Table of Contents

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. How Does a Touch screen Work?

4. Comparing Touch Technologies.

5. Information Kiosk Systems.

6. Software, Cables, and Accessories.

7. Touch screen Drivers.

8. Applications.

1 | Page

9. Advantages over other pointing devices.

10.Conclusion.

11.References

2 | Page

3 | Page

ABSTRACT

TOUCH SCREEN

First computers became more visual, then they took a step further to
understand vocal commands and now they have gone a step further and became
TOUCHY, that is skin to screen.

A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC
software and DVD video by touching the display screen. A touch system consists
of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a Controller, and a Driver. The
most commonly used touch technologies are the Capacitive & Resistive systems.
The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology, Near Field
Imaging & SAW (surface acoustic wave technology). These technologies are latest
in this field but are very much expensive.

4 | Page

The uses of touch systems as Graphical User Interface (GUI) devices for
computers continue to grow popularity. Touch systems are used for many
applications such as ATMs, point-ofsale systems, industrial controls, casinos &
public kiosks etc. Touch system is basically an alternative for a mouse or keyboard.

The market for touch system is going to be around $2.5 billion by 2004.
Various companies involved in development of touch systems mainly are Philips,
Samsung etc. Even touch screen mobile phones have been developed by Philips.

5 | Page

ATMEGA 16:

Fig 3.1 figure of micro controller

Microcontrollers are "special purpose computers. Any device that measures,

stores, controls, calculates, or displays information is a candidate for putting a
microcontroller inside.

The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a
standard
computer. Microcontrollers have become common in many areas, and can be found
in home appliances, computer equipment, and instrumentation. They are often used
in automobiles, and have many industrial uses as well, and have become a central
part of industrial robotics.
Because they are usually used to control a single process and execute simple
instructions,
microcontrollers do not require significant processing power. Microcontrollers are

6 | Page

hidden inside a surprising number of products these days. If your microwave oven
has an LED or LCD screen and a keypad, it contains a microcontroller

Fig 3.2: Pin out of AT mega 16

High-performance, Low-power AVR
8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
1K Byte Internal SRAM

7 | Page

Programming Lock for Software Security

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG

Interface
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and

Capture Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Powerdown, Standby and
Extended Standby
I/O and Packages
32 Programmable I/O Lines
40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages

8 | Page

 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L

4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
Speed Grades
0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25C for ATmega16L
Active: 1.1 mA
Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
Power-down Mode: < 1 A

Fig3.3: Architecture of AVR AT mega 16

9 | Page

CISC
Pronounced sisk, and stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Most PC's use
CPU based on this architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on
CISC architectures. Typically CISC chips have a large amount of different and
complex instructions. The philosophy behind it is that hardware is always faster
than software, therefore one should make a powerful instruction set, which
provides programmers with assembly instructions to do a lot with short programs.

RISC
Pronounced risk, and stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. RISC chips
evolved around the mid-1980 as a reaction at CISC chips. The philosophy behind it
is that almost no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by
CISC, and people mostly use compilers which never use complex instructions.
Apple for instance uses RISC chips. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster
instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions.
However, more instructions are needed to accomplish a task.
Another advantage of RISC is that - in theory - because of the more simple
instructions, RISC chips require fewer transistors, which makes them easier to
design and cheaper to produce. Finally, it's easier to write powerful optimized
compilers, since fewer instructions exist.

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RISC Vs CISC
There is still considerable controversy among experts about which architecture is
better. Some say that RISC is cheaper and faster and therefore the architecture of
the future. Others note that by making the hardware simpler, RISC puts a greater
burden on the software. Software needs to become more complex. Software
developers need to write more lines for the same tasks. Therefore they argue that
RISC is not the architecture of the future, since conventional CISC chips are
becoming faster and cheaper anyway. RISC has now existed more than 10 years
and hasn't been able to kick CISC out of the market. If we forget about the
embedded market and mainly look at the market for PC's, workstations and servers
I guess a least 75% of the processors are based on the CISC architecture. Most of
them the x86 standard (Intel, AMD, etc.), but even in the mainframe territory CISC
is dominant via the IBM/390 chip. Looks like CISC is here to stay Is RISC than
really not better? The answer isn't quite that simple. RISC and CISC architectures
are becoming more and more alike. Many of today's RISC chips support just as
many instructions as yesterday's CISC chips. The PowerPC 601, for example,
supports more instructions than the Pentium. Yet the 601 is considered a RISC
chip, while the Pentium is definitely CISC.

