Part One Gas

Electrical Equipment, Troubleshooting & Maintenance
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 22-26/3/2015

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www.petratrainingg.com
Petra Training Group

Gas Turbine Training Course
Design , Operation & Maintenance
For
WADI AL JIZZI POWER COMPANY

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015
4
Part #4:
Gas Turbine Auxiliary Systems
Gas Turbine
Topics to be discussed
5) Auxiliary Systems:
Gas Turbine Lubricating Oil System
Hydraulic Supply System and Inlet Guide Vane
Atomizing Air System
Fuel Purge.
Cooling and Sealing Air System.
Lube Oil System
Lube Oil System

Introduction
Large gas turbines generally have
separate external circulation
systems.
Gas turbine parts are made to fit
with little clearance.
The shaft must be free to rotate,
but not vibrate radially.
Bearings are used to support the
weight of the shafts, rotors and
prevent them from vibrating
radially.
Without a lubricant, the bearing
surface would wear out quickly.
Oil is supplied to bearing through
machined holes and grooves.
:
(Compressor bearing)
(Turbine bearing)
(Generator bearing)
Control Oil
Lube Oil System

Lube Oil
The oil forms a film between the rotating

shaft and the bearing that separates them.
This reduces friction and heat.
Some heat is generated and the lubricant
must carry it away.
To re-use this oil, it must be cooled, cleaned
and re-pressurized.
:

.

.
lube oil System

Lube Oil

Lube Oil System

Major system components
Remember:
The function of oil lubrication system
To provide clean, high- grade lubricating
oil with suitable pressure and
temperature.
Components of the system:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Oil tank
Oil pumps
Oil filters& strainer
Oil cooler
Oil heater
Control valves and protection
devices
Lube Oil System

Remember
This lubrication system, complete with

tank, pumps, coolers, filters, valves and
various control and protection devices,
furnishes normal lubrication and
absorption of heat rejection load of the
gas turbine.
Lubricating fluid is circulated to the

three main turbine bearings, generator
bearings, and to the turbine accessory
gear and fuel pump.
Also, lubricating fluid is supplied to the

starting means torque converter for
use as hydraulic fluid as well as for
lubrication.
Additionally, a portion of the

pressurized fluid is diverted and
filtered again for use by hydraulic
control devices as control fluid.
Lube Oil System

Oil lubrication system Components
A Turbine Oil flow system
Lube Oil System

lubrication system Schematic
Lube Oil System

Lube Oil Tank

) (pretrip

) (Trip

.
.
Lube Oil System

Lube Oil Cooler
.

.
Lube Oil System

Lube Oil Filters
Lube Oil System

Instrumentations
Lube fluid temperatures are indicated on

the thermocouples which may be located
in the bearing header, bearing drains, and
the oil tank.
A thermocouple, LT_OT-1A, prevents
turbine start-up if the temperature of the
lubricant is lower than the switch setting.
Lubricating fluid for the main, auxiliary and
emergency pumps is supplied from the
reservoir, while lubricating fluid used for
control is supplied from the bearing header.
This lubricant must be regulated to the
proper, predetermined pressure to meet
the requirements of the main bearings and
the accessory lube system, as well as the
hydraulic control and trip circuits.
lubricating fluid is filtered and cooled
before being piped to the bearing header.

.

.

.

.
Lube Oil System

PID of another unit
Lube Oil System

PID of another unit
Lube Oil System

Mist eliminator (GE 9E)
The system is ventilated through a mist

eliminator mounted on top of the lube
oil reservoir. slight negative pressure is
maintained in the system by the motor
driven fan 88 QV-1 or 88QV-2 pulling air
through the mist eliminator.
The separation of oil droplets shall be
made by the coalescing filters. In the
suction line of the blower a filters with
differential pressure transmitters 96
QQ-10 and 96 QQ-20 are fitted. In case
of filter contamination the differential
pressure transmitter indicates an alarm.
This negative pressure draws sealing air
through the gas turbine bearing seals.
A tap and a pressure transmitter 96 QV1 is provided on the mist eliminator to
permit monitoring tank pressure. A
diaphragm is upstream of fan for the
mist eliminator and is used to regulate
tank pressure.
Lube Oil System

Mist eliminator (GE 9E)
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Lube Oil System

Review
Hydraulic Supply System

and Inlet Guide Vane

The main hydraulic supply system utilizes turbine lube oil to supply
the high pressure fluid for operating the fuel control valves, or other
devices.
The hydraulic supply system regulates a supply pressure of
approximately 1500 psi suitable to modulate oil fuel control valve.
The system filters the oil for servovalve use.
Accumulators to provide transient flow and prevent hydraulic
pressure spikes to devices to protect the turbine if hydraulic pressure
becomes inadequate to support essential control functions.

Major devices and functional description
Main pump ,
The primary source of high pressure oil is an accessory gear driven
pressure compensated piston pump. The pump's pressure compensator
is designed VPR 3-1.
Auxiliary pump
A motor driven 88 HQ-1 fixed displacement pump is provided as a back
up to the main pump. While the main pump is at low speed, during the
normal starting sequence, the auxiliary pump runs until the 14 HS speed
sensor indicates minimum governing speed is reached. Any time the
main pump fails to maintain adequate pressure, as sensed by 63 HQ-1
pressure switch, the auxiliary pump is started. When this pump is
initiated by the 63 HQ-1 pressure switch, it will continue to run until shut
down manually.
Variable Inlet Guide Vane System

Function
Major system components:
the main atomizing air
compressor
starting atomizing air compressor,
atomizing air heat exchanger(s)
and an air filter.
The atomizing air system provides

sufficient pressure in the air
atomizing chamber of the fuel
nozzle body to maintain the proper
ratio of atomizing air pressure to
compressor discharge pressure at
approximately 1.2 or greater over
the full operating range of the
turbine.
Since the output of the main
atomizing air compressor, driven by
the accessory gear, is low at turbine
firing speed, a starting atomizing air
compressor provides a similar
pressure ratio during the firing and
warm-up period of the starting
cycle, and during a portion of the
accelerating cycle.
Cooling and Sealing Air System

Introduction
The cooling and sealing air system provides the
necessary air flow:
from the gas turbine compressor
TO other parts of the gas
Turbine rotor
Stator
Sealing of the turbine bearings
To prevent excessive temperature buildup in these
parts during normal operation and for sealing of the
turbine bearings.
Air from two centrifugal type blowers is used to cool
the turbine exhaust frame. These two motor fans are
part of a cooling system located on a base, near the
lower part of the gas turbine exhaust system duct.

Cooling and sealing functions:
Sealing of the turbine bearings.
Cooling of internal turbine parts subjected to
high temperature.
Cooling of the turbine outer shell and
exhaust frame.
Providing an operating air supply for air
operated valves.

Exhaust Frame Blower
Cool the turbine shell and exhaust frame


. . .
:

, Bearing
.
Eng. Omar Za'areer

) (
/

Gas Turbine Training Course

Design , Operation & Maintenance
Part #1 : Power Plants Primers ()
Part #2: Gas Turbine Major Components
Part #3: Simple Cycle Improvement
Part #4: Gas Turbine Auxiliary Systems
Part #5: Gas Turbine Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Part #6: Gas Turbine Operation
Part #1

Power Plants Primers
Part #1

Power Plants Primers

-1 Common Terms & Abbreviations
-2 (Symbols- Piping) PID
-3 Power Plant History
-4 Power Plant Conception
-5 Power Plant Forms
-1
1- COMMON TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GT - Gas Turbine
CT Combustion Turbine
CTG Combustion Turbine Generator
GTG Gas Turbine Generator
ST - Steam Turbine
STG Steam Turbine Generator
HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator

CCR Central Control Room
DCS Distributed Control System
EWS/OWS Engineering/Operator Work Station
PLC- Programmable Logic Controller
BMS Burner Management System
1- COMMON TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BOP Balance of Plant
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Simple Cycle operating CTG only to make electricity and exhausting all CTG
exhaust heat to atmosphere.
. :*
Combined Cycle capturing exhaust heat from CTG in HRSG to make steam
and drive ST. Both CTG and STG make electricity.
. :*
.
Cogeneration producing both electricity and process steam
COD Commercial Operation Date
(Symbols- Piping) PID -2

1) Letter Symbols

1) Letter Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols

1) PID Symbols (Valves)



1) PID Symbols (Examples)

Gas Turbine History
.1939
2
)
, .( ....
Brayton Cycle
Rankine Cycle
Brayton cycle less efficient than Rankine Cycle

)Gas Turbine History (contd

Aerodynamic design,
Combustion control,
Compressor and turbine blade design,
Metallurgy ) (
Closer tolerances between rotating blades and stationary
parts. ) (
.
) ( %35
.

Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) History
20 .
GTG, STG and HRSG

.
Less capital cost
) ( MW
)( ) ( MW
) ( ) ( MW
Power Plant Conception -4
Power Plant Forms -5

Conventional Steam Power Plant

:
Boiler (or Reactor) ( )
Steam Turbine and Condenser
Boiler Feed Pump
Cooling System
Balance of Plant Equipment (e.g., fuel system, water
treatment plant)

Rankine Cycle Diagram

Rankine Cycle - Basic T-s Diagram

Rankine Cycle T-s Diagram with Superheat

Simple Cycle Power Plant

Compressor
Combustor
Turbine
Accessory Drive Assembly

Gas Turbine SC Schematic

Brayton Cycle
FUEL
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
WORK
TURBINE
COMPRESSOR
EXHAUST
AIR

Brayton Cycle
1-2 compression process
1-2 compression process :


Brayton Cycle
2-3 Combustion process
2-3 Combustion process:

All rights
reserved
/ Omar
Zaareer 2015

Brayton Cycle
3-4 Turbine (Expansion):
3-4 Turbine (Expansion):

. All
( /
2015
)
rights reserved
OmarZaareer
Brayton Cycle
1-2 compression process : pressure increased & volume reduced.

2-3 Combustion process: fuel air mixture burns, temp & volume increase under
constant pressure.
3-4 Turbine (Expansion):The hot gas which storing energy is converted to work inside
the turbine(rotation, speed and torque).
4-1 Exhaust air rejected & new air
is induced. .

Brayton Cycle T-s Diagram

COMBINED CYCLE
Combined
Part #1 with Part #2

COMBINED CYCLE
EXHAUST
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
CC
Plant
AIR
+
COMPRESSOR
FUEL
TURBINE
WORK
Combined Cycle Power Plant

:
(CTG)
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)

Steam Turbine Generator (STG)
Condenser (either air cooled or water cooled)
Balance of Plant (BOP) equipment

Combined Cycle Components
Gas Turbine (Brayton) Cycle

CTG
) (
Steam and Steam Turbine (Rankine) Cycle

.
.

Combined Cycle Schematic (Diagram)

Combined Cycle Schematic (Diagram)

Cycles Comparison

Combined Cycle T-h Diagram
This represents the

heat recovered from
the
HRSG
and
delivered as steam to
the steam turbine.
Combined Cycle
Overview the Process

Schematic Drawing

Combined Cycle Overview

Combined Cycle Overview

Combined Cycle Advantages
Reliability (compared with conventional plants).
Higher availability.
Flexibility
Reduced Maintenance
Reduced Environmental Impact.
Reduced Costs
Less capital equipment than conventional steam power
plants
Significantly reduced construction time

Combined Cycle Advantages
Reduced Maintenance
Reduced Environmental Impact
Low NOx burners used on modern gas turbines
Further NOx reduction by use of Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR) with ammonia injection on HRSG
Part #2:
Gas Turbine Major Components
Gas Turbine
Topics to be discussed
1) Gas Turbine Overview.
2) Major Components
Air Intake system.

Inlet System
Pulse System
Anti Icing system
Air Compressor
Inlet Guide Vane (IGV)
Blowoff (bleed) Valves.
Surge Protection (Discussion)
3) Combustion Chamber
4) Turbine Section
Gas Turbine
1) Gas Turbine Overview.
GT Simple Cycle Power Plant

Gas Turbine SC Schematic

Gas Turbine Line Schematic
Gas Turbine (Typical Industrial GT)

Illustrative Section of a GT

Schematic for Major Components
Gas Turbine
2) Major Components
Air Intake System
Air intake System
Air intake System

What is the function of air intake system?
Air system provide the required air for:
Combustion.
Reduce the temperature of combustion products to certain
limit (accepted temp.)
Turbine rotor cooling
Seal lubrication system
Operate the control system
Air intake System

Air filtration helps prevent
internal component deterioration
Air modification helps increase

turbine performance
Air intake System
Inlet screen: prevents entry of birds, papers,

Pre-filter: removes medium size particles
Filters are being cleaned by a reverse

flow of air through the filters
High efficiency filter: removes fine

particles
Air intake System

Pulse System
Normal Operation
Self Cleaning is Active

Air Puls

Air intake System

Water Injection (Inlet Ducting)
Evaporative cooler can be installed in the

inlet duct to cool the temperature of the
incoming air to improve the gas turbine
performance.
Through the use of treated water, the

incoming air is exposed to a water baffle
which cools the air. This makes the air
more dense, improving the turbine output
power.
Air intake System

) (Anti Icing system
) (Filters and Intake Duct

.
:
)(Supply pipe
) (Shut off Valve
) (Control Valve
Air intake System

Anti Icing system
:

,

.
Control valve
Air intake System

Anti Icing system
5+ 5 -
Gas Turbine
2) Major Components
Compressor Section
Air Compressor
The Role
Air Compressor
The role of the air compressor in a gas turbine is basically to provide

and compress enough air for
Combustion chamber,
Cooling purposes,
Sealing.
Air Compressor
Type of Air Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
Axial Compressors
Rotor
Blades
Stator
Vanes
Impeller
Diffuser
Manifold
Air Compressor
Centrifugal Compressors (Principles of Operation)
Centrifugal compressor consists of an impeller, a diffuser and a manifold
Compressor receives air at the center of the impeller in an axial direction
Air is accelerated outward by centrifugal reaction to its rotational speed
Air is then allowed to expand into divergent duct, called a diffuser
According to Bernoullis Principle, as the air spreads, its speed slows and static
pressure builds
The manifold distributes the air in a turbulence free condition to the
combustion section
Advantages: High pressure rise per stage,
Good Efficiency, Simplicity of manufacture,
Low cost, Low weight, Low starting power
requirements
Disadvantages: Large frontal area for a

given flow, More than two stages is not
practical because of energy losses
between stages
Air Compressor
Axial Compressor (Principles of Operation)
Airflow and compression occur parallel to the rotational axis of compressor

Axial Compressor consists of a series of rotor blades and stator vanes
A rotor and the following stator make up a stage
Several stages are combined to make up the complete compressor
Each rotor consists of a set of blades fitted into a disk
Kinetic energy of the rotor is transferred to the air
Stator vanes are placed to the rear of the rotor blades
Stator vanes receive the air at high velocity and act as a diffuser, changing kinetic to
potential energy (Pressure)
Stator vanes have a secondary function of directing airflow to the next stage of
compressor at the desired angle
Air Compressor
Pressure and Velocity Variation in Axial Compressors
Rotating blades transfer the kinetic

energy of the rotor to the airflow.
Stationary vanes convert the airflow
kinetic energy to pressure
Velocity increase through rotor blades is

equal to velocity decrease through stator vanes
Pressure, however, increases continuously
through rotor blades and stator vanes
Air Compressor
Pressure and Velocity Variation in Axial Compressors
Air Compressor
Air Compressor
The compressor rotor is

assembled by vertically
stacking the wheels.
First, the forward stub

shaft and first wheel are
put with tie bolts in place.
Then, each wheel is placed

vertically over the tie
bolts.
Air Compressor
Variable inlet guide vanes (IGV)
1 Pivot pin
2 Airfoil
6 Stationary blade carrier
7 Outer ring
8 Inner ring

Air Compressor
Surge phenomenon
&
Surge Protection
Air Compressor
Surge
Topics to be discussed:
What is the surge?

