Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduo
Orlando Loques
setembro 2006
Referncia:
Captulo 1, Structured Computer Organization, A.S. Tanenbaum,
(c) 2006 Pearson Education Inc
Mquina multi-nvel
Nos nveis baixos, a linguagem no deve ser complicada, seno a mquina ser
muito complexa para ser construda, considerando a tecnologia atual
Uma mquina para uma linguagem tipo C++ ou COBOL seria muito complicada,
mas poderia ser construda com a tecnologia atual
Custo e flexibilidade
Computador com seis nveis (existe mais um: componentes das portas lgicas)
ISA Level
The ISA level is the interface between the compilers and the hardware.
Arquitetura de Computadores
Elimination of microprogramming
reduo de nmero e execuo direta das instrues RISC
arquiteturas hbridas
Computer Generations
Zeroth Generation
Mechanical Computers (1642 1945)
First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1945 1955)
Second Generation
Transistors (1955 1965)
Third Generation
Integrated Circuits (1965 1980)
Fourth Generation
Very Large Scale Integration (1980 ?)
MQ
Input
Output
Equipment
Instructions
Main
& Data
Memory
PC
IBR
MAR
IR
Control
Circuits
Address
IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit words
Binary numbers
2 x 20 bit instructions
DEC PDP-8
1964
First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)
Did not need air conditioned room
Small enough to sit on a lab bench
$16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360
CPU Chips
IBM 360
Personal Computer
1. Pentium 4 socket
2. 875P Support chip
3. Memory sockets
4. AGP connector
5. Disk interface
6. Gigabit Ethernet
7. Five PCI slots
8. USB 2.0 ports
9. Cooling technology
10. BIOS
A printed circuit board is at the heart of every personal computer. This figure
is a photograph of the Intel D875PBZ board
The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel Corporation, 2003 and is used by
permission
Pentium 4 by Intel
MCS-51 Family
Metric Units