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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters
which
use
a
modified
potentiometric ladder and are
designed to operate with the
8080A control bus via threestate outputs. These converters
appear to the processor as
memory locations or I/O ports,
and hence no interfacing logic
is required. The differential
analog voltage input has good
common mode -rejection and
permits offsetting the analog
zero-input voltage value. In
addition, the voltage reference
input can be adjusted to allow
encoding any smaller analog
voltage span to the full 8 bits
of resolution.
Features : 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required
Conversion Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <100s
Easy Interface to Most Microprocessors
Will Operate in a Stand Alone Mode
Differential Analog Voltage Inputs
Works with Bandgap Voltage References
TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs
On-Chip Clock Generator
Analog Voltage Input Range
(Single + 5V Supply) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0V to 5V
No Zero-Adjust Required.
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ADC INTERFACING:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-35 :13 | P a g e

General Description
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is
not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its
output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The
LM35 does not require any external calibration or
trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C
over a full 55 to +150C temperature
range. Low cost is assured by trimming
and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35s low output impedance, linear
output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control
circuitry especially easy. It can be used
with single power supplies, or with plus
and minus supplies. As it draws only 60
A from its supply, it has very low selfheating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to
+150C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range
(10 with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in
hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are
also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available
in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package
and a plastic TO-220 package.
Features
1. Calibrated directly in Celsius
(Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
3. 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C)
4. Rated for full 55 to +150C range
5. Suitable for remote applications
6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts
8. Less than 60 A current drain
9. Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
10. Nonlinearity only 14C typical
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11. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(16LCD) :FEATURES
5 x 8 dots with cursor
Built-in controller (KS 0066 or
Equivalent)
+ 5V power supply (Also available
for + 3V)
1/16 duty cycle
B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or
pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
N.V. optional for + 3V power supply

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162 LCD INTERFACING:

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DARLINGTONPAIR :-

The Darlington pair is basically a combination of two bipolar transistors

connected as shown. In Darlington pair, two transistors connected
together so that the current amplified by the first is amplified
further by the second transistor. The overall current gain is
equal to the two individual gains multiplied together.
Darlington pair current gain, hFE = hFE1* FE2
(hFE1 and hFE2 are the gains of the individual
transistors).
To turn on two transistors TR1 and TR2 at the same time there must be
0.7V across base-emitter junctions of both the transistors. To put it simply,
1.4V is required to turn two transistors on at same time.
Darlington pairs are available as complete packages in the market but you can
make up your own from two transistors; TR1 can be a low power type, but
normally TR2 will need to be high power. The maximum collector current I c(max)
for the pair is the same as Ic(max) for TR2.
Transistor:-1. BC547
2. SL100

BUZZER :- It is an electrical Buzzer.It requires 5v 12 v for operation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
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18 | P a g e

PROGRAM :
#include<reg51.h>
#define ldata P0
#define UPTEMP 45
#define DOWNTEMP 35
#define AL 50
sbit rs = P2^3;
sbit rw = P2^2;
sbit en = P2^1;
sbit adc_read= P3^4;
sbit adc_write= P3^3;
sbit adc_intr= P3^5;
sbit output=P3^7;
sbit alarm =P3^6;
bit loadon=0;
void delay(int time)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<127;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<time;j++)
{
}
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}
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char a)
{
rs=1;
ldata=a;
en=1;
delay(1);
en=0;
delay(1);
}
void lcd_cmd(unsigned char a)
{
rs=0;
ldata=a;
en=1;
delay(1);
en=0;
delay(1);
}
void lcd_string(char *s)
{
while(*s)
{
lcd_data(*s);
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s++;
}
}
void lcd_init()
{
lcd_cmd(0x38);
lcd_cmd(0x0e);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
lcd_cmd(0x0C);
lcd_cmd(0x80);
}