What is the effect of surge?
Surge control system.
Air Compressor
What is the surge?
Surge is the phenomenon of momentary,

periodic fluctuations in the discharge pressure
of compressor air.
It occurs during acceleration, at a point when

the compressor begins to discharge air faster
than it can suck air in.
This condition causes low-pressure pockets to

form inside the compressor.
Since higher pressures tend to flow toward

lower pressures, the discharge air will flow
back into the compressor to fill the lowpressure pockets.
Air Compressor
Surge control
What is the effect of surge?

As discharge air flows back
into the compressor, it gains
more heat during the second
pressurization.
If
this
repeated, air temperature
would rise to destructive
levels.
Surge will cause sever axial
movement of the rotor in both
directions (i.e. axial vibration).
This condition will cause rapid
failure in the thrust bearing
and all internal seals
As the discharge air flows back

into the compressor, air is bled
from an inter-stage location to
the exhaust collector, thus
preventing the back-flowing air
from re-pressurizing.
Supply compressor suction with

extra air so that compressorinlet pressure keeps pace with
compressor-discharge pressure.
This is done by routing a small
amount
of
compressordischarge air back to the
compressor inlet.
Air Compressor
)Blowoff (Bleed Valves
..
:
.%76
:
.
:
)
(.
:
Blowoff .
) Trip (
Trip
.
Air Compressor
)Blowoff (Bleed Valves
..
:Compressor Wash Manually
, .
: . Blowoff - Trip .
Air Compressor
Blowoff (Bleed Valves)
Air Compressor
Blowoff (Bleed Valves)
Gas Turbine
2) Major Components
Combustion Chamber
Combustion Chamber
chamber
basically consists of an
Principles
The combustionof
Operation
outer casing, an inner perforated liner, a fuel
injection system, and a starting ignition system.
The function is to add heat energy to the flowing
gases, thereby expanding and accelerating the
gases into the turbine section
When the fuel heat is added, the volume of the
gas is increased and, with flow area remaining the
same, this causes an acceleration of gases to occur.
Interaction of oxygen molecules and molecules of
fuel which are heated to ignition temperatures
results in combustion
Proper mixing of air and fuel leads to an efficient
functioning of combustion chamber
The combustion chamber must cool hot
combustion products to a temperature which the
turbine section components can withstand
Combustion Chamber
Flame Tube is
placed inside
the air casing.
consists of
a fuel spray
a combustion
zone.
a spark plug if
necessary
Combustion Chamber
Combustion Chamber
Flame detectors
indicate the
control system
whether or not
flame exists in
the cans they are
mounted on.
Spark Plugs are used

to initiate
combustion.
In some standard
combustors, spark
plugs are
retractable. They are
pushed outward to
remove the plug
from the flame zone.
This ensures a
longer life for the
spark plug.
Combustion Chamber
Multi-Can Combustor
This older type
combustor consists of
multiple outer housing,
each with its own
perforated inner liner.
Each of the multiple
combustors (cans) is in
effect a separate
burner unit.
Can-Annular Combustor
Annular Combustor
This is more common in

aircraft engines and consists
of an outer case containing
multiple liners located
radially about the axis of the
engine. The liners take air in
at the front and discharge it
at the rear.
This combustor consists

of an outer housing,
containing only one liner.
Multiple fuel spray
nozzles protrude into the
liner.
Combustion Chamber
Combustion
Chamber
2*8 Hybrid
Burners
T Bearing
Turbine
C Bearing
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
COMBUSTION CHAMBERS FEATURES
Combustion Chamber
HYBRID BURNER
HYBRID BURNER
Combustion Chamber
HYBRID BURNER
HYBRID BURNER
Combustion Chamber
HYBRID BURNER
Combustion Chamber
HYBRID BURNER

premix burner
) Nox and
(CO
Diffusion

.

Diffusion.
Gas Turbine
2) Major Components
Turbine Section
Turbine
The Role
The role of the turbine section is
to transform a major portion of
the kinetic energy and heat
energy in the exhaust gases into
mechanical work, thereby
enabling the turbine to drive the
compressor and accessories.
The turbine section is bolted to
the combustion chamber and
contains the turbine wheels and
turbine stators.
Recall that the compressor adds
energy to air by increasing its
pressure. The turbine extracts
energy by reducing pressure of the
flowing gases
Turbine
Gas Flow Through Stator and Rotor
Pressure of hot gases leaving the

combustion chamber is converted to
velocity at the nozzles formed at the trailing
edge of the turbine stators vanes and rotor
blades.
The turbine stator vanes act as nozzles,

increasing velocity and decreasing pressure.
The turbine nozzle assembly is also known

as the turbine nozzle, nozzle diaphragm, or
the turbine nozzle guide vane assembly.
The turbine stator vanes also direct the

gases at the optimum angle into the turbine
rotor blades.
The velocity referred to is vectored in a

tangential direction rather than axial. This
slows the gas flow axially, reducing its
reactive power, but adds shaft power to the
rotor system.
Turbine
The turbine wheels are assembled by
vertically stacking them. This
eliminates sagging. The tie bolts are
weighed, numbered and distributed
to eliminate imbalance.
The turbine wheels and spacers are

slid over the tie bolts and alignments
are achieved by rabbet fits between
the pieces.
The forward stub shaft is then placed

over the tie bolts.
Turbine
The first stage buckets are
installed initially by inserting
the first bucket into the dovetail
slot made in the wheel.
The remainder of the buckets

are installed in this fashion
around the wheel.
The second and third stage

buckets are installed as a 360
degree ring. The ring is placed
into the wheel gradually.
Turbine
Turbine
Cooling techniques are

employed to maintain
the skin of the blades
at acceptable
temperatures.
Air is the main coolant
fluid which can be
extracted from the
compressor, ducted to
the turbine blade and
used as a coolant.
Part #3:
Simple Cycle Improvement
Improvements to the Simple Cycle
Regeneration
9
5.5
Regenerator
3.5
Inlet
Compressor
4.5
Combustor
4
Turbine
Power
Turbine
net
output
work
Intercooling
9
Intercooler
Combustor
4.5
Inlet
1
2
5
3
Compressor 1
Compressor 2
Turbine
Power
Turbine
net
output
work
Reheating
9
Reheater
Combustor
Inlet
1
2
5
3
Compressor
Turbine
Power
Turbine
net
output
work
Single Shaft
9
Combustor
Inlet
1
2
5
3
Compressor
Turbine
net
output
work
Double Shaft
9
Combustor
Inlet
1
2
5
3
Compressor
Turbine
Power
Turbine
net
output
work
Double Shaft (Output at Compressor End)

9
Combustor
Inlet
1
2
5
3
net
output
work
Compressor
Turbine
Power
Turbine
Triple Shaft
9
Combustor
Inlet
1
2
5
3
Compressor 1
Compressor 2
Turbine 2
Turbine 1
Power
Turbine
net
output
work
5
Part #5:
Gas Turbine Maintenance
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Gas Turbine Maintenance
Recommended Running Hours between Inspections
Factors that effect Maintenance Cycles
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Agenda
3/2/2015
GT Maintenance Considerations
Typical Inspection Scopes
Factors That Affect the Maintenance Cycle
Conclusion
Questions
Omar Zaareer 2015
All GTs require regular maintenance.
A typical maintenance regime is given below: Combustion inspection every 8,000 12,000 hrs or
800 starts
Hot gas path inspection every 24,000 hrs or 1200
starts
Major Inspection every 48,000 hrs or 2400 starts
Inspections may have other titles such as A,B or C
inspections, or Level 1,2 or 3 inspections.
The intention is the same.
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Major Inspection
H.G.P.
Inspection
Combustio
n
Inspection
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Inspection Scopes
The combustion inspection
The most frequent inspection, looks at: Fuel nozzles, combustion liners, transition pieces
Hot Gas Path Inspection
Includes a combustion inspection and the following: Turbine stage rotating and stationary parts
Major Inspection
Includes all of the above inspections plus a compressor
and bearing inspection.
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015

The period between inspections will shorten if: The fuel used is not natural gas
Gas oil will reduce the cycle time by a factor of 1.5
Heavy fuel oil may do so by a factor of up to 4
Each peak load operational hr may count as 20 normal hrs.
The unit is not in base load operation

The number of starts may call for inspection before the hours
limitation is reached.
An emergency start may count as 2 normal starts.
Trip from full load may count as 8 normal starts
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015

Operational Duty
Cyclic operation peak lopping
Thermo-mechanical fatigue, TMF, because of
simultaneous fluctuations in load and temperature.
In phase TMF is when max strain and temperature
coincide.
High cycle fatigue subjected repeatedly to
unsteady load and temperature conditions.
Rubs and wear.
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015

Firing Temperature.
Notionally, one hour of peak firing will have the same
effect as six hours at base load firing temperature.
Peak firing temperature is usually a turbine inlet
temperature increase of around 50oc.
The degradation mechanisms are dependant upon the
number of peak hours run and the frequency of peak
firing selection.
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Conclusion
Gas turbine fatigue and wear mechanisms are highly
dependant on: Operational duty
Fuel selection
The environment.
The OEMs guidelines are just that - guidelines!

