=8
0X8
b 2 = 10 2 3
=4
+ 2 = 10 + 2 3
= 16
4 X 16
c 2 = 35 2 7
= 21
+ 2 = 35 + 2 7
= 49
21 X 49
d 2 = 21.6 2 5.2
= 11.2
+ 2 = 21.6 + 2 5.2
= 32
11.2 X 32
e 2 = 9.7 2 0.7
= 8.3
+ 2 = 9.7 + 2 0.7
= 11.1
8.3 X 11.1
1
1
f 2 = 17 2 2
2
3
5
= 12
6
1
1
+ 2 = 17 + 2 2
2
3
1
= 22
6
5
1
12 X 22
6
6
MM12-10
301
19
x
10
11
12
Pr(X = x)
1
36
1
18
1
12
1
9
5
36
1
6
5
36
1
9
1
12
1
18
1
36
1
1
1
+3
+4
36
18
12
1
1
1
5
5
=
+
+ +
+
+
18
6
3
9
6
=7
b [E(X)]2 = 72
= 49
1
1
2
+ 32
+ 42
E(X ) = 22
36
36
1
1
4
25
=
+
+
+
+5+
9
2
3
9
5
= 54 ( 54.8333)
6
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
= 54.8333 49
= 5.8333
= 5.83
a E(X) = 2
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
+6
+7
+8
+9
+ 10
+ 11
+ 12
9
36
6
36
9
12
36
18
7
10
5
11
1
+
+1+
+
+
6
9
6
18
3
+5
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
+ 52
+ 62
+ 72
+ 82
+ 92
+ 102
+ 112
+ 122
12
9
36
6
36
9
12
18
36
49
80
25 121
+
+9+
+
+4
6
9
3
18
SD(X) = 5.8333
= 2.4152
2 = 7 2 2.4152
= 7 4.8304
= 2.1696
+ 2 = 7 + 2 2.4152
= 7 + 4.8304
= 11.8304
Pr( 2 X + 2 )
= Pr(2.1696 X 11.8304)
= Pr(3 x 11)
= 1 Pr(X = 2 or 12)
1
1
=1 +
36 36
=1
1
18
17
18
0.94
20 a
x
Pr(X = x)
1
4
3
8
1
4
1
8
1
3
1
1
+2
+3
+4
4
8
4
8
1
3
3
1
=
+
+
+
4
4
4
2
1
= 2 (= 2.25)
4
c [E(X)]2 = 2.252
= 5.0625
1
3
1
1
2
+ 22
+ 32
+ 42
E(X ) = 12
4
8
4
8
1
1
1
=
+1 +2 +2
4
2
4
=6
b E(X) = 1
MM12-10
302
Var (X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2

= 6 5.0625
= 0.9375
SD(X) = 0.9375
= 0.9682
0.97
Pr( X = 4 X 1)
d Pr(X = 4 | X 1) =
Pr( X 1)
=
Pr( X = 4)
Pr( X = 2, 3 or 4)
1
8
=
3 1 1
+ +
8 4 8
1
= 8
6
8
1
=
6
21 k + 2k + 3k + 4k = 1
10k = 1
k = 0.1
E(X) = 0 0.1 + 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.4
= 0 + 0.2 + 0.6 + 1.2
= 2.0
[E(X)]2 = 2.02
= 4.0
E(X 2) = 02 0.1 + 12 0.2 + 22 0.3 + 32 0.4
= 0 + 0.2 + 1.2 + 3.6
= 5.0
Var(X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 5.0 4.0
= 1.0
SD(X) = 1.0
= 1.0
The answer is A.
22 E(X) = 0 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 6 0.1 + 9 0.2
= 0 + 0.9 + 0.6 + 1.8
= 3.3
[E(X)]2 = 10.89
E(X 2) = 02 0.4 + 32 0.3 + 62 0.1 + 92 0.2
= 0 + 2.7 + 3.6 + 16.2
= 22.5
Var (X) = 22.5 10.89
= 11.61
SD(X) = 11.61
= 3.41
The answer is E.
23 Var (aX + b) = a2 Var (X)
Var (6X 3) = 36 Var (X)
= 36 11.61
= 417.96
The answer is C.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 2 1

2 3 4
1
=
12
b Pr(1 team wins) = Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC)
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
= + +
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
1 a Pr(no team wins) =
1
1 1
+
+
12 24 4
= 9
24
c Pr(2 teams win) = Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC) + Pr(ABC)

1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3
= + +
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
1 1 1
=
+ +
24 4 8
5
=
12
1 1 3
d Pr(all teams win) =
2 3 4
1
=
8
2 a Pr(A B) = Pr (A) Pr(A B)
= 0.25 0.1
= 0.15
b Pr(A B) = Pr (A)
= 0.25
12
3 a Pr(X < 5) =
30
2
=
5
8
b Pr(X > 5) =
30
= 4
15
4 a
i Pr(X = 2) = 0.3
ii Pr(X 2) = 0.2 + 0.3
= 0.5
iii Pr(X > 2) = 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1
= 0.5
Pr(1 < X < 4)
iv Pr(X < 4|X > 1) =
Pr( X > 1)
0.5
0.8
5
=
8
b E(X) = 1 0.2 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.2 + 5 0.1
= 2.7 min
c 4 min = 0.2 50
= 10
=
5 a 4k2 + 4k + 5k2 + 2k + k2 + k + 2k = 1
10k2 + 9k = 1
2
10k + 9k 1 = 0
b (10k 1)(k + 1) = 0
1
k=
or k = 1
10
k must be a value such that the probabilities are all
positive and 0 < k < 1
k= 1
10
12
6 a When x = 1, p(x) =
30
1
=
30
When x = 2, p(x) =
22
30
MM12-10
4
30
2
=
15
32
30
9
=
30
3
=
10
When x = 3, p(x) =
42
30
16
=
30
8
=
15
When x = 4, p(x) =
2.00
0
Gain ($)
1.00
0.3
0.4
0.3
Pr(X = x)
E(Gain) = 2.00 0.3 + 0 0.4 + 1.00 0.3
= 0.6 + 0 0.3
= 0.3
Therefore this is not a fair game as E(Gain) 0.
x
Pr(X = x)
1
8
3
8
Gain ($)
3
8
1
1
8
4
1
3
3
1
2 + 2 +
1+ 4
8
8
8
8
1
3
3
1
= + + +
4
4
8
2
1
=
8
Therefore the game is not fair as E(Gain) 0.
10 a
2 5 11
x
E(Gain) =
Pr(X = x)
1
30
2
15
3
10
8
15
1
2
3
8
+2
+3
+4
30
15
10
15
1
4
9
32
=
+
+
+
30
15
10
15
1
=3
3
b E(X) = 1
7 a
x
Pr(X = x)
7
36
7
36
7
36
7
36
7
36
1
36
Pr(X = x)
5
9
1
3
1
9
Area of centre = 100

Area of middle ring = 300
Area of outer ring = 500
500
5
Pr(X = 2) =
=
900
9
300
1
Pr(X = 5) =
=
900
3
100
1
Pr(X = 11) =
=
900
9
5
1
1
i E(X) = 2
+5
+ 11
9
3
9
10
5 11
=
+ +
9
3
9
=4
ii E(score from 5 shots) = 5 4
= 20
5
7
7
7
7
+3
+4
+5
36
36
36
36
7
1
+6
+7
36
36
14
21
28
35
42
7
=
+
+
+
+
+
36
36
36
36
36
36
147
=
36
1
=4
12
1
c Pr(X < ) = Pr X < 4

12
= Pr(X = 2, 3 or 4)
7
7
7
=
+
+
36
36
36
21
=
36
7
=
12
b E(X) = 2
303
1
b Pr(5 points on all 5 shots) =
3
1
=
243
11 a i Pr(X 3) = 0.1 0.5
Pr(X 4) = 0.1 + 0.45
= 0.55 0.5
Therefore the median is 4.
1
1
b i Pr(X 1) =
5
2
1 3
Pr(X 4) = +
5 10
2
1
=
5
2
1 3 1
Pr (X 6) = + +
5 10 10
5
=
10
1
=
2
MM12-10
304
2 1
+
5 10
1
=
2
Similarly, Pr(X 8) =
6+8
=7
2
Therefore the median is 7.

ii The x-value with the highest probability is 4
12
Cost x ($)
Pr(X = x)
7
0.4
8
0.2
9
0.3
10
0.1
a E(X) = 7 0.4 + 8 0.2 + 9 0.3 + 10 0.1

= 2.8 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1
= 8.1
The expected cost per car is $8.10.
b E(profit) = 8.1 100 300
= 510
Fast Eddys profit is $510.
c The mode is 2.
13
E(X) = 1 0.1 + 3 0.25 + 5 0.35 + n 0.3
4.7 = 0.1 + 0.75 + 1.75 + 0.3n
= 2.6 + 0.3n
0.3n = 2.1
n =7
14 a
x ($)
5000
500
50
10
Pr(X = x)
1
5000
1
2500
1
250
1
50
1
1
1
E(X) = 5000
+ 500
+ 50
5000
2500
250
1
+ 10
50
1 1 1
=1+ + +
5 5 5
3
= 1 (= 1.60)
5
Expected profit = Gain per game Cost per game
Expected profit = 1.60 2.00
= 0.40
That is, a loss of 40 cents per game.
b House Profit = 5000 0.40
= $2000
c House percentage
Profit
100
=
Cost
1
100
2000
=
5000 2
1
=
9
10
= 0.90
Expected Profit
= Gain per ticket Cost per ticket
= 0.90 1.00
= 0.10
That is, a loss of 10 cents per ticket.
b House Profit = 500 0.10
= $50
c House percentage
Profit
100
=
Cost
1
2000
100
1
10000
50
100
500 1
1
1
100
10
1
= 10%
0(0 + 1)
40
=0
1(1 + 1)
When x = 1, p(x) =
40
16 a When x = 0, p(x) =
1
20
When x = 2, p(x) =
=
When x = 3, p(x) =
2(2 + 1)
40
3
20
3(3 + 1)
40
3
10
4(4 + 1)
When x = 4, p(x) =
40
=
1
2
1
3
3
1
+
+
+
+0
2
10
20
20
=1
Therefore n = 4.
b
p(x) =
Pr(X = x) 0
1
20
3
20
3
10
1
2
1
3
3
1
+2
+3
+4
20
20
10
2
1
3
9
=0+
+
+
+2
20
10
10
1
=3
4
c E(X ) = 0 0 + 1
= 20%
15 a
x
200
150
100
Pr(X = x)
1
500
1
500
1
500
1
1
1
E(X) = 200
+ 150
+ 100
500
500
500
2
3
1
=
+
+
5
10
5
Multiple choice
1 Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
= 0.65 + 0.37 0.28
= 0.74
The answer is D.
2 Pr(A|B) =
0.19
0.27
= 0.7037
The answer is C.
3 One person attends = Pr(F K) or Pr(F K)
= 0.60 0.15 + 0.40 0.85
= 0.09 + 0.34
= 0.43
The answer is E.
7
4 Pr(Y ) =
10
11
x
Pr(X = x)
Gain ($)
7 6 5

10 9 8
7 1 1

1 3 8
12
7
=
24
The answer is D.
5 Number of runs must be counted and so this is discrete.
The answer is A.
6 A P(x) = 1
B P(x) = 1
C P(x) = 1
D Pr(x = 4) = 0.4 but 0 Pr(x) 1
The answer is D.
Pr( X is odd X < 4)
7 Pr(X is odd | X < 4) =
Pr( X < 4)
Pr( X = 1 or 3)
Pr( X = 0, 1, 2 or 3)
13
14
15
0.2 + 0.1
0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.1
0.3
=
0.7
3
=
7
=
16
The answer is D.
8 0.3 + 5k + 0.2 + 3k + 0.1 = 1
8k + 0.6 = 1
8k = 1 0.6
= 0.4
k = 0.05
The answer is B.
9
x
Pr(X = x)
Gain ($)
17
1
0.1
2
0.1
3
0.2
4
0.2
5
0.2
5
E(Gain) = 0.1 2 + 0.1 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.2 2

+ 0.2 5 + 0.2 5
= 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 + 1 + 1
= 0.80
A gain of $0.80 per game.
The answer is C.
10
x
Pr(X = x)
Gain ($)
Ace
0.4
1
King
0.3
k
Queen
0.2
2
Jack
0.1
5
305
E(Gain) = 0.4 1 + 0.3 k + 0.2 2 + 0.1 5

0.40 = 0.4 + 0.3k + 0.4 + 0.5
0.3k = 0.9
k = 3
Pay $3
The answer is B.
Pr( A B )
Pr( B )
Pr(YYY) =
MM12-10
6
0.2
5
18
Bullseye Miss Board

0.1
0.2
0.7
2
0.20
E(Gain) = 0.1 2 + 0.2 k + 0.7 0.2

0 = 0.2 + 0.2k + 0.14 (Fair game)
0 = 0.34 + 0.2k
0.2k = 0.34
k = 1.70
Pay $1.70
The answer is A.
E(X) = 1 0.3 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.1 + 5 0.1
= 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5
= 2.4
Toll = 2 + 2.4 0.5
= 2 + 1.2
= $3.20
The answer is A.
E(X) = 1 0.3 + 2 0.3 + 3 0.2 + 4 0.1 + 5 0.1
= 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.5
= 2.4
The answer is D.
E(5X 8) = 5E(X) 8
= 5 2.4 8
= 12 8
=4
The answer C.
E(X) = 2 0.1 + 1 0.25 + 0 0.2 + 1 0.15
+ 2 0.3
= 0.2 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.15 + 0.6
= 0.3
The answer is E.
[E(X)]2 = 0.32
= 0.09
E(X 2) = (2)2 0.1 + (1)2 0.25 + (0)2 0.2 + 12 0.15
+ 22 0.3
= 0.4 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.15 + 1.2
=2
Var(X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
= 2 0.09
= 1.91
The answer is C.
Var(3X + 2) = 32Var(X)
= 9Var(X)
= 9 1.91
= 17.19
The answer is B.
E(X) = 3 0.21 + 6 0.35 + 9 0.17 + 12 0.27
= 0.63 + 2.10 + 1.53 + 3.24
= 7.5
[E(X)]2 = 7.52
= 56.25
E(X 2) = 32 0.21 + 62 0.35 + 92 0.17 + 122 0.27
= 1.89 + 12.6 + 13.77 + 38.88
= 67.14
Var(X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2
= 67.14 56.25
= 10.89
MM12-10
306
SD(X) = 10.89
= 3.3
= 7.5, = 3.3
The answer is D.
19 E(X) = 1 0.2 + 2 0.2 + 3 0.4 + 4 0.2
= 0.2 + 0.4 + 1.2 + 0.8
= 2.6
[E(X)]2 = 2.62
= 6.76
E(X 2) = 12 0.2 + 22 0.2 + 32 0.4 + 42 0.2
= 0.2 + 0.8 + 3.6 + 3.2
= 7.8
Var(X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2
= 7.8 6.76
= 1.04
SD(X) = 1.04
= 1.02
= 2.6, = 1.02
2 = 2.6 2 1.02
= 2.6 2.04
= 0.56
+ 2 = 2.6 + 2 1.02
= 2.6 + 2.04
= 4.64
2 X + 2
= 0.56 X 4.64
Therefore 1 X 4
The answer is B.
Extended response
1
1
3
1 a E(X) = 14.40
+ 15.60
+ 12.00
4
4
10
1
+ 18.00
5
= 3.60 + 3.90 + 3.60 + 3.60
= 14.70
The mean price per box is $14.70.
b [E(X)]2 = 14.702
= 216.09
1
1
3
2
E(X ) = 14.402
+ 15.602
+ 12.002
4
4
10
1
+ 18.002
5
= 51.84 + 60.84 + 43.20 + 64.80
= 220.68
Var(X) = 220.68 216.09
= 4.59
2 a
SD(X) = 4.59
= 2.14
The standard deviation is $2.14.
Average = 14.70 24
= 0.6125
The average price per doughnut is 61.25 cents.
Cost = 61.25 1.14
= 69.825
The canteen should sell the doughnuts for 70 cents each to
make a 14% profit.
Average profit per box = 24 0.70 14.70
= 16.80 14.70
= $2.10
i 36 20 = 720
Amina collects $720 if her number comes up. (A profit
of $700)
ii
x ($)
700
20
Pr(X = x)
1
37
36
37
1
36
20
37
37
700
720
=
37
37
20
=
37
= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game
iii No as E(X) 0.
b i 2 20 = 40
Amina collects $40 if an even number comes
up. (A profit of $20)
ii
E(X) = 700
x ($)
20
20
Pr(X = x)
18
37
19
37
18
19
20
37
37
360
380
=
37
37
20
=
37
= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game.
iii No as E(X) 0.
E(X) = 20
i 3 20 = $60
Amina collects $60 if a number 1 12 comes up.
(A profit of $40)
ii
x ($)
40
20
Pr(X = x)
12
37
25
37
12
25
20
37
37
480
500
=
37
37
20
=
37
= 0.5405
Expected loss is 54 cents per game.
iii No as E(X) 0
0.54
100
d House percentage =
20
1
= 2.7%
3 a Pr(X = x) = 1
2t2 + 3t + 2t2 + 2t + 4t2 + t + t = 1
8t2 + 7t = 1
2
8t + 7t 1 = 0
(8t 1)(t + 1) = 0
1
t = or t = 1
8
(Reject t = 1)
1
t=
8
E(X) = 40
x ($)
>5
SD(X) =
Var(X )
Pr(X = x)
1
32
3
8
1
32
1
4
3
16
1
8
2.3086
1
1
3
1
+
+
+
32
4
16
8
19
=
32
1
3
1
1
3
c Pr(X 4) =
+ +
+
+
32
8
32
4
16
7
=
8
b Pr(X 2) =
1
3
1
1
+1
+2
+3
32
8
32
4
3
1
+4
+5
16
8
d E(X) = 0
=0+
3
1
3
3
5
+
+
+
+
8 16
4
4
8
= 2.5625 packages
1
3
1
1
2
e E(X ) = 02
+ 12 + 22
+ 32
32
8
32
4
3
1
+ 42
+ 52
16
8
= 8.875
[E(X)]2 = 2.56252
= 6.5664
Var(X) = 8.875 6.5664
= 2.3806
MM12-10
307
= 1.5194
f Pr( 2 X + 2 )
= E(X) = 2.5625,
= SD(X) = 1.5194
2 = 2.5625 2 1.5194
= 0.4763
+ 2 = 2.5625 + 2 1.5194
= 5.6013
Pr( 2 + 2 ) = (0.4763 5.6013)
= (0 5)
1
g Earnings = $25 E(X) + bonuses
3
1
= 25 2.5625 + 200 + 200

16
8
= $64.06 + $62.5
= $126.56
Pr( X 4 X 2)
Pr( X 4)
h
=
Pr( X 2)
Pr( X 2)
5
16
=
19
32
=
10
19
MM12-11
308
The binomial distribution
Chapter 11 The binomial distribution

5 Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
X Bi(4, 0.1)
Pr(X = 3) = 4C3 (0.1)3(0.9)1
= 4 0.001 0.9
= 3.6 0.001
= 0.0036
1
X Bi 4,
3
Exercise 11A The binomial distribution

