Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6. การวัดผลและประเมินผล
7. ผลงาน/ชิน้ งานของนักเรียน
7.1 คําตอบจากแบบฝกหัด Exercise 1.2 จํานวน 10 ขอ
7.2 คําตอบจากแบบฝกหัด Exercise 1.3 จํานวน 10 ขอ
3.1 Reckoning
Meteorological
Meteorological seasons are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the hottest
quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year.
Using this reckoning, the Roman calendar began the year and the spring season on the
first of March, with each season occupying three months. This reckoning is also used in
Denmark, the former USSR, and Australia. In the modern United Kingdom there are no hard and
fast rules about seasons, and informally many people use this reckoning.
So, in meteorology for the Northern hemisphere: spring begins on March 1, summer on
June 1, autumn on September 1, and winter on December 1. Conversely, for the Southern
hemisphere: summer begins on December1, autumn on March 1, winter on June 1, and spring on
September 1.
In astronomical reckoning, the seasons begin at the solstices and equinoxes. The cross-
quarter days are considered seasonal midpoints. The length of these seasons is not uniform
because of the elliptical orbit of the earth and its different speeds along that orbit.
In the conventional United States calendar: Winter (89 days) begins on 21 December, the
winter solstice; spring (92 days) on 20 March, the vernal equinox; summer (93 days) on 20 June,
the summer solstice; and autumn (90 days) on 22 September, the autumnal equinox.
Because of the differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, it is no longer
considered appropriate to use the northern-seasonal designations for the astronomical quarter
days. The modern convention for them is: March Equinox; June Solstice; September Equinox;
and December Solstice.
3.2 Traditional
Traditional seasons are reckoned by insolation, with summer being the quarter of the year
with the greatest insolation and winter the quarter with the least. These seasons begin about 4
weeks earlier than the meteorological seasons and 7 weeks earlier than the astronomical seasons.
In traditional reckoning, the seasons begin at the cross-quarter days. The solstices and equinoxes
are the midpoints of these seasons. For example, the days of greatest and least insolation are
considered the "midsummer" and "midwinter" respectively.
This reckoning is used by various traditional cultures in the Northern Hemisphere,
including East Asian and Irish cultures. In Iran, Afghanistan and some other parts of middle east
the beginning of the astronomical spring is the beginning of the new year which is called Nowruz.
So, according to traditional reckoning, winter begins between 5 November and 10
November; spring between 2 February and 7 February, ; summer between 4 May and 10 May ;
and autumn between 3 August and 10 August, The middle of each season is considered Mid-
winter, between 20 December and 23 December,; Mid-spring, between 19 March and 22 March,);
Mid-summer, between 19 June and 23 June,; and Mid-autumn, between 21 September and 24
September, .
1. The solstices are days when the earth reaches its farthest northern and
southern declinations.
2. The solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of
winter (this is the shortest day of the year).
3. Equinoxes are days in which day and night are of equal duration.
4. The seasons are not the result of the tilt of the Earth's axis.
5. In astronomical reckoning, the seasons begin at the solstices and
equinoxes.
6. When it is summer in the Northern hemisphere, it is always winter in the
Southern hemisphere.
7. The seasons result from the Earth's axis being tilted to its orbital plane; it
deviates by an angle of approximately 33.5 degrees.
8. A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on
yearly periodic changes in weather.
9. Seasons happen due to the yearly revolution of the Sun around the Earth
and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution.
10. Earth reaches perihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun)
in January, and it reaches aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) in July.
Exercise 1.3 Cloze Test.
Fills in the correct words or phrases
The seasons result from the Earth's _________1.being tilted to its orbital plane; it_____ 2.by
an angle of approximately 23.5 ________3. Thus, at any given time during summer or winter, one
part of the _________4. is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun . This exposure alternates
as the Earth _________5. in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the northern and
southern _________6. experience opposite seasons.
It is easy to observe the effect of the axis tilt from the change in day length, and ______7. of
the Sun at noon (the culmination of the Sun), during a year.
Seasonal weather ________8. between hemispheres are further caused by the elliptical orbit
of Earth. Earth reaches _________9. (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun) in January, and it
reaches _________10. (farthest point from the Sun) in July. Even though the effect this has on
Earth's seasons is minor, it does noticeably soften the northern hemisphere's winters and
summers. In the southern hemisphere, the opposite effect is observed.
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T
1. axis 2. deviates
3. degrees 4. planet
5. revolves 6. hemisphere
7. altitude 8. differences
9. perihelion 10. aphelion
แบบสังเกตพฤติกรรมนักเรียน
เลขที่ ชื่อ/สกุล รวม
กระตือรือรน
อยางสนุกสนาน
เขารวมกิจกรรม
ชวยเหลือผูอื่น
เสียสละและ
ตั้งใจทํางาน
5 5 5 5 20
ลงชื่อ ผูประเมิน
( นายกมลพันธ จามพัฒน )
วันที่ เดือน พ.ศ.