void main()
{
unsigned char val=0,temp=0;
unsigned int x=0;
float temp1;
output=0;
alarm=1;
rw=0;
lcd_init();
lcd_string(" WELCOME!");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_string("TEMP. METER");
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adc_read=1;
adc_write=1;
delay(1000);
lcd_cmd(0x01);
while(1)
{
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
delay(10);
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
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val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
delay(10);
delay(100);
adc_read=1;
adc_write=0;
delay(1);
adc_write=1;
while(adc_intr==1);
adc_read=0;
val=P1;
temp1=((float)val/255)*100.00;
x+=(int)temp1;
temp=x/3;
x=0;
if(temp>=UPTEMP && loadon==0)
{
output=1;
loadon=1;
}
if(temp<=DOWNTEMP && loadon==1)
{
output=0;
loadon=0;
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}
if(temp>=AL)
{
alarm=0;
}

lcd_cmd(0x80);
lcd_string("TEMP= ");
lcd_data((temp/10)%10+48);
lcd_data(temp%10+48);
lcd_string(" DEG. C");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
if(loadon==1)
{
lcd_string("COOLER ON ");
}
else
{
lcd_string("COOLER OFF");
}
lcd_cmd(0x80);
}
}

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INTRODUCTION

A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC
software and DVD video by touching the display screen. We manufacture and
distribute a variety of touch screen related products.
A Touch system consists of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input, a
Controller, and a Driver. The touch screen sensor is a clear panel that is designed to
fit over a PC. When a screen is touched, the sensor detects the voltage change and
passes the signal to the touch screen controller. The controller that reads &
translates the sensor input into a conventional bus protocol (Serial, USB) and a
software driver which converts the bus information to cursor action as well as
providing systems utilities.
As the touch sensor resides between the user and the display while
receiving frequent physical input from the user vacuum deposited transparent
conductors serve as primary sensing element. Vacuum coated layers can account
for a significant fraction of touch system cost. Cost & application parameters are

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chief criteria for determining the appropriate type determining the system
selection. Primarily, the touch system integrator must determine with what
implement the user will touch the sensor with & what price the application will
support.
Applications requiring activation by a gloved finger or arbitrary stylus such
as a plastic pen will specify either a low cost resistive based sensor or a higher cost
infra-red (IR) or surface acoustic wave (SAW) system. Applications anticipating
bare finger input or amenable to a tethered pen comprises of the durable & fast
capacitive touch systems. A higher price tag generally leads to increased durability
better optical performance & larger price.
The most commonly used systems are generally the capacitive & resistive
systems. The other technologies used in this field are Infrared technology & SAW
(surface acoustic wave technology) these technologies are latest in this field but are
very much expensive.
How Does a Touch screen Work?

A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a

controller, and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to

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be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch

input system.

1. Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface.
The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area
of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several
different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different
method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or

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signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change.
This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.
2. Controller
The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and
the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information
that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for
integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch addons/overlays. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you will
need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable connection on
the back for the touch screen. Controllers are available that can connect to a
Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers
are also available that work with DVD players and other devices.

3. Software Driver
The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touch
screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how
to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch
screen drivers today are a mouse-emulation type driver. This makes touching the
screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This
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allows the touch screen to work with existing software and allows new applications
to be developed without the need for touch screen specific programming. Some
equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer
systems either do not use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch
screen driver.

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Comparing Touch Technologies

Each type of screen has unique characteristics that can make it a better
choice for certain applications.
The most widely used touch screen technologies are the following:
4-Wire Resistive Touch screens

4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is

coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are
separated by invisible separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves
through the screen. When pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed
together, causing a change in the electrical current and
a touch event to be
registered.
4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are
generally the most affordable. Although clarity is less
than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable and can be
used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended for
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individual, home, school, or office use, or less demanding point-of-sale systems,

restaurant systems, etc.