1 a No, since there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
b Yes, since there are 10 independent trials and two
possible outcomes, three or non-three.
c No, since there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
d Yes, since there are 15 independent trials and two
possible outcomes, tail or non-tail (head).
e No, since the probability of success is not fixed.
f Yes, since they are independent, and two possible
outcomes, black or red.
g No, since the probability of success is not fixed and
success is not defined.
2 a 7C2 (0.4)2(0.6)5 = 21 0.16 0.077 76
= 0.2613
b 9C3 (0.1)3(0.9)6 = 84 0.001 0.531 441
= 0.0446
c 10C5 (0.5)5(0.5)5 = 252 0.031 25 0.031 25
= 0.2461
d 8C5 (0.2)5(0.8)3 = 56 0.000 32 0.512
= 0.0092
e
f
3 a
b
c
7
2
1
4
C7 1 2 = 36
2187
9
3 3
16
=
2187
= 0.0073
10
C0 (0.85)10(0.15)0 = 1 0.196 87 1
= 0.1969
n=5
p = 0.3
Pr(X = x) = 5Cx(0.3)x(0.7)5 x
Pr(X = 0) = 5C0 (0.3)0(0.7)5
= 1 1 0.168 07
= 0.168 07
Pr(X = 1) = 5C1 (0.3)1(0.7)4
= 5 0.3 0.2401
= 0.360 15
Pr(X = 2) = 5C2 (0.3)2(0.7)3
= 10 0.09 0.343
= 0.3087
Pr(X = 3) = 5C3 (0.3)3(0.7)2
= 10 0.027 0.49
= 0.1323
Pr(X = 4) = 5C4 (0.3)4(0.7)1
= 5 0.0081 0.7
= 0.028 35
Pr(X = 5) = 5C5 (0.3)5(0.7)0
= 1 0.002 43 1
= 0.002 43
Pr(X = 4) = 5C4 1
5
1
=5
625
4
=
625
0.168 07 0.360 15 0.3087 0.1323 0.028 35 0.002 43

Pr
(X = x)
1
X Bi(5, )
5
b Pr(X = 2) = 4C2 1 2
3 3
1 4
=6
9 9
24
=
81
8
=
27
c Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
a Pr(X = 1) = 4C1 1 2
3 3
1 8
=4
3 27
32
=
81
1
= 1 4C0
3
16
=1
81
65
=
81
1
1
7 a Pr(HHTT) =
2
2
1
=
16
= 0.0625
1
1
b Pr(HHHH) =
2
2
1
=
16
= 0.0625
c Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n =4
x =2
1
p=
2
1
q=
2
2
4

5
4
1
Pr(X = 2) = 4C2
2
1
=6
4
6
=
16
3
=
8
= 0.375
2

3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1

2
1
4
8 a Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqn x

X Bi(3, 0.2)
Pr(X = 3) = 3C2 (0.2)2(0.8)1
= 3 0.04 0.8
= 3 0.032
= 0.096
b C = successfully completing a crossword puzzle
Pr(CCCC) = (0.2)3(0.8)1
= 0.008 0.8
= 0.0064
c Pr(successfully completes first 3) = 0.2 0.2 0.2
= 0.008
d Pr(successfully completes first 3 | successfully completes first 2)
Pr(successfully completes 1st 3 successfully completes 1st 2)
=
Pr(successfully completes 1st 2)
=
Pr((CCC) (CCC or CCC))

Pr(CCC or CCC )
Pr(CCC)
Pr(CCC or CCC)
0.008
0.008 + 0.22 0.8
0.008
=
0.04
= 0.2
9 Pr(T) = 0.6
a Pr(TTTTH) = (0.6)4 (0.4)
= 0.1296 0.4
= 0.0518
b n=5
x=4
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
Pr(X = 4) = 5C4 (0.6)4(0.4)1
= 5 0.1296 0.4
= 0.2592
n=8
p = 0.55
q = 0.45
a x=4
Pr(X = 4) = 8C4 (0.55)4(0.45)4
= 70 0.0915 0.0410
= 0.262 66
0.2627
b x=8
Pr(X = 8) = 8C8 (0.55)8(0.45)0
= 1 0.008 37 1
= 0.008 37
0.0084
c x=5
Pr(X = 5) = 8C5 (0.55)5(0.45)3
= 56 0.050 33 0.091 25
= 0.256 82
0.2568
d Three opposing is the same as five supporting so, same as c = 0.2568.
n = 52
x = 26
p = 0.4
q = 0.6
Pr(X = 26) = 52C26 (0.4)26(0.6)26
= 0.038 098
0.0381
MM12-11
309
MM12-11
310

n = 20
x = 10
5
p=
8
3
q=
8
10
13
14
15
16
10
Pr(X = 10) = 20C10 5 3

8 8
= 0.092 41
0.0924
a Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n = 10
x=6
p = 0.39
q = 0.61
Pr(X = 6) = 10C6 (0.39)6(0.61)4
= 0.1023
b Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n = 10
x=4
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 4) = 10C4 (0.3)4(0.7)6
= 0.2001
Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n = 10
x=1
p = 0.03
q = 0.97
Pr(X = 1) = 10C1 (0.03)1(0.97)9
= 0.2281
Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqx
n = 200
x = 12
p = 0.08
q = 0.92
Pr(X = 12) = 200C12 (0.08)12(0.92)188
= 0.0653
n = 20
600
p=
= 0.02
30000
q = 0.98
a x=2
Pr(X = 2) = 20C2(0.02)2(0.98)18
= 0.0528
b x=0
Pr(X = 0) = 20C0(0.02)0(0.98)20
= 0.6676
17 a Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n=8
x=4
1
p=
2
1
q=
2
4
Pr(X = 4) = 8C4 1 1
2 2
= 0.2734
b Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n=8
x=2
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 2) = 8C2(0.3)2(0.7)6
= 0.2965
c n=8
x=0
p = 0.2
q = 0.8
Pr(X = 0) = 8C0(0.2)0(0.8)8
= 0.1678
18 p = 0.78
q = 0.22
n = 10
Pr(X < 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= 10C0(0.78)0(0.22)10 + 10C1(0.78)(0.22)9 +
10
C2 (0.78)2(0.22)8
The answer is C.
n=7
x=4
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
Pr(X = x) = 7C4 (0.6)4(0.4)3
= 35 (0.6)4(0.4)3
The answer is E.
n = 20
x = 11
1
p=
4
3
q=
4
11
Pr(X = 11) = 20C11 1 3

4 4
The answer is B.
21 p = 0.02
q = 0.98
n = 40
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 40C0(0.02)0(0.98)40
= 1 (0.98)40
The answer is D.
n = 10
x=3
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 3) = 10C3(0.3)3(0.7)7
= 0.2668
The answer is C.
23 p = 0.6
q = 0.4
n=5
a i Pr(X = 0) = 5C0(0.6)0(0.4)5
= (0.4)5
= 0.010 24
= 0.0102
ii Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 0.010 24
= 0.989 76
0.9898
b Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.7 = 1 nC0(0.6)0(0.4)n
0.7 = 1 0.4n
0.4n = 0.3
n=
log(0.3)
log(0.4)
n = 1.313 963 748

2
24 n = ?
p = 0.05
q = 0.95
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.6 = 1 nC0(0.05)0(0.95)n
0.6 = 1 0.95n
0.95n = 1 0.6
0.95n = 0.4
ln (0.95)n = ln 0.4
n ln (0.95) = ln 0.4
ln(0.4)
n=
ln(0.95)
27 a
b
28 a
= 17.86
= 18 tickets
n = unknown
x = 1, 2, 3, , n (X 1)
p = 0.1
q = 0.9
Pr(X 1) = 0.9
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.9 = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X = 0) = 1 0.9
= 0.1
Pr(X = 0) = nC0(0.1)0(0.9)n0
0.1 = 0.9n
ln(0.1) = ln(0.9)n
= n ln(0.9)
ln(0.1)
n=
ln(0.9)
MM12-11
311
= 5 645 725.212
The number of games to be played is 5 645 726
5645726
Number of tickets =
16
= 352 858
Therefore 352 858 tickets need to be bought.
Cost = 352 858 4.10
= $1 446 717.80
Therefore the tickets would cost $1 446 717.80
x = 2, since it has the greatest probability.
The graph is positively skewed.
i
ii The graph is positively skewed.

b i
ii The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed.

c i
2.3026
0.1054
= 21.85
She needs to take 22 turns.
26 a Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqnx
n = unknown.
x = 1, 2, 3, , n
1
p=
8 145 060
=
q=
29 a
b
30 a
8 145 059
8 145 060
Pr(X = 1, 2, 3, , n) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0.5 = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X = 0) = 1 0.5
= 0.5
0
8 145 059
1
Pr(X = 0) = nC0

8
145
060
8 145 060
8 145 059
0.5 =
8 145 060
8 145 059
ln(0.5) = ln
8 145 060
8 145 059
= n ln
8 145 060
8 145 059
n = ln (0.5) ln
8 145 060
n 0
31 a
b
32 a
b
c
d
ii The graph is negatively skewed.

i The graph is positively skewed since p < 0.5.
ii The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed
since p = 0.5.
iii The graph is negatively skewed since p > 0.5.
p effects the skewness of the graph.
The graph is symmetrical or normally distributed since
p = 0.5.
The graph is still symmetrical but the vertical columns
are not as high if n is doubled.
The graph is positively skewed, since p < 0.5.
The graph is negatively skewed, since p > 0.5.
Symmetrical or normally distributed.
Positively skewed.
Symmetrical or normally distributed.
Negatively skewed.
Exercise 11B Problems involving the

binomial distribution for multiple probabilities
1 a 4C3(0.4)3(0.6) + 4C4(0.4)4(0.6)0
= 4 0.064 0.6 + 1 0.0256 1
= 0.1536 + 0.0256
= 0.1792
b 5C3(0.6)3(0.4)2 + 5C4(0.6)4(0.4) + 5C5(0.6)5(0.4)0
= 10 0.216 0.16 + 5 0.1296 0.4 + 1 0.077 76 1
MM12-11
312
= 0.3456 + 0.2592 + 0.077 76

= 0.6826
a Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
= 0.15 + 0.08
= 0.23
b Pr(X > 0) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 0.15
= 0.85
c Pr(X 4) = 1 Pr(X = 5)
= 1 0.08
= 0.92
d Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 0.15 + 0.3
= 0.45
a Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 5)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
= 1 5C0 (0.3)0(0.7)5 5C1 (0.3)1(0.7)4
= 1 0.168 07 0.360 15
0.4718
b Pr(X < 4) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + + Pr(X = 3)
= 1 Pr(X = 4) Pr(X = 5)
= 1 5C4 (0.3)4(0.7) 5C5 (0.3)5(0.7)0
= 1 0.028 35 0.002 43
0.9692
a Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
= 5C4 (0.6)4(0.4)1 + 5C5 (0.6)5(0.4)0
= 0.2592 + 0.077 76
0.3370
b Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6)
= 6C4 (0.5)4(0.5)2 + 6C5 (0.5)5(0.5) + 6C6 (0.5)6
= 0.234 38 + 0.093 75 + 0.015 63
= 0.3438
c Pr(X 4) = Pr(X = 4) + + Pr(X = 7)
= 7C4 (0.2)4(0.8)3 + 7C5 (0.2)5(0.8)2
+ 7C6 (0.2)6(0.8)1 + 7C7 (0.2)7(0.8)0
= 0.028 672 + 0.0043 + 0.000 358 4
+ 0.000 012 8
0.0333
Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqn x
1
X Bi(5, )
2
a Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
0

1
X Bi(4, )
3
a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)
3
1 2
1 2
= 4C3 + 4C4
3 3
3 3
1
2
1
=4
+1
1
27
3
81
8 1
=
+
81 81
9
=
81
1
=
9
b Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
1 2
1 2
= 4C0 + 4C1
3
3

3 3
16
1
8
=11
+4
81
3
27
16 32
=
+
81 81
48
=
81
Pr(( X 3) ( X 1))
c Pr(X 3 | X 1) =
Pr( X 1)
Pr( X 3)
Pr( X 1)
9
81
=
1 Pr( X = 0)
9
81
1 1
= 1 5C0
2 2
1
=111
32
1
=1
32
31
=
32
b Pr(X > 3) = Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
4
3
= 16
31
32
6
=
31
Pr( x > 3)
=
Pr( x > 1)
16
81
9
81
=
65
81
9
=
65
5
1 1
1 1
= C4 + 5C5
2 2
2 2
1 1
1
=5
+1
1
16 2
32
5
1
=
+
32 32
3
=
16
Pr(( X > 3) ( X > 1))
c Pr(X > 3|X > 1) =
Pr( X > 1)
5
1 11
7 Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqn x

X Bi(3, 0.9)
Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 3C0(0.9)0(0.1)3 + 3C1(0.9)1(0.1)2
= 1 1 0.001 + 3 0.9 0.01
= 0.001 + 0.027
= 0.028
2
1
8 n = 6, p = , q =
3
3
6
a Pr(X = 6) = 6C6 2 1
3 3
0.0878
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)

+ Pr(X = 6)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
0
2 1
2 1
= 1 C0 6C1
3 3
3 3

= 1 0.001 37 6 0. 6 0.004 115
6
= 0.982 17
0.9822
1
0
6
2 1
c Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) = 6C0 2 1 + 6C1
3 3
3
3

= 0.001 37 + 0.016 46
0.0178
9 a Pr(X 5) = Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
+ Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
Pr(X 5) = 10C5(0.4)5(0.6)5 + 10C6(0.4)6(0.6)4
+ 10C7(0.4)7(0.6)3 + 10C8(0.4)8(0.6)2
+ 10C9(0.4)9(0.6) + 10C10(0.4)10(0.6)0
= 0.200 66 + 0.111 48 + 0.042 47 + 0.010 62
+ 0.001 57 + 0.000 10
0.3669
b Pr(X 9) = Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
Pr(X 9) = 10C9 (0.6)9(0.4)1 + 10C10 (0.6)10(0.4)0
= 0.040 31 + 0.006 05
0.0464
10 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
+ Pr(X = 6)
Pr(X 3) = 6C3 (0.8)3(0.2)3 + 6C4 (0.8)4(0.2)2
+ 6C5 (0.8)5(0.2)1 + 6C6 (0.8)6(0.2)0
= 0.081 92 + 0.245 76 + 0.393 216 + 0.262 144
0.9830
b Pr(X < 3) = 1 Pr(X 3)
= 1 0.9830
= 0.0170
11 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
3
1 1
1 1
Pr(X 3) = 5C3 + 5C4
2 2
2 2
5
1 1
+ 5C4
2 2
= 0.3125 + 0.156 25 + 0.031 25
= 0.5000
b Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
0
5 1
5 1
= 1 5C0 5C1
6 6
6 6
= 1 0.000 128 6 0.003 215 02
0.9967
c Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
0
1 5
1
= 5C0 + 5C1
6
6

6
2
5

6
1 5
+5C2
6 6
= 0.401 877 6 + 0.401 877 6 + 0.160 751 0
0.9645
12 a Pr(X 7) = Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
= 8C7 (0.7)7(0.3)1 + 8C8 (0.7)8(0.3)0
= 0.197 650 + 0.057 648
0.2553
b Pr(X > 7|X > 5) =
MM12-11
313
Pr( X > 7 X > 5)

Pr( X > 5)
Pr( X > 7)
Pr( X > 5)
Pr(X > 7) = Pr(X = 8)

= 8C8 (0.7)8(0.3)0
= 0.057648
Pr(X > 5) = Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
= 8C6 (0.7)6(0.3)2 + 0.2553
= 0.296 48 + 0.2553 (from part (a))
= 0.551 774
Pr( X > 7)
0.057 648
=
0.551774
Pr( X > 5)
= 0.1045
13 a Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
+ Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
= 12C8 (0.49)8(0.51)4 + 12C9 (0.49)9(0.51)3
+ 12C10 (0.49)10(0.51)2 + 12C11 (0.49)11(0.51)1
+ 12C12 (0.49)12(0.51)0
= 0.111 29 + 0.047 52 + 0.013 698 + 0.002 393
+ 0.000 19
0.1751
Pr( X 10 X 8)
b Pr(X 10|X 8) =
Pr( X 8)
=
Pr( X 10)
Pr( X 8)
Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)

= 0.013 70 + 0.002 39 + 0.000 19
0.016 28
Pr(X 8) 0.1751
Pr( X 10)
0.016 28
=
0.1751
Pr( X 8)
0.0930
14 Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 5C0 (0.7)0(0.3)5 + 5C1 (0.7)1(0.3)4
= (0.3)5 + 5C1 (0.7)(0.3)4
The answer is A.
1
15
of 80 = 20
4
Pr(X = x) = nCx pxqn x
x = 20, n = 80
Pr(X = 20) = 80C20 p20q60
= 80C20 p20(1 p)60
The answer is D.
16 n = 10, p = k
X Bi (10, p)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 10C0 p0(1 p)10
= 1 (1 p)10
p = k, 1 (1 k)10
The answer is A.
17 Pr(X 3) = 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1) Pr(X = 2)
= 1 10C0 (0.03)0(0.97)10 10C1 (0.03)1(0.97)9
10C2 (0.03)2(0.97)8
= 1 0.7374 0.2281 0.0317
= 0.0028
The answer is D.
18 Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
= 10C8 (0.6)8(0.4)2 + 10C9 (0.6)9(0.4)1
+ 10C10 (0.6)10(0.4)0
= 0.1209 + 0.0403 + 0.0060
= 0.1672
The answer is C.
MM12-11
314
19 Pr(X 11|X 10) =
Pr( X 11 X 10)
Pr( X 10)
24
Pr( X 11)
Pr( X 10)
Pr(X 11) = Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)

= 12C11 (0.95)11(0.05)1 + 12C12 (0.95)12(0.05)0
= 0.341 28 + 0.540 36
= 0.881 64
Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
= 12C10 (0.95)10(0.05)2 + 0.88164
= 0.098 791 6 + 0.881 64
= 0.980 43
Pr( X 11)
0.88164
=
0.980 43
Pr( X 10)
= 0.8992
The answer is D.
20 Pr(X 10) = Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + Pr(X = 12)
+ Pr(X = 13) + Pr(X = 14) + Pr(X = 15)
= 15C10 (0.5)10(0.5)5 + 15C11 (0.5)11(0.5)4
+ 15C12 (0.5)12(0.5)3 + 15C13 (0.5)13(0.5)2
+ 15C14 (0.5)14(0.5)1 + 15C15 (0.5)15(0.5)0
= 0.091 64 + 0.041 66 + 0.013 89 + 0.003 20
+ 0.000 46 + 0.000 03
= 0.1509
21 a Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
+ Pr(X = 3)
= 30C0 (0.05)0(0.95)30 + 30C1 (0.05)1(0.95)29
+ 30C2 (0.05)2(0.95)28 + 30C3 (0.05)3(0.95)27
= 0.214 64 + 0.338 90 + 0.258 64 + 0.127 05
0.9392
b Pr(X 3) = 1 Pr(X < 3)
= 1 0.214 64 0.338 90 0.258 64
0.1878
22 a Pr(X 1) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 50C0 (0.01)0(0.99)50 + 50C1 (0.01)1(0.99)49
= 0.605 006 1 + 0.305 558 6
0.9106
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= 50C0 (0.02)0(0.98)50 + 50C1 (0.02)(0.98)49
+ 50C2 (0.02)2(0.98)48
= 0.364 169 7 + 0.371 601 7 + 0.185 800 9
0.9216
c Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= 50C0 (0.04)0(0.96)50 + 50C1 (0.04)1(0.96)49
+ 50C2 (0.04)2(0.96)48
= 0.129 885 8 + 0.270 595 4 + 0.276 232 8
0.6767
d Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
+ Pr(X = 3)
= 50C0 (0.07)0(0.93)50 + 50C1 (0.07)1(0.93)49
+ 50C2 (0.07)2(0.93)48 + 50C3 (0.07)3(0.93)47
= 0.026 555 1 + 0.099 938 + 0.184 295 1 +
0.221 946 7
= 0.5327
0
10
1 2
23 a Pr(X = 0) = 10C0
3 3
= 0.0173
1 2
b Pr(X = 4) = 10C4
3 3
= 0.2276
c Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X < 2)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
1
1 2
= 1 0.0173 10C1
3 3
= 1 0.0173 0.086 708

0.8960
6
36
1
=
6
10
Pr(a difference of 1) =
36
5
=
18
2
Pr(a difference of 5) =
36
1
=
18
a Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(a difference of zero) =
1 5
= 1 5C0
6 6
= 1 0.401 876
= 0.5981
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)
= 1 Pr(X = 0) Pr(X = 1)
0
5 13
5 13
= 1 5C0 5C1
18 18
18 18
= 1 0.196 496 0.377 877
= 0.4256
c Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
1 17
= 1 5C0
18 18
= 1 0.751 418 8
= 0.2486
25 n = 10, p = 0.8
a Pr(X 8) = Pr(8) + Pr(9) + Pr(10)
= 10C8 (0.8)8(0.2)2 + 10C9 (0.8)9(0.2)1
+ 10C10 (0.8)10(0.2)0
= 0.301 99 + 0.268 44 + 0.107 37
= 0.6778
b (0.6778 + 0.3222)10
Pr(X = 9) = 10C9 (0.6778)9(0.3222)1
= 10 0.030 19 0.3222
= 0.0973
26 n = 15, p = 0.75, q = 0.25
a Pr(X 10)
= Pr(X = 10) + Pr(X = 11) + . + Pr(X = 15)
= 15C10 (0.75)10(0.25)5 + 15C11 (0.75)11(0.25)4
+ 15C12 (0.75)12(0.25)3 + 15C13 (0.75)13(0.25)2
+ 15C14 (0.75)14(0.25)1 + 15C15 (0.75)15
= 0.165 146 + 0.225 194 + 0.225 199 + 0.155 907
+ 0.066 82 + 0.013 363
= 0.8516
b p = 0.8516
q = 0.1484
Pr(X = 8) = 10C8 (0.8516)8(0.1484)2
= 0.2741
27 The prime numbers obtainable are 2, 3, 5.