Careful review of the condition of each individual GT is
required and a programme made based on the behaviour
of that individual unit.
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Operating Procedures
Gas Turbine
SPEEDTRONIC Mark V Annunciator Troubleshooting Chart
 CRT Display Alarm Message, Logic & No.
Cause
Action
L30HRX3
L30AC_ALM
L30AF_ALM
L63CTSL_ALM
(Not Used)
L63ADLA
A.A. Diff. Press Low,

Auto Xfer to Dist
Problem with atomizing

air system.
Investigate atomizing air

system.
L63ADL_ALM
Atomizing Air Diff.

Pressure Low
Atomizing air compressor

not providing adequate
pressure.
Check atomizing air system.
L26AAH_ALM
Atomizing Air Temp.

High
Failure of atomizing
precooler louvers to open
and close.
Check water supply to the

atomizing air precooler,
isolating valve position flow
restrictions.
L86S
Auto Synchronizing
Lockout
Auto synchronizing
self-checking system has
detected a synchronizing
equipment abnormality.
Investigate synchronization
system to determine exact
cause of problem.
L83COMF
Auto Xfer to Dist.

Communicator Failure
Communication link with

auto transfer to distillate
system failed.
Check auto transfer to

distillate components and
communication system.
L52HQ_ALM
Auxiliary Hydraulic Oil

Pump Motor Running
Accessory gear-driven
hydraulic pump has not
supplied sufficient
pressure because of leaks
or failure of pump.
Check hydraulic system.
L52QA_ALM
Auxiliary Lube Oil Pump

Motor Running
The main accessory gear

driven lube oil pump is
supplying insufficient lube
oil pressure due to pump
failure or leaks
Examine main lube pump.

Check pump output and main
lube filters for leaks or
plugging.
L49X_ALM
Auxiliary Motor Overload One of the auxiliary

motors is overloaded.
Check auxiliary motors to

determine which motor is
overloaded and the cause of
the overloading.
L52QS_ALM
Auxiliary Seal Oil Pump

Running
Check seal oil supply system

components.
Insufficient pressure from

main seal oil supply
pump.
ATCMKV-1
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
Battery 125 VDC Ground
Insulation failure has

Isolate and remove ground
resulted in a ground on the from the system.
125 VDC system.
Battery Charger AC
Undervoltage
Battery charger AC
undervoltage.
Check battery charger AC

breaker. Check voltage
magnitude.
Battery DC Undervoltage
Battery system voltage is

low. Battery charger is not
functioning properly,
excessive drain on the
batteries, or bad cells in
battery.
Check battery charger for

proper operation, correct
excessive drain on battery,
check for bad cells. The gas
turbine should not be operated
unless DC power is available
to the emergency DC lube oil
pump.
Bearing Drain
Temperature High
High bearing drain

temperature.
Check lube oil feed and drain

piping.
Bearing Metal
Temperature High
Bearing or lube oil

problem.
Check bearings and lube oil

system.
L27VVN_ALM
Black Start Inverter

Trouble
The black start inverter

output voltage has gone
low, ignition power has
been transferred to the
MCC 12 VAC.
Troubleshoot black start

inverter.
L27BN_ALM
Bus Undervoltage
No Auto Synch
Bus synchronizing
potential not available.
Check bus PT fuses and

wiring. Do not use auto
synchronizing or manual
synchronizing until problem
is resolved.
L28FD_SD
Chamber Flamed Out

During Shutdown
Flame loss during fired

shutdown period.
Investigate cause and remedy

before restarting turbine.
Monitor vibration on the way
up.
L30SPA
Combustion Trouble
Faulty thermocouples, gas

path hardware or uneven
distribution of fuel to the
fuel nozzles.
Analyze data for trends. At

earliest shutdown check
thermocouples. Perform
borescope or combustion
inspection. Check flow
divider fuel pressures. Check
for plugged nozzles.
LCOM_B_ALM
Common IO
Communication Loss
<C> processor is no
longer communicating.
Check <C> power supply

card and cabling.
L27BLN_ALM
L30LOA
ATCMKV-2
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L86CB1
Compressor Bleed Valve

Position Trouble
Compressor bleed valves

have not operated
properly. They are in the
wrong position or required
an excessive amount of
time to move from one
position to the other.
Investigate problem. The

problem should be corrected
before restarting. The Master
Reset switch must be pressed
before restarting.
L86TCI
Compressor Inlet
Thermocouples Disagree
Bad thermocouple signal.

Thermocouples in the
inlet have failed, shorted
or open.
Check thermocouples and

wiring and replace faulty
thermocouple(s).
L26CTH_ALM
Control Panel Temp High
Air conditions not

maintaining proper
temperature.
Check air conditioners.
L12HF
Control Speed Signal

Loss - HP
Machine tripped due to

loss of speed signal.
Check wiring to speed

pickups.
L12HFD_C

Trouble - HP
HP speed pickup voting

mismatch in <C>.
Check and recalibrate HP

speed pickups.
L12HFD_P

Trouble - HP
HP speed pickup voting

mismatch in .
Check and recalibrate HP

speed pickups.
L12LF

Trouble - LP
LP speed pickup voting

mismatch.
Check and recalibrate LP

speed pickups.
L30CD
Cooldown Trouble
Unit failed to go on
cooldown, or the
cooldown cycle was
aborted prior to cooldown
timer timeout.
Check ratchet system.

Monitor vibration when
cooldown cycle is reinitiated.
L52FC_ALM
Cooling Fan Motor

Breaker Open
Cooling fan motor did not

start.
Check cooling fan motor

module in PECC.
L71WL_ALM
Cooling Water Level Low
Cooling water tank level

low.
Check cooling water system

for leaks.
L63QQ3H_ALM
Coupling Oil Filter Diff

Pressure High
Clogged filter.
Replace filter.
L3CP_ALM
Customer Start Inhibit
Customer contact input

not enabled.
Check customers permissive.
L4CT_ALM
Customer Trip
Customer trips input to the Determine which of the

L4CT logic have caused
customer trip devices caused
an automatic trip of the
the trip and correct.
unit.
Customer-Specific
Alarms <C>
ATCMKV-3
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
Customer-Specific
Alarms <Q>
L27QEL_ALM
DC Motor Undervoltage
(Lube Oil)
DC power not supplied to

emergency DC lube
pump.
Check power to DC lube

pump (MCC breaker on). The
gas turbine should not be
operated unless DC power is
available to the emergency
DC lube pump.
L30DIAG_C
Diagnostic Alarm <C>
The microprocessor selfchecking program has

uncovered a control panel
problem.
Call up diagnostic display.
L30DIAG_Q
Diagnostic Alarm <Q>
The microprocessor
Call up diagnostic display.
self-checking program has
uncovered a control panel
problem.
L26DWH_ALM
Diesel Engine Cooling