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Advantages

Disadvantages

High touch resolution

75 % clarity

Pressure sensitive, works with any

Resistive layers can be damaged

stylus

by a sharp object

Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or

light

Less durable then 5-Wire Resistive

technology

Affordable

touch

screen

technology

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type:

4-Wire Resistive

Screen Sizes:

12"-20" Diagonal

Cable Interface:

PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution:

1024 x 1024

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Response Time:

10 ms. maximum

Positional Accuracy:

3mm maximum error

Light Transmission:

80% nominal

Life Expectancy:

3 million touches at one point

Temperature:

Operating:

-10C

to

70C

Storage: -30C to 85C

Humidity:

Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96

hours.

Chemical Resistance:

Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household

detergent

Software Drivers:

Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux,

Macintosh OS

5-Wire Resistive Touch screens

5-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that
is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are
separated by invisible separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves
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through the screen. When pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed
together, causing a change in the electrical current and a
touch event to be registered.

5-Wire Resistive type

touch screens
are generally more durable than the similiar 4-Wire Resistive type. Although
clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable
and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended
for demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, industrial controls, and
other workplace applications.
Advantages

Disadvantages

High touch resolution

75 % clarity

Pressure sensitive, works with

Resistive layers can be damaged

any stylus
Not affected by dirt, dust, water,
or light

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by a sharp object

 More

durable

then

4-Wire

Resistive technology

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type:

5-Wire Resistive

Cable Interface:

PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port

Touch Resolution:

4096 x 4096

Response Time:

21 ms.

Light Transmission:

80% +/-5% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light

spectrum)

Expected Life:

35 million touches at one point

Temperature:

Operating:

-10C

to

50C

Storage: -40C to 71C

Humidity:

Operating:

90%

RH

at

max

Storage: 90% RH at max 35C for 240

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35C

Chemical Resistance:

Acetone,

Methylene

chloride,

Methyl

ethyl

ketone , Isopropyl alcohol, Hexane, Turpentine, Mineral spirits, Unleaded

Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Motor Oil, Transmission Fluid, Antifreeze, Ammonia based
glass cleaner, Laundry Detergents, Cleaners (Formula 409, etc.), Vinegar, Coffee,
Tea, Grease, Cooking Oil, Salt
Software Drivers:

Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,

Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)

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Capacitive Touch screens

capacitive

touch

screen consists of a
glass

panel

with

capacitive

(charge

storing)

material

coating its surface. Circuits located at corners of the

screen measure the capacitance of a person touching the
overlay. Frequency changes are measured to determine
the X and Y coordinates of the touch event.

Capacitive type touch screens are very durable, and have

a high clarity. They are used in a wide range of
applications, from restaurant and POS use to industrial
controls and information kiosks.
Advantages
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Disadvantages

 High touch resolution

Must be touched by finger, will not work

with any non-conductive input

High image clarity

Not affected by dirt,
grease, moisture.

Touch screen Specifications

Touch Type:

Capacitive

Cable Interface:

PC Serial/COM Port (9-pin) or USB Port

Touch Resolution:

1024 x 1024

Light Transmission:

88% at 550 nm wavelength (visible light spectrum)

Durability Test:
Temperature:

100,000,000 plus touches at one point

Operating:

-15C

to

50C

Storage: -50C to 85C

Humidity:

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Operating: 90% RH at max 40C, non-condensing

Chemical Resistance:

The active area of the touchscreen is resistant to all

chemicals that do not affect glass, such as: Acetone, Toluene, Methyl ethyl ketone,
Isopropyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, Ethyl acetate, Ammonia-based glass cleaners,
Gasoline, Kerosene, Vinegar
Software Drivers:

Windows XP, 2000, NT, ME, 98, 95, 3.1, DOS,

Macintosh OS, Linux, Unix (3rd Party)

Pen Touch Capacitive Touch screens

Pen Touch Capacitive touch screen technology works with the CRT and LCD
touch monitors. This screen combines durable Capacitive technology with a
tethered pen stylus. The screen can be set to respond to finger input only, pen input
only, or both. The pen stylus is a good choice for signature capture, on-screen
annotations, or for applications requiring precise input.