3
1
Pr(prime) =
=
6
2
a Pr(X 4)
= Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5) + Pr(X = 6)
4
1 1
1 1
1 1
= 6C4 + 6C5 + 6C6
2 2
2 2
2 2
= 0.234 375 + 0.093 75 + 0.015 625
= 0.3438
b Pr(X = 5) = 8C5 (0.3438)5 (0.6562)3
= 0.0760
28 a Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 6C0 (0.05)0(0.95)6 + 6C1 (0.05)1(0.95)5
= 0.735 09 + 0.232 13
= 0.9672
b Pr(X 22)
= Pr(X = 22) + Pr(X = 23) + Pr(X = 24)
= 24C22 (0.9672)22(0.0328)2 + 24C23 (0.9672)23(0.0328)1
+ 24C24 (0.9672)24(0.0328)0
= 0.142 57 + 0.365 56 + 0.449 15
= 0.9573
Exercise 11C Markov chains and transition matrices

1 a
Pr(good on Sunday)
= 0.653 + 0.65 0.35 0.55 + 0.35 0.55 0.65 + 0.35 0.45 0.55
= 0.6115
a Pr(second film fails, previous success) = 0.25 0.75 + 0.75 0.62

= 0.6525
b Pr(third film fails, previous success)
= 0.25 0.25 0.75 + 0.25 0.75 0.62 + 0.75 0.38 0.75 + 0.75 0.62 0.62
= 0.665 175
= 0.6652
3 a
The probability the club chooses Best Match next season is 0.3
MM12-11
315
MM12-11
316
0.063 + 0.168 + 0.098 + 0.448 = 0.777.

Probability the club will be using Kingfisher in 3 years time is 0.777.
4 B = in bed before 10 pm.
O = on time to school
a Pr(on time) = Pr(BO) + Pr(BO)

= 0.6 0.8 + 0.4 0.4
= 0.48 + 0.16
= 0.64
Pr(B O)
b Pr(bed late | on time) =
Pr(O)
Pr(O|B) Pr(B)
=
Pr(O)
0.4 0.4
=
0.64
0.16
=
0.64
16
=
64
1
= 0.25
=
4
5 T = holidaying in Tasmania
C = holidaying in Cairns
Pr(Cairns in two years time) = Pr(TC) + Pr(CC)

= 0.3 0.7 + 0.7 0.4
= 0.21 + 0.28
= 0.49
6 C = eating Chinese take-away
F = eating fish and chips
Pr(Chinese once in next 3 Sundays) = Pr(CCFF) + Pr(CFCF) + Pr(CFFC)

= 0.3 0.7 0.5 + 0.7 0.5 0.7 + 0.7 0.5 0.5
= 0.21 0.5 + 0.49 0.5 + 0.35 0.5
= 0.105 + 0.245 + 0.175
= 0.525
7 a 30% bus train 60% train bus
70% bus bus 40% train train
ti + 1 = 0.40t1 + 0.30b1 bi + 1 = 0.60t1 + 0.70b1
Train
January
4900
February t = 0.40 4900 + 0.30 5600
= 3640
March
t = 0.4 3640 + 0.3 6860
= 3514
April
t = 0.40 3514 + 0.3 6986
= 3501.4
May
t = 0.4 3501.4 + 0.3 6998.6
= 3500.14
3500
Bus
5600
b = 0.60 4900 + 0.70 5600
= 6860
b = 0.6 3640 + 0.7 6860
= 6986
b = 0.6 3514 + 0.7 6986
= 6998.6
b = 0.6 3501.4 + 0.7 6998.6
= 6999.86
7000
b b + t = 10 500
t = 0.4t + 0.3b 0.6t = 0.3b
b = 2t
b = 0.6t + 0.7b
t = 10 500 b
= 10 500 2t
3t
10500
=
3
3
t = 3500
t + b = 10 500
b = 10 500 3500
= 7000
8 a 10%P Sam 20% S P
80% S S
90%P P
Pi + 1 = 0.9Pi + 0.2Si Si + 1 = 0.1Pi + 0.8Si
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
2800 Pete
P = 0.9 2800 + 0.2 3100
= 3140
P = 0.9 3140 + 0.2 2760
= 3378
P = 0.9 3378 + 0.2 2522
= 3544.6
P = 0.9 3544.6 + 0.2 2355.4
= 3661.22
3661
b P + S = 5900
P = 0.9P + 0.2S
S = 0.1P + 0.8S
0.1P = 0.2S
P = 2S
S = 5900 P
= 5900 2S
3S = 5900
5900
S=
3
2
= 1966
3
1967
P + S = 5900
P = 5900 S
1
= 3933
3
3933
3100 Sam
S = 0.1 2800 + 0.8 3100
= 2760
S = 0.1 3140 + 0.8 2760
= 2522
S = 0.1 3378 + 0.8 2522
= 2355.4
S = 0.1 3544.6 + 0.8 2355.4
= 2238.78
2239
MM12-11
317
MM12-11
318
G
A
G 0.9 0.75
A 0.1 0.25
a and b
0.9 0.75
0.1 0.25
10th throw S9
S9 = T 9 S0
G 200
A 100
50
0.65 0.15 1
=

0.35 0.85 0
0.301367
=
0.698633
Therefore the probability that Paul will hit a bullseye on
his 10th throw is 0.3014.
200
100
264.71
=
35.29
Gym 265, Aerobics 35
Exercise 11D Expected value, variance and

standard deviation of the binomial distribution
10
The answer is C.
S1 C1
S2 1 2
4 5
11 a The matrix can be labeled
. We want the
3 3
C2
4 5
probability of visiting Chadstone one week and
Southland the next.
2
Pr(S2 | C1) = .
5
0
b S0 =
1
5th weekend S4
S4 = T4 S0
1
4
=
3
4
2
0
5

3
1
5
0.347 65
=
0.65235
Therefore the probability that she will be at Chadstone in
four weekends time is 0.652.
c Let n = 50
S50 = T50 S0
1
4
=
3
4
50
2
0
5

3
1
5
0.347826
=
0.652174
Therefore, in the long term, the proportion of time Miya
spends at Chadstone, compared to Southland is 0.652.
12 a B = hitting a bullseye
Pr(BBB) = 0.65 0.65 0.35
= 0.147 875
= 0.1479
0.65 0.15
b T=
0.35 0.85
1
S0 =
0
1 a E(X) = np
= 10 0.6
=6
b E(X) = np
= 8 0.2
= 1.6
c E(X) = np
= 100 0.5
= 50
d E(X) = np
3
= 50
4
= 37.5
2 a Var(X) = npq
n = 20, p = 0.6, q = 0.4
Var(X) = 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8
b Var(X) = npq
= 15 0.9 0.1
= 1.35
c Var(X) = npq
= 25 0.4 0.6
=6
d Var(X) = npq
1
3
= 20
4
4
3
=3
4
3 a Var(X) = npq
= 10 0.2 0.8
= 1.6
SD(X) =
npq
= 1.6
= 1.26
b Var(X) = npq
= 30 0.5 0.5
= 7.5
SD(X) =
npq
= 7.5
= 2.74
c Var(X) = npq
= 50 0.7 0.3
= 10.5
SD(X) =
npq
= 10.5
= 3.24
d Var(X) = npq
2
3
= 72
5
5
= 17.28
SD(X) =
npq
= 17.28
= 4.16
4 a E(X) = np
1
n = 10, p =
2
1
E(X) = 10
2
=5
b Var(X) = npq
1
1
= 10
2
2
= 2.5
c SD(X) =
10
npq
= 2.5
= 1.58
5 a E(X) = np
3
n = 20, p =
13
3
E(X) = 20
13
= 4.62
b Var(X) = npq
= 20
3
10
13
13
11
12
= 3.55
c SD(X) =
npq
= 3.55
= 1.88
6 a E(X) = np
n = 20, p = 0.6
E(X) = 20 0.6
= 12
b Var(X) = npq
= 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8
c SD(X) =
npq
= 4.8
= 2.19
7 a E(X) = np
1
n = 10, p =
6
1
E(X) = 10
6
= 1.67
b Pr(X > 1.67) = Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 10)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
Pr(X = x) = nCx p x q n x
0
10
1
9
1 5
1 5
Pr(X > 1.67) = 1 10C0 + 10 C1
6 6
6 6
= 1 0.161 51 0.323 01
= 0.5155
8 a n = 15
1
(primes are 2, 3, 5)
p=
2
1
E(X) = 15
2
= 7.5
13
MM12-11
319
b Pr(X > 7.5) = Pr(X 8)

= Pr(X = 8) + + Pr(X = 15)
= 1 Pr(X 7)
= 1 0.5000 (From the CAS calculator)
= 0.5
1
a E(X) = 27
5
= 5.4
b Pr(X > 5.4) = Pr(X 6)
= 1 Pr(X 5)
= 0.4613
a E(X) = 80 0.35
= 28
b Pr(X > 28) = Pr(X 29)
= 1 Pr(X 28)
= 0.4488
a E(X) = np
n = 120
p = 0.8
E(X) = 120 0.8
= 96
96 rabbits are expected to die.
b 120 96
= 24
24 rabbits are expected to live.
a E(X) = 10 so np = 10 (i)
Var(X) = 5 so npq = 5 (ii)
Substitute (i) into (ii).
npq = 5
10q = 5
5
q=
10
= 0.5
q=1p
0.5 = 1 p
p = 0.5
b np = 10 where p = 0.5
n 0.5 = 10
10
n=
0.5
n = 20
a E(X) = 12 so np = 12
Var(X) = 3 so npq = 3
npq = 3
12q = 3
3
q=
12
1
q=
4
q=1p
1
=1p
4
3
p=
4
3
b np = 12 where p =
4
3
= 12
n
4
3
n = 12
4
n = 16
MM12-11
320
14 a E(X) = 9 so np = 9
npq = 6
9q = 6
6
q=
9
2
q=
3
q=1p
2
=1p
3
1
p=
3
b np = 9
1
=9
n
3
1
n=9
3
n = 27
20
21
22
10
15
16
17
18
19
17
1 2
c Pr(X = 10) = 27C10
3 3
= 8 436 285 1.693 508 8 105
1.014 959 23 103
= 0.1450
a E(X) = 3 so np = 3
Var(X) = 2.4 so npq = 2.4
npq = 2.4
3q = 2.4
2.4
q=
3
q = 0.8
q=1p
0.8 = 1 p
p = 0.2
b np = 3
n 0.2 = 3
3
n=
0.2
n = 15
c Pr(X = 10) = 15C10 (0.2)10(0.8)5
= 0.0001
d Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= 15C0 (0.2)0(0.8)15 + 15C1 (0.2)1(0.8)14
+ 15C2 (0.2)2(0.8)13
= 0.035 18 + 0.1319 + 0.2309
= 0.3980
1
E(X) = 20
2
= 10
The answer is C.
7
E(X) = 40
10
= 28
The answer is E.
Var(X) = npq
3
= 28
10
= 8.4
The answer is C.
E(X) = 200 0.8
= 160
23
24
25
26
27
Var(X) = npq
= 160 0.2
= 32
The answer is E.
E(X) = 10 so np = 10
npq = 6
10q = 6
q = 0.6
2
p = 0.4 =
5
np = 10
n 0.4 = 10
n = 25
The answer is D.
Pr(X = 3) = 5C3 p3q2
= 10p3(1 p)2
The answer is D.
a E(X) = 16
np = 16 where n = 20
20p = 16
16
p=
20
4
p = 0.8 =
5
b Var(X) = npq
= 20 0.8 0.2
= 3.2
c SD(X) = 3.2
= 1.79
a Pr(X = 10) where n = 20, p = 0.2
= 20C10 (0.2)10(0.8)10
= 0.0020
b Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 20)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)]
= 1 [20C0 (0.2)0(0.8)20 + 20C1 (0.2)1(0.8)19
+ 20C2 (0.2)2(0.8)18]
= 1 [0.011 529 2 + 0.057 646 08
+ 0.136 909 43]
= 1 0.2061
= 0.7939
E(X) = 25 0.04
=1
Pr(X > 1) = Pr(X = 2) + + Pr(X = 25)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [25C0 (0.04)0(0.96)25 + 25C1 (0.04)1(0.96)24]
= 1 [0.360 396 7 + 0.375 413 2]
= 1 0.7358
= 0.2642
a E(X) = 3
np = 3
10p = 3
p = 0.3
Pr(X = 2) = 10C2 (0.3)2(0.7)8
= 0.2335
b Pr(X 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)
= 10C0 (0.3)0(0.7)10 + 10C1 (0.3)1(0.7)9 + 0.2335
= 0.0282 + 0.121 06 + 0.2335
= 0.3828
E(X) = np
= 500 0.8
= 400
a n = 15, p = 0.5
Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + + Pr(X = 15)
28 a
= 15C8 (0.5)8(0.5)7 + 15C9 (0.5)9(0.5)6 +

+ 15C15 (0.5)15(0.5)0
= 0.196 38 + 0.152 74 + 0.091 64 + 0.041 66 +
0.013 89 + 0.003 20 + 0.000 46 + 0.000 03
= 0.5000
n = 15, p = 0.55
Pr(X 8) = 15C8 (0.55)8(0.45)7 + 15C9 (0.55)9(0.45)6
+ + 15C15 (0.55)15(0.45)0
= 0.201 34 + 0.191 40 + 0.140 36 + 0.077 98
+ 0.031 77 + 0.008 96 + 0.001 56 + 0.000 13
= 0.6535
n = 15, p = 0.45
Pr(X 8) = 15C8 (0.45)8(0.55)7 + 15C9 (0.45)9(0.55)6
+ + 15C15 (0.45)15(0.55)0
= 0.164 74 + 0.104 83 + 0.051 46 + 0.019 14
+ 0.005 22 + 0.000 99 + 0.000 12 + 0.000 006
= 0.3465
E(X) = np
1
n = 10 000, p =
2
1
E(X) = 10 000
2
= 5000
Var(X) = npq
1
1
n = 10 000, p = , q =
2
2
1
1
Var(X) = 10 000
2
2
= 2500
SD(X) = npq
= 2500
= 50
29 a E(X) = np
n = 30, p = 0.2
E(X) = 30 0.2
=6
b Yoghurt B is a popular product of the company and more
popular than expected.
30 n = 30, p = 0.02
a Pr(X = 0) = 30C0 (0.02)0(0.98)30
= 0.5455
b Pr(X = 1) = 30C1 (0.02)1(0.98)29
= 0.3340
c E(X) = 30 0.02
= 0.6
d Pr(X 1) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
= 0.5455 + 0.3340
= 0.8795
e n = 10, p = 0.8795
Pr(X = 10) = 10C10 (0.8795)10(0.1205)0
= 0.2769
31 a E(X) = 1600 0.10
= 160
b Var(X) = npq
= 160 0.9
= 144
SD(X) = Var(X )
= 144
= 12
= E(X) = 160
= SD(X) = 12
+ 2 = 160 + 24
= 184
MM12-11
321
2 = 160 24
= 136
c There is a probability of 0.95 that between 136 to 184
students will have a reading level that is inadequate to
cope with high school.
32 a E(X) = 1800 0.70
= 1260
b Var(X) = 1260 0.3
= 378
SD(X) = Var(X )
= 378
= 19.44
= E(X) = 1260, = SD(X) = 19.44
+ 2 = 1260 + 38.88
= 1298.88
2 = 1260 38.88
= 1221.12
c There is a probability of 0.95 that between 1222 and
1298 patients will be cured.
Chapter review
Short answer
1
1 X Bi(5, )
2
3
1 1
a Pr(X = 3) = 5C3
2 2
1 1
= 10
8 4
5
=
16
b Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
1 1
= 1 5C0
2 2
1
=111
32
31
=
32
1 1 1 1 1
c Pr(HHHT) =
2 2 2 2 2
1
=
32
2 X Bi(3, 0.9)
a Pr(X = 2) = 3C2 (0.9)2 (0.1)1
= 3 0.81 0.1
= 2.43 0.1
= 0.243
b Pr(X = 0) = 3C0 (0.9)0 (0.1)3
= 0.001
c Pr(MGG) = 0.1 0.9 0.9
= 0.081
3
3 X Bi 4,
4
2
3 1
a Pr(X = 2) = 4C2
4 4
9 1
= 6
16 16
54
=
256
27
=
128
MM12-11
322
b Pr(X = 2 | X 1) =
Pr(( X = 2) ( X 1))
Pr( X 1)
p = 1 or
Pr( X = 2)
Pr( X 1)
from the graph, there is a maximum when p =

p=
27
128
=
1 Pr( X = 0)
27
128
=
4
1
1
4
54
255
7 Let S = drinking a skinny macchiato

R = drinking a regular macchiato
a Pr(R Tues, S Wed) = 0.7 0.2
= 0.14
1
4 a X Bi 4,
5
1 4
Pr(X = 1) = 4C1
5 5
1 64
= 4
5 125
1
4
1 1
1 1
= 4C0 + 4C1
2
2

2 2
1
1 1
= 11 + 4
16
2 8
1
4
=
+
16 16
5
=
16
27
128
=
255
256
27 256
128 255
b Pr(S Wed) = Pr(R Tues, S Wed) + Pr(S Tues, S Wed)

= 0.14 + 0.3 0.3
= 0.14 + 0.09
= 0.23
256
625
8 C = watching a comedy movie

A = watching an action movie
1
b X Bi 4,
3
Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)
3
1 2
1 2
= 4C3 + 4C4
3
3

3 3
= 4
1 2
1
+ 1 1
27 3
81
8 1
+
81 81
9
81
1
9
5 a X Bi(4, p)
Pr(one rainbow ball) = 4C1 p1 (1 p)3

b let P(p) = 4C1 p1 (1 p)3
= 4 p (1 p )3
To find max, P(p) = 0
P(p) = 4p 3(1 p)2 1 + (1 p)3 4
= 4(1 p )2 (3 p + (1 p))
= 4(1 p ) 2 (1 4 p )
0 = 4(1 p ) 2 (1 4 p )
1
4
1
6 X Bi 4,
2
Pr(X < 2) = Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)
27
128
=
1
1
256
1
4
a Pr(A on 3rd Friday) = Pr(CA) + Pr(AA)