Water Temp High
Diesel cooling water

temperature is high.
Check diesel cooling water

system.
L2DWZ2
Diesel Failure to Break

Turbine Away
Diesel was unable to

accelerate to maximum
rpm.
Check diesel. Check diesel

maximum torque solenoid.
L48DSX
Diesel Failure to Start
Diesel has failure to start.
Check diesel fuel tank.
L4DEY_ALM
Diesel Failure to Stop
Diesel should stop

automatically after a 5
minute cooldown period.
Check diesel stop solenoid

20DV.
L63QDN_ALM
Diesel Lube Oil

Pressure Low
Diesel lube oil pressure is

low.
Check diesel lube oil system.
L83DT1
Diesel Test Mode

Selected
Indication that diesel test Test mode should be

pushbutton permissive has deselected once the test is
been activated.
complete.
L63LF2H_ALM
Distillate Fuel Filter

Differential Pressure
High
Clogged filter.
Replace filter.
L26FD1H_ALM
Distillate Fuel
Temperature High
Possible cooling system

problem.
Check temperature sensor and

cooling system.
L12H
Electrical Overspeed
Trip - HP
The speed control system Isolate problem and correct.

has not limited HP turbine
speed within the trip
limits.
ATCMKV-4
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L12L
Electrical Overspeed
Trip - LP
The speed control system

has not limited LP turbine
limits.
Isolate problem and correct.
L72QEZ_ALM
Emergency Lube Oil

Pump Motor Running
Loss of AC power to main Determine cause of AC power

lube oil pumps.
loss.
L72ES_ALM
Emergency Seal Oil

Pump Running
Generator seal oil pressure Check main and auxiliary seal

is low.
oil supply system
components.
L59E_ALM
Exciter Overvoltage
Excessive field volts have

been detected.
Check exciter.
L94EK
Exciter Rect Cooling

Trouble - Trip 52G
Breaker has tripped and

machine is at FSNL
because of problem with
exciter rectifier cooling.
Investigate exciter rectifier

cooling system.
L26SFH_ALM
Exciter Rectifier Bridge

Temp High
Possible cooling system

problem.
Check exciter rectifier cooling

system.
L86TXT_C
Exhaust Overtemperature
Trip <C>
Turbine has tripped due to Investigate.

high median exhaust
temperature.
L86TXT
Exhaust Overtemperature
Trip
The temperature control

system has not limited
exhaust temperature
within the trip limits.
L63TK_ALM
Exhaust Frame Cooling

Air Pressure Low
Exhaust frame blower

motor not operating. Air
passages blocked.
Check motor operation.

Inspect cooling air flow
passages.
L90TKL
Exhaust Frame Cooling

System Trouble - Unload
Exhaust frame cooling

Investigate exhaust frame
fans 88TK-1,2 problem or cooling system.
system problem.
L63EAH_ALM
Exhaust Pressure High

Alarm
Exhaust pressure has risen Inspect exhaust filter and

above recommended
ducting for blockage.
levels.
L63ETH
Exhaust Pressure High

Trip
Exhaust pressure has risen Inspect exhaust filter and

above the trip level.
ducting for blockage.
L63ETHX_ALM
Exhaust Pressure Switch

Trouble
Bad signal from exhaust

pressure switch.
Check switches and switch

wiring.
ATCMKV-5
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L30TXA
Exhaust Temperature
High
The exhaust gas

temperature is excessive.
Check all thermocouples.

Replace any bad
thermocouples. If problem is
not thermocouples, isolate
portion of Control System
causing the problem.
L30TXA_C
Exhaust Temperature
High <C>
High median exhaust

temperature calculated in
<C>.
Lower load to reduce exhaust

temperature. Investigate.
L30SPTA
Exhaust Thermocouple
Trouble
Faulty thermocouple.
Check thermocouples.
L86TFB
Exhaust Thermocouples
Open Trip
Excessive number of
thermocouples not
connected.
Check and reconnect

thermocouples.
L63FLZ_FLT
Failure to Establish
Liquid Fuel Press.
Liquid fuel forwarding

system problem.
Check that power is being

supplied to liquid fuel
forwarding pump/motor.
Troubleshoot per system
components per instructions.
L30FD_ALM
Failure to Ignite
Failure to fire within the

one minute period.
Check that ac power is

supplied to the ignition
system.
L62TT2_ALM
Failure to Start
The master protective

logic signal L4 has not
been set within 30 seconds
of the start signal, has
tripped the unit twice or, if
the unit is operating in
remote, flame was not
established after two tries.
Check all signals making up

the L4 logic signal to
determine which caused the
problem, or determine cause
of lack of flame
establishment.
L3Z
Failure to Synchronize
Unit did not synchronize

and close generator
breaker within the normal
expected time (15
seconds).
Check all signals going

making up the L4 logic signal
to determine which caused the
problem or determine the
cause of lack of flame
establishment.
L45FTX2_ALM
L45FTX1_ALM
Fire in Zone #1 or
Zone #2 Trip
Fire in the turbine or

accessory compartment.
Restarting after an operation

of the CO2 system requires
that the CO2 system be reset,
including all doors and
dampers, and the CO2 release
mechanism.
ATCMKV-6
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L45FAX_ALM
Fire Protection System

Inoperative
CO2 pressure or control

problem.
Check fire protection system.
L28FD_ALM
Flame Detector Trouble
One of the detectors

operating when no flame
is present.
Check for proper operation of

the flame detection system.
Check that the flame detector
quartz window are clean.
L60FSRG
FSR Gag Not at Max

Limit
Manual FSR control has

not been reset to a
position where it will not
interfere with automatic
FSR control.
Raise the manual FSR control

to maximum.
L3GCVFLT
Gas Control Valve Servo

Trouble
The gas control valve

feedback signal is
abnormal.
Check LVDT.
L63HGL_SENSR
Gas Fuel Hydraulic

Pressure Switch Trouble
Bad signal from hydraulic Check switch and switch

pressure switch.
wiring.
L63HGL_ALM
Gas Fuel Hydraulic Trip

Pressure Low
Low oil pressure in gas

fuel hydraulic oil trip
circuit.
Check the control oil filter

and control oil piping. This
alarm will actuate if the
turbine is tripped with the
manual emergency trip valve
on the turbine or a large leak
were to occur in the hydraulic
trip circuit piping.
L3GFIVP
Gas Fuel Intervalve

Pressure Trouble
Pressure sensed between

the gas control valve and
the speed ratio valve is
abnormal.
Check GRV control system,

intervalve vent, and pressure
transducer.
L63PGFT
Gas Fuel Nozzle Purge

System Pressure High
Problem with valves.
Determine cause of incorrect

valve positioning.
L94PGT

System Trouble Trip
Either VA13-1 or -2 or
20VG-2 are stuck open
and machine has tripped.
Gas may be backing
through the system.
Check valves for cause.

Correct positioning prior to
refire.
L33PGFT

Valve Fail to Close
VA13-1 or -2 are
obstructed.
Check valves to remove

obstruction to resume purge.
L33PGO_ALM

Valve Fail to Open
No atomizing air flow;

VPR44-1 stuck.
Check valve.
L63FGL_ALM
Gas Fuel Pressure Low
Gas fuel pressure to

Check cause of low supply
turbine has been sensed as pressure.
low.
ATCMKV-7
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L3GRVFLT
Gas Ratio Valve Position

Servo Trouble
The gas ratio valve

feedback signal is
abnormal.
Check LVDT.
L63CA3L_ALM
Gen Air Filter Cleaner

Pressure Low
Generator air inlet filter

Check air inlet filter cleaning
cleaning system problems. components.
L43HPA_ALM
Gen Purge System on

Manual Control
Operator has selected

manual control.
Change to automatic control.
L52GA_ALM
Gen. Inlet Air Dirt

Separator Not Running
Generator inlet air dirt

separator malfunction.
Check separator motor for

proper operation. Check
supply system wiring.
L63GFH_ALM
Generator Air Filter High

Pressure Drop
High pressure differential

across generator air inlet
filters.
Inspect and clean/change

filter elements, as required.
L63BQL_ALM
Generator Bearing
Vacuum Low
Generator bearings are

