CHAPTER

ONE: CREDIT AND BORROWING

Flat rate loan:
o I=Prn
o Remember to add interest to initial quantity
o Do NOT add deposit in P but add it at the end of your working
Buying on terms:
o E.g. repayments with interest/hire purchase etc.
Reducing balance loans:
o Better than a flat rate loan as interest is calculated on balance owing
Loan repayment tables:
o Pay attention to the term of the loan
Credit cards:
o ADVANTAGES:
Safer and more convenient than cash
Can be used over the phone, online etc.
Monthly statement gives record of spending
May have interest free period
May have reward schemes
o DISADVANTAGES:
May have high interest rate
May have annual fee
Interest-free period does not apply to cash withdrawals
High credit limit may lead you to unwanted purchases and high debt

CHAPTER TWO: EQUATIONS AND LINEAR FUNCTIONS

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

If multiplying or diving terms, multiply or divide the numbers and variables separately
If multiplying terms with powers that have the same base, add the powers
If dividing terms with powers that have the same base, subtract the powers
Large numbers=positive powers of 10 for scientific notation and small numbers with negative
powers
Km/hrm/s = 3.6
If powers are in brakets, multiply them
When square rooting, answer is plus or minus
M=gradient=rise/run

CHAPTER THREE: AREA AND VOLUME

Area:
o Parallelogram- A=bh
o Trapezium- A=0.5(a+b)h
o Rhombus- A=0.5xy
o Circle- A= r2
Area of an ellipse:
o a= length of semi-major axis and b= length of semi-minor axis
o USE THE RADIUS NOT ENTIRE LENGTH.
Surface area of a cylinder:
o A= 2rh + 2r2
o If open change formula to include only ONE circle= r2
o C=2r
Percentage error= absolute error/measured quantity x 100
Simpsons rule: given formula but remember to multiply the middle measurement by 4

CHAPTER FOUR: STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS

Types of samples
o random sample
each item is chosen randomly from the population
e.g. selecting names from a box
o systematic sample
First item chosen at random, then all other item chosen at systematic or regular
intervals
e.g. every 8th car is chosen for testing
o stratified sample
Population is divided into layers (strata) according to the same characteristic
(e.g. gender or age group) and a random sample is taken from each layer using
representative proportions or percentages.
Measure of location is an average used to indicate the centre of a data set. The mean or
median best describe the centre of quantitative data whereas the mode is the only central
measure of categorical data.
Interquartile range = upper quartile lower quartile = Q3 Q1 = range of middle 50% of scores

Outliers can affect the measures of location of a data set.

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

 The mean is most affected by outliers (because its value depends on every score).
The median can be affected, but not by much.
Stat mode: MODE 2 1
The mode is not affected at all.
Go to SHIFT 1 5 OPTION
(mean, stnd dev etc)
To get back MODE 1
Sample stand dev = xon-1
Population stnd dev = xon
Mean = x with a squiggly line
on top

CHAPTER FIVE: SINE AND COSINE RULES

Angle of elevation is angle looking UP
Angle of depression is angle looking DOWN
OBTUSE ANGLES:
o 180-ANGLE
o Sin(180- =sin
o Cos(180- )= -cos
o Tan(180- )= -tan
o
and (180- ) are supplementary angles because they add up to 180
o For acute angles, sin, cos and tan are positive.
o For obtuse angles;
Sin is positive
Cos and tan are negative
SINE RULE:
o Two sides and two opposite angles
Remember to SHIFT SIN answer for an angle
COSINE RULE:
o Three sides and one angle
AREA OF A TRAINGLE:
o C is the included angle

CHAPTER SIX: PROBABILITY

An OUTCOME is a result of an experiment or game.
The SAMPLE SPACE is the set of all possible outcomes.
COMPLEMENTARY EVENT:
o P (event does not occur) = 1 P (event does occur)
P (E) = 1 P (E)
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY of an event:
o = relative frequency of the event = frequency of the event/total frequency
THE MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE FOR COUNTING:
o If A has a outcomes, B has b outcomes, C has c outcomes, and so on, then A, B, C. together
have a b c outcomes.
FACTORIAL NOTATION, X!:
o The number of ways in which n different items can be arranged is {n! = n (n 1) (n 2)
2 1}
ARRANGEMENTS ARE ORDERED SELECTIONS:
o The number of ordered selections from n different items for r positions is:
n (n 1) (n 2) [r terms].
For example, the number of ordered selections from 6 items for 4 positions is:
6 5 4 3 [4 terms].
COUNTING UNORDERED SELECTIONS:
o The number of unordered selections from n different items for r positions is
n (n 1) (n 2) /r! [r terms]
For example, the number of unordered selections from 6 items for 4 positions is
6x5x4x3/4x3x2x1
[4 terms]