= 0.1 0.9 + 0.9 0.4
= 0.09 + 0.36
= 0.45
b Pr(C on 2nd Friday | A on 3rd Friday)
Pr(C on 2nd Fri A on 3rd Fri)
=
Pr(A on 3rd Fri)
Pr(A|C) Pr(C)
Pr(A on 3rd Fri)
0.9 0.1
0.45
0.09
=
0.45
9
=
45
1
= = 0.2
5
9 M = Maria winning
P = Patrick winning
Pr(M beats P once in next 3 matches)

= Pr(MMPP) + Pr(MPMP) + Pr(MPPM)
= 0.7 0.3 0.8 + 0.3 0.2 0.3 + 0.3 0.8 0.2
= 0.56 0.3 + 0.06 0.3 + 0.24 0.2
= 0.168 + 0.018 + 0.048
= 0.234
10 a i mean, = np
= 100 0.5
= 50
ii variance = npq
= 100 0.5 0.5
= 25
b i mean, = np
= 50 0.8
= 40
ii variance = npq
= 50 0.8 0.2
=8
11 Mean = np = 10
Variance = npq = 8
a Substitute in for np:
10q = 8
4
q=
5
4
p = 1
5
1
=
5
1
b n = 10
5
n = 50
1
12 X Bi(40, )
5
a E(X) = np
1
= 40
5
=8
b Var(X) = npq
1 4
= 40
5 5
32
=
5
= 6.4
Multiple choice
3
1 n = 20, p =
7
8
12
Pr(X = 8) = 20C8 3 4
7 7
MM12-11
323
MM12-11
324
= 0.1738
The answer is C.
3
2 n = 12, p =
8
3
3
4
3 5
Pr(X = 3) = 12C3
8 8
= 0.1688
The answer is B.
B because it has more than two outcomes.
The answer is B.
n = 7, p = 0.65
Pr(X = 3) = 7C3 (0.65)3(0.35)4
= 35 0.653 0.354
The answer is D.
n = 10, p = 0.5
Pr(X = 4) = 10C4 (0.5)4(0.5)6
= 0.2051
The answer is B.
n = 10, p = 0.5
Pr(X 8) = Pr(X = 8) + Pr(X = 9) + Pr(X = 10)
= 10C8 (0.5)8(0.5)2 + 10C9 (0.5)9(0.5)1
+ 10C10 (0.5)10(0.5)0
= 0.043 945 + 0.009 765 6 + 0.000 976 56
= 0.0547
The answer is C.
X Bi(n, 0.36)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X 1) > 0.85
1 Pr(X = 0) > 0.85
1 nC0(0.36)0(0.64)n > 0.85
1 0.64n > 0.85
1 0.85 > 0.64n
0.15 > 0.64n
ln(0.15) > ln(0.64n)
ln(0.15) > n ln(0.64)
ln(0.15)
<n
ln(0.64)
n > 4.2509
Therefore Sam needs to play at least 5 games in order to ensure the probability of
him winning at least once is greater than 0.85.
The answer is C.
1
8 n = 100, p =
50
Pr(X 3) = Pr(X = 3) + + Pr(X = 100)
= 1 Pr(X < 3)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)]
0
100
1
99
2
98
1 49
1 49
1 49
= 1 100 C0 + 100C1 + 100C2
50 50
50 50
50 50
= 1 [0.132 619 6 + 0.270 652 + 0.273 414]

= 1 0.6767
= 0.3233
The answer is A.
9 Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
6
3 4
= 1 20C0
7 7
20
20
4
=1
7
The answer is A.
10 n = 15
p = 0.67
q = 0.33
Pr(X 7) = 15C7 (0.67)7(0.33)8 + 15C8 (0.67)8(0.33)7 + . + 15C15 (0.67)15
The answer is D.
11
1
of 60 = 12
5
60
C12 (k)12(1 k)48
The answer is E.
Pr (( X = 2) ( X 1))
Pr ( X 1)
Pr ( X = 2)
Pr ( X 1)
2
2 1
C2
3 3
=
1 Pr ( X = 0)
3
4 1
3
9
3
=
3
1
1
3
4
= 9
1
1
27
4
9
=
26
27
6
=
13
Therefore the answer is D.
x
p
13 S0 must be of the form or
and T of the form
y

1 p
b
1 a
a 1 b .
The only one that satisfies these criteria is B.

0.3
0.6 0.1
T=
and S0 = 0.7
0.4
0.9

The answer is B.
14
Poor on Thursday given that it was poor on Tuesday

= 0.65 0.65 + 0.35 0.17
= 0.4225 + 0.0595
= 0.4820
The answer is B.
1
1
2
2
1
=
4
1
E(X) = 60
4
= 15
The answer is B.
15 n = 60, p =
325
1
=q
2
1
1
npq = 50
2
2
25
=
2
The answer is D.
1
17 E(X) = 50
2
= 25
The answer is E.
18 A: npq = 20 0.6 0.4
= 4.8 No
B: npq = 15 0.9 0.1
= 1.35 Yes
The answer is B.
19
np = 10
16 n = 50, p =
2
12 X Bi 3,
3
Pr(X = 2 | X 1) =
MM12-11
npq = 3
npq = 9
Substitute in for np:
10q = 9
9
q =
10
9
p = 1
10
1
=
10
The probability of the computer part being defective is

The answer is A.
Extended response
1 a n = 150, p = 0.9
E(X) = 150 0.9
= 135
b Probability of a free pizza = q
=1p
= 1 0.9
= 0.1
c Late deliveries = 150 135
= 15
Loss = 15 4
= 60
Saverio expects to lose $60 this night.
2 a n = 10, p = 0.1
E(x) = np
= 10 0.1
=1
b Pr(X = 5) = 10C5 (0.1)5(0.9)5
= 0.0015
c Pr(X 2) = 1 Pr(X < 2)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [10C0 (0.1)0(0.9)10 + 10C1 (0.1)1(0.9)9]
= 1 [0.348 68 + 0.387 42]
= 1 0.7361
= 0.2639
d n = 1000, p = 0.01
E(X) = 1000 0.01
= 10
3 a n = 20, p = 0.05
E(X) = 20 0.05
=1
1
.
10
MM12-11
326
b Pr(X > 1) = 1 Pr(X 1)

= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1)]
= 1 [20C0 (0.05)0(0.95)20 + 20C1 (0.05)1(0.95)19]
= 1 [0.358 49 + 0.377 35]
= 1 0.735 84
= 0.264 16
0.2642
c Pr(X > 5) = 1 Pr(X 5)
= 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3)
+ Pr(X = 4) + Pr(X = 5)]
= 1 [0.7358 + 20C2 (0.05)2(0.95)18
+ 20C3 (0.05)3(0.95)17 + 20C4 (0.05)4(0.95)16
+ 20C5 (0.05)5(0.95)15]
= 1 [0.735 84 + 0.188 68 + 0.059 58 + 0.013 33
+ 0.002 24]
= 1 0.9997
= 0.0003
4 X Bi(6, 0.65)
a i Pr(X = 0) = (0.35)6
= 0.0018
ii Pr(X 3) = BinomCdf(6, 0.65, 3, 6)
= 0.8826
Pr(( X = 5) ( X 3))
iii Pr(X = 5 | X 3) =
Pr( X 3)
Pr( X = 5)
Pr( X 3)
6
C5 (0.65)5 (0.35)1
=
0.8826
0.2437
=
0.8826
= 0.2761
b Pr(X 1) > 0.9
1 Pr(X = 0) > 0.9
1 nC0(0.65)0(0.35)n
1 0.35n
1 0.9
0.1
ln(0.1)
ln(0.1)
ln(0.1)
ln(0.35)
> 0.9
> 0.9
> 0.35n
> 0.35n
> ln(0.35n)
> n ln(0.35)
<n
n > 2.1933
Therefore Aiko needs 3 throws to ensure a probability of
more than 0.9 of getting at least one goal.
5 X Bi(20, 0.68)
X = a train being on time
a Pr(X 10) = BinomCdf(20, 0.68, 0, 10)
= 0.0719
b Pr(X 12) = BinomCdf(20, 0.68, 12, 20)
= 0.8432
c X Bi(10, 0.8432)
X = at least 12 trains are on time
Pr(X = 9) = BinomPdf(10, 0.8432, 9)
= 0.3378
6 X Bi(2400, 0.6)
n = 2400
p = 0.6
q = 0.4
a E(X) = np
= 2400 0.6
= 1440
b Var(X) = npq
= 2400 0.6 0.4
= 576
SD(X) =
Var( X )
= 576
= 24
+ 2 = 1440 + 2 24
= 1488
2 = 1440 2 24
= 1392
c Interval [ 2, + 2]
= [1392, 1488]
This means that there is a probability of about 0.95 that
between 1392 and 1488 of the 2400 people selected will
be cured by the drug.
1
7 X Bi 80,
5
a W = win a prize
L = lose (no prize)
4
4 1
Pr(LLLLWW) =
5 5
= 0.0164
b Pr(X 10) = BinomCdf(80,
= 0.9713
c Pr(X 18 | X 10) =
1
, 10, 80)
5
Pr(( X 18) ( X 10))

Pr( X 10)
Pr(10 X 18)
Pr( X 10)
1
BinomCdf (10, ,10,18)
5
=
0.9713
0.7334
=
0.9713
= 0.7550
8 a X Bi(8, 0.8)
i Pr(X = 8) = 8C8(0.8)8(0.2)0
= (0.8)8
= 0.1678
ii Pr(X = 6) = 8C6 (0.8)6(0.2)2
= 28 0.262 144 0.04
= 0.2936
iii Pr(1st 4 successful | 6 out of 8 successful)
Pr(1st 4 success 6 out of 8 success)
=
Pr(6 out of 8 successful)
G = scoring a goal
= Pr(GGGG) Pr(2 goals out of the last 4 attempts)
Pr(2 goals out of the last 4 attempts)
= 4C2(0.8)2(0.2)2
= 6 0.64 0.04
= 0.1536
= (0.8)4 0.1536
= 0.0629
Pr(1st 4 successful6 out of 8 successful)
=
Pr(6 out of 8 successful)
0.0629
0.2936
= 0.214
=
b i Pr(next 7 success | goal on 1st attempt) = (0.84)7

= 0.2951
ii G = scoring a goal
M = missing the goal
MM12-11
327
1st week of July S0

1st week of August S4
0.7 0.4
T =
0.3 0.6
S4 = T 4 S0
4
Pr(2 out of next 3 are goals) = Pr(GGGM) + Pr(GGMG)

+ Pr(GMGG)
= 0.84 0.84 0.16 + 0.84 0.16 0.64 + 0.16
0.64 0.84
= 0.1129 + 0.0860 + 0.0860
= 0.2849
9 R = going for a run
W = going for a walk
a Pr(RRR) = 0.45 0.2 0.2
= 0.018
b Pr(at least 1 run in next 3 afternoons)
= 1 Pr(no runs in next 3 afternoons)
= 1 (0.55 0.55 0.55)
= 0.8336
0
c Initial state matrix: S0 = (we definitely know she
1
went for a walk on the 1st Wed)
This Wed = 1st day S0
next Wed = 8th day S7
0.2 0.45
T=
0.8 0.55
S7 = T 7 S0
7
0.2 0.45
0
=
1
0.8 0.55

0.360022
=
0.639978
The first element relates to the probability of going for
a run.
Therefore the probability that she will go for a run the
following Wednesday is 0.3600.
d Let n = 50
S50 = T 50 S0
50
0
0.2 0.45
=

0.8 0.55
1
0.36
=
0.64
Therefore, in the long term, the proportion of afternoons
that Anna will go for a run is 0.36.
300
10 a Initial state matrix: S0 =
(Kaz has 300 customers
100
and Al has 100)
0.7 0.4 300

=

0.3 0.6 100

229.15
=
170.85
Therefore in the 1st week of August, 229 customers will
visit Kazs Kitchen and 171 people will visit Als fine
dining.
b Let n = 50
S50 = T 50 S0
50
300
0.7 0.4
=
0.3 0.6
100
228.57143
=
171.42857
Therefore, in the long term, 229 people will dine at
Kazs Kitchen each week and Al will get 171 customers
each week.
340
11
= 85% Tellya Tellya
400
15% Tellya Yodacall
90
= 90% Yodacall Yodacall
100
10% Yodacall Tellya
a ti + 1 = 0.85ti + 0.1yi
yi + 1 = 0.15ti + 0.9yi
400
b Tellya =
500
= 80% of the market
100
Yodacall =
500
= 20% of the market
c ti + 1 = 0.85 400 + 0.1 100
= 350
yi + 1 = 0.15 400 + 0.9 100
= 150
4
0.85 0.10 400

263.28
d
=
0.15 0.90 100

236.72
52.6% Tellya 47.4% Yodacall
7
0.85 0.10 400

226.696 777 3
e
100 = 273.303 222 7
0.15
0.90

12
0.85 0.10 400 206.335 270 4

0.15 0.90 100 = 293.664 729 6

50
0.85 0.10 400 200

g

=
0.15 0.90 100 300

40% Tellya 60% Yodacall
Both will be viable however Tellyas share has dropped
by half to 40% while Yodacalls have increased, tripled
in fact.
MM12-12
328
Continuous distributions
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions

Exercise 12A Continuous
random variables
4
0
3
Area is not equal to 1, so f(x) is
not a pdf.
1 a
2 a
1 a(2 x 1)dx
=1
2
ax 2 ax = 1
1
(4a 2a) (a a) = 1
2a = 1
1
a =
2
Area =
Area = 2 4 cos(2 x) dx
0
1
2 2dx
0
1
4
= 2 sin(2 x)
2
1
2
= [ 2x ]0
= 2 0
2
=1
f(x) may be a pdf.
=1
f(x) may be a pdf.
b
1 a(10 3x
) dx = 1
1
a (10 x x3 ) = 1
1
9a 9a = 1
18a = 1
1
a=
18
a
c
sin( x) dx = 1
0 2
f(x) is not positive or 0 over the

whole interval, so it is not a pdf.
c
Area =
2 cos( x) = 1
0
a
a
=1
2
2
a =1
22 2sin( x) dx
= [ 2cos( x)]22
x 2
dx = 1
3
= 0 2
=2
not a pdf.
Area = (1 x ) dx
2 ae
ae x 2 = 1
2
ae1 ae0 = 1
a(e1 1) = 1
x2
= x
2 1
1
1
= 1
2
2
=2
not a pdf.
Area =
e1
1 x
= [ log e | x |]1
dx
Area =
1 2
7 a
2 x dx = 1
2
x3
=2
2 0
1
=2
2
=1
f(x) may be a pdf.
dx = 1
2a(2 x) 2 = 1
7
16a
18a = 1
3
38a
=1
3
16a
=1
16
a =1
dx
=10
=1
f(x) may be a pdf.
1 3x
2 ax
ax 4
=1
16 0
Area = 2
1
e 1
a=
x 1dx
a=
2
2 2( x 1) 2
=
4 ax
+ a dx = 1
1
ax 1 + ax = 1
3
38
2
13 ( x + 2), 1 x 0
2 1
f(x) = x + 2 , 0 x 2
13 2
0, elsewhere
(a a) 4a = 1
4
15a
=1
4
4
a=
15
4
3 ax( x 1)dx
MM12-12
=1
a x 2 x dx = 1
3
x3 x 2
a = 1
2 3
3
64
9

a 8 9 = 1
2

3
40 9
a = 1
3 2
53
=1
a
6
6
a=
53
3
1 mx
dx + m(12 x) dx = 1
3
9m + m (48 8) 36 = 1
3
2
a dx + ax dx =1
1
26m
63
+ m 40 = 1
3
2
ax 2
ax + 2 = 1
0
1
26m 17 m
=1
+
3
2
52m + 51m
=1
6
103m = 6
a + 2a = 1
2
5a
=1
2
2
a =
5
2
5, 0 x 1
2
f (x ) = x , 1 < x 2
5
0, elsewhere
m =
6 2
103 x , 1 x 3
6
(12 x), 3 x 4
f(x) =
103
0, elsewhere
1 a( x + 2)dx + 0 a 2 x + 2 dx
0
=1
a + 2 x + a x2 + 2x = 1
2
4
1
3a
+ a (1 + 4 0) = 1
2
3a
+ 5a =1
2
13a
=1
2
2
a =
13
2
mx3
x2
+ m 12 x = 1
2 3
3 1
12 x dx + 0 x
0
dx = 1
k
x2
x2
+ = 1
2 1 2 0
2
1 k2
+
=1
8 2
k2
7
=
8
2
14
k2 =
8
6
103
329
330
MM12-12
=
k =
7
1 4
Exercise 12B Using a probability density

function to find probabilities of continuous
random variables
7
4
7
2
1 a Pr(X > 1.5)

2 1
=
(2 x + 1)dx
1.5 4
2
1
= x 2 + x
1.5
4
1
= [6 3.75]
4
= 0.5625
b Pr(1.2 < X < 1.75)
1.75 1
=
(2 x + 1) dx
1.2 4
1.75
1
= x 2 + x
1.2
4
dx = 1
n
x3
=1
12 1
n3
1
=1
12
12
n3
1
= 1
12
12
n3
11
=
12
12
n3 = 11
n = 3 11
8 k
0.5
0
sin(2 x) dx = 1
0.5
k
cos(2 x) = 1
2
0
1
1
k
cos(2 0.5) (
cos(2 0) = 1
2
2
1
1
k
cos( ) +
cos(0) = 1
2
2
1
1
k
1 +
1 = 1
2
2
1
1
k
+
=1
2 2
1
k
=1
k=
9 k
k e x
dx = 1
log e (3)
=1
k (e loge (3) (e0 )) = 1

1
k (elog e (3 ) + 1) = 1
1
k + 1 = 1
3
2
k =1
3
3
k =
2
10 a Let the length of the rectangle = x and the width of the
rectangle = y
x=ba
Area must equal 1
A=LW
1=baw
1
So, the width must be equal to
ba
1
, a xb
f(x) = b a
0, elsewhere
b
Pr(X > 1.2) = 0.84

0.5625
=
0.84
= 0.6696
2 a Pr(X < 3)
31
= (4 x)2 dx
1 9
1 3
= (16 8 x + x 2 ) dx
9 1
3
log e (3) x
0
1
[4.8125 2.64]
4
= 0.543 125
c Pr(X > 1.5 | X > 1.2)
Pr( X > 1.5 X > 1.2)
=
Pr( X > 1.2)
Pr( X > 1.5)
=
Pr( X > 1.2)
=
1
1
=
30 p
25
p =5
1
x3
2
16 x 4 x +
9
3 1
1
1
(48 36 + 9) 16 4 +
9
3
= 0.9630
b Pr(X > 2)
41
= (4 x)2 dx
2 9
4
1
x3
= 16 x 4 x 2 +
9
3 2
=
1
64
8
64 64 + 32 16 +
9
3
3
= 0.2963
c Pr(2 < X < 3)
31
= (4 x) 2 dx
2 9
3
1
x3
2
16 x 4 x +
9
3 2
1
2
21 18
9
3
= 0.2593
d Pr(2 < X < 3 | X < 3)
Pr(2 < X < 3 X < 3)
=
Pr( X < 3)
=
Pr(2 < X < 3)

Pr( X < 3)
0.73975
0.84375
= 0.5371
b Pr(X < 8 | X < 8.5) =
Pr(2 < X < 3)

Pr( X < 3)
0.2593
0.9630
= 0.2693
Pr(( x < 8) ( X < 8.5))