Investigate generator bearing
sealed by vacuum. This
sealing system.
alarm indicates a potential
problem with the sealing
system.
L52G_ALM
Generator Breaker
Tripped
Generator breaker has

been tripped by an
automatic protective
device or manually.
L63GKL_ALM
Generator Casing
Hydrogen Press. Low
Low hydrogen pressure in Check hydrogen supply

generator.
system.
L71WGH_ALM
Generator Casing Liquid

Level High
Liquids have accumulated Remove liquids, check for

in bottom of generator.
leaks and take action to
prevent recurrence of
problem.
L33GCC_ALM
Generator CO2 Door

Trouble
Generator CO2 door is

closed.
Door must be opened and the

latch reset.
L86TGT_ALM
Generator Differential
Trip
A generator panel
protective device has
tripped the 86G lockout
relay.
Determine which protective

device tripped the 86G and
correct the abnormality that
precipitated the trip.
L64F_ALM
Generator Field Ground
A ground on the generator Operation of the generator

field has been detected.
with the field grounded is not
recommended as a second
ground could result in
excessive damage to the
generator field.
ATCMKV-8
Determine device that tripped

the breaker.
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L94H_ALM
Generator Hydrogen
Purge Shutdown
Shutdown initiated due to

one or more hydrogen
system problems, e.g.,
hydrogen purity has fallen
to shutdown level.
Check hydrogen cabinet for

undervoltage. Check
hydrogen control switch in
maintenance/auto. Check and
restore hydrogen purity.
Check seal unit. If purity
continues to deteriorate, a
possible hazard condition may
develop.
L49GH_ALM
Generator Stator Temp

High
Generator stator
temperature is excessive
caused by lack of cooling
or overload.
The generator should not be

operated when the stator
temperature is excessive.
Check cooling system, reduce
overload on generator.
L94GEN
Generator Ventilation
Trouble Shutdown
Temperature in generator
compartment exceeds
limits. Vent fans
inoperable or insufficient
to handle ventilation
requirements.
Check generator ventilation

system for proper fan/motor
operation. Check ventilation
dampers for proper
operation/position.
L63FU2LA
Heavy Fuel Pressure Low, Problem with heavy fuel

Auto Xfer to Dist
system.
Investigate heavy fuel system.
L26FU2LA
Heavy Fuel Temp Low,

Auto Xfer to Dist
Problem with heavy fuel

system.
Investigate heavy fuel system.
L3FUZ
Heavy Fuel Transfer

Permissive Trouble
Turbine unable to transfer

to heavy fuel.
Check heavy fuel system. Be

sure fuel is warm and
free-flowing.
L30SPT
High Exhaust Temp.

Spread Trip
Faulty thermocouples, gas

path parts or uneven
distribution of fuel to the
fuel nozzles.
Analyze data for trends.

Perform borescope or
combustion inspection. Check
flow divider, fuel pressures.
Check for plugged nozzles.
L39VA
High Vibration Alarm
High vibration at one or

more bearings.
Monitor vibration readings.
L39VTX_ALM
High Vibration Trip or

Shutdown
High vibration due to

bowed rotor, mechanical
imbalance, bearing failure,
etc.
Check that the hydraulic

ratchet is operating properly.
Check for mechanical
failures, observe vibration
level on the next startup.
L30TNH_DIFF
HP Speed Signal
Differential Alarm
One of the HP speed

sensors is showing a
different speed than the
other two.
Check HP speed pickups.
ATCMKV-9
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L63HF1H_ALM
Hydraulic Filter
Clogged filter.
Differential Pressure High
Loss of fluid pressure and

deterioration of fluid purity
may result. Change filter.
L86HD
Hydraulic Protective
Trouble
One second after the

hydraulic oil trip is
initiated either the liquid
fuel stop valve is not
closed or the hydraulic
trip pressure (63HG,
63HL) has not decreased
sufficiently.
Check operation of 20FL and

20HD servos.
L63HQ1L_ALM
Hydraulic Supply
Pressure Low
Hydraulic supply pressure Check hydraulic supply

is low.
pressure filter and differential
pressure gauge, regulating
valve or pump.
L27GHN_ALM
Hydrogen Control Panel

Undervoltage
Ac power supply voltage

low.
Check power supply for

proper operations. Check
wiring.
L63GL_GH_AL
Hydrogen Pressure High

or Low (Gen)
High machine gas

pressure or low manifold
gas pressure.
Check generator hydrogen

system.
L63HHL_ALM
Hydrogen Pressure Low

(Skid)
Hydrogen supply skid

pressure low.
Check skid components for

proper operation.
L30HP
Hydrogen Purity Trouble
Bad generator hydrogen

purity or purity pressure.
Check generator hydrogen

system.
LWLX4MIN
Injection to Fuel Ratio

Low-Four Minute
Average
Steam (water) injection

flow four minute average
low.
Check steam (water) injection

system.
LWLXHR
Injection to Fuel Ratio

Low-Hourly Average

flow one hour average
low.

system.
L86GVA
Inlet Guide Vane Control

Trouble Alarm
IGV control system

problem.
Check IGV control system.
L4IGVT
Inlet Guide Vane Control

Trouble Trip
IGV control system

problem.
Check IGV control system.
L3IGVFLT
Inlet Guide Vane Position

Servo Trouble
Incorrect servo operation.
Check servos.
L30TNI_DIFF
IP Speed Signal
Differential Alarm
One of the IP speed

others.
Check IP speed pickups.
ATCMKV-10
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L71WG_ALM
Liquid Detected in
Generator
Excessive liquid in bottom Remove liquid and take

of generator.
corrective action to prevent
recurrence of problem.
L3LFLT
Liquid Fuel Control Fault
Liquid fuel checking

system has detected an
abnormal servo or LVDT
position or signal.
L63LF1H_ALM
Liquid Fuel Filter

Clogged filter.
Differential Pressure High

L30FQL_DIFF
Liquid Fuel Flow

Differential Alarm
Speed pickups on flow

divider disagree.
Check and recalibrate speed

pickups.
L63HL_SENSR
Liquid Fuel Hydraulic

Pressure Switch Trouble
Bad signal from hydraulic Check switch and switch

pressure switch.
wiring.
L63HLL_ALM
Liquid Fuel Hydraulic

Trip Pressure Low
Low oil pressure in liquid

fuel hydraulic oil trip
circuit.
Check the control oil filter

and control oil piping. This
alarm will actuate if the
turbine is tripped with the
manual emergency trip valve
on the turbine or a large leak
were to occur in the hydraulic
trip circuit piping.
L63FLZ_ALM
Liquid Fuel Pressure Low
Liquid fuel forwarding

system problem.
Check fuel forwarding system

components for proper
operation. Check liquid fuel
forwarding piping for leaks.
L3LFP_FLT
Liquid Fuel Pump Control Problem with one or more Troubleshoot liquid fuel
Trouble
control devices.
pump control components to
determine problem and
correct.
L33FL_ALM
Liquid Fuel Stop Valve

Failure to Open
Valve or control failure.
L26FL2LA
Liquid Fuel Temp Low,

Auto Xfer to Dist
Heavy fuel temperature is Check heavy fuel supply

low. Unit has been
heating equipment.
automatically transferred
to distillate fuel operation.
L3TFLT
Loss of Compressor
Discharge Pressure Bias
Bad signal from

compressor discharge
pressure transmitter.
L3DWRF
Loss of External Setpoint

Load Signal
Determine abnormal
condition by reading signals
(L3LFLT1 to L3LFLT5).
Check operation of VSI and

controls.
Check transmitter and

associated connections for
proper bias signal.
ATCMKV-11
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L28FDT
Loss of Flame Trip
Failure of one of the

detectors to detect flame.
Check for following: fuel

being supplied to the
combustors, flame in all
chambers, damaged crossfire
tubes, or combustors. Check
for proper control valve
position and fuel pressure.
L63QTX
Low Lube Oil Pressure