Surface Acoustic Wave Touch screens

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Surface Acoustic
Wave
technology

is

one of the most

advanced touch screen types. It is based on
sending acoustic waves across a clear glass panel
with a series of transducers and
reflectors. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing a
touch event to be detected at that point.
Because the panel is all glass there are no layers that can be worn, giving
this technology the highest durability factor and also the highest clarity. This
technology is recommended for public information kiosks, computer based
training, or other high traffic indoor environments.

Advantages
High touch resolution

Disadvantages
Must be touched by finger, gloved
hand, or soft-tip stylus. Something

Highest image clarity

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hard like a pen won't work

 All glass panel, no coatings

Not completely sealable, can be

or layers that can wear out

affected by large amounts of dirt,

or damage

dust,

and

or

water

in

the

environment.
Near Field Imaging Touch screens
NFI is one of the newest technologies. It consists of two laminated glass sheets
with a patterned coating of transparent metal oxide in between. An AC signal is
applied to the patterned conductive coating, creating an electrostatic field on the
surface of the screen. When the finger or glove or other conductive stylus comes
into contact with the sensor, the electrostatic field is disturbed. It is an extremely
durable screen that is suited for use in industrial control systems and other harsh
environments. The NFI type screen is not affected by most surface contaminants or
scratches. Responds to finger or gloved hand.
Infrared Touch screens
Infrared touch screen monitors are based on light-beam interruption technology. A
frame surrounds the displays surface. The frame has light sources, or lightemitting diodes (LEDs),on one side, and light detectors on the opposite side. This
design creates an optical grid across the screen. When any object touches the
screen, the invisible light beam is interrupted, causing a drop in the signal received
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by the photo sensors. One concern with this technology is that it might respond to a
very light touch, even that of an insect crossing the monitor, making unwanted
system adjustments. This is the only type of touch technology that are available for
large displays such as 42-inch Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offers
high image clarity. Responds to any input device or stylus.

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Information Kiosk Systems

A Kiosk (pronounced key-osk) is a computer based terminal or display that is used
to provide information or services, typically in a public place. Kiosk systems are
being used in a variety of applications, including information directories, customer
self-service terminals, electronic catalogs, internet access terminals, tourism
guides, and more.
Complete Kiosk Systems
1

Several affordable and easy to use kiosk enclosures are available with
integrated touch screen monitors. Available with several of the
leading touchscreen technologies and with a variety of laminate,
stained oak, and painted metal finishes.

Mountable Monitors for Kiosk Systems

A variety of mountable displays that can be used in kiosk applications,
including mountable CRT monitors and several types of mountable flat panel
monitors are available.
Other Components for Kiosk Systems
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A variety of hardware components that can be used in information kiosk

systems, including mountable printer, fan, and speaker grills are available.
Software for Kiosk Systems
Several software packages can be used in a kiosk environment, including a
presentation development package and an on-screen keyboard package.

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Software, Cables, and Accessories

Software:
Touch screen related software, including presentation development software and
other utilities
1. MYTSOFT
My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software
2. RIGHTTOUCH
Right -Touch Right-Click Utility Software

MYTSOFT
My-T-Soft On-Screen Keyboard Software

My-T-Soft is an On-Screen keyboard utility that works with any Windows 95 / 98 /

Me / NT / 2000 / XP software. It provides on-screen keyboards and user
programmable buttons that allow users to enter data using a touch screen display.

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My-T-Soft can be used by itself in home or workplace applications, and it includes

a developer's kit that allows the keyboard to be called up from Web pages and
other programs.