Pr( X < 8.5)
Pr( X < 8)
Pr( X < 8.5)
2 f ( x)dx
8.5
2 f ( x)dx
3 a
331
= 0.8767
8 1
x cos x dx
4 a Pr(X < 8) =
2 5
2
0.2593
0.9630
= 0.2693
e Pr(X > 2 | X < 3)
Pr( X > 2 X < 3)
=
Pr( X < 3)
MM12-12
0 ax( x 2) dx = 1
= 0.6916
5 a
2 2
a x 2 x dx= 1
0
x3
a x2 = 1
3
0
8
a 4 = 1
3
4a
=1
b A = lim 0.25e 0.25 x dx

k 0
a=
b
= lim e 0.25 x
0
k
3
4
= lim (e 0.25 k 1)
k
3
i x( x 2) dx
1.5 4
2
=0+1
=1
Since f(x) 0 and the total area under the curve is 1,
f(x) is a pdf.
3 x3
= x2
4 3
1.5
3 8
= 4 (1.125 2.25)
4 3
= 0.1563
0.4 3
ii x( x 2) dx
0
4
0.4
1.5
3
[1.125 0.1387]
4
= 0.7398
iv Pr(X > 0.4 | X < 1.5)
Pr( X > 0.4 X < 1.5)
=
Pr( X < 1.5)
=
Pr(0.4 < X < 1.5)

=
Pr( X < 1.5)
0.73975
Pr( X < 1.5)
1.5
0.25 x
dx
= e0.25 x
0
3 x3
= x2
4 3
0.4
0 0.25e
0 0.25e
= 0.1040
iii Pr(0.4 < X < 1.5)
1.5 3
= x( x 2) dx
0.4 4
Pr(X < 1.5) =
= (e 0.5 1)
= 0.3935
ii Pr(X > 1) = 1 Pr(X < 1)
3 x3
= x2
4 3
0
f ( x)dx
= 0.843 75
0.25 x
dx
= e0.25 x
0
= (e 0.25 + 1)
= 0.2212
Pr(X > 1) = 1 0.2212
= 0.7788
iii Pr(X > 1 | X < 2)
Pr( X > 1 X < 2)
=
Pr( X < 2)
=
Pr(1 < X < 2)

Pr( X < 2)
Pr(1 < X < 2)

=
f ( x) dx
2
= e0.25 x
1
= [e 0.5 e 0.25]
= 0.1722
0.1722
0.3935
= 0.4378
Pr(X > 1 | X < 2) =
MM12-12
332
6 a
Pr(2 < X < 3)

Pr( X > 2)
1
3
Pr(X a) = 0.36
1
x + dx = 0.36
3
2
a1
1
b A = lim
k 1
1
dx
x2
x2 1
+ x = 0.36
6 2 1
1
= lim
k x
1
1
1
= lim
k k
1
=1
Since f(x) 0 and the total area under the curve is 1, f(x)
is a pdf.
1
c i Pr(X > 2) = 2 dx
2 x
= 1 Pr(X < 2)
2 1
Pr(X < 2) = 2 dx
1 x
2
a2 a 1 1
+ + = 0.36
6 2 6 2
a2 a 8
+
= 0.36 (multiply by 12)
6 2 12
2a2 + 6a 8 = 4.32
2
2a + 6a 12.32 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a = 1.4 (Disregard a = 4.4)
1
8 Pr(X b) =
3
4 4
1
b x2 dx = 3
4
1
=
x 1
1
4
x = 3
b
1
= 1
2
= 0.5
Pr(X > 2) = 0.5
3 1
ii Pr(X < 3) = 2 dx
1 x
4
1
=
3
b
4
4
=
b
3
b =3
9 a 0.4 quartile
1 +
1
=
x 1
= 1
3
2
=
3
3 1
iii Pr(2 < X < 3) = 2 dx
2 x
3
1
=
x 2
1 1
= +
3 2
1
=
6
iv Pr(2 < X <3 | X > 2)
Pr(2 < X < 3 X > 2)
=
Pr( X > 2)
Pr(2 < X < 3)

Pr( X > 2)
1
= 6
1
2
1
=
3
v Pr(X < 3 | X > 2)
Pr( X < 3 X > 2)
=
Pr( X > 2)
f ( x) dx = 0.4
0 5 (3 x) dx = 0.4
a
2
x2
3 x = 0.4
5
2 0
3a
a2
0.4 5
=
2
2
a2
=1
2
2
a 6a + 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a = 3 7 (Disregard
3a
3 + 7)
b 0.85 quantile
a
f ( x ) dx = 0.85
From part a,
a2
0.85 5
3a
=
2
2
a2 6a + 4.25 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, a =
(Disregard
6 + 19
as it is beyond the acceptable
2
domain.)
c 70th percentile
a
6 19
2
f ( x ) dx = 0.70
From part a,
(Disregard
6 22
2
6 + 22
)
2
10 a
b Given the symmetrical nature of the graph,

Pr(a a) = 2 Pr(0 a)
a1
1
2 cos( ) d =
0 2
2
a
1
0 cos( )d = 2
1
[sin( )]0a =
2
1
(sin(a) sin(0)) =
2
1
sin(a) =
2
1
a = sin 1
2
a =
333
= 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.75
iii Pr(0.5 < X < 0 | X 0.25)
Pr((0.5 < X < 0) ( X 0.25))
=
Pr( X 0.25)
a2
0.70 5
=
2
2
a2 6a + 3.5 = 0
3a
Using the quadratic formula, a =
MM12-12
Pr(0.5 < X < 0)

Pr( X 0.25)
0.25
0.25 0.5
0.5 +
2
1
4
1 1
+
2 16
4
16
=
9
16
=
4
9
12 a
b i Pr(X < 4) =
11 a
bh
2
2
1
8
1
= 4
2
b As the graph is symmetrical, the area under each triangle

must be 0.5
bh
A =
2
1
a
2
2
0.5 =
2
a
0.5 = 2
2
a
1=
2
a =2
c i Pr(0.5 < X < 0) = area under left hand triangle
0.5 1
=
2
= 0.25
ii Pr(X 0.5) = left side + Pr(0 < X < 0.5)
= 0.5 + Pr(0.5 < X < 0)
(due to symmetry)
1
8
ii Pr(3 < X 8) = Pr(3 < X < 6) + Pr(6 X 8)

= area of trapezium1 + area of trapezium2
1
1
= ( f (3) + f (6)) 3 + ( f (6) + f (8)) 2
2
2
13 a
3 1 1 1 1
+ + +
2 16 4 4 8
3 5 3
+
2 16 8
15 3
+
32 8
27
32
MM12-12
10 23
334
= 0.3434
4 1
3
1
x + dx +
4 x dx
0
256
8
16
0.3434
0.9583
= 0.3583
Pr(2 < X < 1 | X < 3) =
3
2
3x 2 1
+ x
+ (4 x) 2
=
512 8 10 2 48
2
14 a
2 1
+
3 3
=1
i Pr(X < 1) =
10 23
3
1
x + dx
256
8
3 x 2 1x
+
=
512 8 10 2
4 cos(2 x)dx = 2 04 cos(2 x)dx

4
1
= 2 sin(2 x)
2
= 0.1192 0.6667
= 0.5475
4 1
ii Pr(X > 2) =
4 x dx
2 16

= sin sin(0)
2
=1
3
2
= (4 x) 2
48
2
= 0 0.1179
= 0.1179
iii Pr(X > 5) =
[sin(2 x)]04
5 256 x + 8 dx + 0 16
4 x dx
3 x 2 1x
1
+ +
=
512 8 5 3
1
= 0.4785 +
3
= 0.8118
iv Pr(X < 3) = 1 Pr(X > 3)
4 1
=1
4 x dx
3 16
(from part b)
1
1
i Pr X < = sin 2 +
2 12 2
12
1 1
= sin +
2 6 2
1 1 1
= +
2 2 2
3
=
4
1
1
ii Pr X < = sin 2 +
2
6 2
6
1 1
= sin +
2 3 2
3
2
= 1 (4 x) 2
48
3
= 1 (0 0.0417)
= 0.9583
v Pr(2 < X < 3) = Pr(X < 3) Pr(X < 2)
2
3
1
x + dx
= 0.9583 2
10 256
8
3
2
3x
1x
= 0.9583
+
512
8 10 2
= 0.9583 ( 0.2266 0.6667)

= 0.9583 0.4401
= 0.5182
vi Pr(2 < X < 1 | X < 3)
Pr(2 < X < 1 X < 3)
=
Pr( X < 3)
=
Pr(2 < X < 1)

Pr( X < 3)
3
2
3 x 2 1x
=
+ + (4 x) 2
512 8 2 48
= (0 0.2266) + (0.2165 0.3333)

= 0.2266 + 0.1168
1
3 1
+
2
2 2
3+2
4
iii Pr X < | X < 0

6
Pr X < Pr( X < 0)

6
=
Pr( X < 0)
Pr X <
6
=
Pr( X < 0)
3+2
4
=
1
2
=
Pr(2 < X < 1)

0 3
1 1
1
=
x + dx +
4 x dx
0
2 256
8
16
3+2
2
x
15 a f(x) = a sin , 0 x
2
x
0 a sin 2 dx = 1
x
a 2cos 2 = 1
0
x
2a cos = 1
2 0
|X > =
iv Pr X <
3
2
1

cos cos(0) =
2a
2
Pr < X <
=
3
2

= cos cos
3
4
1 1
= +
2
2
1
2
= +
2 2
1 x
02 2 sin 2 dx
x 2
= cos
2 0
=1
=
1
2
2 2
2
3 2 sin 2 dx
x
= cos
2
x

= cos cos
2
3
= 0
2 2
2
(from part i)
2 2+ 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 + 2
Pr X <
|X > =
2
3
2
2
2
1 + 2
2
Pr X > = 1 Pr X <
2
2

= cos cos(0)
4
1
=
1
2
ii Pr X > =
3
1 x
sin dx
2 2
=1
Pr X <
X >
3
2
Pr X >
2
x 3
= cos
2
1 x
,0 x
sin
b f ( x) = 2 2
0, elsewhere
335
Pr < X <
2
3
Pr X >
2
1
01 =
2a
1
1 =
2a
1
a =
2
i Pr X < =
2
MM12-12
16 f(x) =
a
a2 + x2
1 + 2
2
2+2
2
, x R and a > 0
3
2
iii Pr X
=
3
3
2
3
1 x
sin dx
2 2
2
x 3
= cos
2

= cos cos
3
6
1
3
= +
2 2
=
3 1
2
As a increases, the graph becomes flatter.

1
1
b i Pr(X < 1) f(x) =
1+ x
From the CAS calculator, Pr(X < 1) = 0.75
ii Pr(1 X < 1) = 2 Pr(0 < X < 1)
Pr(0 < X < 1) = 0.25
Pr (1 < X < 1) = 2 0.25
= 0.5
336
MM12-12
iii Pr (1 < X < 1 | X > 1)

Pr(1 < X < 1 X > 1)
=
Pr( X > 1)
Pr(1 < X < 1)

Pr( X > 1)
2 2 x
+ x dx
0
x3 x 2
= +
2 2
6
= 0 + 2
6
2
=
3
m 1
1
Median:
x + 1dx =
2 2
2
0.5
0.75
1
= 2
3
4
2
=
3
x2
1
+ x =
4
2
17 a
m2
1
+ m (1 2) =
4
2
m2
1
+ m +1 =
4
2
b A=
g ( x) dx
= 2 g ( x ) dx
0
From the CAS calculator, area = 0.5.

c For g(x) to be a pdf, area under the curve must be 1
f(x) = 2 g(x)
1 x2
= 2
e
2
f(x) =
d
e x , x R
i Pr(X > 0.5)

From the CAS calculator,
= 0.2398
ii Pr(X < 1) = 0.9214
iii Pr(X > 0.32) = 0.6746
iv Pr(0.5 < X < 1.09) = 0.6987
Exercise 12C Measures of central tendency

and spread
1 a Mean =
1.5
2 xf ( x)dx
1.5
1.5
= x 2
2
= 2.25 4
= 1.75
m
1
2
1
2
1
2m + 4 =
2
2m = 3.5
m = 1.75
Mode: f(x) = 2. There is no x-value that determines the
maximum value, so there is no mode.
0 1
b Mean = x x + 1 dx
2 2
[ 2 x ] m2
c Mean =
0 x 3x
1
0 3x
dx
dx
1
3x 4
=
4 0
=
Median:
3
4
1
2
m
1
x3 =
0
2
1
m3 =
2
0 3 x dx
2
1
2
Mode: f(x) is increasing over this interval, so the
maximum value occurs at the right-hand end point of the
interval, that is, x = 1.
Mode is 1.
1
1
2 a Mean =
x xdx
11
5
m=
2 2 x dx
Median: 2dx =
m2
1
+m+
=0
4
2
2
m + 4m + 2 = 0
Using the quadratic formula,
m = 2 + 2
Mode: Since f(x) is an increasing function, the maximum
value occurs at the right-hand end point of the interval,
that is, x = 0. Mode is 0.
x3
=
15
11
1 11 11
=
15
15
2.37
m
1
1
Median:
xdx =
11
5
2
m
1x 2
10
=
11
1
2
m2
11
1
=

10
2
10
2m3 3m2 + 1 =
m2
11 1
=
10
10 2
m2
6
=
10
10
m= 6
Mode: f(x) is a decreasing function over the interval, so
the maximum value occurs at the lefthand end of the
interval. So, the mode is 11 .
4
3
b Mean = x (2 x)2 dx
2
8
4 3x
=
(4 4 x + x 2 ) dx
2 8
4 12 x
12 x 2 3 x3
+
dx
8
8
4
6x
4 x3 3x 4
=
8
32 2
8
2
= (12 32 + 24) 3 4 +
2
= 3.5
m3
1
Median: (2 x)2 dx =
2 8
2
3
=0
2
m = 1.746
Mode: The function is increasing over the given interval,
so the maximum value occurs at x = 2.
Mode is 2.
3 a Variance = E(X 2) 2
61
Mean = xdx
2 4
6
x2
=
8 2
9 1
2 2
=4
E(X 2) =
3 2
6x
2x
5 1
20
= (4.8 3.2) (0.3 04)
= 1.7
m6
1
Median:
x( x 1)dx =
1 5
2
m6 2
1
6
1 5 x 5 xdx = 2
4
2 x3 3 x 2
1
=
5 1
2
5
2m
3m
5
5
3
2 3
1
=
2
5 5
2m3 3m 2 + 1
1
=
5
2
1
dx
4
6
= 18
=
8
12
52
3
52
(4) 2
3
52
=
16
3
4
=
3
Variance =
m = 2 3 4
Mode: f(x) is increasing over the interval, so the
maximum value occurs when x = 4.
Mode = 4.
26
c Mean = x 2 ( x 1)dx
1 5
26
6
= x3 x 2dx
1 5
5
6 2
2 x
x3
=
12 2
1
1
3
8 (2 x) = 2
1
1
(2 m)3 =
2
8
(2 m)3 = 4
2 m = 3 4
337
5
2
2m3 3m2
m 2 11
1
+
=
10 10
2
m=
MM12-12
Standard deviation =
variance
4
3
2
=
3
=
b Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
21
Mean = x(3 x)dx
0 4
1 2
= 3x x 2dx
4 0
2
1 3x 2 x3

4 2
3 0
1 8
6 0
4
3
10
12
E(X 2) =
2 2
0 x
1
(3 x)dx
4
1 2 2
3 x x 3d x
4 0
1 3 x4
x
4
4 0
1
[8 4 ]
4
=1
MM12-12
338
10
Var(X) = 1
12
144 100
=
144 144
44
=
144
11
=
36
SD(X) =
2 x 4 4 x3
=
3 2
4
32
= 40.5 36 8 +
3
43
=
6
Var(X) =
Var(X )
=
11
6
c Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
=
0 4 x
4 x 4 dx
1
4 x3 4 x5
5 0
3
4 4
3 5
8
=
15
E(X 2) =
=
4 x 5 dx
1
2 x6
= x4
3 0
= 1
2
3
1
3
Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
1 8

3 15
11
225
4 xdx
3
16
= 18 18 + 8
3
8
=
3
3 2
3
2 2x
2( x 2)dx
3
1 3x
2 x 2( x 2)dx
2 x
3 2 3
+ +
28 7 14
17
=
28
1
3
E(X2) = x 2 ( x + 1)2 dx
0
7
6 x3 3x 2
+
dx
7
7
3
3 1
+ +
35 14 7
31
=
70
2 x3
2x2
=
3
E(X )2 =
6 x 2 3x
+ dx
7
7
3x 4 2 x3 3 x 2
+
+
=
7
14 0
28
Var(X) =
11
15
Var(X )
2 2x
1 3x
3x5 6 x 4 x3
=
+
+
28
7 0
35
4 a Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
Mean =
b Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
1
3
Mean = x ( x + 1) 2 dx
0
7
1 3x
=
( x 2 + 2 x + 1)dx
0 7
SD(X) =
1
2
or
6
3 2
4( x x3 )dx
0 4 x
var(X )
1 2
0 x
1
18
SD(X) =
0 x 4( x x )dx
Mean =
43 8

6 3
4 x 2 dx
SD(X) =
31 17

70 28
291
(or 0.0742)
3920
var( X )
= 0.0742
0.2725
c Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
1
Mean = x sin xdx
2
2
= 4.7124
1
E(X 2) = x 2 sin xdx
2
2
From the CAS calculator = 22.674
Var(X) = 22.674 (4.7124)2
0.4674
SD(X) =
Var(X )
x 0.3e0.3 x dx
From the CAS calculator =
10
3
b Median of X: 0.3e 0.3 x dx =

0
e0.3 x =
e 0.3m e 0.3 0 =
e 0.3m + 1 =
e 0.3m =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2.9455
2
=
( x 1) 2
= 0.9720
1
0.3m = log e
2
0.3m = log e (2)

a sin a sin = 1
2

2
a a = 1
2a = 1
a = 0.5
0.3m = log e (2)
E(X 2) =
10
log e (2)
3
200 10

9
3
100
=
9
Var(X) =
=
6 a
Var( X )
2 a( x 1)
dx = 1
2
dx = 1
1 3
a ( x 1)
2
a
+a
2
a
2
a
=1
0 0.5 x cos x 2 dx

= 1.5708
=
2
Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
cos x dx
2

2.9348
Var(X) = 2.9348 1.57082
= 0.4674
0 0.5 x
d Pr X =
2
02
0.5cos x dx
2
= 0.5sin x
2 0
=1
= (0 0.5)
= 0.5
=2
2x
b Mean of x =
dx
2 ( x 1) 2
2.3863
c SD(X) = Var(X )
3
=1
E(X 2) =
c Mean of X
E(X 2) =
10
3
2 ( x 1)2
x 2 0.3e 0.3 x dx

200
E(X 2) =
9
e SD(X) =
=1
a sin x 2 = 1
0.3m = log e (2 )
c The mode of x.
The function is decreasing over the given domain. The
maximum value occurs at the left-hand-end of the
domain, that is, when x = 0.
The mode is 0.
d Var(X) = E(X 2) 2
0 a cos x 2 dx
7 a
m=
339