Trip
Lube oil pressure has

Determine cause and correct
fallen below the trip level. before restarting unit.
L30TNL_DIFF
LP Speed Signal
Differential Alarm
One of the LP speed

other two.
Check HP speed pickups.
L26QA_ALM
Lube Oil Header Temp

High
Lube header temperature

above recommended
limits.

the lube oil heat exchangers,
cooling water fans (proper
rotation) and temperature
regulating valve.
L26QT_ALM
Lube Oil Header Temp

High Trip
Lube header temperature

above recommended
limits.

the lube oil heat exchangers,
cooling water fans (proper
rotation) and temperature
regulating valve.
L71QH_ALM
Lube Oil Level High
Lube oil tank level high.
Investigate cause of high level

alarm and restore normal
level.
L71QL_ALM
Lube Oil Level Low
Lube oil tank level low.
Check for leaks, restore

normal level.
L63QA1L_ALM
Lube Oil Pressure Low
Lube system leaks or

pump trouble.
Repair leaks or pump.
L63QT_SENSR
Lube Oil Pressure Switch

Trouble
Bad signal from lube oil

pressure switch.

wiring.
L26QN_ALM
Lube Oil Tank

Temperature Low
Lube tank temperature

below recommended
limits (see piping
schematic).

the lube oil tank heaters.
Starting is inhibited if the tank
temperature is low.
L26QT_SENSR
Lube Oil Temperature

Switch Trouble
Bad signal from lube oil

temperature switch.

wiring.
L63QQ1H_ALM
Main LO Filter Diff

Pressure High
Clogged filter.

ATCMKV-12
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L43MAINT
Maintenance - Forcing
Mode Enable
Auto calibrate, memory

changing or logic forcing
mode of operation has
been selected.
When done with the

operation, deselect the
operation.
L86MAN_SYNC
Manual Synchronizing
Lockout
Manual synch lockout has Determine why manual synch

been selected on CRT. has been locked out. Reset
Breaker will not close.
using Master Reset
pushbutton on CRT.
L5E_ALM
Manual Trip
The emergency stop

pushbutton has been
pressed.
L86MP
Master Protective Startup

Lockout
Within the turbine control Determine which controller is

panel the three
in disagreement with the other
microprocessor controllers two.
R, S and T are in
disagreement for the
proper condition of the
Master Protective logic
4X.
L27MC1N_ALM
MCC Undervoltage
Motor control center

undervoltage.
Check that power is supplied

to the motor control center.
L30LTA
No. 3 Bearing
Temperature High
High number 3 bearing

temperature.
Check lube oil feed and drain

piping.
L33BS_ALM
No. 3 Drain Valve

Position Trouble
Valve incorrectly
positioned.
Check drain valve operations.
L3NZFLT
Nozzle Control Servo

Trouble
Problem with second

stage nozzle servo.
Check servo wiring and

hydraulic oil system.
L43DIAG_ALM
Off-Line Diagnostics
Running
Off-line diagnostic
operation has been
selected.
Do not start unit until

diagnostics are complete.
L3WCTIM_ALM
On Line Water Wash

Inhibited
Ambient temperature is
below 50 deg F.
Wait to water wash until

ambient temperature is higher.
L12HBLT_ALM
Overspeed Bolt Trip - HP
The speed control system

has not limited turbine
limits.
L83HOST
Overspeed Test Mode

Selected - HP
HP overspeed trip being

tested.
See Overspeed Trip Checks

section of text.
L83LOST
Overspeed Test Mode

Selected - LP
LP overspeed trip being

checked.
See Overspeed Trip Checks

section of text.
Correct abnormality that

caused the operator to push
the emergency stop
pushbutton.
ATCMKV-13
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L30EK
Prim Exciter Rect Cooling Problem with primary

Fan Trouble
exciter rectifier cooling
fan.
Determine and correct

problem with primary exciter
rectifier cooling fan.
L4ETR_FLT
Protective Module ETR

Relay Trouble
Trip due to master

protective relay (4s)
circuit has a problem.
Isolate Protective

Module and correct the
problem.
L12H_P_ALM
Protective Module
Overspeed Trip - HP
 module HP
overspeed trip.
Investigate cause of
overspeed.
L12L_P_ALM
Protective Module
Overspeed Trip - LP
 module LP overspeed Investigate cause of

trip.
overspeed.
L12LF_OS
Protective Speed Signal

Trouble - LP
LP speed pickup voting

mismatch in .
Check and recalibrate LP

speed pickups.
L30HRX2
Ratchet Did Not Start
Ratchet did not initiate a

ratchet stroke in the
prescribed time.
Check ratchet permissives.
L49HR1A_ALM
Ratchet Motor Overload
Ratchet motor overload.
Check ratchet motor overload

(MCC). Check for proper
operation of ratchet
mechanism.
L30HRX1
Ratchet Trouble
Ratchet did not complete a Check for proper operation of

prescribed motion in
ratchet mechanism.
normal time.
L30RHFLTX
Relative Humidity Sensor

Fault
Humidity sensor failure.
Check sensor and wiring.
R5E_ALM
Remote Emergency Trip
Unit was tripped with the

remote emergency trip
pushbutton.
Investigate and correct cause

of trip. Manually reset
pushbutton.
L63SAL_ALM
Seal Oil Diff. Pressure

Low
Low seal oil pressure

across bearings.
Check seal oil system.
L63ST
Seal Oil Diff. Pressure

Low Shutdown
Seal oil pressure across

bearings has reached
shutdown setpoint.
Correct seal oil system

problem before restarting.
L71SDH_ALM
Seal Oil Drain Liquid

Level High
Seal oil drain system

problem.
Check generator seal oil drain

system.
L63STX_ALM
Seal Oil Press. Shutdown

Switch Trouble
Bad signal from seal oil

pressure switch.

wiring.
L30WC_LAG
Standby Cooling Water

Pump Running
Either low cooling water

pressure, or a problem
with the main cooling
water pump.
Investigate problem with

cooling water system or main
cooling water pump.
ATCMKV-14
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L30FD_LAG
Standby Dist Fuel Fwd

Pump Running
Low distillate fuel

pressure or problem with
main dist fuel fwd pump.
Investigate fuel forwarding

system and main pump.
L4DT
Starting Device Lockout
L3SMT
Starting Device Trip
The turbine has been

tripped because the
starting device has failed
to start the turbine.
Note where in the start

sequence the turbine tripped
to aid in determining cause of
trip. Check the suspect
system.
Starting Motor Breaker

Did Not Pick Up
Cranking motor did not

start.
Check limitamp for

energizing or overload.
L4CRT
Starting Motor Breaker

Did Not Pick Up
Starting motor did not

start.
Checking starting motor

module in PECC.
L49CR_ALM
Starting Motor Overload
Starting motor is showing

an overload.
Investigate starting motor

circuits.
L86CRTX
Starting Motor Protective

Lockout
Cranking motor circuit

electrical fault.
Clear fault and reset 88CR.
L2SFT
Startup Fuel Flow

Excessive Trip
Excessive fuel for startup Check the servo and feedback

has been detected. For gas signals for proper operation.
fuel the gas control valve
is open too far.
L30EKR
Stby Exciter Rect Cooling Problem with primary

Fan Running
exciter rectifier cooling
fan.
Determine and correct

problem with primary exciter
rectifier cooling fan.
L60APHA_ALM
Steam Augmentation High Pressure
High steam pressure.
Reduce steam pressure.
L60APHT
Steam Augmentation High Pressure Trip
Steam augmentation
Correct problem before
system tripped due to high restarting steam
pressure.
augmentation.
L60ATHT
Steam Augmentation High Temp. Trip
Steam augmentation
system tripped due to high restarting steam
temperature.
augmentation.
L60ATHA_ALM
Steam Augmentation High Temperature
High steam temperature.
Reduce steam temperature.
L60APLA_ALM
Steam Augmentation Low Pressure
Low steam pressure.
Increase steam pressure.
L60ALPT_ALM
Steam Augmentation Low Pressure Trip
Steam augmentation
system tripped due to low
pressure.