By allowing systems to operate without the need for a physical keyboard, external
templates, membranes, or buttons, My-T-Soft can provide the finishing touch on
sealed systems that only require a touch screen for user input.

My-T-Soft uses a concept called "Heads Up Display" technology and its principal
objective is to keep the users focus and concentration centered in one place. My-TSoft uses that concept to reduce the visual re-focusing and re-positioning caused by
the head's up and down motion of going from screen to keyboard to screen.

Features:

Over 40 "Heads-Up Display" Keyboards with 12 base sizes and infinitely

larger sizes

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ABCD Alphabetical, QWERTY, 3 DVORAK's, and over 40 International

(German, Spanish, French, etc.) with Edit and Numeric panels.
Store up to 2000 keystrokes/menu selections (or the applications macro
scripts) on each button. Up to 15 buttons can be grouped on individual Panels,
which auto-open when their assigned application becomes active.

Developer friendly
Show & Hide keys, program keys in Key Options, Custom logo
display, Operator mode, on-demand functionality. The Developer's Kit comes with
all kinds of utilities, source code, sample code, and a wealth of information for
integrating My-T-Soft with your own application. Assignable Functions for
Pointing Device Buttons

RIGHTTOUCH

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Right-Touch Right-Click Utility Software

An easy interface to bring Right Click capability to any touch screen.

Most touch screens work by emulating left mouse button clicks, so that touching
the screen is the same as clicking your left mouse button at that same point on the
screen. But what if you need to right click on an item? Some touchscreens do
include right click support, but many do not. The Right Touch utility provides an
easy way to perform right clicks with any touch screen.

The Right Touch utility places a button on your desktop that allows you to switch
the touchscreen between left and right clicks. When the screen is emulating left
clicks, simply touch the Right Touch button to change to right click mode. Touch
again, and you're back to the standard left click.

Software Requirements
Windows95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP

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Please Note: Many of the touch screen systems include a similar right-click tool
with their software driver. The Right-Touch software is useful for touch screens
that do not have an included right click utility.

Cables:
Cables for use with the touch monitors, includes video and serial port extension
cables.

Serial Cables

SERIAL25: 25-Foot Serial Extension Cable

SERIAL50: 50-Foot Serial Extension Cable
SERIAL100: 100-Foot Serial Extension

VGA Video Cables

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VGA25: 25-Foot VGA Extension Cable

VGA50: 50-Foot VGA Extension Cable
VGA100: 100-Foot VGA Extension Cable

VGA-Y: VGA Video Y-Splitter Cable

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Accessories:

Stylus Pens
A stylus pen can be used along with our touchscreen systems for precise input.

STYLUS1

Stylus Pen for Resistive Touch screens

STYLUS2
Stylus Pen for Surface Acoustic Wave
Touchscreens

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Touch Screen Drivers

UPD Driver 3.5.18

These drivers are for 3M Dynapro SC3 and SC4 Controllers
The new UPD Driver will work for the following controllers: SC3 Serial, SC4
Serial, SC4 USB. Supported platforms are Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me/XP. DOS
and other drivers

Linux Drivers for SC3 and SC4 Controllers

Linux drivers for SC3 and SC4 were developed by a third party, not 3M
Touch Systems, and are provided for our customers convenience. 3M Touch
Systems cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.
Linux Drivers
Touch Ware Driver, Release 5.63 SR3
These drivers are for MicroTouch Touch Controllers (EXII, SMT3, MT3000,
MT410, MT510)

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This release improves performance for Windows XP drivers. It provides multiple

monitor support, including dual head video adapters, from Touch Ware 5.63.
Supported platforms are WinXP/Win2000/WinNT/Win9x/Me.
This service release also corrects known problems with silent installation.
Microcal 7.1
Use this utility to modify controller settings and to calibrate the sensor at different
resolutions under DOS. Microcal is compatible with fully-integrated ClearTek
capacitive and TouchTek resistive touchscreens. This release supports any serial
and PS/2 SMT controller, PC BUS controllers and the MT400 controller.