5.7726
Var(X) = 5.7726 2.38632
0.0782
SD(X) = 0.0782
0.2796
d Pr( 2 X + 2)
Pr(2.3863 2 0.2796 X 2.3863 + 2 0.2796)
Pr(1.8271 X 2.9455)
Pr(2 X 2.9455) (as 2 is the lower limit)
2.9455
2
Pr =
dx
2
( x 1) 2
= 0.4674
0.6837
5 a Mean of X =
MM12-12
2 x2
2 ( x 1)2 dx
e Pr X | X =
2
4
Pr X X
2
4
Pr X
4
Pr X
4
2
Pr X
4
MM12-12
340
Pr X =
2
4
cos 2m + = 0
2
2
2 0.5cos x 2 dx
cos 2m + = 0
2
= 0.5sin x
2
2m +
1 1
= 0
2
2
1
=
2 2
Pr X =
4
4 0.5cos x 2 dx
9 a
= 0.5sin x
2
16k
=1
4
1
k =
4
m 1
1
3
b
( x + 2) dx =
2 4
2
1+ 2
2 2
1
4
16 ( x + 2)
2
1
4
(m + 2) 0
16
(m + 2)4
m+2
Pr X | X = 2 2
2
4
1+ 2
2 2
1
=
(or 0.4142)
1+ 2
4 a sin 2 x + 4 dx
a a
+ =1
2 2
a=1
1
4
16 ( x + 2) = 0.75
2
(a + 2)4 = 0.75 16
(a + 2)4 = 12
a + 2 = 4 12
a = 4 12 2
e IQR = 0.75 Quantile 0.25 Quantile
= 4 12 2 ( 4 4 2)
4 x sin 2 x + 4 dx
4 sin 2 x + 4 dx
12 4 4
10 a
From the CAS calculator, = 0

m
1
4
16 ( x + 2) = 0.25
2
(a + 2)4 = 4
a = 4 4 2
a 1
d
( x + 2)3 dx = 0.75
2 4
a
a
1 1 = 1
2
2
Median:
1
2
=8
= 48
8 2
1
3
c
( x + 2) dx = 0.25
2 4
1
2
a
4
2 cos 2 x + 4 = 1
m=
=1
c Mean =
8 a
2 k ( x + 2) dx = 1
k ( x + 2)4
=1
4
1 1
1
=
2
2
2
1
1
= +
2 2 2
=
Median is 0.
Mode: From the graph, the maximum value occurs
when x = 0. Mode is 0.
d The distribution is symmetrical.
=
2
2
2m = 0
m =0
1
2
1

1
2 cos 2 x + 4 = 2
cos 2m + cos(0)
2
2
1
1
1
cos 2m + +
=
2
2 2
2
1
2
b Because the graph is symmetrical, therefore = 0.5

c As the graph is symmetrical, therefore the median is 0.5
d The mode is equal to the maximum of the graph. In this
case we have two points where the maximum is the
same. Therefore the mode = 0, 1.
11 Mean of X is
0
+ nx )dx =
mx 4 nx3
5
+
=
4
3
7
5
m n
0 =
4
3
7
n m
5
=
3
4
7
4n 3m
5
=
12
7
60
4n 3m =
7
1f f(x) is a pdf, then
0
1 mx
2 a i Pr(X > 5) =
5 4 x + 2 dx
6
[1]
+ nx dx = 1
3
1
= x2 + x
2 5
8
1
3
1
3
= (6)2 + (6) + (5)2 (5)
8
2
8
2
1
=
8
ii Pr(3 < X < 5) = Pr(3 < X < 4) + Pr(4 < X < 5)
41
1
= 2 x dx (by symmetry)
3 4
2
4
x2 x
= 2
8 2 3
mx3 nx 2
+
=1
2 1
3
m n
0 + = 1
3 2
42 4 32 3
= 2
8 2
8 2
m n
=1
3 2
2m 3n
=1
6
2m 3n = 6 [2]
120
2 [1] 6m + 8n =
7
3 [2] 6m 9n = 18
6
[3] + [4] n =
7
6
n=
7
6
Substitute n = into [1]
7
6
60
4 3m =
7
7
24
60
3m =
7
7
36
3m =
7
12
m=
7
12
6
m=
and m = .
7
7
9 3
= 2 2 2
8 2
[3]
[4]
Exercise 12D Applications to problem solving

1 a The pdf is only valid over 0 x 2 therefore the
maximum number of hours she could watch is 2.
b =
0 t 14 (t
341
c Pr(T > 1.5) = Pr(1.5 < T 2)

2 3
=
(t 2 + 1) dt
1.5 14
Using the CAS calculator:
Pr(T > 1.5) = 0.4375
d Pr(T < 1) = Pr(0 T 1)
1 3
=
(t 2 + 1) dt
0 14
= 0.2857
5
.
7
5
7
0
5
3
2
1 mx + nx dx = 7
1 x (mx
MM12-12
+ 1)dt
Using the CAS calculator:

= 1.29
Kathryn watches, on average, 1.29 hours of TV each day.
3
= 2
8
3
=
4
iii 4 days and 6 hours = 4.25 days
Pr(X < 4.25) = Pr(2 < X < 4) + Pr(4 < X < 4.25)
4.25 1
1
3
= + x + dx
4
2
4
2
1 15
= +
2 128
= 0.617
b The roses were in a shop for 1.5 days, so for them to last
at least 3 more days we need the roses to last for at least
4.5 days from the moment they were cut.
Pr(( X > 4.5) ( X >1.5))
Pr(X > 4.5 | X > 1.5) =
Pr( X > 1.5)
Pr(X > 4.5) =
Pr( X > 4.5)

Pr( X > 1.5)
3
4.5 4 x + 2 dx
9
32
Pr(X > 1.5) = 1 (as all roses last at least 2 days).
9
Therefore, Pr(X > 4.5 | X > 1.5) =
32
3 a Pr(0 X 10) =
10
0.15e 0.15 x dx
10
= e0.15 x
0
= (e1.5 e0)
= e1.5 + 1
= 0.7769
MM12-12
342
20
10 0.15e
b Pr(10 X 20) =
0.15 x
180
x
= e 1000
dx
20
= e0.15 x
10
= (e3.0 e1.5)
= 0.1733
c Pr(X > 30) = 1 Pr(X < 30)
= e 0.18 + 1
= 0.1647
iii Pr(X > 200) =
30
= 1 0.15e 0.15 x dx
0
= 1 e0.15 x
=1
30
0
i Pr(X < 800) =
800
ke kx dx
2000
kx
Pr(X 230) = 1
dx
2000
= e kx
1000
9
10 000
k=
9
9
2000
1000
= e10 000
e10 000
1.8
0.9
= (e + e )
= 0.2413
iii Pr(X > 2000) = 1 Pr(X < 2000)
=1
2000
2000
9
10 000
9 x
9 x 10 000
e
dx
10 000
From the CAS calculator, = 1111.11

1111 grams
c Pr(X < 1111) =
1111
ke kx dx
1111
= e kx
0
k=
= 1 (e1.8 1)
= e1.8
= 0.1653
b Mean weight =
1
0 1000 e 1000 dx = 0.10
k=
x
e 1000 = 0.1
n
1000
i Pr(X < 100) =
100
n
1000
9
10 000
33
30 0.1dx
= [ 0.1x ] 30
33
= 3.3 3.0
= 0.3
1 1000 x
dx
e
1000
+ 1 = 0.1
= 0.9
n
= log e (0.9)
1000
n = 1000 loge(0.9)
n = 105.36 hours
6 a Between 30 and 40 minutes
b i Pr(X < 33) = Pr(30 X < 33)
= (e0.9999 1)
= 0.6321
5 a
ii Pr(36 X 38) =
ii Pr( X 180) =
38
36 0.1dx
= [ 0.1x ]36
38
100
x
= e 1000
0
0.1
= e e0
= e0.1 + 1
= 0.0952
180
230
1 1000
dx = 0.90
e
1000
ke kx dx
= 1 e kx
1 1000
e
dx
0 1000
= 1 (e0.23 1)
= + e0.23
= 0.7945
Pr(X 180) = 1 0.1647
= 0.8353
0.7945
Pr(X 230 | X 180) =
0.8353
= 0.9512
c Pr(X n) = 0.90
9 800
= e 10 000
+ 1
= (e0.72 + 1)
= 0.5132
ii Pr(1000 X 2000)
1000 ke
1 1000
dx
e
1000
200
800
9
= e kx k =
0
10 000
200
x
= 1 e 1000
0
0.2
=1+e 1
= 0.8187
Pr( X 230)
b Pr(X 230 | X 180) =
Pr( X 180)
= 1 [e 4.5 + 1]
= e 4.5
= 0.0111
4 a
1
200 1000 e 1000 dx
= 3.8 3.6
= 0.2
c Mean of X =
x
1 1000
e
dx
1000
40
30 x 0.1dx
40
0.1x 2
=
2 30
= (80 45)
= 35 minutes
d Pr(X n) = 0.1
n
30 0.1 dx
[0.1x ] 30n
MM12-12
343
1
100 x, 0 X 10
1
( x 20), 10 < X 20
f(x) =
100
0, elsewhere
= 0.1
= 0.1
0.1n 3 = 0.1
0.1n = 3.1
n = 31 minutes
7 a i Pr(2 X 2) =
0.1
2 (0.01 + x2 ) dx

5
0.1
ii Pr(5 X 5) =
dx
5 (0.01 + x 2 )
b Pr(X 407) Greater than the ordered length by 7 metres
Pr(X 7) From the CAS calculator = 0.0045
c Shorter than 3.9 metres (less than 390 cm)
Pr(X 10)
8 a 30 seconds = 0.5 minutes
Pr(0.5 X 0.5)
0.5
x
=
cos
dx
0.5 20 2
20
0.5
1
x
=
sin
2
20 0.5
1
x
=
sin
20 5
2
1

1
=
sin
sin
10
4
2
2
= 0.2815
5
x
c Pr(3 X 5) =
cos
dx
3 20 2
20
5
1

=
sin x
2
20 3
1
1
3
=
sin
sin
2
4
20
2
= 0.1790
9 a and b First determine the value for k.
10
20
kxdx + k ( x 20) dx = 1
10
10
Pr(X > 10) =
20
10 100 ( x 20)dx
20
( x 20) 2
=
200
10
100
= 0
200
= 0.5
10 1
Pr(X 7) =
xdx + 0.5
7 100
10
1
1

=
sin
sin
2
40
40
2
= 0.1110
b Missed the beginning at 6.58 pm means 5 X 2
2
x
5 20 2 cos 20 dx
Pr( X > 10)

Pr( X 7)
c Pr(X > 10 | X 7) =
20
kx 2
k ( x 20) 2
+
=1
2
2 0
10
k 100
100k

0 + 0
=1
2
2

50k + 50k = 1
100k = 1
1
k =
100
x2
=
+ 0.5
200 7
100 49
+ 0.5
200 200
= 0.755
0.5
Pr(X > 10 | X 7) =
0.755
= 0.6623
d It takes Nathan 3 minutes to deposit a cheque, so times up
to 12 minutes will enable him to return to his car on time.
10 1
12
1
Pr(X 12) =
xdx +
( x 20)dx
0 100
10 100
12
( x 20) 2
= 0.5 +
200
10
64
= 0.5 +
0.5
200
= 0.68
Exercise 12E The normal distribution

1 a = 10 2
=8
+ = 10 + 2
= 12
2 = 10 2 2
= 10 4
=6
+ 2 = 10 + 2 2
= 10 + 4
= 14
3 = 10 + 3 2
= 10 6
=4
+ 3 = 10 + 3 2
= 10 + 6
= 16
MM12-12
344
iii 3 = 15
15
=
3
=5
c i and ii
d i and iii
b = 20 5
= 15
+ = 20 + 5
= 25
2 = 20 2 5
= 20 10
= 10
+ 2 = 20 + 2 5
= 20 + 10
= 30
3 = 20 3 5
= 20 15
=5
+ 3 = 20 + 3 5
= 20 + 15
= 35
3 a
b It widens the graph, increasing the range.

c It shifts the graph to the right.
4 a
2 a
=01
= 1
+ =0+1
=1
2 = 0 2 1
=02
= 2
+ 2 = 0 + 2 1
=0+2
=2
3 = 0 3 1
=03
= 3
+ 3 = 0 + 3 1
=0+3
=3
i
ii
iii
b i
= 15
= 15
= 45
3 = 15
15
3
=5
ii 3 = 5
5
=
3
2
=1
3
5 a i, since it has the smallest mean.

b The mean increases with time.
c The standard deviation increases with time.
6 a = 65, = 5
b
7 a mean translation of 20 units in the positive x-direction

1
Standard deviation dilation factor
from the x-axis
2
dilation factor 2 from the y-axis
b mean translation of 9 units in the positive x-direction
Standard deviation dilation factor 2 from the x-axis
1
dilation factor
from the y-axis
2
8 a Difference = 75 65
= 10
Difference 10
=
10
=1
68%
Approximately 68% of the scores lie between 55 and 75.
b Difference = 85 65
= 20
Difference
20
=
10
=2
2 95%
Approximately 95% of the scores lie between 45 and 85.

c Difference = 95 65
= 30
Difference
30
=
10
=3
3 99.7%
Approximately 99.7% of the scores lie between 35 and 95.
d + = 75
68%. Therefore 32% of the scores lie outside of

the values. 16% of the scores will be greater than 75.
e 2 = 45
2 95%. Therefore 5% of the scores lie outside of

the 2 values. 2.5% of the scores will be less than 45.
f + 3 = 95
3 99.7%. Therefore 0.3% of the scores lie outside

of the 3 values. 0.15% of the scores are greater
than 95.
9 a + = 35
68%
16% of the values are above 35.
b + 2 = 40
2 95%
2.5% of the values are above 40.
c + 3 = 45
3 99.7%
0.15% of the values are above 45.
10 = 42, = 169
= 13
MM12-12
a + = 55
68%
68% of the values are between 29 and 55.
b + 2 = 68
2 95%
c + 3 = 81
3 99.7%
99.7% of the values are between 3 and 81.
d = 29
68%
16% of the values are below 29.
e + = 55
68%
16% of the values are above 55.
f 3 = 3
3 99.7%
0.15% of the values are below 3.
11 a 68%
= 40 12
= 28
+ = 40 + 12
= 52
b 2 95%
2 = 40 2 12
= 40 24
= 16
+ 2 = 40 + 2 12
= 40 + 24
= 64
95% for 16 X 64
c 3 99.7%
3 = 40 3 12
= 40 36
=4
+ 3 = 40 + 3 12
= 40 + 36
= 76
99.7% of the values lie between 4 and 76.
12 a 68%
= 27.2 1.4
= 25.8
+ = 27.2 + 1.4
= 28.6
25.8 X 28.6
b 2 95%
2 = 27.2 2 1.4
= 27.2 2.8
= 24.4
+ 2 = 27.2 + 2 1.4
= 27.2 + 2.8
= 30.0
24.4 X 30.0
c 3 99.7%
3 = 27.2 3 1.4
= 27.2 4.2
= 23
+ 3 = 27.2 + 3 1.4
= 27.2 + 4.2
= 31.4
23 X 31.4
345
MM12-12
346
16% of the values lie above 28.6.

e
16
2.5% of the values lie above 30.

f
0.15% of the values lie above 31.4.

13 a = 16.6 0.6
= 16
+ = 16.6 + 0.6
= 17.2
16 X 17.2
b 2 = 16.6 1.2
= 15.4
+ 2 = 16.6 + 1.2
= 17.8
15.4 X 17.8
c 3 = 16.6 1.8
= 14.8
+ 3 = 16.6 + 1.8
= 18.4
14.8 X 18.4
17
18
19
d 16% of the values are below 16.

e 2.5% of the values are below 15.4.
f 0.15% of the values are below 14.8.
14 a
20
i 50% 16%
= 34%
ii 50% 2.5%
= 47.5%
iii 50% 0.15%
= 49.85%
iv 100% 16% 2.5%
= 81.5%
15 a Pr(21 < X < 27) = 68%

Pr(24 < X < 27) = 34%
Pr(18 < X < 30) = 95%
Pr(18 < X < 24) = 47.5%
Pr(18 < X < 27) = Pr(18 < X < 24) + Pr(24 < X < 27)
= 47.5 + 34
= 81.5%
21
22
23
b Pr(18 < X < 30) = 95%

Pr(X > 30) = 2.5%
Pr(15 < X < 33) = 99.7%
Pr(X > 33) = 0.15%
Pr(30 < X < 33) = Pr(X > 30) Pr(X > 33)
= 2.5 0.15
= 2.35%
= 3 kg, = 0.36
= 0.6 kg
a = 3 0.6
= 2.4
+ = 3 + 0.6
= 3.6
2.4 kg X 3.6 kg
b 2 = 3 2 0.6
= 1.8
+ 2 = 3 + 2 0.6
= 4.2
1.8 kg X 4.2 kg
c 3 = 3 3 0.6
= 1.2
+ 3 = 3 + 3 0.6
= 4.8
1.2 kg X 4.8 kg
2 = 36 [1]
+ 2 = 60 [2]
[1] + [2] 2 = 96
= 48
Sub. = 48 into [2]
48 + 2 = 60
2 = 12
=6
The mean is 48 and standard deviation is 6.
The answer is B.
The mean does not have to be greater than the standard
deviation for a normal distribution.
The answer is D.
3 = 19 [1]
+ 3 = 61 [2]
[1] + [2] 2 = 80
= 40
Sub. = 40 into [2]
40 + 3 = 61
3 = 21
=7
The answer is C.
= 9, = 9
=3
2 = 9 2 3
=3
+ 2 = 9 + 2 3
= 15
3 X 15
The answer is C.
= 100, = 9
2 = 100 2 9
= 82
+ 2 = 100 + 2 9
= 118
82 X 118
The answer is B.
Time is a measured quantity.
The answer is B.
= 12, = 2
1.414
a = 12 1.414
= 10.586
+ = 12 + 1.414
= 13.414
10.59 X 13.41
b 2 = 12 2 1.414
= 9.172
+ 2 = 12 + 2 1.414
= 14.828
9.17 X 14.83
c 3 = 12 3 1.414
= 7.758
+ 3 = 12 + 3 1.414
= 16.242
7.76 X 16.24
Exercise 12F The standard normal distribution
Pr(1.6 < Z < 1.4) = normCdf (1.6, 1.4, 0, 1)

= 0.8644
2 a = 25, = 25
=5
x
z=
40 25
=
5
15
=
5
=3
Pr(Z 1) = normCdf (, 1, 0, 1)
= 0.8413
b = 17, = 9
=3
x
z=
12 17
=
3
5
=
3
Pr(Z 1.5) = normCdf (1.5, , 0, 1)

= 0.0668
c = 12, = 6.25
= 2.5
x
z=
15 12
=
2.5
3
=
2.5
= 1.2
Pr(Z < 1.75) = normCdf (, 1.75, 0, 1)
= 0.0401
3 = 9, = 3
x
a z =
10 9
=
3
1
=
3
b z=
Pr(Z > 2.71) = normCdf (2.71, , 0, 1)

= 0.9966
7.5 9
=
3
1.5
=
3
= 0.5
c z=
Pr(0.42 < Z < 1.513) = normCdf (0.42, 1.513, 0, 1)

= 0.2721
347
1 a
MM12-12
12.4 9
=
3
3.4
=
3
= 1.133
MM12-12
348
4 a
normCdf (,17, 20,5)

normCdf ( , 25, 20,5)
0.2743
0.8413
= 0.3260
f Pr(X < 17 | X < )
Pr( X < 17 X < )
=
Pr( X < )
Pr(X > 42) = normCdf (42, , 40, 7)

= 0.3874
6 a
Pr(X 30) = normCdf (30, , 40, 7)

= 0.9235
b
c
7 a
Pr(X < 45) = normCdf (, 45, 40, 7)

= 0.7623
Pr(X 27) = normCdf (, 27, 40, 7)

= 0.0317
Pr( X < 17)

Pr( X < )
normCdf (,17, 20,5)
=
0.5
0.2743
=
0.5
= 0.5486
Pr(Z < m) = 1 Pr(Z > m)
= 1 0.25
= 0.75
Pr(Z > m) = Pr(Z < m) = 0.75
Pr(Z < m) = Pr(Z > m) = 0.25
Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
= 0.62 0.16
= 0.46
Pr( Z < a )
Pr(Z < a | Z < b) =
Pr( Z < b)
0.16
0.62
8
=
31
8 Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.58 0.44
= 0.14
9 Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)
Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.88 0.60
= 0.28
Pr(Z > a) = 0.72
x
10 a m =
=
Pr(25 X 45) = normCdf (25, 45, 40, 7)