restarting steam
augmentation.
ATCMKV-15
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L60ATLT_ALM
Steam Augmentation Low Temp. Trip
Steam augmentation
system tripped due to low
temperature.

restarting steam
augmentation.
L60ATLA_ALM
Steam Augmentation Low Temperature
Low steam temperature.
Increase steam temperature.
L60WL1_ALM
Steam Flow High
Excessive steam flow.
Check steam system.
L60WQPL_ALM
Steam Flow High Lockout Excessive steam flow.

restarting.
L30SJ
Steam Injection Not

Selected
NOx control steam

injection system
inoperative.
Select Steam Injection on 

CRT.
L60SPHA_ALM
Steam Pressure High
Reduce steam pressure.
L60SPHT_ALM
Steam Pressure High

Lockout
Correct steam pressure before

restarting.
L60SPLA_ALM
Steam Pressure Low
Low steam pressure.
Increase steam pressure.
L60SPLT_ALM
Steam Pressure Low

Lockout
Low steam pressure.
Correct steam pressure before

restarting.
L60STHA_ALM
Steam Temperature High
Reduce steam temperature.
L60STHT_ALM
Steam Temperature High

Lockout
Correct steam temperature

before restarting.
L60STLA_ALM
Steam Temperature Low
Increase steam temperature.
L60STLT_ALM
Steam Temperature Low

Lockout
Correct steam temperature

before restarting.
LWLXHR
Steam to Fuel Ratio Low

Hourly Average

flow one hour average
low.

system.
L63QQ2H_ALM
Trip Oil Filter Diff

Pressure High
Clogged filter.
Replace filter.
L63TF1H_ALM
Turbine Air Inlet

Alarm
Clogged filter.
Replace filter.
L63TFH_ALM
Turbine Air Inlet

Shut-Down
Clogged or iced filter.
Determine cause of blockage.
L63TFH_SENSR
Turbine Air Inlet

Switch Trouble
Bad signal from

differential pressure
switch.
Check switch calibration and

switch wiring.
ATCMKV-16
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L30TFX
Inlet filter excessive

pressure drop or inlet
filter motor overloaded or
inlet compartment bypass
door is not in proper
position.
Check the following:
Turbine Air Inlet Trouble
Inlet filter for blockage.
Inlet filter motor for proper

operation.
Inlet house bypass door.
L26BT1H_ALM
Turbine Compartment
Temp High
Compartment temperature Check cooling air fan for

excessive.
proper operation.
L83KU_ALM
Turbine Compressor
Abrasive Cleaning
Selected
Compressor being
cleaned.
Turn function off when

cleaning is complete.
L48
Turbine Incomplete
Sequence
Failure of unit to reach

complete sequence.
Check equipment which is

causing the problem in the
normal sequence.
L3A
Turbine Underspeed
Turbine has bogged down. Reduce the load that will be

applied to the generator
before reclosing the generator
breaker.
L39VD3_ALM
Vibration Start Inhibit
Vibration protection
system problem.
Check vibration protection

system.
L39VDIFF
Vibration Differential
Trouble
Vibration protection
system problem.
Check vibration protection

system.
L39VD1
Vibration Sensor Disabled Signal from vibration

sensor is faulty.
Check vibration sensors and

wiring.
L39VF
Vibration Transducer
Fault
Vibration detector
impedance is not within
normal bounds.
Check impedance of each

vibration detector.
L3WFD_ALM
Water Flow Feedback

Trouble
A disagreement between
Determine failed sensor and
the water flow sensors has replace.
been detected.
L86WN3
Water Flow High Lockout Water injection system

Investigate water injection
locked out due to
system.
excessive water flow.
This is dangerous because
it could extinguish flame.
L3WFLT_ALM
Water Flow Sensor

Trouble
L86WN1
Water Inj Suction Pressure High supply pressure.

High Lockout
Check water supply system.
L86WN2
Water Injection Discharge

Pressure Low Lockout
Check water supply system.
Water flow sensors

disagree.
Low supply pressure.
Recalibrate or replace faulty

flow sensor.
ATCMKV-17
Gas Turbine
Cause
Action
L30WN
Water Injection Not

Selected
NOx control water

injection system
inoperative.
Select Water Injection on 

CRT.
L26JS2H_ALM
Water Skid Enclosure

Temperature High
Failure of exhaust fan.
Check exhaust fan/motor

components for proper
operation.
L26ALL_ALM
Water Skid Enclosure

Temperature Low
Failure of heaters.
Check heater and blower for

proper operation.
L86WN4
Water System Trouble

Lockout
Water injection system not Check water injection system

ready for use.
components.
L3WSFLT_ALM
Water Valve LVDT

Trouble
Water valve LVDTs

disagree.
Recalibrate or replace faulty

LVDT.
L30TWW
Water Wash Inhibit

Wheelspace Temp High
Turbine not sufficiently

cooled before attempting
water wash.
Allow turbine to cool to

specification prior to
selection.
L30WSA1
Wheelspace Temp
Differential High
Excessive differential
between wheelspace
thermocouples.
Check thermocouples for

shorts, grounds or opens.
Replace failures. If condition
persists investigate for seal
failure.
L30WSA2
Wheelspace Temperature
High
High wheelspace temperature.
ATCMKV-18
Check thermocouples, investigate for seal failure.
Questions
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Part#6
Startup \ Shutdown

3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
GT precondition for startup & check points:
Ensure all permits to work related to GT clear and no any body in the gas turbine and
) (there is no tools in it .
) ( All electrical panels energized & available
( Control cabinets energized and operation
All fluids system available and normal level and temperature
. .
Fire fighting system healthy & energized
No alarms on alarm list.
) Check all doors of the unit in operation position .(filter of air inlet

IGV in auto and remote mode.

Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT precondition for startup & check points:
Auto shut down or trip signal must to be acknowledged

reset
SFC not failed .
Excitation system not failed .
Power grid available
Ready to start with green color
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT START Up

.
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT START Up

:

10 %
SFC
350
ESV Pilot line 23 %
.
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT START Up
RPM 500
RPM 2200 SFC
RPM 2900 1 2 .

RPM 2970 3
RPM3000
526 %100

.
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
Start-up (typical sequence with liquid fuel)
(A
)
SEQL9ESTD
(B
)
SEQL9ESTD
SEQL9ESTD
Shutdown (typical sequence with

liquid fuel)
(A
)
SEQL9ESTD
Shutdown (typical sequence with

liquid fuel)
(B
)
SEQL9ESTD
Gas Turbine Start-up Curve - Cold Start-up
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
Gas Turbine Start-up Curve WARM Start-up
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
GT START Up
NG-STOP VALVE
GT START UP
NG CV
GT speed
100
500
OTC
90
450
400
NG stop valve
Speed
controller
active
GT speed [Hz], NG CV [%]
70
350
60
300
50
250
Start up function active
40
200
SFC OFF
30
20
150
100
First gradient
10
50
Second gradient
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
TIME [s]
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
300
350
400
450
0
500
OTC [C]
80
GT START Up
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
GT START Up
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT START Up
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
GT LOADING/UNLOADING GRADIENTS
MW
NORMAL:
11 MW/min
FAST:
15 MW/min
SLOW:
4 MW/min (between base and peak load)
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
GT Shutdown
Shutdown

diffusion line pilot line ESV
500 RPM
180RPM
)(Turning gear operation 130

.
Omar Zaareer 2015
3/2/2015
Gas Turbine Shutdown Curve
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015
GT Shutdown
3/2/2015
Omar Zaareer 2015

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Electrical Equipment, Troubleshooting & Maintenance

Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 22-26/3/2015

Oil, Gas and

Petra Training Group

WADI AL JIZZI POWER COMPANY

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

The oil forms a film between the rotating

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

lube oil System

Lube Oil System

Components of the system:

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

This lubrication system, complete with

Lubricating fluid is circulated to the

Also, lubricating fluid is supplied to the

Additionally, a portion of the

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

A Turbine Oil flow system

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

Lube fluid temperatures are indicated on

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

The system is ventilated through a mist

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System

All rights reserved / Omar Zaareer 2015

Lube Oil System