Near Field Imaging OEM Drivers

Use the OEM drivers below with Near Field Imaging touch screen products.
For Windows NT/9X:
8.4-inch Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx. 2.5MB)
For Windows NT/9X/3.1 and MS-DOS:
10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch screens (approx> 3.6MB)

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For Windows XP/2000 for 10.4-inch and larger Near Field Imaging touch
screens
Linux Drivers for NFI
Linux drivers for NFI were developed by a third party, not 3M Touch
Systems, and are provided for our customers' convenience. 3M Touch Systems
cannot offer any warranty or technical support for them.

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APPLICATIONS
The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface
of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch
input systems are being used today:

1. Public Information Displays

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic
displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The
user-friendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than
other input devices, especially for novice users. A touch screen can help make your
information more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation
by simply touching the display screen

2. Retail and Restaurant Systems

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment. Touch
screen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and training
time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is done right on the

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screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash
registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more

3. Customer Self-Service
In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed
up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at
busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can
quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time,
and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and
airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit from
touch screen input.

4. Control and Automation Systems

The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process
control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display,
valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can
monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the
screen.
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5. Computer Based Training

Because the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices,
overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be
reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead
to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

6. Assistive Technology
The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using
other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. When used in conjunction with
software such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help
make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty using
computers.

Take a look at how one of our customers, CHI Centers, Inc., has developed a
system that allows non-verbal individuals to communicate using a PC and touch
screen display.
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ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER POINTING DEVICES

Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:

Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of

direct manipulation that is easy to learn.

Touch screens are the fastest pointing devices.

Touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards.

No extra work space is required as with other pointing devices.

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 Touch screens are durable in public access and in high volume usage.

Disadvantages

Users hand may obscure the screen.

Screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm

fatigue.

Some reduction in image brightness may occur.

They cost more than alternative devices.

Conclusion

Touch systems represent a rapidly growing subset of the display market. The
majority of touch systems include touch sensors relying on vacuum-deposited
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coatings, so touch coatings present opportunity for suppliers of vacuum coatings

and coating equipments.

Touch sensor manufactures currently require thin films in the areas of transparent
conductors, optical interference coating and mechanical protective coatings. Touch
sensors technical requirements dovetail well with those of the flat panel and
display filter markets. The reality should provide value added opportunities to
operations participating i n these areas.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/touch-screen

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INTRODUCTION TO TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS

Temperature controllers are devices used to accurately control process temperature
without extensive operator involvement. It is a control system which accepts data
from temperature sensors such as thermocouples or Resistance Temperature
Detectors (RTD) and compares the actual temperature to the desired set-point
temperature, to operate temperature controlling elements like coolers or heaters.

WHY DO WE NEED TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER ?

In recent advanced era the temperature measurement and its control has become an
integral part of any control system operating in a temperature sensitive
environment e. g.

The temperature of food items can be controlled to minimize the bacterial

growth without affecting its nutrition value.

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For boilers, temperature is important for water and air preheat, fuel oil
viscosity, and steam superheat control.

The temperature control in cold stores reduces the contamination and

degradation rate in pharmaceutical, biochemical, beverage and food industries.

The temperature control in plant growth chambers is important for studying

the effect of hybridization, genetic engineering and plant growth regulators.

Due to the above mentioned reasons we have to go for this experiment.

EXPLANATION

An ATmega16 AVR Microcontroller is used for carrying out all the required
computations and control. It has an in-built Analog to Digital converter. Hence an
external ADC is not required for converting the analog temperature input into
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digital value. In the following discussion we will briefly discuss about the
temperature sensor used, the microcontroller and the project in general. An
inexpensive temperature sensor LM35 is used for sensing the ambient temperature.
The system will get the temperature from the sensor IC and will display the
temperature on the LCD. This temperature is compared with the set point
temperature declared by the user (also displayed on the LCD) using a keypad. We
are implementing On/Off control for controlling the temperature. The temperature
must be within a certain range otherwise continuous On/Off of the controlling
elements (heater and fan) will cause damage to them. We consider the temperature
range to be 2oC compared to the set temparature. If the Room /Chamber
temperature goes beyond the upper limit then fan will be switched ON and if
temperature goes below the lower limit then heater will be switched ON. At set
point both the heater and the fan will be Off.