= 0.7462
5 = 20, = 25
=5
a Pr(X > 27) = normCdf (27, , 20, 5)
= 0.0808
b Pr(X 18) = normCdf (18, , 20, 5)
= 0.6554
c Pr(X 8) = normCdf (, 8, 20, 5)
= 0.0082
d normCdf (7, 12, 20, 5) = 0.0501
e Pr(X < 17 | X 25)
Pr( X < 17 X 25)
=
Pr( X 25)
=
Pr( X < 17)

Pr( X 25)
30 36
=
4
6
=
4
3
=
2
Pr(X < 30) = Pr Z <

2
x
b z=
43 36
=
4
7
=
4
= 1.75
Pr(X > 43) = Pr(Z > 1.75)
By symmetry Pr(Z > 1.75) = Pr(Z < 1.75)
m = 1.75
11 = 125, = 11
a Pr(X > 140) = normCdf (140, , 125, 11)
= 0.0863
b Pr(X < 100) = normCdf (, 100, 125, 11)

= 0.0115
c Pr(100 < X < 140) = normCdf (100, 140, 125, 11)
= 0.9022
12 = 152, = 49
=7
a Pr(X 159) = normCdf (159, , 152, 7)
= 0.1587
b Pr(X < 150) = normCdf (, 150, 152, 7)
= 0.3874
c Pr(145 < X < 159) = normCdf (145, 159, 152, 7)
= 0.6826
d Pr(140 < X < 160) = normCdf (140, 160, 152, 7)
= 0.8302
e Pr(145 < X < 150 | X > 140)
Pr((145 < X < 150) ( X > 140))
=
Pr( X > 140)
=
Pr(145 < X < 150)

Pr( X > 140)
normCdf (145,150,152,7)
normCdf (140, ,152,7)
0.2287
0.9567
= 0.2391
13 Pr(Z > 1.251) = normCdf (1.251, , 0, 1)
= 0.1054
The answer is A.
14 Pr(Z < 0.25) = normCdf (, 0.25, 0, 1)
= 0.4013
The answer is B.
x
15 z =
16
17
18
19
20
29 20
=
6
9
=
6
= 1.5
The answer is E.
= 1.4, = 0.1
Pr(X > 1.25) = normCdf (1.25, ,1.4, 0.1)
= 0.9332
The answer is E.
= 70, = 12
= 3.4641
Pr(X > 77) = normCdf (77, , 70, 12)
= 0.0217
The answer is A.
= 12, = 2
Pr(X < 9) = normCdf (, 9, 12, 2)
= 0.0668
The answer is A.
= 16, = 4
=2
Pr(X > 11.5) = normCdf (11.5, ,16, 2)
= 0.9878
The answer is E.
= 1.000, = 0.006
Pr( X < 1.011| X > 1.004)
Pr(( X < 1.011) ( X > 1.004))
=
Pr( X > 1.004)
Pr(1.004 < X < 1.011)

Pr( X > 1.004)
MM12-12
349
normCdf (1.004,1.011,1.000, 0.006)

normCdf (1.004, ,1.000, 0.006)
0.2189
0.2523
= 0.8676
21 a Pr(80 < X < 90) = normCdf (80, 90, 82, 5)
= 0.6006
b Pr(X > 90) = normCdf (90, , 82, 5)
= 0.0548
c Pr(X < 70) = normCdf (, 70, 82, 5)
= 0.0082
Pr(70 < X < 80) = normCdf (70, 80, 82, 5)
= 0.3364
See parts (a) and (b) for other probabilities.
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
Cost ($)
Probability 0.0082 0.3364 0.6006 0.0548
d Average Price = 1.4 0.0082 + 1.6 0.3364
+ 1.8 0.6006 + 2 0.0548
= $1.74
22 a = 6, = 0.03
Pr(5.93 X 6.07) = normCdf (5.93, 6.07, 6, 0.03)
= 0.9804
b E(X) = 1000 0.9804
= 980
23 a Pr(X < 27) = normCdf (1010, 27, 32, 4)
= 0.1056
b In 20 fish, he would expect 20 0.1056, that is, 2.11 to
be undersize.
He would take home 17 fish.
24 X N(171.2, 5.22)
a i Pr(X > 168) = normCdf(168, , 171.2, 5.2)
= 0.7309
ii Pr(164 < X < 174) = normCdf(164, 174, 171.2, 5.2)
= 0.6218
Pr(( X > 179) ( X > 168))
iii Pr(X > 179 | X > 168) =
Pr( X > 168)
=
Pr( X > 179)

Pr( X > 168)
normCdf (179, ,171.2, 5.2)

0.7308
= 0.0914
=
b X Bi(10, 0.7308)
Pr(X = 6) =
10
C6 (0.7309)6(0.2692)4
= 0.1679
25 X N(8.4, 1.82)
a i Pr(X > 10) = normCdf(10, , 8.4, 1.8)
= 0.1870
Pr(( X > 5) ( X < 10.5))
ii Pr(X > 5 | X < 10.5) =
Pr( X < 10.5)
=
Pr(5 < X < 10.5)

Pr( X < 10.5)
normCdf (5, 10.5, 8.4, 1.8)

normCdf (, 10.5, 8.4, 1.8)
= 0.9665
b X Bi(5, 0.1870)
Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 5C0 (0.1870)0(0.8130)5
= 0.6449
MM12-12
350
Exercise 12G The inverse cumulative

normal distribution
1 a
1 0.5
2
0.5
=
2
= 0.25
Each unshaded area =
Pr(Z < c) = 0:9

c = invNorm (0.9, 0, 1)
= 1.282
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.25

= 0.75
c = invNorm (0.75, 0, 1)
= 0.675
Pr(Z < c) = 0.2

c = invNorm (0.2, 0, 1)
= 0.842
1 0.2
2
0.8
=
2
= 0.4
Pr(Z > c) = 0.54

Pr(Z < c) = 0.46
c = invNorm (0.46, 0, 1)
= 0.100
d
2 a
Pr(Z > c) = 0.45

Pr(Z < c) = 0.55
c = invNorm (0.55, 0, 1)
= 0.126
1 0.38
2
0.62
=
2
= 0.31
3 a
1 0.6826
2
0.3174
=
2
= 0.1587
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.1587
= 0.8413
c = invNorm (0.8413, 0, 1)
=1
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.4

= 0.6
c = invNorm (0.6, 0, 1)
= 0.253
Pr(Z < c) = 1 0.31

= 0.69
c = invNorm (0.69, 0, 1)
= 0.496
Pr(Z < c) = 0.25

c = invNorm (0.25, 0, 1)
= 0.675
x1 = invNorm (0.37, 10, 2)

= 9.336
b
d
Pr(Z < c) = 0.4

c = invNorm (0.4, 0, 1)
= 0.253
Pr(X > x1) = 0.2

Pr(X < x1) = 0.8
x1 = invNorm (0.8, 10, 2)
= 11.683
5 a = 34, =
16 = 4
Pr(Z < c) = 0.72

c = invNorm (0.72, 0, 1)
= 0.583
Pr(X > c) = 0.31
Pr(X < c) = 0.69
c = invNorm (0.69, 34, 4)
= 35.984
b
4 a
Pr(Z < c) = 0.995

c = invNorm (0.995, 0, 1)
= 2.576
Pr(X < c) = 0.75

c = invNorm (0.75, 34, 4)
= 36.698
Pr(X < x1) = 0.72

x1 = invNorm (0.72, 10, 2)
= 11.166
Pr(X < c) = 0.21

c = invNorm (0.21, 34, 4)
= 30.774
Pr(X < x1) = 0.4

x1 = invNorm (0.4, 10, 2)
= 9.493
Pr(X > x1) = 0.63

Pr(X < x1) = 0.37
Pr(X > c) = 0.54

Pr(X < c) = 0.46
c = invNorm (0.46, 34, 4)
= 33.497
MM12-12
351
MM12-12
352
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.7

InvNorm (0.7, 0, 1) = 0.5244
c = 0.5244
The answer is A.
6 = 22, = 25
=5
a
9
Find value of k by finding InvNorm (0.85, 22, 5) which

gives 27.182.
Therefore 22 + k = 27.182.
Hence, k = 5.182.
Find k by finding InvNorm (0.5 + 0.12, 22, 5) which

gives the X value whose area to the left is 0.62.
InvNorm (0.62, 22, 5) = 23.5274
22 + k = 23.5274
k = 1.527
c Pr(X < k | X < 23) = 0.32
Pr( X < k X < 23)
= 0.32
Pr( X < 23)
Pr( X < k )
= 0.32
Pr( X < 23)
Pr(X < k) = 0.32 Pr(X < 23)
23 22
= 0.32 Pr Z <
= 0.32 Pr(Z < 0.2)

= 0.32 0.5793
= 0.185 376 0.1854
Pr(X < k) = 0.1854

k = invNorm (0.1854, 22, 5)
= 17.525
7 Pr(Z c) = 0.8
InvNorm (0.8, 0, 1) = 0.8416
The answer is E.
8
Pr(1.2 < Z < k) = 0.4

Pr(Z < k) Pr(Z < 1.2) = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) normCdf (, 1.2, 0, 1) = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) 0.1151 = 0.4
Pr(Z < k) = 0.5151
k = invNorm (0.5151, 0, 1)
= 0.038
The answer is C.
10 Pr(Z < z) = 0.35
Z = invNorm (0.35, 0, 1)
= 0.385
The answer is B.
11 Pr(Z < k | Z < 0.5) = 0.6
Pr( Z < k Z < 0.5)
= 0.6
Pr( Z < 0.5)
Pr( Z < k )
= 0.6
Pr( Z < 0.5)
Pr(Z < k) = 0.6 Pr(Z < 0.5)
= 0.6 0.6915
= 0.4149
k = invNorm (0.4149, 0, 1)
k = 0.215
The answer is A.
12 Pr(X < k) = 0.6
k = invNorm (0.6, 20, 4)
= 21.013
The answer is D.
13 = 12, = 4 = 2
Pr(X > k) = 0.82

Pr(X < k) = 0.18
k = invNorm (0.18, 12, 2)

k = 10.1692
The answer is B.
14 = 160, = 8
a Pr(X < x1) = 0.95
Pr(X < x1) = 0.95

x1 = invNorm (0.95, 160, 8)
x1 = 173.159
This is approximately 173.16 cm tall.
b Pr(X > x1) = 0.8
or Pr(X < x1) = 0.2
x1 = invNorm (0.2, 160, 8)
x1 = 153.2672
Luisa is approximately 153.27 cm tall.
15 = 45, = 0.5
a Pr(X < x1) = 0.2
x1 = invNorm (0.2, 45, 0.5)
x1 = 44.5792
Therefore the minimum length of nails is 44.58 mm.
b Pr(X > x1) = 0.2
or Pr(X < x1) = 0.8
x1 = invNorm (0.8, 45, 0.5)

x1 = 45.4208
Therefore the maximum nail length is 45.42 mm.
16 = 50, = 2
Pr(X < x1) = 0.25
x1 = invNorm (0.25, 50, 2)
x1 = 48.65
The qualifying time is 48.65 seconds, or less.
17 = 20
Pr(X 19) = 0.7
Pr(Z < z2) = 0.7

z2 = 0.5244
z1 = 0.5244
x
z1 = 1
19 20
0.5244 =
0.5244 = 1
MM12-12
1
0.5244
= 1.907
The standard deviation is 1.907.
18 = 50
Pr(X < 48) = 0.4
Pr(Z < z2) = 0.6

z2 = 0.2533
z1 = 0.2533
x
z1 = 1
0.2533 =
48 50
0.2533 = 2
2
0.2533
= 7.896
The standard deviation is 7.896.
19 = 500
Pr(X < 485) = 0.1
Pr(Z < z2) = 0.9

z2 = 1.2816
z1 = 1.2816
x
z1 = 1
485 500
1.2816 =
1.2816 = 15
15
=
1.2816
= 11.704
The standard deviation is 11.704 grams.
20 = 16
=4
Pr(X 17) = 0.99
353
MM12-12
354
Pr(Z < z2) = 0.99

z2 = 2.3263
z1 = 2.3263
x
z1 = 1
17
2.3263 =
4
9.3052 = 17
= 17 + 9.3052
= 26.3052
The mean is 26.305.
21 = 3
Pr(X 27) = 0.35
or Pr(X < 27) = 0.65
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.65

z1 = 0.3853
x
z1 = 1
x1 = invNorm(0.9, 54, 8)
= 64.3
Therefore the least mark required to achieve an A is 64.
b To fail: Pr(X < x2) = 0.1
x2 = invNorm(0.1, 54, 8)
= 43.7
Therefore if a student scores 44 or less, they will fail
the test.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a When x = 0,
1
When x = ,
2
f(0) = 4
1
f =0
2
b f(x) 0
Area beneath f(x) = 1, so f(x) may be a pdf.
2 a When x = 0, f(0) = 0
When x = 4, f(4) = 2
27
0.3853 =
3
1.1559 = 27
= 27 1.1559
= 25.8441
The mean is 25.844.
22 Pr(X < 240) = 0.7
f(x) 0
4
x 2 dx
4
3
2x 2
=
3
1
3
Area beneath the curve is not equal to 1, so f(x) is not a pdf.
= 5
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.7
z1 = 0.5244
x
z1 = 1
240
0.5244 =
30
15.732 = 240
= 240 15.732
= 224.268
The mean puzzle completion time is 224.27 seconds or
3 min 44.27 seconds.
23 X N(1.5, 0.22)
a For large watermelons: Pr(X > x1) = 0.15
Pr(X < x1) = 0.85
x1 = invNorm(0.85, 1.5, 0.2)
= 1.7 kg
If a watermelon is 1.7 kg or heavier, it is classified as large.
b For small watermelons: Pr(X < x2) = 0.15
x2 = invNorm(0.15, 1.5, 0.2)
= 1.3 kg.
Therefore a medium watermelon is between 1.3 and
1.7 kg in weight.
24 X N(54, 82)
a To achieve an A: Pr(X > x1) = 0.1
Pr(X < x1) = 0.9
0 ax 2 dx = 1
4
2ax 2
3 =1
16a
=1
3
3
a=
16
c f(x) = x a x 4
Find a for f(x) to be a pdf.
4
x 2 dx = 1
4
3
2x 2
3 =1
a
3
16 2a 2
=1
3
3
13
= a2
2
2
13 3
a=
2
5 a k x dx = 1
06 sin(2 x) dx
x2
k =1
2 0
1
6
= cos(2 x)
2
0
1
1
= cos 2 cos(0)
2
6 2
1
1
= cos +
2
3 2
1 1 1
= +
2 2 2
1
=
4
b Pr X < | X < =
6
3

Pr X < X <
4
3
Pr X <
3
Pr X <
4
Pr X <
3
Pr X < =
3
355
1 3
+
2 8
7
=
8
c the mode is the highest point and occurs where the two
graphs meet at x = 2, therefore the mode = 2
d the median is the middle value and as the graph is
symmetrical, therefore the median is 2.
13
2a 2
=
3
3
3 a Pr X < =
6
MM12-12
03 sin(2 x) dx
= k(8 0) = 1
1
k =
8
4
1
b = x 2 dx
8 0
4
1 x3
=
8 3 0
1 64
0
8 3
8
3
1 m
x dx = 0.5
8 0
m
1 x2
= 0.5
8 2 0
1 m2
0 = 0.5
8 2
1
m2
=
16
2
m2 = 8
1
3
= cos(2 x)
2
0
1
1
= cos 2 cos(0)
2
3
2
1
2 1
= cos
+
2
3 2
1
1 1
= +
2
2 2
3
=
4
1
Pr X < | X < = 4
3
6
3
4
1
=
3
4 a Pr(1.5 < X < 2) = 0.5 Pr(X < 1.5)
0.5 0.5
= 0.5
2
1 1
=
2 8
3
=
8
b Pr(X < 2.5) = 0.5 + Pr(2 < X < 2.5)
= 0.5 + Pr(1.5 < X < 2) (by symmetry)
m=
8 or 8
As x [0, 4], therefore, m = 8.

d The mode where the highest point of the graph is. As this
is an increasing function, the mode will be equal to 4.
6 a If the rice is not ready at X = 5.5 minutes then it needs
more time of cook.
6 1
=
dx
5.5 2
6
1
= x
2 5.5
5.5
= 3
2
= 0.25
b 4 minutes and 36 seconds = 4.6 minutes
5 minutes and 15 seconds = 5.25 minutes
5.25 1
=
dx
4.6 2
5.25
1
= x
2 4.6
= 0.325
a1
c dx = 0.9
4 2
a
1
2 x = 0.9
4
MM12-12
356
1
a 2 = 0.9
2
a = 5.8
5 minutes and 48 seconds
7 a
8 a = 30, = 8
b = 8, = 2
c = 100, = 10
c Pr(33 < X < 87)

= normalcdf(33, 87, 60, 9)
= 0.9973
Therefore approximately 99.7% are between 33 kg and
87 kg.
11 a = 19.6 3.1
= 16.5
+ = 19.6 + 3.1
= 22.7
16.5 X 22.7
b 2 = 19.6 2 3.1
= 13.4
+ 2 = 19.6 + 2 3.1
= 25.8
13.4 X 25.8
c 3 = 19.6 3 3.1
= 10.3
+ 3 = 19.6 + 3 3.1
= 28.9
10.3 X 28.9
d 16% are above +
= 22.7
e 2.5% are above + 2
= 25.8
f 0.15% are above + 3
= 28.9
12 a = 22, = 6
26 22
z=
6
4
=
6
2
=
3
b = 16, = 4
18 16
z=
4
2
=
4
= 0.5
c = 50.9, = 10
56 50.9
z=
10
5.1
=
10
= 0.51
13 a Pr(Z < p) = 1 Pr(Z > p)
= 1 0.72
= 0.28
b Pr(Z > p) = Pr(Z < p)
= 0.28
9 Mean translation of 22 units in the positive x-direction

1
Standard deviation dilation factor of from the x-axis
3
dilation factor of 3 from the y-axis
10 = 60, = 9
a Pr(51 < X < 69)
= normalcdf(51, 69, 60, 9)
= 0.6827
Therefore approximately 68% of sleepers are between
51 kg and 69 kg
b Pr(42 < X < 78)
= normalcdf(42, 78, 60, 9)
= 0.9544
Therefore approximately 95% are between 42 kg and
78 kg.
14 a Pr(a < Z < b) = Pr(Z b) Pr(Z < a)

Pr(Z < a) = Pr(Z b) Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.81 0.44
= 0.37
b Pr(Z > a) = Pr(Z > b) + Pr(a < Z < b)
= 0.36 + 0.24
= 0.60
Pr(Z < a) = 0.40
x
15 a m =
33 27
=
3
6
=
3
=2
Pr(X < 30) = Pr(Z < 2)
x
b z=
22.5 27
3
4.5
=
3
= 1.5
Pr(X > 22.5) = Pr(Z > 1.5)
By symmetry Pr(Z > 1.5) = Pr(Z < 1.5)
m = 1.5
80 72
16 a Pr(X > 80) = Pr Z >
= Pr(Z > 1)
= 1 Pr(Z < 1)
= 1 0.84
= 0.16
64 72
b Pr(64 < X < 72) = Pr

< Z < 0
8
= Pr(1 < Z < 0)

