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PAL v. Commissioner EDU (1988)

Gutierrez, Jr., J.
FACTS:
Motor vehicle registration fees were imposed by the appellee Commissioner of the Land Transportation Romeo Elevate pursuant to
RA 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.
PAL is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Phils and engaged in the air transportation business. Under its
franchise, PAL is exempt from payment of taxes but shall pay a tax of 2% of the gross revenue from its operations.
Because of an Opinion of the Sec of Justice, PAL, since 1956, has not been paying motor vehicle reg fees. However, in 1971,
appellee Commissioner Elevate issued a regulation requiring all tax exempt entities, among them PAL, to pay motor vehicle reg
fees. Despite PAL's protests, the then Commissioner refused to register PALs motor vehicles unless the reg fees were paid. And
so, PAL paid, under protest, around P19.5k as reg fees.
PAL wrote to Commissioner Edu (different Commissioner, cases didnt say if Elevate was the Commissioner before Edu)
demanding a refund of the amounts paid, invoking the ruling in Calalang v. Lorenzo (1951) where it was held that motor vehicle reg
fees are in reality taxes, of which PAL is exempt by virtue of its legislative franchise.
Commissioner Edu denied the request for refund based on Republic v. Philippine Rabbit (1970) that motor vehicle reg fees are
regulatory and not revenue measures and, therefore, do not come within the exemption granted to PAL under its franchise.
PAL filed a complaint against Commissioner Edu and National Treasurer Carbonell. Edu and Carbonell filed an MTD alleging that
the complaint stated no COA, using the Philippine Rabbit case that reg fees of motor vehicles are not taxes, but regulatory fees
imposed as an incident of the exercise of the police power of the state. They say that while PAL is exempt from taxes it is not
exempt from paying regulatory fees, such as motor vehicle reg fees.
CFI dismissed the complaint because of the decision of the SC in Philippine Rabbit. PAL appealed to the CA which certified the
case to the SC.
ISSUE:
1.
2.
HELD:
1.

2.

What is the nature of motor vehicle registration fees? Are they taxes or regulatory fees?
May the admin agency be required to refund the amounts?

Motor vehicle reg fees, at present, exacted pursuant to the Land Transportation and Traffic Code are actually taxes
intended for additional revenues of government (even if one fifth or less of the amount collected is set aside for the
operating expenses of the agency administering the program).
No. The claim for refund is made for payments given in 1971. It is not clear from the records as to what payments were
made in succeeding years.

RATIO:
Calalang and Philippine Rabbit discuss the main points of contention in this case.
Philippine Rabbit:
The registration fee which defendant had to pay was imposed by the Revised Motor Vehicle Law. Its heading
speaks of "registration fees." The term is repeated four times in the body. Mention is also made of the "fee for
registration." A subsection starts with a categorical statement "No fees shall be charged." The conclusion is that
the Motor Vehicle Act requires the payment not of a tax but of a registration fee under the police power.
Calalang:
The charges prescribed by the Revised Motor Vehicle Law for the registration of motor vehicles are called
"fees." But it is not the name but the object of the charge that determines whether it is a tax or a fee. Generally
speaking, taxes are for revenue, whereas fees are exceptional for purposes of regulation and inspection and
are for that reason limited in amount to what is necessary to cover the cost of the services rendered. Hence, a
charge fixed for the service, where the charge has no relation to the value of the services performed and where
the amount collected eventually finds its way into the treasury of the branch of the government whose officer or
officers collected, is not a fee but a tax.
The fees are not collected for regulatory purposes, as an incident to the enforcement of regulations
governing the operation of motor vehicles on public highways, for their express object is to provide
revenuefor the construction and maintenance of public highways for everybody's use. They are taxes, not
merely fees.
Motor vehicle reg fees were matters originally governed by the Revised Motor Vehicle Law (Act 3992). Today, it is governed by RA
4136 (Land Transportation Code).
CA 123 (Act amending the Revised Motor Vehicle Law) states:

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Section 73. Disposal of moneys collected.Twenty per centum of the money collected under the provisions of
this Act shall accrue to the road and bridge funds of the different provinces and chartered cities in proportion to
the centum shall during the next previous year and the remaining eighty per centum shall be deposited in the
Philippine Treasury to create a special fund for the construction and maintenanc e of national and provincial
roads and bridges as well as the streets and bridges in the chartered cities to be alloted by the Secretary of
Public Works and Communications for projects recommended by the Director of Public Works in the different
provinces and chartered cities.
Presently, the Land Transportation and Traffic Code provides:
Sec. 61. Disposal of Mortgage. CollectedMonies collected under the provisions of this Act shall be deposited
in a special trust account in the National Treasury to constitute the Highway Special Fund, which shall be
apportioned and expended in accordance with the provisions of the" Philippine Highway Act of 1935. "
Provided, however, That the amount necessary to maintain and equip the Land Transportation Commission but
not to exceed twenty per cent of the total collection during one year, shall be set aside for the purpose.
From those provisions, the legislative intent behind the law requiring owners of vehicles to pay for registration is to raise
funds for the construction and maintenance of highways and to pay for the operating expenses of the administering agency.
Fees may be regarded as taxes even though they also serve as an instrument of regulation, as stated by a former CTA judge
and writer: If the purpose is primarily revenue or if revenue is at least one of the real and substantial purposes, then the exaction is
properly called a tax.
Also, taxation may be made to implement the states police power.
If the purpose is primarily revenue or is at least one of the substantial purposes, then the exaction is properly called a tax.
Such is the case of motor vehicle reg fees. The conclusions become inescapable in view of RA 587 (amending the Revised Motor
Vehicle Law) quoted in the Calalang case. The same provision appears in the Land Transpo Code. It is patent therefrom that the
legislators had in mind a regulatory tax, as the law refers to the imposition on the registration, operation, or ownership of a motor
vehicle as a "tax or fee."
Though nowhere in the Land Transportation Code does the law specifically state that the imposition is a tax, Section 591-593
speaks of "taxes" or fees for the registration or operation or on the ownership of any motor vehicle, or for the exercise of the
profession of chauffeur making the intent to impose a tax more apparent.
The Land Transportation Code also speaks of other "fees", such as the special permit fees for certain types of motor vehicles and
additional fees for change of registration. These are not to be understood as taxes because such fees are very minimal to be
revenue-raising. Thus, they are not mentioned by Sec. 591-593 of the Code as taxes like the motor vehicle registration fee and
chauffers' license fee. Such fees are to go into the expenditures of the Land Transportation Commission.
Vehicle reg fees were originally intended only for purposes in the exercise of the State's police powers. Over the years,
however, as vehicular traffic exploded in number, Congress found the registration of vehicles a convenient way of raising
revenues. Without changing the earlier deputy of registration payments as "fees," their nature has become that of "taxes."
In view of the foregoing, SC rules that motor vehicle reg fees exacted pursuant to the Land Transportation and Traffic Code are
actually taxes intended for additional revenues of government even if one fifth or less of the amount collected is set aside for the
operating expenses of the agency administering the program.
PAL's current franchise is clear and specific. It has removed the ambiguity found in the earlier law. PAL is now exempt from the
payment of any tax, fee, or other charge on the registration and licensing of motor vehicles. Such payments are already inclu ded in
the basic tax or franchise tax provided in Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 13, P.D. 1590, and may no longer be exacted.

Petition partially granted. Refund of reg fees is denied but LTFRB is enjoined from collecting any tax, fee, or charge on
PALs motor vehicles.