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FIG : - This figure shows the prototype of

temperature controlled fan

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ATMEGA16

ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller. It consumes less

power. The Atmel's ATmega series of microcontrollers are very popular due to the
large number of peripherals built-in them. They have features such as internal
PWM channels, 10-bit A/D converters, UART/USART and much more, which
makes them useful for a large number of applications and external hardware is
reduced as these are built-in.

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ATMEGA16's

SPECIFICATIONS:

FLASH

EEPROM -------- 512 B

SRAM

-------- 1024 B

SPEED

-------- 0-16 Mhz

VOLTS

-------- 4.5 V - 5.5 V

PINS

-------- 40 (PDIP)

-------- 16 kB

Here, each I/O port has 3 registers associated with each it. These three registers
are : -

DDRx

PORTx
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PINx
C, D.

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x ----------- A, B,

For more knowledge on ATMEGA 16 click here

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF L293D

In order to interface the DC motor driven fan with the microcontroller, we need a
motor driver. We have used L293D for that purpose. The fan was rated at 12V,
1.2A. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at
voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive
currents

of

up

to

600-mA

at

voltages

from

4.5

to

V.

FIG : - Pin diagram of L293D

For more information click here

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36

KNOWLEDGE OF RELAY DRIVER (ULN2003A)

The ULN2003A is a high-voltage, high-current darlington transistor array. Each

consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with
common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current
rating of a single darlington pair is 500 mA and can withstand peak currents of
600mA. The darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. The
inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layouts. It is useful for
driving a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays, DC motors, LED
displays, filament lamps etc. It is a 16 pin plastic DIP package.

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FIG : - Pin diagram of

ULN2003A
For more knowledge on ULN2003 click here
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EXPERIENCE ON AVR STUDIO SOFTWARE

Atmel AVR Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for

developing and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applications. It enables full
control execution of programs on the AT90S In-Circuit Emulator or on the built-in
AVR Instruction Set Simulator. It provides a project management tool, source file
editor, simulator, assembler and front-end compiler for C/C++ programming,
emulator and on-chip debugger. The AVR Studio gives a seamless and easy-to-use
environment to write, build, and debug C/C++ and assembly code.

AVR Studio supports source level execution of assembly programs assembled with
the Atmel Corporation's AVR Assembler and C programs compiled with compilers
such as IAR Embedded Workbench, Code Vision AVR C compiler, GCC(GNU),
etc. In AVR studio 5 there is an integrated C compiler, and need not be installed
separately.

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The Assembler translates assembly source code into object code. The generated
object code can be used as input to a simulator such as the ATMEL AVR Simulator
or an emulator such as the ATMEL AVR In-Circuit Emulator. The Assembler also
generates a PROMable hex code which can be programmed directly into the
program memory of an AVR microcontroller. The Assembler generates fixed code
allocations, consequently no linking is necessary.
AVR Studio 4(or higher version) has a modular architecture which allows even
more interaction with 3rd party software vendors. GUI plug-ins and other modules
can be written and hooked to the system.
AVR Studio is an open source software.
To know how to program AVR studio kindly follow the Videos tab
For more information of AVR Studio click here .

EXPERIENCE ON PROTEUS SOFTWARE

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PROTEUS software is designed by LABCENTER ELECTRONICS. The

PROTEUS software is used to draw schematic of the circuit and to do the
simulation of the circuit. It contains all types of components required for the
schematic diagram of the circuit. ISIS ( part of PROTEUS) is used for simulation
of the circuit and to draw schematic of the circuit and ARES ( part of PTOTEUS)
is used for PCB designing.

For more knowledge on PROTEUS SOFTWARE click here.

To know how to design and simulate your circuit in proteus kindly follow
the Videos tab.

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