= 0.34
Pr( X < 64)
c Pr(X < 64 | X < 72) =
Pr( X < 72)
=
Pr( Z < 1)
Pr( Z < 0)
0.16
0.5
= 0.32
Multiple choice
1 II and III cannot be pdfs because they are not positive over
their given domain.
1
3 3dx
0
= [3x ]03
=1
I is the only possible pdf.
The answer is A.
2 2 sin(4x)a x b
Period =
3
Sine function is positive 0, , ,
,
4 2 4
3
4
2sin(4 x) dx = 1
The answer is D.
2 a
3
1 x2 dx = 1
2
a
x = 1
1
a
a = 1
2
a
=1
2
a=2
The answer is C.
4 Pr(X > 1.2) =
MM12-12
357
1.2 5 (4 x)dx
= 1
1.2
2
(4 x)dx
5
The answer is C.
5 Pr(X < a) = 0.625
a1
0 4 dx = 0.625
[0.25 x ]0a
= 0.625
0.25a 0 = 0.625
a = 2.5
The answer is C.
44
6 Mean of X = x 2 xdx
1 3
44
= x 1 dx
1 3
4
= log e | x |
3
1
4
4
= log e (4) log e (1)
3
3
4
= (log e (4))
3
1.8484
The answer is A.
m 4 2
1
7
1 3 x dx = 2
m
1
4 1
3 x = 2
1
4
4

3
3m
4 4
+
3m 3
4
3m
24
1
2
1
=
2
5
=
6
= 15m
24
m=
15
8
=
5
The answer is B.
8 The graph is decreasing over the given interval, so the
maximum value occurs at the left-hand end of the domain.
The mode is 1.
The answer is D.
9 Var(X) = E(X2) 2
=
=
4
4
x x 2dx log e (4)

3
3
4 2
4
4
dx log e (4)
3
3
4 4
= x log e (4)
3 1 3
The answer is E.
10 Pr(X > 15) = 1 Pr(X < 15)
15
= 1 0.3e0.3 x dx
0
15
= 1 e0.3 x
0
= 1 (e4.5 e0)
= (1 + e4.5 1)
= 0.0111
The answer is D.
MM12-12
358
11 Pr(X > 15 | X > 10) =
Pr( X > 15)

Pr( X > 10)
Pr(X > 10) = 1 Pr(X < 10)

= 1
10
0
f ( x)dx
20 = 13, = 4
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.71
z1 = 0.5534
k
z1 =
k 13
0.5534 =
4
2.2136 = k 13
k = 15.2136
The answer is C.
= 0.0498
0.0111
0.0498
= 0.2231
Pr(X > 15 | X > 10) =
The answer is A.
12 + 2 = 74 [1]
2 = 26 [2]
[1] + [2]: 2 = 100
= 50
So 50 + 2 = 74
2 = 24
= 12
The answer is E.
13 = 27, = 4
+ 2 = 27 + 2 4
= 35
2 = 27 2 4
= 19
95% lie between 19 X 35
The answer is D.
14 As both graphs are symmetrical about the same value,
therefore 1 = 2. The wider the graph, the greater the
standard deviation, 2 > 1.
The answer is D.
x
15 Pr(X > 24) = Pr Z >

24 20
= Pr Z >
= Pr(Z > 1)
This isnt one of the options, but by symmetry
Pr(Z > 1) = Pr(Z < 1).
Therefore the answer is C.
16 Pr(Z > 1.111) = 1 Pr(Z < 1.111)
= 1 0.8667
= 0.1333
The answer is A.
x
17 z =
Extended response
1 a i More than 10 minutes
= 1 Pr(X < 10)
10
= 1 0.09e0.09 x dx
0
10
= 1 e0.09 x
0
= 1 ( e 0.9 e0 )
= e0.9
= 0.4066
ii More than 20 minutes
= 1 Pr(X < 20)
20
= 1 0.09e0.09 x dx
0
20
= 1 e 0.09 x
0
= e1.8
= 0.1653
iii More than half an hour
= 1 Pr(X < 30)
30
= 1 0.09e0.09 x dx
0
30
= 1 e 0.09 x
0
= e2.7
= 0.0672
b Pr(X < 45 | (X 20))
Pr(20 X < 45)
=
Pr(X 20)
Pr(20 X < 45)
=
22 16
=
5
6
=
5
= 1.2
The answer is D.
18 = 1.4, = 0.25
1.6 1.4
Pr(X 1.6) = Pr Z
0.25
= Pr(Z 0.8)
= 1 Pr(Z < 0.8)
= 1 0.7881
= 0.2119
The answer is C.
19 = 8, = 2
9.25 8
Pr(X < 9.25) = Pr Z <
= Pr(Z < 0.625)

= 0.7340
The answer is C.
45
20 0.09e
0.09 x
dx
45
= e0.09 x
20
= 0.1479
Pr(20 X < 45)
0.1479
=
Pr( X 20)
0.1653
0.8946
c
0 0.09e
0.09 x
e0.09 x
0
e0.09a + 1
0.05
loge(0.05)
dx = 0.95
= 0.95
= 0.95
= e0.09a
= 0.09 a
log e (0.05)
a=
0.09
a = 33.3 minutes
33.3 minutes prior to 7.00 pm to the nearest minute
is 6.26 pm.
d Pr(call is less than 10 minutes)
= 1 0.4066
= 0.5934
Pr(call is between 10 and 20 minutes) = 0.2413
Pr(call is between 20 and 30 minutes) = 0.0981

Pr(call is greater than 30 minutes)
= 0.0672
Expected cost
= 60 0.5934 + 140 0.2413 + 200 0.0981 + 250
0.0672
= $1.06 to the nearest cent.
2 a = 50
Pr(47 < X < 53) = 0.9
0.1
or Pr(X < 47) = Pr(X > 53) =
2
= 0.05
(As symmetrical about mean)
if Pr(X < 47) = 0.05
Pr(19 < X < 20.5)

Pr X < 20.5
normCdf (19, 20.5, 18, 1)
=
normCdf (, 20.5, 18, 1)
=
47 50
3
1.645
= 1.823
The standard deviation is approximately 1.82 cm.
b From part a Pr(X > 53) = 0.05
The percentage of oversize laces is 5%.
c Pr(X < 47) = 0.05
The percentage of undersize laces is 5%.
d Pr(47 < X < 53 | X > 47)
Pr(47 < X < 53 X > 47)
=
Pr( X > 47)
1.2816 =
3
1.2816
= 2.3408
The standard deviation is 2.34 cm.
Pr(X > 30) = normcdf (30, , 28, 2.34)
= 0.1964
Pr(X < x1) = 0.3
x1 = invNorm (03, 28, 2.34)
= 26.77
The maximum length of fish that must be returned is
26.77 cm.
2.5 4
Pr(X < 2.5) =
( x 1)3 dx
1 81
= 0.0625
4
4
= x ( x 1)3 dx
1
81
= 3.4
m 4
1
median:
( x 1)3 dx =
1 81
2
m 4
1
3
Solve
for m
( x 1) dx =
1 81
2
m = 1.523, 3.523
b
c
6 a
180
0.842 =
20
16.84 = 180
= 180 16.84
= 163.16
The mean is approximately 163.2 seconds.
25 28
1.2816 = 3
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.8

z1 = 0.842
x
z1 = 1
0.152 45
0.993 79
= 0.1534
5 = 28 cm
a Pr(X > 25) = 0.9
Pr(X < 25) = 0.1
Pr(Z < z1) = 0.1
z1 = invNorm (0.1, 0, 1)
= 1.2816
x
z1 = 1
Pr(47 < X < 53)

Pr( X > 47)
0.9
(From part a)
0.95
= 0.9474
3 a Pr(X < 180) = 0.8
359
b Pr(X > 210)

= normalcdf (210, 1010, 163.2, 20)
= 0.0096
c Pr(150 < X < 210)
= normalcdf (150, 210, 163.2, 20)
= 0.7357
d Pr(X > x1) = 0.9
or Pr(X < x1) = 0.1
invNorm (0.1, 163.2, 20) = 137.5
Therefore 90% of students read the page in 137.5 seconds
or more.
4 = 18 mm, = 1 mm
a Pr(X > 20.5) = normCdf (20.5, , 18, 1)
= 0.0062
b Pr(X < 19) = normCdf (, 19, 18, 1)
= 0.8413
c Pr(X > 19 | X < 20.5)
Pr(( X > 19) ( X < 20.5))
=
Pr( X < 20.5)
Pr(Z < z2) = 0.95

z2 = 1.645
z1 = 1.645
x
z1 = 1
1.645 =
MM12-12
360
MM12-12
As 1 < x < 4, m = 3.523

= 3 hours, 31 minutes
7 a Pr(X < 50) = 0.2
Pr(Z < z) = 0.2
z = invNorm (0.2, 0, 1)
= 0.8416
x
z=
b Calculate Pr(A | B) if Pr(A B) =
0.8416 =
50 60
1
10
1
4
1
15
3
4
1
6
Pr(A | B) =
1.25
4t 3 24t 2 + 44t 24 dt
= 0.41
m
1
, m.
2
1t2
4t 3 24t 2 + 44t 24 dt =
d Calculate Pr(A B) if A and B are independent events.
1
4
3
4
5
6
1
4
3
4
B
1
6
1 1
6 10
1
=
15
Pr(A B) =
5
6
1
4
3
4
5
6
For independent events Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)

1 1
1
= =
6 4
24
1 1
1
=
Pr(A B) =
6 24
8
1
10
1
6
1
a Calculate Pr(A B) if Pr(A B) =
.
10
1
0
6
1
=
6
5
6
Pr(A B) =
1
1
and Pr(B) =
6
4
1
6
1
4
3
4
1
6
Short answer
1 There is 68% of the data within two standard deviations
(7) of the mean (30), so based on symmetry approximately
34% of students will score between 30 and 37.
Exam practice 4
2 Pr(A) =
Pr( A B)
Pr( B)
A
0
Median, m = 1.4588 as
= 88 minutes
5
6
1
1 4
15
=
=
3
15 3
4
4
=
45
c Calculate Pr(A B) if A and B are mutually exclusive
events.
= 0.191
d X Bi(5, 0.809)
Pr(X = 4) = 5C4 (0.809) 4 (0.191)1
e Solve
= 11.9
c Pr(T < 1.25) =
1
.
10
a Overall percentage of baskets = 0.7 0.8 + 0.3 0.6

= 0.56 + 0.18
= 0.74
= 74%
0.56
28
=
b Probability of win given basket =
0.74
37
4 a
C1
B1
0.75
0.40
C2
B2
0.25
0.60
0.75 0.40
so T =
0.25 0.60
Initial proportion of coffee purchasers
b S=
Initial proportion of biscotti purchasers

0.9
=
0.4
0.75 0.40 0.9

d

0.25 0.60 0.4
Multiple choice
1 To compare graphs the standard deviation is needed.
2 = 4, = 2
2 = 0.25, = 0.5
So one variable has four times the spread of the other.
95% of the data of one covers 8 units, 95% of the other
covers 2 units.
Options B and E are consistent with this. The area under the
graph should equal 1 so as the width of the distribution
increases, its height must decrease.
The answer is E.
1
2 X Bi 7,
5
3
361
9a 9 + 3 = 1
3
28a
12 = 1
3
39
a=
28
The answer is B.
5 X N(12, 0.252)
x
z=
12.5 12
=
0.25
0.5
=
0.25
=2
Pr(X < 12.5) = Pr(Z < 2)
= Pr(Z > 2)
The answer is A.
Or Pr(X < 12.5) = Pr(Z < 2)
= 1 Pr(Z > 2)
The answer is D.
So D or A
c Pr(Coffee on Tuesday) = 0.75 0.9 + 0.4 0.4

= 0.675 + 0.16
= 0.835
7 1 4
Pr (X = 3) =
3 5 5
The answer is B.
MM12-12
Extended response
1 f : R R where f(x) =
x2
2
2
a On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
Define f(x) =
x2
2
2
i f(2) = 0.054
ii f(1) = 0.242
0
0.1
x
Pr(X = x)
1
0.1
2
0.4
3
0.3
4
0.1
E(X) = 0 1 + 1 0.1 + 2 0.4 + 3 0.3 + 4 0.1

= 0.1+ 0.8 + 0.9 + 0.4
= 2.2
E(X 2) = 02 1 + 12 0.1 + 22 0.4 + 32 0.3 + 42 0.1
= 0.1 + 1.6 + 2.7 + 1.6
= 6.0
Var(X) = E(X 2) [E(X)]2 = 6.0 2.22 = 1.16
SD(X) = Var( X ) = 1.16
= 1.077 1.08
The answer is C.
2
ax 3 if x [ 1, 3]
4 f(x) =
0 elsewhere
For a continuous random variable
3
1 (ax
3) dx = 1
3
ax3
3x = 1
1 f ( x)dx
= 1.
c Use the defined function to determine a set of values.

x
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
f(x)
0.3989
0.3867
0.3521
0.3011
0.2420
AreaL = (0.3989 + 0.3867 + 0.3521 + 0.3011) 0.25

= 0.3597 sq units
AreaR = (0.3867 + 0.3521 + 0.3011+ 0.242) 0.25
= 0.3205 sq units
d Pr(1 < X < 1) 0.3597 2
0.7194 (left rectangular)
Pr(1 < X < 1) 0.3205 2
0.6410 (right rectangular)
e On a calculator page, complete the entry line as:
1
1 f ( x)dx
(Note: f(x) was defined in part a.)

Integrating f(x) over the interval [1, 1] gives:
A = 0.6827 sq. units
MM12-12
f f(x) =
x
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
362
e
x2
2
2
1
2
x2 x 4 x6
x8
+
+
2
8 48 384
2
x2 x4 x6
x8
+
+
1
2
8 48 384
f(x)
0.3989
0.3521
0.2420
0.1295
0.0540
g(x)
0.3989
0.3521
0.2421
0.1345
0.1330
From this table of values, it can be seen that g(x) is a very good approximation to f(x),
only differing once x reaches 2.
g
As can be seen from the plotted points, the two graphs are almost indistinguishable, with the
exception that at 2 and 2 the value of g(x) is 0.1330 whereas the value of f(x) is 0.0540.
1
1 x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
h
1 + +
dx
1 2
2
8 48 384
x3 x5
x7
x9
1
+
x +
6 40 336 3456 1
2
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
+
+
1 +
1 +
6 40 336 3456
2 6 40 336 3456
2 1 1
1
1
+
1 +
2 6 40 336 3456
= 0.6827
Solutions to investigations
MM12
363
Chapter 1
Investigation Quartics and beyond
Answers will vary for this investigation. Some guidance is

provided.
2 When the value for n is even, the curve starts from the top
left.
3 When the value for n is odd, the curve starts from the
bottom left.
4 If the sum of the values for n, m and p is even, that is,
n + m + p is even, the curve starts from the top left.
If n + m + p is odd, the curve starts from the bottom left.
4
1
3 a 2 x dx = 2 x 2
1
2 1
16 1
= 2
2 2
= 15
b Answers are the same.
4 a
1
1
= 32 + 33 02 + 03
3
3
= 18
Chapter 2
Investigation Goal accuracy
1
1
x
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
1
10
2 1 3
2
0 (2 x + x ) dx = x + 3 x 0
3
3 2
0 2 x dx + 0 x
3 1
dx = x 2 + x3
0 3
0
1
1
= (9 0) + 27 0
3
3
= 18
c Answers are the same.
5 a
1 2 x dx = x
2 3
= 32 12
=8
b
3 2 x dx = x
2 1
= 12 32
= 8
c One answer is the negative of the other.
1
1
Gradient using ,1 and , 8 :
10
2
8 1
m=
1 1
2 10
7
=
0.4
= 17.5
17.5
y=
+b
x
17.5
Substitute (2, 8): 8 =
+b
x
b = 0.75
17.5
y=
0.75
x
Chapter 9
Investigation Definite integrals
1 Because the upper and lower limits are the same the definite
integral will be zero.
1 2 x dx = [ x 2 ]1
4
2 a =
= 42 12
= 15
b
2 x dx + 2 x dx = [ x 2 ] + [ x 2 ]
4
= (4 1) + (16 4)
= 15
c The answers are the same.
Chapter 11
Investigation Winning at racquetball!
1 Denis beats Glenn in ratio of 5 : 2 so the probability that
5
Denis wins is .
7
a Binomial distribution with n = 8 and p =
5
5
.
7
5 2
b 8C5 = 0.2429
7 7
c Pr(X 6) = 1 [Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)]

7
1
8
0
5 2
5 2
= 1 8 C7 + 8C8
7 7
7 7
= 1 0.216 83 0.067 76
= 0.7154
2
d Pr(Glenn wins) =
7
Pr(X 6) = Pr(X = 6) + Pr(X = 7) + Pr(X = 8)
6
2
7
8
8 2 5 8 2 5 2
= + +
6 7 7 7 7 7 7
= 0.007 77+ 0.000 888 + 0.000 04
= 0.0087
2 a Pr(G, D, G, D, D, G, D, D) =
2
5 2 5 5

7
7 7 7 7
2
5
5
7
7
7
MM12
364
3
2 5
=
7 7
= 0.0152
b Question 2 a is for a specific combination whereas 1 b is for all combinations of Glenn winning three games.
Chapter 12
Investigation Sunflower stems
= 75 cm, = 8 cm
1
a
Using the graphics calculator:

InvNorm (0.9, 75, 8) = 85.252
An A grade sunflower must be at least 85.252 cm.
b InvNorm(0.8, 75, 8) = 81.732
Therefore B grade flowers lie between 81.732 cm and 85.252 cm.
c InvNorm(0.7, 75, 8) = 79.195
C grade flowers lie between 79.195 cm and 81.732 cm.

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

First published 2010 by

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

Exercise 4F Addition of ordinates 91

Exercise 8D Maximum and minimum problems when the

Chapter 11 The binomial distribution 308

Graphs and polynomials

Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials

= 2187x7 10 206x5 + 20 412x3 22 680x

c x 2 + = (x2)6 + 6(x2)5 x + 15(x2)4 x

= x + 5x 4 + 10x 16 + 10x 64 + 5x256

= x12 + 18x9 + 135x6 + 540x3 + 1215

b 3x = (3x)7 7(3x)6 x + 21(3x)5 x

= 2401 1372x + 294x2 28x3 + x4

= x8 8x7 + 28x6 56x5 + 70x4 56x3 + 28x2

Graphs and polynomials

ii x3 is the 5th term r = 4

x10, x5, x0,

Graphs and polynomials

2R(x) = 2(8x3 + 7x2 4x)

Graphs and polynomials

Exercise 1C Division of polynomials

Q(x) = 6x + 17x + 53x + 155

Graphs and polynomials

Graphs and polynomials

d P(x) = 4x4 + 12x3 24x2 32x

(x 2)(2x + 14x + 24x)

Graphs and polynomials

Exercise 1D Linear graphs

Graphs and polynomials

Graphs and polynomials

Graphs and polynomials

d f(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 5 x [5, 3)

14 a h(t) = t2 12t + 48, t [0, 11]

Graphs and polynomials

1 a Positive cubic so a = 1. Goes

Exercise 1F Cubic graphs

y = (x + 1)(2x 10x + 12)

Graphs and polynomials

b In form y = a(x t)3

d f(x) = x3 3x for x [1, 2)

i Domain [2, 1) (0, 3]

i Domain (1, 1) [2, 3)

Graphs and polynomials

e y = 6x4 + 11x3 37x2 36x + 36

Exercise 1G Quartic graphs

d y = 2x4 + 15x3 37x2 + 30x

b y = 2x4 + 6x3 16x2 24x + 32

Graphs and polynomials

x 2 is a factor. So turning point

b y = 9x4 30x3 + 13x2 + 20x + 4x

Graphs and polynomials

(x + 2)(x 14x + 45)

(x + 1)(x 2) (2x2 + 9x 18)

Graphs and polynomials

8 f(x) = x4 7x3 + 12x2 + 4x 16

2nd term = (4x) x 2

Graphs and polynomials

20 (3, 0) is a TP so (x + 3)2 is a factor.

c d(t) = at3 + bt2 + ct + d

Thus, the life span of the satellite

Starts 2.4 m in front of start

Quadder Starts at start line, travelling

Graphs and polynomials

The Finish: Quadder overtakes Limey at (10.04, 9.9)