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

 Ordered selections (or permutations) are arrangements in which the order within the group is
important.
Unordered selections (or combinations) are arrangements in which the order within the group is not
important.

For ordered selections ( ermutations), use the

Pr key.

n
For unordered selections ( ombinations), use the
r key.
Probability tree diagram has the probability of each stage listed on the branches.
o To calculate the probability of an outcome, multiply the probabilities along that branch.
o
To calculate the probability of two or more outcomes, add their calculated probabilities.
Expectation:
o If the probability of an event is p and there are n trials, then the expected number of times the
event will occur is p n.
o The financial expectation of a game of chance is the average amount of money returned per
game.
It is calculated by multiplying each financial outcome by its probability and adding the
results together.

CHAPTER SEVEN: GEOMETRY OF THE EARTH

A slice through the centre of a sphere is called a great circle.
o Any other slice is called a small circle.
PARALLELS OF LATITIUDE:
o Latitude is FLATITUDE
Largest is equator 0
MERIDIANS OF LONGTITUDE:
o Prime meridian, 0.
It is also called the Greenwich meridian
ANGULAR DISTANCE:
The radius of the Earth is approximately 6400 km.
The knot is a measure of speed, and one knot is a speed of one nautical mile per hour.

1 on a great circle = 60 M
1 M = 1.852 km
1 knot = 1 M/h = 1.852 km/h
15 longitude = 1 hour time difference
1 longitude = 4 minutes time difference
For daylight saving time, add one hour.

CHAPTER EIGHT: ANNUITIES AND DEPRECIATION

Compound interest:
o Effective interest rate = flat rate of interest equivalent
Future value:
o Total value after end of term
o Sum of all contributions plus interest
o Contribution made at the end of each period
o Sinking fund where you make regular contributions to reach a certain target
Present value:
o Single sum of money that could be invested today to achieve the same future value over
thame period and compound interest rate
o Contribution made at the end of each period
o Of you already have future value then use shorter formula
Reducing balance loans:
o Use present value formula to calculate loan repayments (M) or loan amount (N)

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

 Depreciation:
o Salvage value = current value
o Straight line method of depreciationitems value decreases by the same AMOUNT each
period
o Declining balance method of depreciationitems value decreases by the same PERCNTAGE
each period
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH COMPUND INTEREST FORMULA
Tax:
o Allowable tax deduction-depreciation of work related items used to earn an income
o Should revise this chapter

CHAPTER NINE: NON-LINEAR FUNCTIONS

QUADRATIC FUNCTTION/ CUBIC CURVE:
o A Is large =steeper/thinner
o A is small = flatter/fatter
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM:
o Concave down = max, concave up = min
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION:
o Y= b(ax)
o X = >0 and <1 then decreasing
o X = >1 then increasing
o Never touches x axis = asymptote
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY:
o Growth = increases slowly at first then more quickly (x= >1)
o Decrease = decreases slowly at first then more slowly (>0 x <1)
o B is the initial value of y (when x=0) and the y-intercept.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION:
o Y = a/x
o X and y axis are both asymptotes
o A is positive = decreasing and in 1st and 3rd quadrants.
o A is negative= increasing and in 2nd and 4th quadrants.
o Quadrants in anticlockwise direction from top right corner.

CHAPTER TEN: THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND

CORRELATION

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

 Z-score:
o Do NOT depend on the mean therefore can be used to compare scores from
differentnormal distributions

Scatterplots:

Correlation:
o If two variables have a correlation, it does not necessarily mean that a change
in one causes a change in the other

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS

 Correlation co-efficient:

Median regression line:

SHIBHON RAM 2012 GENERAL MATHS